EP4168200A1 - Procédé de fabrication additive sur lit de poudre - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication additive sur lit de poudreInfo
- Publication number
- EP4168200A1 EP4168200A1 EP21740166.0A EP21740166A EP4168200A1 EP 4168200 A1 EP4168200 A1 EP 4168200A1 EP 21740166 A EP21740166 A EP 21740166A EP 4168200 A1 EP4168200 A1 EP 4168200A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- powder
- cycle
- rate
- parts
- manufacturing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/34—Process control of powder characteristics, e.g. density, oxidation or flowability
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/37—Process control of powder bed aspects, e.g. density
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/38—Process control to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/70—Recycling
- B22F10/73—Recycling of powder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/80—Data acquisition or data processing
- B22F10/85—Data acquisition or data processing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/90—Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the invention relates to the additive manufacturing of parts, for example aeronautical parts, by melting on a bed of metal powder. STATE OF THE ART
- Powder bed laser fusion is a metal additive manufacturing process that consists of creating a part layer by layer through the fusion of powder particles via a laser beam. This technology is also known as Selective Laser Melting (SLM). It makes it possible to manufacture parts with geometries that cannot be achieved with conventional processes. You can replace the laser beam with an electron beam.
- SLM Selective Laser Melting
- the process is carried out in an enclosure under neutral gas. It can be described in four steps:
- a piston raises the tank to the height of a layer thickness
- a layering member spreads a layer of powder of this thickness in a printing tank. This is the bed of powder;
- a laser passes through the layer and gives rise to a first section of the object by creating micro-beads next to each other resulting from the fusion of the powder particles located on its trajectory. If the layer formed is not uniform, a second layering is carried out to fill in the gaps before the laser passes;
- the printing tank is lowered slightly (the thickness of a layer of powder) and the operation starts again. In this way, the particles will merge layer by layer until the finished part is obtained.
- the powder which was installed but which was not used to make the part is recovered. It can then be recycled for the manufacture of a new part, and this several times in a row. Significant powder savings are thus achieved. However, it is observed that the chemical composition of the manufactured parts changes as the powder is recycled. This is in particular their rate of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.
- the content of these elements in the parts has an impact on the properties of the material, in particular the mechanical properties of traction and fatigue. It is therefore important to know, or even to master, this content in order to ensure the conformity of the parts with the basic composition of the material and thus their behavior in operation.
- An object of the invention is to promote the conformity of the manufactured parts with the properties expected on them by means of an inexpensive and economical powder solution.
- the invention therefore makes it possible to estimate the rate X n in the parts as the production cycles progress.
- the theoretical principle of the process is that, during the melting of the part, in a given layer, the powder located near the melting bath sees its temperature increase. This increase promotes changes in the level of certain elements, including oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen, in the powder.
- the recycling by suction, sieving and mixing
- homogenizes the distribution of the composition of the powder by diluting in the rest of the powder the powder which was close to the melting baths and whose composition has changed. This standardizes the overall evolution of the powder composition.
- the proposed methodology associated with the law makes it possible to have a predictive follow-up of the chemical composition via the definition of the parameters of the law, the knowledge of the initial composition of the powder, the stability of the manufacturing process and the collection of some simple data. Manufacturing.
- the method of the invention allows monitoring of the chemical composition of the manufactured parts which is rapid, even immediate, at low cost, non-destructive, without risk on the conformity of the parts and reusing the powder as much as possible to limit the quantity put into the waste. waste, while facilitating the management of the powder, for example when mixing powders during recycling.
- the process is particularly applicable when the compound is oxygen, hydrogen or nitrogen, but it is possible to carry out it for other compounds.
- the method comprises the following steps: - extracting another sublot from the batch of powder;
- the operation makes it possible to "refresh" the powder resulting from the manufacture, in which the rate of the compound has varied, with the powder obtained from the batch.
- the mixing rate is equal to the weighted sum of the rates.
- the refreshing of the powder can be done with powder which is not new and which has also already been used in additive manufacturing, subject to having a good estimate of its rate.
- the final rate is itself also the average of the levels of the chemical composition of the two sub-batches, weighted by the mass.
- the mixing that is, the powder is refreshed, when it is determined that it needs this refreshing.
- a rate X n , mes of the compound is measured in at least one of the parts manufactured during the cycle, in a test piece manufactured during the cycle or in the powder used during the cycle,
- avg denotes an average of the rates X n of several cycles
- controller configured to control the execution of the method according to the invention.
- a computer program comprising code instructions arranged to control the execution of the method of the invention when it is used on a computer, a data recording medium comprising such a program under recorded form, and a method of making such a program available on a telecommunications network with a view to downloading or executing it remotely.
- - Figure 1 is a block diagram of the increase in the temperature of the powder and the diffusion of oxygen into the powder;
- - Figure 2 is a graph of the evolution of the oxygen level as a function of the number of recycling;
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the increase in the oxygen level in the powder after manufacturing
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the chemical oxygen composition of a sample from the batch of powder after recycling
- FIG. 5 is a representative diagram of the magnitudes of the recycling law
- FIG. 6 is a representative diagram of the powder zones capturing oxygen and the zones not capturing oxygen in the recycling law
- FIG. 7 is a diagram representing the quantities Sn, Pn and An; and - Figure 8 is a diagram showing an installation according to the invention.
- - manufacturing campaign set of manufacturing cycles consisting in manufacturing parts or articles using the same powder sub-batch once; It is also a cycle, thus grouping together several manufacturing cycles.
- - recycling operation consisting in unloading the powder from the installation, re-screening it, possibly steaming it, repackaging it, and then reusing it.
- the method uses a metal alloy powder known per se.
- the grains 2 of this powder comprise, in addition to one or more metals, elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.
- layers of metallic powder N, N-1, N-2, N-3, N-4, N-5 are superimposed on each other .
- the laser beam passes through one or more of the powder layers to effect the fusion of some of the powder grains in order to build part 22.
- Part 4 thus merged is illustrated in the right part of the figure. 1. More precisely, during the treatment of each layer by the laser, several adjacent layers are simultaneously reflowed. In the figure, it has thus been illustrated that the top five layers have been reflowed, unlike the lowest layer, N-5, which is not.
- the non-fused grains 2 of powder In the left part are the non-fused grains 2 of powder. However, some of these grains can be heated, especially those which are in the direct vicinity of the fused grains.
- the figure thus shows different levels of heating of the grains 2a, 2b, 2c according to their decreasing proximity to the fused part 4, with temperatures indicated as high, medium and low respectively, without exceeding the melting temperature however.
- this heating leads to the modification of certain elements of the grains, in particular oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. This occurs by adding additional elements to the powder from the atmosphere of the manufacturing chamber. This contribution has been illustrated in the figure by the arrows 6.
- This atmosphere in fact comprises in particular air and humidity which penetrate between the powder grains 2 and leads to the aforementioned modification on the occasion of heating. .
- FIG. 2 thus illustrates the change in the oxygen level in the parts as a function of the number of recycling operations of the powder.
- the invention aims to follow the evolution of the chemical composition of the parts to ensure their conformity with the expected properties.
- this mixture is fused on the areas of the part reached by the laser beam.
- the fusion of the grains results in a part whose oxygen level is equal to the average of the oxygen levels of the grains.
- There is therefore homogenization in the molten bath which gives a chemical composition equivalent to the average composition weighted by the mass of the fused powder grains.
- the manufacturing installation 10 which will be described in more detail below, comprises a manufacturing plate on which the layers of powder are deposited for the manufacture of each part. It includes a production tank into which the powder and the projections fall during this production. It includes a recovery tank into which, after each manufacture of a part, the non-fused powder and the projections are discharged. Finally, it comprises a sieve through which the contents of the recovery tank are passed for recycling, if necessary.
- - VD n Cumulative volume (in m 3 ) of powder deposited on the production platform or in the recovery tank of a production campaign n;
- - A n Area (section, in m 2 ) in a plane (generally horizontal, XY) perpendicular to the direction of construction of the parts produced during the construction cycles of a manufacturing campaign n, averaged by the height;
- Xo corresponds to a recycling 0, that is to say to the starting situation without recycling;
- Regeneration rate (in%) of a manufacturing campaign n (if this rate is fixed for the entire campaign).
- - ⁇ X machine Standard increase in oxygen (constant, in% by mass) per unit of heated powder for a specific machine associated with a set of parameters and a version of the machine control program; - AP: Area (section, in m 2 ) of the production platform;
- FIG. 5 is a diagram representing the magnitudes of the recycling law
- FIG. 1 is a representative diagram of the respective powder zones capturing oxygen and not capturing oxygen in the recycling law.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram representing the quantities S n , P n and A n .
- the aforementioned quantities have the following relations.
- the contact surface depends on the contact perimeter averaged by the height and the construction height:
- the volume of powder deposited depends on the area (section) on the build plate, the regeneration and the build height. In the case of constant regeneration over the whole of campaign n, we have:
- the oxygen content of the powder for recycling n is equal to the weighting by mass of the oxygen content of the heated and unheated powder:
- the increase in the oxygen rate between the recycling powder n and n-1 is:
- the increase in the oxygen level between the supplied powder and the nmax recycle is the sum of all the increases in the recycles 0 to nmax:
- the average standard increase in oxygen per unit volume is constant for a frozen machine (adjustment of machine parameters, machine program, protective gas) and is equal to the difference between the rates before and after heating the powder and therefore between the heated and unheated powder zones:
- the total mass after recycling is the sum of the mass of heated and unheated powder recovered after recycling:
- the mass of heated powder depends on the density of packed powder associated with the thickness of the heated powder and the contact surface (volume of heated powder):
- the mass of powder from recycling n is equal to the mass of powder deposited minus the mass of powder which has been fused (and therefore not recycled because it is integrated into the part) minus the mass of powder which will be lost during recycling (projections and coarse powders thrown away during sieving or in the ashtray):
- the mass of the part built depends on the volume of the parts and the density of the fused material:
- the mass of powder deposited in the machine depends on the volume of powder deposited and the density of the packed powder:
- the mass of powder lost during recycling depends mainly on the projections, the percentage of which depends on the volume of the merged part:
- This process is implemented by means of an additive manufacturing installation on a powder bed 10 comprising:
- the unit 14 comprises a computer associated with a program comprising code instructions arranged to control the execution of the method when it is used on the computer.
- This program is recorded on a data storage medium. Provision can be made for the program to be made available on an internal or external telecommunications network such as the Internet for downloading to the machine or for executing it remotely.
- the installation 12 is stable in terms of manufacturing parameters such as power, speed of movement of the energy beam and protective atmosphere.
- these are parameters such as humidity, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, protective gas or gas flow in the manufacturing chamber.
- Initiation phase A new batch of metal powder 16 is available which has an initial oxygen level Xo. This information appears, for example, among the data communicated by the powder supplier, for example in the supply certificate. It is desirable to know Xo with a sufficient number of significant digits.
- This initial phase aims to determine the constant R of formula (II) for the installation and the manufacturing parameters.
- a sublot 18 is extracted from the powder batch 16.
- n max of times for example 10 times, this number not being limiting (it can be replaced by 5, 15, etc.).
- This cycle is a production campaign.
- a rate X n of the compound is calculated from the surface S n and the mass M n .
- a rate X n , mes of oxygen is measured in the test piece 24. This measurement is carried out, for example, twice.
- An alternative consists in carrying out this measurement on one of the parts 22 but it generally involves destroying the part. As a replacement or in addition, it is possible to perform the measurement on a sample of the powder used during the cycle.
- the quantity R is then determined by means of formula (II). More precisely, once we have the data Xn, Sn and Mn, we can plot the graph of the law according to formula (II). From the equation of the curve and after checking that the calculated value for R is acceptable and that X nma x is consistent with Xo, we validate the coefficient R.
- the following cycle is carried out at least once. This cycle is also a production campaign. 1) We recycle the powder that was not consumed in the previous manufacturing campaign and continue manufacturing until all of the powder is recycled at least once.
- the rate X n of oxygen in one of the parts 22 manufactured during this cycle is calculated. This calculation takes place using formula (I). This is a predicted or estimated rate. 4) It is determined whether this rate X n fulfills a predetermined condition. In this case, it is determined whether the calculated rate X n satisfies a predetermined condition relating to the standard deviation of the rates X n, mes . For example, we determine whether:
- av denotes an average of the rate X n previous campaigns
- condition (III) If condition (III) is verified, the operating cycle is completed and started again to carry out a new campaign with the remaining powder (recycling of the remaining powder, production, etc.).
- Another sublot 20 is extracted from the powder batch 16. This other sublot 20 is mixed with the powder from the production. For this, the following mixture law is used to obtain a mixture having an acceptable oxygen level, from the rate To of the new sublot 20 and the rate X n of the remaining powder, and their respective powder masses. .
- the powder remaining at each end of the cycle is mixed with a new sublot in order to keep a constant rate at the start of each cycle. So the mixing step is carried out without determining beforehand whether the rate X n fulfills the condition (III) or else the mixing step is carried out even if the condition is fulfilled.
- the prediction of X n makes it possible to refresh the powder used with a new powder in order to adjust its chemical composition and to reset it within the chemical composition limits of the criterion when one is too close to the limit of the criterion. It also makes it possible, as a variant, to carry out this continuous refresh in order to have a constant composition.
- the process can be continued until all of the powder batch 16 is used up.
- the method of the invention is inexpensive. Indeed, the data of the law are collected with standard manufacturing and some chemical analyzes during the initiation phase and the cost of one-off counter-analyzes is low compared to the other methods. It does not add cycle time. It is thrifty in powder and you shouldn't have any leftover powder with this process, especially if you allow yourself the refreshment.
- the invention does not require production of parts dedicated to the analysis.
- the invention makes it possible to provide a method for monitoring and industrial prediction of the chemical composition during manufacture and to anticipate when there is a risk of departing from the criteria for the material that could impact its properties.
- the invention makes it possible to monitor the chemical composition during successive manufacturing of parts, in particular aeronautical parts, in additive manufacturing on a bed of metal powder (with LBM / SLM laser or with EBM electron beam).
- provision can be made for the estimation of the rate X n during the operating phase to be used first and foremost to determine whether the powder can be recycled as it is (that is to say without mixing) or if it needs to be scrapped.
- This is not the most powder-efficient version of the implementation of the invention. But it can be seen, with this variant, that the invention first and foremost makes it possible to take a decision on the follow-up to be given to the process.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2006562A FR3111575A1 (fr) | 2020-06-23 | 2020-06-23 | Procédé de fabrication additive sur lit de poudre |
| PCT/FR2021/051147 WO2021260323A1 (fr) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | Procédé de fabrication additive sur lit de poudre |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4168200A1 true EP4168200A1 (fr) | 2023-04-26 |
Family
ID=73793257
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21740166.0A Pending EP4168200A1 (fr) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | Procédé de fabrication additive sur lit de poudre |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230249256A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4168200A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN115996807B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3111575A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021260323A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3245045A4 (fr) * | 2015-01-13 | 2018-10-31 | Sigma Labs, Inc. | Système et méthodologie de qualification de matière |
-
2020
- 2020-06-23 FR FR2006562A patent/FR3111575A1/fr active Pending
-
2021
- 2021-06-23 CN CN202180045195.XA patent/CN115996807B/zh active Active
- 2021-06-23 EP EP21740166.0A patent/EP4168200A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-06-23 US US18/012,521 patent/US20230249256A1/en active Pending
- 2021-06-23 WO PCT/FR2021/051147 patent/WO2021260323A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2021260323A1 (fr) | 2021-12-30 |
| CN115996807B (zh) | 2025-02-14 |
| FR3111575A1 (fr) | 2021-12-24 |
| CN115996807A (zh) | 2023-04-21 |
| US20230249256A1 (en) | 2023-08-10 |
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