EP4152931A1 - Utilisation de l'acide 4-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l'acide 3-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l'acide 2-phénylbutyrique pour la prévention et le traitement des maladies cryptogamiques - Google Patents
Utilisation de l'acide 4-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l'acide 3-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l'acide 2-phénylbutyrique pour la prévention et le traitement des maladies cryptogamiquesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4152931A1 EP4152931A1 EP21726401.9A EP21726401A EP4152931A1 EP 4152931 A1 EP4152931 A1 EP 4152931A1 EP 21726401 A EP21726401 A EP 21726401A EP 4152931 A1 EP4152931 A1 EP 4152931A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pba
- plant
- fungus
- oomycete
- fungi
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/10—Aromatic or araliphatic carboxylic acids, or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P3/00—Fungicides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), 3-phenylbutyric acid (3-PBA), 2-phenylbutyric acid (2-PBA) or combinations thereof for to fight preventively or curatively against diseases affecting plants and plant products and caused by fungi and oomycetes.
- Blast and other plant diseases such as soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis), corn smut (Ustilago maydis) and potato late blight (Phytophtora infestans) contribute to the loss of 125 million tonnes of these crops (enough to feed 600 million people), and cause an overall shortfall US $ 60 billion (Fisher et al., Nature, 2012, 484 (7393): 186-194).
- the present invention relates to the use of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) and / or 3-phenylbutyric acid (3-PBA) and / or 2-phenylbutyric acid.
- (2-PBA) to prevent or treat fungal diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes.
- 4-PBA makes it possible to protect plants against gray rot caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, 4-PBA having fungistatic or fungicidal activity; and that 4-PBA can more generally be used to treat a wide range of fungal diseases caused by fungi or oomycetes.
- 4-PBA Compared to the active chemical ingredients currently available on the market, 4-PBA has the advantage of being toxic neither to humans nor to the environment at the doses used, including the plants to which it is administered. In addition, it is relatively inexpensive. The inventors have further shown that 4-PBA is capable of limiting the growth of the primary hyphae of several strains of Zymoseptoria tritici (or Mycosphaerella graminicola), exhibiting single or multiple resistance to different classes of chemical fungicides commonly used. . 3-Phenylbutyric acid (3-PBA) and 2-Phenylbutyric acid (2-PBA) have also each been shown to have the same fungistatic or fungicidal effect.
- the present invention relates to the use of 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or one of their salts, or one of their combinations, as a fungicidal or fungistatic agent, for the prevention or the treatment of a fungal disease affecting a plant or plant product.
- Cryptogamic disease is caused by a fungus or oomycete.
- the fungus or oomycete can be biotrophic, necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic. In some preferred embodiments, the fungus or oomycete is biotrophic.
- the fungus is chosen from phytopathogenic fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria, Athelia, Armillaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Blumeria, Botrytis (Cochliobolus), Carpenteles, Ceratocystis, Cercospora, Choanephora, Cladosporium, Claviceumria, Cryphotrichectectic Diaporthe (Phomopsis), Erysiphe, Eurotium, Fusarium, Ganoderma, Gibberella, Glomerella, Magnaporthe, Macalpinomyces, Melampsora, Monilia, Moniliophthora, Microcyclus, Mycena, Mycosphaerella, Nectria, Neonectria, Olpidium, Poucotusa, Poucotellia, Phaerochaotellia, Poucochainete, Poucochaotellia, Pénochao , Pleospora,
- Podosphaera Puccinia, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Sclerotinia, Seiridium, Stemphylium, Septoria, Sphaerotheca, Sporisorium, Synchytrium, Taphrina, Tilletia, Thanatephorus, Trichoderma, Typhula, Ulocladium, Ustilago, Urocystis, Uromyces, Uromyces.
- the oomycete is chosen from phytopathogenic oomycetes belonging to the genera Albugo, Aphanomyces, Bremia, Peronospora, Peronosclerospora, Phytophthora, Plasmodiophora, Plasmopara, Polymyxa,
- the plant is a field crop, vegetable, ornamental, tree, or shrub.
- the plant is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Crucifera or Brassicaceae, Compositae or Asteraceae, Umbellifera or Apiaceae, Liliaceae or Asparagaceae, Rosaceae, Polygonaceae, Lamiaceae, Vitaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Liliaceae, Rubiaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae, Lauraceae, Alliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Valerianaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Verbenaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrofulariaceae, Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Oleaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Gentianaceae, Boraginaceae, Araliaceae, Grossulariaceae, Myrtaceae, Eleagnaceae, Lythraceae
- the plant product can be selected from seeds, seeds, tubers, and bulbs. Alternatively, the plant product can be chosen from fruits, vegetables, and post-harvest grains. Fe plant product can also be a food product 4 th range. Alternatively, the plant product can be post-cut timber, for example construction timber.
- the fungal disease affecting the plant or plant product is selected from the group consisting of gray rot or botrytis, downy mildew, fusarium, Sigatoka, Poidium, alternaria, anthracnose, smuts , caries, septoria, moniliosis or monilia, rust, helminthosporiosis, sclerotinia, scab, verticillium wilt, leaf blister, blister, coryneum or riddled disease, entomosporiosis, damping-off, l 'esca, eutypia, gum disease, gravel, mal secco, blackfoot, blast, and Dutch elm disease.
- the fungal disease is caused by a fungus or oomycete resistant to at least one conventional fungicide (particularly a synthetic fungicide).
- the fungal disease is septoria blight of wheat caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, particularly a strain of Zymoseptoria tritici which exhibits single or multiple resistance to conventional fungicides, such as fungicides belonging to the benzimidazole classes, cytochrome b inhibitors, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, or sterol demethylation inhibitors.
- 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or a salt thereof, or a combination thereof described herein can result in improved performance.
- preserve plant products eg in the case of fruit, vegetables, post-harvest grain in the case of food products from 4 th range, and in the case of post-cut wood).
- Use may also result in seed protection and / or improved seedling emergence in the case of seeds and seeds.
- the invention also relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of a fungal disease in a plant or a plant product, the method comprising the application of 2-PBA, or of 3-PBA, or of 4-PBA , or a salt thereof, or a combination thereof, to the plant or to the soil surrounding the plant or to the plant product.
- Cryptogamic disease is caused by a fungus or oomycete.
- 2-PBA or one of its salts, 3-PBA or one of its salts, 4-PBA or one of its salts, or one of their combinations is applied (e ) in an amount effective to inhibit germination or growth of the fungus or G oomycete, and / or to inhibit the movement of zoospores of G oomycete, and / or to destroy (cause death) of the fungus or G oomycete.
- the invention also relates to a method of destroying a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete and / or of inhibiting the growth of a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete to prevent and / or treat a fungal disease affecting a plant or a product.
- plant the method comprising the application of 2-PBA or one of its salts, of 3-PBA or one of its salts, of 4-PBA or one of its salts, or one of their combinations, to the plant and / or to the soil surrounding the plant or to the plant product.
- the fungus or oomycete, the plant or plant product, and the fungal disease are as described above.
- the uses and methods according to the invention are characterized in that 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or one of their salts, or one of their combinations, is applied pre-emergence of the plant.
- 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or a salt thereof, or a combination thereof is applied post-emergence of the plant.
- the uses and methods according to the invention are characterized in that 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or one of their salts, or a combination thereof, is applied to aerial parts of the plant, to the roots of the plant, to the seeds, tubers or bulbs of the plant, and / or to the fruits or grains of the plant.
- the invention also relates to a method for improving the preservation of a plant product liable to be affected by a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete, the method comprising the application of an effective amount of 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or a salt thereof or a combination thereof, to the plant product, the method being characterized in that the effective amount is sufficient to inhibit the germination or growth of the fungus or of phytopathogenic oomycete, and / or to inhibit the movement of oomycete zoospores, and / or to destroy (cause death) of the fungus or oomycete, and thereby prevent fungal disease.
- the invention also relates to a method of protecting seeds or improving seedling emergence, the method comprising applying an effective amount of 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or one of their salts or one of their combinations, to seeds intended for sowing, the method being characterized in that the seeds are liable to be affected by a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete and in that the quantity effective is sufficient to inhibit germination or growth of the phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete, and / or to inhibit the movement of oomycete zoospores, and / or to destroy (cause death) of the fungus or oomycete , and thus prevent fungal disease.
- the phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete is responsible for damping-off, and the fungal disease is damping-off.
- the invention also relates to a phytosanitary composition comprising, as fungicidal or fungistatic agent, 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or one of their salts, or one of their salts. combinations.
- the invention also relates to a coating or film-coating solution for seeds comprising, as fungicidal or fungistatic agent, 2-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 4-PBA, or one of their salts. , or one of their combinations.
- FIG. 1 Effect of 2-PBA and 3-PBA on Spore Germination and Mycelial Growth of B. cinerea in Liquid Medium in vitro, and Direct Effect of 3-PBA on Growth of Primary Hyphae of B. cinerea in Liquid Medium in vitro. See Example 4.
- Figure 10 Inhibition of Radial Growth of Mycelium of Different Species of Phytopathogenic Fungi by 4-PBA ((a) Fusarium graminearum, (b) Fusarium verticilloides, (c) Leptosphaeria maculans, (d) Flelminthosporium teres and (e) Magnaporthe oryzae). See Example 6.
- Figure 11 Inhibition of Radial Growth of Mycelium of Different Species of Phytopathogenic Fungi by 4-PBA ((a) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, (b) Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, (c) Alternaria solani, (d) and (e) for the respective strains 1 and 1509 of Alternaria brassicicola, (f) Sclerotinia sclerotorum and (g) Cercospora beticold). See Example 6.
- Figure 14 Effect of increasing concentrations of 4-PBA on the growth of primary hyphae of seven isolates of the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici in vitro.
- the x-axis refers to the 4-PBA (C) concentrations used in the assay (expressed as a decimal logarithm) while the y-axis refers to the calculated percentages of inhibition of the length of the primary hyphae. compared to controls which grew without 4-PBA.
- the characteristics of the seven isolates studied are shown in Table 4. See Example 9. Description of the Embodiments.
- the present invention relates to the use of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) or 3-phenylbutiric acid (3-PBA) or 2-phenylbutiric acid (2-PBA) or a salt thereof or a combination thereof as a fungicidal or fungistatic agent for preventing or treating disease in a plant or plant product.
- 4-Phenylbutyric acid also called 4-phenylbutanoic acid
- 4-PBA is a small molecule which, due to its biological properties, has found application in the field of pharmacy and whose use in the field of agriculture has recently been proposed.
- 4-PBA is a chaperone molecule, that is to say a molecule which assists proteins in their maturation by providing them with adequate three-dimensional folding (Cohen et al., Nature, 2003, 426: 905-909).
- 4-PBA inhibits the stress of the endoplasmic reticulum and abolishes the triggering of the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response).
- 4-PBA is approved for treatment of diseases of the urea cycle (Maestri et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 1996, 335: 855-859), and has been proposed as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of pathologies such as type diabetes. 2 and neurodegenerative diseases.
- Fusarium head blight a disease caused by Fusarium graminearum, a necrotrophic fungus of the genus Fusarium, has been shown to be preventable by applying chaperone molecules, such as 4-PBA, to crops (US request 2010/0261694), the chaperone molecule acting by suppressing programmed cell death of plant cells caused by the fungus.
- chaperone molecules such as 4-PBA
- the present inventors have described the antibacterial properties of 4-PBA and its use in the treatment and prevention of plant diseases (WO 2014/009402).
- 4-PBA can be used in the form of 4-phenylbutyric acid or in the form of a salt thereof.
- 4-PBA salt is meant any compound obtained by reacting 4-PBA, which functions as an acid, with an appropriate base to form, for example, an alkali metal salt, such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; an alkaline earth metal salt, such as calcium and magnesium; a salt of a transition metal, such as manganese, copper, zinc and iron; an ammonium salt; a phosphonium salt; a sulfonium salt; an oxonium salt; a choline salt; or a salt with an organic base containing a nitrogen atom, such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, N, N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, dibenzylamine, pyridine, guanidine, hydrazin
- a 4-PBA salt used in the practice of the present invention is a sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, ammonium, sodium salt. phosphonium, sulfonium, or oxonium.
- 4-PBA can be synthesized by any method, for example by reacting benzene with butyrolactone in the presence of aluminum chloride followed by neutralization in the presence of base as described in US Pat. No. 6,372,938. 2. 3-PBA and its salts
- 3-Phenylbutyric acid (also called 3-phenylbutanoic acid) is an isomer of 4-PBA. As indicated above and as demonstrated in the experimental part, 3-phenylbutyric acid, like 4-PBA, exhibits fungistatic or fungicidal activity.
- 3-PBA can be used in the form of 3-phenylbutyric acid or in the form of a salt thereof.
- 3-PBA salt is meant any compound obtained by reacting 3-PBA, which functions as an acid, with an appropriate base as indicated above in the case of 4-PBA.
- a 3-PBA salt used in the practice of the present invention is a sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, ammonium, sodium salt. phosphonium, sulfonium, or oxonium.
- 3-PBA can be synthesized by any method, for example by reaction (Fujisawa et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1980, 21 (22): 2181-2184). 3-PBA can also be obtained by degradation of hydrocarbons by certain microorganisms (Simoni et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiol., 1996, 62 (3): 749-755; Le Thi Nhi-Cong et al., Journal of Basic Microbiology, 2010, 50 (3): 241-253).
- 2-Phenylbutyric acid also called 2-phenylbutanoic acid
- 2-phenylbutanoic acid is an isomer of 2-PBA.
- 2-phenylbutyric acid like 4-PBA and 3-PBA, exhibits fungistatic or fungicidal activity.
- 2-PBA can be used in the form of 2-phenylbutyric acid or in the form of a salt thereof.
- 2-PBA salt is meant any compound obtained by reacting 2-PBA, which functions as an acid, with an appropriate base as indicated above in the case of 4-PBA and 3-PBA.
- a 2-PBA salt used in the practice of the present invention is a sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, ammonium, sodium salt. phosphonium, sulfonium, or oxonium.
- 2-PBA can be synthesized by any method (Aratake et al., Preparation of 2-phenylbutyric acids, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 1998, 4pp). 2-PBA can also be produced by bacteria of the genus Nocardia when they are cultured in liquid medium in the presence of a hydrocarbon, phenyldodecane (Baggi et al., Biochem. J., 1972, 126: 1091-1097).
- a combination of 3-PBA and 4-PBA (or their salts) can therefore advantageously be used in the context of the present invention.
- “combination” is meant here a pre-prepared mixture (or admixture) of the two molecules or else a simultaneous, separate or sequential administration of the two molecules.
- the time between the administration of the first molecule and the administration of the second molecule should be such that the beneficial synergistic effect of the combination is maintained.
- This also applies to a combination of 3-PBA and 2-PBA (or their salts) and to a combination of 2-PBA and 4-PBA (or their salts), whether or not there is one. synergy between the two molecules.
- a combination of 3-PBA, 2-PBA and 4-PBA (or their salts) can also advantageously be used in the context of the present invention.
- “combination” is meant here a pre-prepared mixture (or admixture) of the three molecules or else a simultaneous, separate or sequential administration of the three molecules.
- the three molecules can be administered in any suitable proportion. .
- 4-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 2-PBA, or a salt thereof, or a combination thereof is applied to plants or plant products in the form of an aqueous solution.
- 4-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 2-PBA, or a salt thereof, or a combination thereof can be used alone or in combination with other substances such as, for example, insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, nematicides, bactericides, herbicides, safeners, plant growth regulators, nutrient supplements, and / or fertilizers.
- a plant protection or phytosanitary composition comprising, as fungicidal or fungistatic agent, 4-PBA, or 3-PBA, or 2-PBA, or one of their salts, or one of their combinations, is an object of the present invention.
- the inventors have demonstrated an antifungal effect of 4-PBA, 3-PBA, 2-PBA, their salts and their combinations (“the compounds and combinations described here”) on certain phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes.
- antifungal is understood here to denote a substance which kills (fungicidal effect) fungi and / or oomycetes and / or which slows down (fungistatic effect) the growth and / or multiplication of fungi and / or oomycetes.
- the invention relates to the use of 4-PBA, or one of its salts, of 3-PBA, or one of its salts, of 2-PBA, or one of its salts. salts, or a combination thereof, as a fungicidal or fungistatic agent for the prevention and / or treatment of diseases caused by fungi or oomycetes in plants and / or plant products.
- phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes By “phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes” is meant herein fungi and oomycetes capable of causing diseases in plants and / or plant products.
- 4-PBA has a very broad spectrum of action, exhibiting activity against very distant fungi from a phylogenetic point of view, whether these phytopathogens are biotrophic or necrotrophic or even hemibiotrophic.
- biotrophic refers to a pathogen which colonizes the living tissue of a plant
- necrotrophic refers to a pathogen which kills plant cells before colonizing them.
- hemibiotrophic designates a pathogen exhibiting a short phase of biotrophic exploitation followed by a phase of necrotrophic exploitation.
- the present invention can be used for the prevention or treatment of a disease which affects a plant or a plant product and caused by a biotrophic, necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic fungus or oomycete.
- Phytopathogenic Fungi To. Phytopathogenic Fungi.
- Phytopathogenic fungi which can be destroyed or whose growth can be inhibited by any of the compounds and combinations described herein can belong to any of the different groups in the kingdom of Eumycetes or 'true fungi', namely Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Chytridiomycetes.
- the two most important groups of phytopathogenic fungi are Ascomycetes which cause for example gray rot or botrytis, fusarium, powdery mildew, septoria, scab, and G ergot of rye, and Basidiomycetes which cause for example rusts and smuts.
- Ascomycetes are a large division of fungi that are characterized by spores formed inside ascus. They contain many species that are useful to humans such as yeasts used in baking, brewing and winemaking, edible mushrooms such as morels and truffles, but also many phytopathogenic fungi of cultivated plants.
- Botrytis cinerea which is responsible for gray rot which plagues several crops of major agronomic interest such as grapes, sunflowers. , tomato, strawberry.
- Botrytis cinerea is included in the list of the ten most scientifically and economically important fungal pathogens established in 2012 (Dean et al., Mol. Plant Pathol., 2012, 13 (4): 414-430) .
- Another species of the genus Botrytis is Botrytis pseudocinerea which has a broad spectrum similar to that of B. cinera.
- phytopathogenic ascomycetes include the fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, which is one of the most important groups of phytopathogenic fungi globally.
- Fungi of the genus Colletotrichum attack more than 3200 species of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and are responsible for numerous fungal diseases, in particular anthracnoses, which are particularly damaging when they affect fruits.
- Colletotrichum species are also on the list of the ten most scientifically and economically important fungal pathogens.
- species in the genus Colletotrichum (C.) include, without limitation, C. acutatum (which particularly affects strawberry, blueberry, almond, citrus, avocado, mango, olive, peach), C. arachidis, C.
- capsici (which affects basil, chickpea, pepper and pigeon pea), C. cereale, (which affects turf), C. chlorophyti (which affects various species of herbaceous plants, especially legumes), C. cojfeanum (which affects coffee trees), C. coccodes (which affects hops, tomatoes and potatoes), C. crassipes, C. dematium (which keeps on residue crops, seeds and some weeds), C. dematium f. spinaciae (which affects sugar beets), C. gloeosporioides (which particularly affects tomatoes and olives), C. wisteria (which affects soybeans and tomatoes), C. gossypii (which affects cotton trees), C.
- graminicola which affects cereals and especially maize
- C. higginsianum which affects many plants of the Brassicaceae family
- C. kahawae which affects coffee berries on Cojfea arabica crops
- C. lindemuthianum which affects beans
- C. lini C. mangenotii, C. musae (which affects bananas and plantains)
- C. nigrum which affects tomatoes
- C. orbiculare which affects melons and cucumber
- C. pisi which affects wild rice and sorghum
- C. tabacum which affects tobacco plants in nurseries
- C. theaesinensis which affects tea plants
- C. trifolii which affects alfalfa
- C. truncatum which has a wide host range and particularly affects pepper, eggplant, melon, chickpea, and grapes).
- cryptogamic disease causing ascomycetes which can be destroyed or whose growth or germination can be inhibited using the present invention include imperfect fungi or Deuteromycetes, which are septate, septate hyphal fungi, which multiply in a non-sexual way.
- the two major genera of deuteromycetes are: Fusarium and Aspergillus. Fungi of the genus Fusarium cause a disease called Fusarium wilt.
- F. Two species of the genus Fusarium (F.) are on the list of the ten most scientifically and economically important fungal pathogens: F. graminearum (which affects cereals, especially wheat, corn and barley) and F.
- Fusarium species include, without limitation, F. culmorum (which affects cereals, potatoes, asparagus, and which is responsible for various symptoms including damping-off), F. crookwellense (which affects very many cultivated plants, including wheat, corn, raspberry, poplar, potato, etc.), F. euwallaceae (which affects many tree species, especially the leaves of Aceraceae, Fabaceae and Fagaceae, and which poses a serious threat to avocado crops), F. solani (which affects peas, beans, potatoes and many types of cucurbits), F. sulphureum (which affects potatoes), F.
- F. culmorum which affects cereals, potatoes, asparagus, and which is responsible for various symptoms including damping-off
- F. crookwellense which affects very many cultivated plants, including wheat, corn, raspberry, poplar, potato, etc.
- F. euwallaceae which affects many tree species, especially the leaves of Aceraceae, Fabacea
- avenaceum which affects many crop plants like wheat, corn, potato, raspberry, poplar, etc.
- F. moniliforme which is one of the most prevalent fungi in food samples such as maize
- F. proliferatum which affects asparagus, maize, rice, and other cultures
- F. sporotrichioides which affects cereal crops
- F. subglutinans which affects maize and mango
- F. verticillioides which affects wheat and maize
- Deuteromycete fungi of the genus Aspergillus thrive on decaying organic matter, in soil, compost, foodstuffs, cereals. They do not attack plants during their full growth. For the most part, these are classic saprophytes which, through wounds, penetrate certain fruits or on seed carriers, especially in hot and humid weather. When the seeds are harvested wet (or when they get wet during storage), Aspergillus grow rapidly and turn into pests, which leads to a decrease in germination.
- species in the genus Aspergillus include, without limitation, A. niger (which is widely distributed on forage, corn seeds), A. flavus (which colonizes seeds of sunflower and Poaceae), A.
- phytopathogenic ascomycetes which can be killed or whose growth can be inhibited using the present invention include fungi of the genus Podosphaera which are responsible for various forms of powdery mildew.
- the host plants mostly belong to the Rosaceae family.
- species in the genus Podosphaera include, without limitation, P. clandestina var. clandestina (which affects apricots and peaches), P. fiisca (which affects melons and squash), P. leucrotricha (which affects apples and pears), P.
- phytopathogenic ascomycetes include fungi of the genus Mycosphaerella, in particular the anamorphic form: Spetoria, which is responsible for many diseases called septoria.
- species in the genus Mycosphaerella include, without limitation, M. arachidis, M. areola, M. berkeleyi, M. bolleana, M. brassicicola, M. caricae, M.
- M. cerasella caryigena, M. cerasella, M . coffeicola, M. confusa, M. cruenta, M. dendroides, M. eumusae, M. gossypina, M. graminicola (which is on the list of the ten most scientifically and economically important fungal pathogens), M . henningsii, M. horii, M. juglandis, M. lageniformis, M. linicola, M. louisianae, M. musae, M. musicola, M. palmicola, M. pinodes, M. pistaciarum, M. pistacina, M. platanifolia, M. polymorpha, M. pomi, M.
- S. species in the genus Spetoria
- species in the genus Spetoria include, without limitation, S. dadauci, S. lactucae, S. leucanthemi, S. anthurii, S. bataticola, S. paeoniae, S. lycopersici, S. azaleae, S hydrangeae, S. apiicola, S. chrysanthemella, S. adanensis, S. gladioli, S. petroselini, S. pisi, S. secalis, S. glycines, S. helianthi.
- species of Monilia and Monilinia include, without limitation, Monilia / Monilinia laxa (which is responsible for the blight of pome fruit trees), and Monilia / Monilinia fructigena (which is responsible for the blight of black fruit trees). stone fruit).
- ascomycetes causing fungal diseases include fungi of the genus Sclerotinia, some species of which cause white rot or sclerotinia.
- species in the genus Sclerotinia include, without limitation, S. minor (which affects carrots, tomatoes, sunflowers, peanuts and lettuce), S. cepivorum, S. sclerotiorum (which affects various plants including rapeseed, sunflower, beans, carrot, etc.), S. trifoliorum (which affects alfalfa, red clover and chickpea), S. borealis (which affects barley, rye and wheat), S. bulborum (which affects bulb plants).
- This genus comprises more than 40 closely related species, many of which are pathogens of cereals, and generally specific to a host plant species, causing diseases in these plants of the helminthosporiosis group.
- species of the genus Bipolaris (B.) include, without limitation, B. victoriae, B. cactivora, B. sorokiniana, B. zeicola, B. maydis, B. oryzae.
- Examples of species in the genus Cochliobolus include, without limitation, C. victoriae, C. sativus, C. carbonum, C. heterostrophus, C. miyabeanus.
- Other examples of ascomycetes causing fungal diseases which can be prevented or treated using the present invention include fungi of the genus Alternaria and Ulocladium which cause a fungal disease called Alternaria.
- Examples of species in the genus Alternaria (A.) include, without limitation, A. alternata, A. alternantherae, A. arborescens, A. arbusti, A. blumeae, A. brassicae, A. brassicicola, A. burnsii, A .
- Trichoderma viride which is the causative agent of green rot in onions and dieback of Pinus nigra (black bread) seedlings
- C. coerulescens which affects maple
- C. fimbriata which attacks plants very varied, which range from cocoa to sweet potato
- C. oblonga and C. obpyriformis which are saprobic species and which affect Eucalyptus species and acacias
- - fungi of the genus Diaporthe (D.) whose anamorphic form is
- Phomopsis for example the species P. asparagi, P. asparagicola, P. cannabina, P. coffeae, P. ganjae, P. javanica, P. longicolla, P. mangiferae, P. prunorum, P. sclerotioides, P. theae, P. viticola and the species D. arctii, D. dulcamarae, D. eres, D. helianthi, D. lagunensis, D. lokoyae, D. melonis, D. orthoceras, D. perniciosa, D. phaseolorum, D. phaseolorum var.
- fungi of the genus Pestalotia for example the species Pestalotia longiseta (which affects tea plants) and Pestalotia rhododendri (which affects azaleas and rhododendrons); fungi of the genus Seiridium (which is the anamorphic form of the genus Lepteutypa), for example the species Seiridium cardinale (pathogen of cortical canker of cypress); fungi of the genus Verticillium, which includes pathogens and saprophytes that cause wilt diseases or vericilliosis, such as for example the species Verticillium alboatrum and Verticillium dahliae.
- Pestalotia for example the species Pestalotia longiseta (which affects tea plants) and Pestalotia rhododendri (which affects azaleas and rhododendrons)
- fungi of the genus Cercospora which form leaf spots, for example the species C. angreci, C. apii, C. apiicola, C. arachidicola, C. asparagi, C. atrofiliformis, C. beticola, C. bolleana , C. brachypus, C. brassicicola, C. brunkii, C. cannabis, C. capsici, C. carotae, C. citrullina, C. coffeicola, C. coryli, C. orylina, C. eleusine, C. fragariae, C . fuschiae, C. fusca, C. fusimaculans, C. kikuchii, C.
- fungi of the genus Microcyclus including the species Microcyclus low-density virus
- fungi of the genus Nectria the species of which affect fruit crops, for example Nectria cinnabarina (anamorph stage: Tubercularia vulgaris) which affects apple tree and other species of trees or shrubs such as peach, currant, raspberry
- fungi of the genus Penicillium which is a genus of imperfect fungi (deuteromycetes), such as for example the species Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum which are agents of green and blue rots in citrus fruits
- fungi of the genus Pleospora (P.) including the species P.
- fungi of the genus Magnaporthe for example l the species Magnaporthe oryzae (which is included in the list of the ten most scientifically and economically important fungal pathogens and which is the first pathogen of intensive monocultures of rice, causing blast); and fungi of the genus Blumeria, including the species Blumeria graminis which is the agent of a fungal disease called cereal powdery mildew, which affects certain plants of the Poaceae family.
- Basidiomycetes (or Basidiomycata or 'cap fungi'), which constitute a large division of fungi, are characterized by spores formed at the end of specialized cells, the basidia. They contain edible mushrooms and poisonous mushrooms.
- the phytopathogenic basidiomycetes which can be killed or whose growth can be inhibited using the present invention are the fungi of the genus Ustilago which cause anthrax in many plant species, in particular the fungi. Poaceae (grasses).
- species in the genus Ustilago include, without limitation, U. maydis (which is on the list of the ten most scientifically and economically important fungal pathogens and which is responsible for smut in corn) , U.
- Smuts can also be caused by phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Sporisorium (S.), examples of species of which include, without limitation, S. scitamineum (which is responsible for smut in sugarcane), and S. cruentum, S. sorghi and S. ehrenbergii (all three of which cause smut in sorghum).
- Smuts can also be caused by fungi of the genus Sporisorium, such as, for example, the species Sporisorium scitamineum which parasitizes plants of the genus Saccharum and which is responsible for smut in sugar cane.
- basidiomycetes that cause anthrax-like fungal diseases include fungi of the genus Urocystis which particularly attack grasses and other plant families.
- species of the genus Urocystis include, without limitation, U. agropyri, U. arxanensi, U. brassicae, U. occulta, U. tritici or occulta, U. tranzscheliana, and U. xilinhotensis.
- phytopathogenic basidiomycetes include fungi of the genus Puccinia, the species of which are on the list of the ten most scientifically and economically important fungal pathogens.
- Fungi of the genus Puccinia are microscopic fungi responsible for fungal diseases called rusts, and which can affect many plants, from the herbaceous layer to large trees, as well as certain crops (potatoes, tomatoes, cereals, etc.) .
- species of the genus Puccinia include, without limitation, P. asparagi, P. graminis, P. hordei, P. horiana, P., psidii, P. recondita, P.
- Rusts can also be caused by fungi of the genus Uromyces (U.), examples of species of which include, without limitation, U. appendiculatus, U. trifolii, U. betae, U. decoratus, U. visiae-fabae, U. striatus, U. dactylidis, U. aloes, U. dianthi, U. graminis, etc.
- Fungi of the genus Melampsora can also cause rusts which can be prevented or treated using the present invention. Examples of species in the genus Melampsora (M.) Include, without limitation, M.
- Uni which is one of the ten most scientifically and economically important fungal pathogens, and which attacks flax
- M. alliipopulina which attacks plants of the garlic family
- M. pinitorqua which attacks various species of pine
- M. laricipopulina which attacks larch
- M. medisae which attacks various hosts including larch.
- This genus of fungi comprises around 175 phytopathogenic species which affect various species of plants of the Poaceae family (grasses) and which are responsible in particular for caries in cereals.
- Tilletia (T.) species include, without limitation, T. foetida or T. caries (which affects wheat), T. indicia (which affects wheat), T. pancicii (which affects barley), T. tritici (which affects wheat), T. secalis (which affects rye), T. controversa (which affects wheat and rye), T. horrida (which affects rice).
- phytopathogenic basidiomycetes include parasitic fungi of the genus Armillaria which are destructive forest pathogens that cause a root disease called white rot. Armillaria being a facultative saprophyte, it also feeds on dead plant material. Examples of species in the genus Armillaria include, without limitation, Armillaria heimii (which attacks tea plants), Armillaria sinapina (which attacks willows, birches, spruces).
- This genus includes many pathogenic plant species, which are responsible in particular for the red root rot disease which affects trees (usually deciduous trees) in tropical regions.
- species of the genus Ganoderma include without limitation, G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. brownii, G. lobatum, G. lucidum, G. megaloma, G. meridithiae, G. orbiforme, G. philipii, G. sessile, Ganoderma tornatum, G. zonatum.
- Thantephorus which are usually saprophytic but sometimes attack weakened living plants, e.g. field crops, especially Rhizoctonia solani (which is one of the fungi responsible for damping off, but also attacks potato, cereals, sugar beet, rice), Rhizoctonia oryzae, Rhizoctonia cerealis, Rhizoctonia leguminicola, Rhizoctonia rubi and fungi of the genus Phanerochaete (P.) whose species are capable of degrading the lignin of the woody polymer into carbon dioxide and causing white rot in conifers and deciduous trees, for example the species P. chrysosporium, P. allantospora, P . arizonica, P. avellanea, Phanerochaete burtii, P. carnosa, P. tuberculata, P. velutina.
- Rhizoctonia solani which is one of the fungi responsible for damping
- Chytridiomycetes (Chytridiomycota) or chytrids, constitute a large group of saprophytic or parasitic fungi, mainly composed of aquatic fungi. Some species of chytrid fungi can attack corn, alfalfa and a number of other plants.
- Chytridiomycetes which cause fungal diseases that can be prevented or treated using the present invention, there is, for example, Synthytrium endobioticum, which is the causative agent of potato wart scab.
- the phytopathogenic oomycetes can belong to any of the different families of the class of Oomycetes (Oomycota) which comprises more than 90 genera and between 800 and 1000 species.
- Oomycota the class of Oomycetes
- the genus Albugo contains 40 to 50 species of biotrophic parasites of flowering plants.
- Examples of Albugo (A.) species that induce white rust include, without limitation, A. candida (which affects crucifers), A.
- tragopogoni ipomoeae-panduratae (which affects sweet potato), A. tragopogonis, A occidentalis (which affects spinach), A. tragopogonis, A. horiana (which affects chrysanthemum), A. tragopogonis, A. tragopogoni (which affects sunflower).
- phytopathogenic oomycetes include, without limitation, oomycetes of the Peronosporales family comprising the following genera: Bremia, Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara, Pseudoplasmopara, Sclerophthora and Sclerospoara, most of which are obligate parasites responsible for late blight.
- Bremia Peronospora
- Phytophthora Plasmopara
- Pseudoplasmopara Pseudoplasmopara
- Sclerophthora Sclerospoara
- species of the genus Bremia include, for example, Bremia lactucea (which is responsible for downy mildew of lettuce and artichoke).
- species in the genus Peronospora (P.) include, without limitation, P. antirrhini, P. arborescens, P. cactorum, P. destructor, P. farinosa, P.
- P. examples include, without limitation, P. parasita (which affects Solanaceae - potato, tomato, tobacco, etc.), P. capsici (which is responsible for damping off seedlings and which has a broad spectrum of action against chili, tomato, eggplant, bean, pumpkin, pumpkin, cucumber, melon, watermelon), P. cactorum, P. citrophthora, P.
- Plasmopara examples include in particular Plasmopara viticola which is an agent of downy mildew of grapevine.
- species of the genus Sclerophthora include in particular Sclerophthora macrospora which is responsible for downy mildew in cereals, affecting cereals and various species of grasses.
- species of the genus Sclerospoara in particular include Sclerospora graminicola which affects maize and millet.
- species of the genus Pythium include, without limitation, P. acanthicum, P. aphanidermatum, P. aristosporum, P. arrhenomanes, P. buismaniae, P. camurandrium, P. prophyrae (which causes red rot), P. debaryanum, P. deliense, P.
- dissotocum P. emineosum, P. graminicola, P . heterothallicum, P. hypogynum, P. irregulare, P. iwayamae, P. middletonii, P. myriotylum (which causes soft root rot in crops, such as peanuts, tomatoes, rye, wheat, l oats, cucumber, soybeans, sorghum, tobacco, cabbage and corn), P. okanoganense, P. oopapillum, P. paddicum, P. perniciosum, P. rostratum, P. scleroteichum, P. spinosum, P. splendens, P. sulcatum, P. tracheiphilum, P.
- phytopathogenic oomycetes include, without limitation, oomycetes of the Saprolegniales family which include a single phytopathogenic genus: Aphanomyces.
- species in the genus Aphanomyces include, without limitation, A. euteiches (which is a major parasite of various legumes including field peas, alfalfa, and clover), and A. cochlioides (which affects commodities such as spinach, Swiss chard, beets and other related species).
- the phytopathogenic oomycetes which it is possible to destroy or for which it is possible to inhibit the growth or germination or else to inhibit the movement of zoospores using the present invention include, without limitation, the phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Albugo, Aphanomyces, Bremia, Peronospora, Peronosclerospora, Phytophthora, Plasmodiophora, Plasmopara, Polymyxa, Pseudoplasmopara, Pythium, Sclerophthora and Sclerospoara.
- Plants and Plant Products a. Plants.
- the invention can be applied to a wide variety of plants, including field crops, vegetable plants, ornamental plants, trees and shrubs, whether in vegetable gardens, in greenhouses or in open spaces. field.
- the plants can be dicotyledonous plants, such as in particular Malvaceae (eg cotton, etc.), Solanaceae (eg tobacco, tomato, potato, eggplant, etc.), Cucurbitaceae (eg melons , cucumber, watermelon, squash, etc.), Crucifers or Brassicaceae (eg rapeseed, mustard, etc.), Compositae or Asteraceae (eg chicory, etc.), Umbelliferae or Asparagaceae (eg carrot, cumin, etc.), Rosaceae (especially trees and shrubs whose fruits are of economic importance), Polygonaceae (eg sorrel, rhubarb, buckwheat, etc.), Lamiaceae (eg basil, marjoram, mint, oregano, rosemary , savory, sage, thyme, etc.), Vitaceae (eg vine) or Fabaceae (eg peanuts, broad beans, beans, lentils, pea
- a compound according to the invention is applied to a plant which is cultivated for the purpose of producing food, ornamental plants, building materials (wood, straw), energy (fuelwood, ethanol, biodiesel), fibers (textile fibers, insulation materials), drugs (medicinal plants), and the like.
- Examples of plants cultivated for the purpose of producing building materials include, without limitation, acacia, mahogany, alis, alder, birch, cedar, cherry (birch), chestnut, hornbeam, oak, cypress, douglas, spruce, maple, ash, beech, yew, larch, walnut, olive, elm, poplar, Scots pine , plane tree, pear tree, fir, sycamore, lime, and the like.
- the invention is applied to a transgenic plant.
- transgenic plant is understood to mean a plant which has been obtained by techniques of genetic manipulation. More specifically, a transgenic plant is a plant of which at least one cell contains exogenous nucleotide sequences introduced through human intervention. Typically, transgenic plants express DNA sequences which confer on these plants one or more characters different from those of non-transgenic plants of the same species.
- Plant Products The invention can also be applied to a plant product.
- plant product or “plant product” is understood here to mean any plant or part of a plant that is useful to humans. Thus, a plant product can be chosen from seeds, seeds, tubers and bulbs.
- a plant product can be chosen from fruits, vegetables, and post-harvest grains.
- a vegetable can be a root (e.g. carrot, beetroot), a tuber (e.g. potato, Jerusalem artichoke), a bulb (e.g. onion), a young shoot (e.g. asparagus), a pseudo-stem (e.g. . leek), a petiole (e.g. chard, celery), a set of leaves (e.g. lettuce, endive), a flower (eg artichoke, cauliflower), fruit (eg tomato, cucumber), or seed (eg peas, beans, beans).
- a root e.g. carrot, beetroot
- a tuber e.g. potato, Jerusalem artichoke
- a bulb e.g. onion
- a young shoot e.g. asparagus
- a pseudo-stem e.g. . leek
- a petiole e.g. chard,
- a plant product may be a food product 4 th range.
- the 4 th range of food includes agricultural products fresh, raw, washed, peeled and cut (classic and mixed salads, raw vegetables, fresh herbs, vegetables and fruits) for consumption.
- the products are packaged in ambient air or modified atmosphere, or else under vacuum, in sachets or trays, and stored by refrigeration.
- a plant product can be post-felling or post-cutting timber (eg, construction timber).
- timber eg, construction timber
- wood is experiencing renewed interest among manufacturers and the general public.
- the natural and biodegradable nature of wood also constitutes the main barrier to its implementation and use. Indeed, this material, which is particularly sensitive to its environment, is liable to be altered by biological organisms. The use of wood in industry therefore depends on its ability to resist these external attacks.
- Several factors are responsible for the development of fungi on cut wood: the period when the trees are cut, the drying times but also the final situation of the wood such as exposure to humidity, the proximity of vegetation (forests), etc. 3. Cryptogamic Diseases
- Plant diseases which can be treated according to the invention include any disease caused by a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete which is destroyed and / or whose growth is inhibited by 4-PBA or one of its salts, for example 3-PBA and / or one of its salts, by 2-PBA and / or one of its salts, and / or by one of their combinations.
- Cryptogamic diseases which can be prevented or treated by a method according to the invention include, without limitation, gray rot or botrytis, downy mildew, fusarium, Sigatoka, Toidium, white blight, anthracnose, smuts, blight. caries, septoria, blister or monilia, rust, helminthosporiosis, sclerotinia, scab, verticillium wilt, leaf blister, blister, coryneum or riddled disease, entomosporiosis, damping-off, esca , eutypia, gum disease, gravel, mal secco, blackfoot, blast, and Dutch elm disease.
- Gray rot or botrytis is a fungal disease caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea (Botryotinia fuckeliana). Botrytis cinerea attacks a large number of cultivated plants (Vitaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rosaceae and Fabaceae). Viticulture, market gardening, arboriculture and floriculture are affected by gray rot. This fungus is very often saphrophyte, that is to say that it grows on dead or decaying organic matter, and also has the characteristic of being able to develop on living matter, in particular flowers (for example on roses) or fleshy fruits (grapes, strawberries, etc.). Fruits or vegetables are covered with a characteristic brownish then gray felting.
- Botrytis cinerea Botryotinia fuckeliana
- Botrytis cinerea attacks a large number of cultivated plants (Vitaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rosaceae and Fabaceae).
- Downy mildew is the generic name for a series of fungal diseases affecting many plant species, but taking epidemic proportions in certain crops of great economic importance, such as grapes, tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce or squash. These diseases are caused by oomycete microorganisms of the following genera: Plasmopara, Phytophthora, Peronospora and Sclerophthora. They show up as brown spots or the appearance of white, cottony mold, followed by general wilting of the leaf, twig, or the entire plant. The affected tuber rots quickly, even during storage.
- Downy mildew can affect beet (. Peronospora farinosa, and Peronospora farinosa f. Sp. Betae), apricot (Phytophthora cactorum), sugar cane (Peronosclerospora sacchari), carrot (Phytophthora megasperma and Plasmospora crustosa), strawberry (Phytophthora cactorum), wallflower (Peronospora matthiolae and Flyaloperonaspora cheiranthi), lettuce (Bremia lactucae), alfalfa (.
- Peronospora trifoliorum lamb's lettuce (Peronospora valerianellae), watermelon (Phytlerophthora) potato (Phytophreschora) infestans), primrose (Peronospora oerteliana), rubarb (Peronospora jaapiana), artichoke (Bremia lactucae), tomato (Phytophthora infestans), grapevine (Plasmopara viticola), violet (Peronospora violae), spinach ⁇ Peronospora farinosa f. sp.
- Fusarium wilt are common fungal diseases of plants, which are caused by certain fungi commonly present in the soil, of the genus Fusarium but which in these cases develop parasitically. These diseases develop in crops and can affect asparagus (Fusarium (F.) culmorum), beans (F. solani f. Sp. Phaseoli), peas (F. solani f.
- gladioli cereals (Fusarium culmorum, Gibberella rosea, Gibberella avenacea, Gibberella intricans and Monographella nivalis), ears (Gibberella zeae), asparagus roots (F. oxysporum f. Sp. Asparag ⁇ ), the roots of cacti (F. oxysporum f. Sp. Opuntiarum), the roots and crown of tomatoes (F. oxysporum f. Sp. Radicis- lycopersici), the roots and the crown of cucumber (F. oxysporum f. sp.
- Vascular fusarium wilt can affect lentis (F. oxysporum f. Sp. Lentis), watermelon (F. oxysporum f. Sp. Niveum), tomato (F. oxysporum f. Sp. Lycopersici), tulip (F.
- Powdery mildew or powdery mildew
- Powdery mildew is the generic name given to a series of cryptogamic diseases caused by the asexual form of certain ascomycete fungi belonging to the order Erysiphales and the family Erysiphaceae. It mainly attacks certain tree species such as oak, maple, quince, apple or hawthorn, which are particularly sensitive to it. It is manifested by kinds of pustules appearing on the leaves and fruits, and which can develop to form a white felting.
- Powdery mildew can affect cashews (O ⁇ dium anacardi ⁇ ), tomatoes (O ⁇ dium lycopersici, Leveillula taurica and O ⁇ dium neolycopersic ⁇ ), beet (Erysiphe betae), heather (O ⁇ dium ericinum), carrot (Leveillula taurica), carrot (Leveillula taurica) (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), lettuce (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), alfalfa (Leveillula taurica), bilberry (Podosphaera myrtillina), potato (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), verbena (Sphaeripheeca verbenae), lobster apricot tree (Podosphaera tridactyl), artichoke (Leveillula taurica), hawthorn (Podosphaera clandestina), alder (Microsphaera penicillata), endive (Golovinomy
- Poinsettia O ⁇ dium poinsettiae
- pear Podosphaera leucotricha
- pea Erysiphe polygoni f. Sp. Pisi
- apple Podosphaera leucotricha
- rose Podosphaera pannosa
- soybean Merosphaera diffusa
- tobacco Golovinomyces cichoracearum
- clover Merosphaera trifolii
- privet Essiphe ligustri
- Alternaria blight is the generic name for a series of fungal diseases caused by various species of fungi of the genera Alternaria and Ulocladium. The fungus is preserved in the soil under plant debris in the form of mycelium, conidia or chlamydospheres. The spread of conidia is by wind or rain. Alternaria can affect beets (A. alternata), carrots (A. dauci), chicory (A. cichorri), potatoes (A. alternata and A. solani), citrus fruits (A. alternata and A. citri), crucifers (A. brassicicola and A. brassicae), fruits (A. and U. chartarum), nightshades (A. solani), wheat (A.
- Anthracnose is the generic name for a series of cryptogamic diseases caused by various species of phytopathogenic ascomycete fungi belonging to different genera (Apiognomania, Colletrotrichum, Discula, Gloeosporium, Glomerrela, Gnomonia, Pseudopeziza, etc.).
- Anthracnose weakens the plant by reducing its leafy capital, is harmful to fruit production, but does not directly threaten the life of the plant. Round, brown patches of dryness appear on the fruits.
- Anthracnose can affect bananas (Colletotrichum musae), bilberries (Glomerella cingulata), broad beans (Didymella fabae and Aschochyta fabae), lettuce (Microdochium panattonianum), alfalfa (Colletotrichum destructivum and Colletotrichum trifolii), almond tree (Glomerella cingulata), sweet potato (Elsinoe batatas), peanut (Sphaceloma arachidis), tomato (Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum coccodes), vine (Elsinoe ampelina), eggplant (Glomerella cingulata), avocado ( Sphaceloma perseae), spinach (Colle
- Smuts are fungal diseases caused by basidiomycete fungi mostly belonging to the Ust ⁇ laginomycotina subdivision.
- the smuts more particularly affect plants of the Poaceae family (grasses) and in particular cereals, but also other cultivated plants.
- the most economically important hosts are maize (Ustilago maydis), barley (Ustilago segetum var. Hordei), wheat, oats (Ustilago hordeif. Sp. Avenae), sugarcane (Ustilago scitaminea) or Sporisorium scitamineum) and forage grasses.
- Smuts can also affect sorghum (Sporisorium sorghi), anemone (Urocystis anemones), potato (Thecaphora solan ⁇ ), grape (Elsinoe ampelina), violet (Urocystis violae), onion (Urocystis colchic ⁇ ) , cork oak (Biscogniauxia mediterranea), gladiolus (Urocystis gladiolicola), maize (Ustilago maydis), millet (Ustilago crameri, Sphcelotheca destruens), Manchurian wild rice (Ustilago esculenta).
- smut include, without limitation, stem smut (eg, stem smut of grasses (Ustilago hypodytes), stalk smut of rye (Urocystis occulta)); ear smut (e.g. corn ear smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana); leaf smut (eg dahlia leaf smut (Entyloma calendulae f sp.
- stem smut eg, stem smut of grasses (Ustilago hypodytes), stalk smut of rye (Urocystis occulta)
- ear smut e.g. corn ear smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana)
- leaf smut eg dahlia leaf smut (Entyloma calendulae f sp.
- smut for example black smut of rice (Tilletia barclayana)
- bare smut for example bare smut of oats (Ustilago segetum var. avenae), bare smut of barley (Ustilago segetum var. nuda), loose smut of wheat (Ustilago segetum var. tritici), loose smut of sorghum (Sphcelotheca cruenta)
- striped smut eg striped smut of millet (Ustilago striiformis)
- Septoria can also affect carrot (Septoria dauci), lettuce (Septoria lactucae), daisy (Septoria leucanthem ⁇ ), anthurium (Septoria anthurii), sweet potato (Septoria bataticola), peony (Septoria paeoniae), tomato (Septoria lycopersic ⁇ ), oats (Phaeosphaeria avenaria), azalea (Septoria azaleae), hydrangea (Septoria hydrangeae), barley (Zymoseptoria passerinii and Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp.
- brambles (Sphaerulina) rubi), celery (Septoria apiicola), hemp (Didymella arcuata), chrysanthemum (Septoria chrysanthemella and Septoria adanensis), raspberry (Sphaerulina rub ⁇ ), gladiolus (Septoria gladiol ⁇ ), currant (Mycrosphaerella ribis), parsley (Septoria petroselin ⁇ ), pear (Mycrosphaerella pyr ⁇ ), pea (Septoria pis ⁇ ), rose (Sphaerulina rehmiana), rye (Septoria secalis), soybean (Septoria glycines), and sunflower (Septoria helianth ⁇ ).
- Moniliosis or monilia is the generic name for various fungal diseases of fruit trees caused by different species of fungi of the genus Monilinia, including Monilinia fructigena which mainly attacks pome fruits and Monilinia laxa of stone fruits.
- Moniliosis affects injured fruits (by hail, insect stings and / or bites, bird pecks). The fruits are covered with a brown spot and white dots distributed in ordered concentric circles. The fruits eventually rot on the tree and often remain mummified without falling. Almost all fruit species of the Rosaceae family (apple, pear, cherry, plum, peach, quince, apricot and almond) are susceptible to moniliosis.
- One of the most serious plagues of this crop also known as ice rot
- cocoa blight Moniliophthora rorer ⁇ ).
- Rusts are fungal diseases of which the responsible pathogens are parasitic basidiomycete fungi of the order Pucciniales (formerly Uredinales). They are manifested by pustules that appear on the leaves. Some rusts are caused by oomycetes of the order Peronosporales (white rusts). These phytopathogenic agents are obligate parasites, which can only develop on a living plant.
- Rusts can affect garlic (Puccinia allii), aloe (Uromyces aloes), almond (Melampsora amygdalinae and Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae), peanut (Puccinia arachidis), asparagus (Puccinia asparag ⁇ ), l 'hawthorn (Puccinia substriata), banana (Uromyces musae), beet (Uromyces betae), heather (Thekopsora fischeri), sugar cane (Puccinia kuehnii and Puccinia melanocephala), chicory (Puccina hieracii), coffee ( Hemileia vastratrix), celery (Puccinia api ⁇ ), cherry (Puccinia cerasi), chrysanthemum (Puccinia chrysanthemi), quince (Gymnosporangium clavipes), cotton (Phakopsora
- Rusts also include American rusts, Asian rusts, tropical rusts, mesh or European rusts, white rusts, brown rusts, yellow rusts, orange rusts, black rusts, common rusts, crown rusts, stem rusts, needle rusts, leaf rusts, dwarf rusts, blister rusts, and blister rusts.
- Helminthosporiosis is a fungal disease caused by various species of ascomycete fungi and mainly affects grasses, such as oats (Pyrenophora avenae and Cochliobolus victoriae - anamorph: Bipolaris victoriae), poppy (Pleospora papaveracea), barley (Pyrenophora graminae), cereals (Cochliobolus sativus - anamorph: Bipolaris sorokiniana), forage grasses (Pyrenophora dictyoides), succulents (Bipolaris cactivora), jute (Corynespora corchorum), maize (Cochliobolus carbonum - anamorph: Bipolaris zeicola, Setosphaeria turcica - anamorph: Excerohilum turcicum, Cochliobolus heterostrophus - anamorph: Bipolaris ze
- Sclerotinia also called white rot
- Sclerotinia is a fungal disease caused by attack by parasitic fungi of the genus Sclerotinia (Sclerotinia minor, Sclerotinia cepivorum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). It is one of the most devastating plant pathologies in the world, affecting the yield and quality of some thirty crops of economic importance, including sunflower, carrot, artichoke, onion, rapeseed, soybeans, beans, peas, chickpeas, etc.
- Scab are fungal diseases caused by various fungi and particularly affect apple trees (apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis), peach trees (black peach scab caused by Venturia carpophila), plum trees (plum scab caused by Cladosporium carpophilum, pear trees (pear scab caused by Venturia pyrina) and olive trees (olive scab or peacock eye disease caused by Spilocaea oleaginum) They affect both leaves and fruits.
- Verticillium wilt also known as verticillium wilt or verticillium wilt
- Verticillium wilt is a fungal disease that affects more than 300 species of herbaceous, annual or perennial, or woody plants. This disease is caused by various species of ascomycete fungi, of land-based origin, of the genus Verticillium (family of Plectosphaerellaceae). The distribution of the two main pathogens is different: Verticillium alboatrum occurs mainly in temperate zones while Verticillium dahliae is dominant in tropical and subtropical zones.
- Tomato leaf blight also called olive mold
- Tomato leaf blight is a fungal disease caused by the fungus Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Ciferri (or Cladopsorium fulvum Cooke).
- the disease manifests itself as yellowish spots, which gradually necrosis on the upper surface of the leaves, and greenish gray felting (mold) on the underside. Only in the most severe cases, flowers and fruits can be affected. In case of early attack, that is to say before the formation of fruits, yield losses can be significant.
- Leaf curl is a fungal disease of peach and almond, caused by the fungus Taphrina deformans, which causes deformation of the leaves and can cause serious damage to trees producing peaches and nectarines.
- Cryneum screening is a disease caused by an ascomycete fungus Stigmina carpophila, formerly known as Coryneum beijerinckii. It attacks all aerial parts of the tree (branches, leaves and fruits) and affects fruit trees such as cherries, plums, peaches, almonds and apricots.
- Entomosporiosis is a fungal disease that particularly affects quince trees and is caused by Entomosporium maculatum. Red spots appear on the leaves which turn yellow and eventually fall off.
- Damping-off is a disease characterized by the death of sown seedlings, and which is very quickly contagious. The base of young plants turns gray and soft, and the seedling dies within 24 hours. Several phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes can cause the disease: Botrytis, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Phoma, and Pythium, the latter being the most common and feared.
- Esca, or grapevine stroke is one of the oldest diseases of the vine. It is attributed to three airborne fungi: Phaeoacremonium aleophilium, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Eutypa lata.
- Eutypiosis is a fungal disease of the vine caused by a species of lignicolous ascomycete fungi, Eutypa lata. Symptoms of the disease include, for example, dwarfed twigs, dwarfed and chorosed leaves, and brown necrosis on wood. Gum disease is a plant disease characterized by the discharge of a gummy substance on the surface of branches or the trunk of certain trees. It affects more particularly certain deciduous trees, in particular fruit trees of the genus Prunus (cherry, plum, apricot and peach) and some others, such as citrus.
- the responsible fungus (Cytospora, Botryosphaeria dothidea) is a wood fungus, the spores of which penetrate inside the plant, as a result of injuries inflicted on the branches or on the bark for any reason: pruning, branch breakage, bursting bark, animal scratches, insect attack, gel. These spores develop and form a mycelium which invades and destroys the structural wood of the tree on which it feeds.
- Mal secco is a fungal disease affecting citrus fruits, and more particularly the lemon tree (Citrus limon), the pathogen of which is an ascomycete fungus of the order Pleosporales: Plenodomus tracheiphilus.
- the tree is most often infected as a result of injury.
- This disease is a serious vascular disease that prevents the sap from circulating properly and causes the affected branch to dry out.
- the disease spreads from the extremities to the trunk, causing in the short to medium term (1 or 2 years) the dieback of the plant, then its death.
- Black foot is a fungal disease that is caused by the fungus
- Blast is a fungal disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea. It is the first pathogen of intensive rice monocultures, the stems of which it necroses at the level of the ears. From an economic point of view, this fungus, which is present in around 85 countries around the world, is responsible for significant losses each year. Magnaporthe grisea also attacks other Poaceae: wheat, rye, barley and millet.
- Dutch elm disease also called Dutch elm disease, is a fungal disease caused by Osphiostoma ulmi.
- One of the first symptoms is a deformation of the bark of the branches of the adult elm, then the foliage dries up.
- the invention relates to a method of treating and / or preventing a fungal disease in a plant or a plant product, comprising the application of 3-PBA or one of its salts, of 2-PBA or one of its salts, of 4-PBA or one of its salts, or one of their combinations, to the plant and / or to the soil surrounding the plant or to the plant product.
- Cryptogamic disease is caused by a phytopathogenic fungus and / or oomycete.
- PBA or a salt thereof, 4-PBA or a salt thereof, or a combination thereof is applied in an amount sufficient (or effective) to inhibit germination or growth of the phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete and / or to inhibit the movement of zoospores of the phytopathogenic oomycete and / or to destroy (cause death) of the phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete.
- the invention also relates to a method of destroying a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete and / or of inhibiting the growth of a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete to prevent and / or treat a fungal disease affecting a plant or a product.
- plant comprising the application of 3-PBA or one of its salts, of 2-PBA or one of its salts, of 4-PBA or one of its salts, or one of their combinations, to the plant and / or to the soil surrounding the plant or to the plant product.
- the application of one of the compounds and combinations described herein can be carried out by any method known in the art.
- the application can be done by treating the soil or the soil (by watering, injection or spraying); by treating growing substrates (potting soil, compost, etc.); by treatment with nutrient solutions; by irrigation (drip or sprinkler system); by treatment of the aerial parts of the plant (by watering or spraying, or by fumigation in the case of greenhouse crops); by treatment of seeds (by film coating or coating) or other propagation material (for example, by powdering tubers or plants, by soaking bulbs, cuttings or plants); by soaking or showering post-harvest fruits or vegetables; by processing stored grains; by treatment of cut wood (for example by a surface impregnation process such as short dipping or by application with a brush or brush or by spraying or else by a deep impregnation process in an autoclav
- the term “aerial parts of a plant” is understood to mean the portion of the plant which is commonly referred to as foliage, and which is located above the ground.
- the aerial part or foliage of a plant includes the leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits.
- the term “fruit” has its definition here used in botany, and therefore designates the plant organ containing one or more seeds. The term “fruit” therefore also includes vegetables.
- phytopathogenic agent / plant or plant product pair i.e. prevention or treatment of fungal disease or improvement in the conservation of post-harvest plant products (vegetables, fruits, grains) , etc.) or post-cutting (wood), or optimization of the emergence of seedlings
- desired effect i.e. prevention or treatment of fungal disease or improvement in the conservation of post-harvest plant products (vegetables, fruits, grains) , etc.) or post-cutting (wood), or optimization of the emergence of seedlings
- those skilled in the art know how to determine the most suitable application mode (s).
- the dose applied corresponds to a concentration that is non-toxic for humans and the environment.
- the compound or combination is applied by spraying to the plants or parts of plants to be treated.
- the compound or combination is preferably applied in a dose ranging from 0.0005 to 3 kg / ha, more preferably from 0.001 to 2 kg / ha, and more preferably still from 0.005 at 1 kg / ha.
- an effective amount denotes an amount of a compound or combination which is sufficient to achieve the intended purpose (eg prevention of fungal disease, treatment of fungal disease, improvement of the conservation of post-harvest plant products (vegetables, fruits, grains, etc.) or post-cutting (wood), optimization of the emergence of seedlings).
- An effective amount is not significantly toxic for the plant or the plant product, or for humans or animals when it is a treatment applied to products intended for human or animal consumption.
- An effective amount is generally between about 0.1 and about 1000 ppm (parts per million), preferably between 1 and 500 ppm.
- a treatment according to the invention may correspond to a single application of a compound or of a combination described here or to several applications, for example applications spaced by a specific duration of time (e.g. spaced apart by one week). , or spaced a month or several months apart, etc.).
- 3-PBA or one of its salts, 2-PBA or one of its salts, 4-PBA or one of its salts, or one of their salts. combinations can be applied pre-emergence and / or post-emergence of the plant.
- pre-emergence of the plant and “pre-emergence of the plant” are used interchangeably here and refer to the period after sowing before the cultivated plant emerges from the ground.
- post-emergence of the plant and “post-emergence of the plant” are used interchangeably and denote the period when the cultivated plant emerged from the ground.
- Treatment with any of the compounds and combinations described here can result in a series of benefits for plants and plant products.
- Such benefits can be manifested, for example, by a decrease in the presence, in the plant or in the plant product, of the number and / or the severity of the symptoms of a fungal disease caused by the fungus or oomycete; an improvement in the storage stability of the plant once harvested (and / or of its fruits once picked); an improvement in the appearance of the plant or plant product due to the absence, or the presence of a limited number of sites of necrosis, blight, stain, rot, gall, tumor, or wilt in the tissues of the plant or plant product; improved biomass; improved root growth; improved runner production; an increase in leaf area; improved sexual and / or vegetative reproduction; an increase in the number of flowers; an increase in fruit volume; improved fruit appearance; an increase in the concentration of nutrients and constituents such as, for example, carbohydrates or carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fibers, etc.
- an improvement, increase, or decrease in a property is generally at least 3%, preferably at least 5%, and more preferably still at least 10% relative to a plant. or a plant product which has not been treated with a compound or combination described herein.
- the present invention relates to a method for improving the preservation of a plant product susceptible to being affected by a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete, the method comprising applying an effective amount of 3-PBA or one of them. of its salts, of 2-PBA or of one of its salts, of 4-PBA or of one of its salts, or of one of their combinations, to the plant product, the method being characterized in that the effective amount is sufficient to inhibit germination or growth of the phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete or to inhibit the movement of zoospores of the phytopathogenic oomycete, or to destroy the phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete, and thus prevent fungal disease.
- the plant product may be selected from the group consisting of fruits, vegetables, seeds, foodstuffs 4 th generation, and wood cut.
- seed treatment is the preparation of seeds for sowing, especially using pesticides.
- the purpose of this treatment is to protect seeds or young plants from pathogenic germs, in particular those naturally present in the soil, and animal parasites and to stimulate the germination and growth of plants.
- the fungicidal protection of seeds remains essential against certain very damaging diseases for which there is no means of control in vegetation.
- the seeds coated with phytosanitary products with fungicidal and / or insecticidal action ensure preservation of the yield potential from sowing.
- Adjuvants such as film-coaters and coatings facilitate sowing and improve the effectiveness of treatments.
- Seed coating corresponds to the application of a film microporous which allows the products to be fixed by a very thin layer without modifying the shape of the seed.
- Seed coating is a form of thicker seed covering, intended to facilitate sowing, and which may contain fertilizers, growth factors, as well as an inert filler and polymer outer shell.
- seed treatments In addition to reducing the damage caused by diseases and preserving the yield potential from sowing, seed treatments have the advantage of reducing the use of phytosanitary products and therefore reducing costs, working time and handling of phytosanitary products by farmers.
- seed treatments are controversial today due to risks to the environment (runoff, pollinators) and potentially to human or animal health.
- the compounds of the present invention which are more environmentally friendly, can replace conventional plant protection products in seed treatment.
- the invention relates to a method of protecting seeds or improving seedling emergence, the method comprising applying an effective amount of 3-PBA or a salt thereof, 2-PBA or one of its salts, 4- PBA or one of its salts, or a combination thereof, to seeds intended for sowing, the method being characterized in that the seeds are capable of being affected by a phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete and in that the effective amount is sufficient to inhibit germination or growth of the phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete or to inhibit the movement of zoospores of the oomycete, or to destroy the fungus or oomycete phytopathogenic, and thus prevent fungal disease.
- the fungal disease is damping-off.
- the invention also relates to a method of preventing damping-off comprising the application of an effective amount of 3-PBA or one of its salts, 2-PBA or one of its salts. , of 4-PBA or a salt thereof, or of a combination thereof, to seeds intended for sowing, the method being characterized in that the effective amount is sufficient to inhibit the germination or the growth of the fungus or of the phytopathogenic oomycete or to inhibit the movement of oomycete zoospores, or to destroy the phytopathogenic fungus or oomycete, and thus prevent fungal disease.
- combinations, used in a method of seed protection, improvement of seedling emergence or prevention of damping-off, is present in a seed coating or film-coating solution.
- coating is meant here a process of coating the seeds by covering them with a material (usually polymeric) in order to standardize the size and shape of the kernels in order to facilitate sowing.
- film-coating is meant here a process of completely covering the seeds with a thin layer (or microporous film) so that the seed retains its original shape.
- Coating and film coating solutions can usually contain additional ingredients such as pesticides.
- the invention therefore also relates to a coating or film-coating solution for seeds comprising, as fungicidal or fungistatic agent, an effective amount of 3-PBA or one of its salts, or of 2-PBA or one of its salts, or of 4-PBA or one of its salts, or one of their combinations.
- Example 1 Protection of Plants by 4-PBA against Gray Rot Caused by the Fungus Botrytis cinerea
- cinerea (composed of 6 g / L of Potato Dextrose Broth or PDB medium [Sigma-Aldrich, P6685], the pH of which was 5,15) containing or not containing 4-PBA at a final concentration of ImM.
- the stock solution of 4-PBA with a concentration of 10 mM has always been prepared extemporaneously.
- the inoculum was obtained from a sporulating mycelial culture aged 10 to 14 days carried out in the dark at a temperature of 22 ° C on sterile solid PDA medium (which was composed of 24 g / L of PDB medium and 15g / L of agar). The inoculum has never been stored for more than 10 days at 4 ° C before use.
- Disease intensity was also measured via the ratio of leaf concentrations of genomic DNA of B. cinerea and A. thaliana. Briefly, to extract the genomic DNA, the samples were ground in 200mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5 containing 250mM NaCl, 25mM EDTA and 0.5% SDS (v / v). The genomic DNA contained in the centrifugation supernatant (18,000xg for 10 minutes) was precipitated with isopropanol (v / v) at room temperature, then pelletized by centrifugation.
- gDNA genomic DNA
- the PCR reactions were carried out in a final volume of 10 pL containing 5 pL of Mastermix (Sso Advanced Universal SYBR Green Supermix, # 172-5270, BioDRad), 4.4 ⁇ L of DNA template diluted to the appropriate concentration and 0.3 ⁇ L of each of the two primers (final concentration of 3.3 mM per primer).
- the PCR conditions were as follows: 2 minutes at 50 ° C, 10 minutes at 95 ° C, then 15 seconds at 95 ° C and 1 minute at 60 ° C; the last two steps being repeated 39 times.
- the results in Figure 1d show the means and standard deviations for 3 independent experiments, including 4 biological replicates (each composed of 3-4 leaves) per condition (+/- 4-PBA), per experiment.
- Figure la shows representative symptoms of gray rot obtained on leaves of A. thaliana during the 5 independent experiments carried out in the presence and absence of 4-PBA.
- the molecule was present in the inoculum, the relative proportions of lesions (classified according to their diameter) observed after 4 days were modified compared to those of leaves inoculated with the fungus alone ( Figure lb).
- 37% of the leaves inoculated with the spore solution containing 4-PBA did not show symptoms while only 5% of the leaves infected with B. cinerea were devoid of lesions.
- the molecule also made it possible to reduce the proportions of lesions whose diameter was greater than 4 mm, dropping it from 48% to 23%.
- the inoculum of the fungus B. cinerea (strain BMM), which was used to infect the leaf discs, was prepared as in the example previously described for Arabette des Dames.
- the discs were inoculated either with a spore solution containing no 4-PBA or with a spore solution containing 4-PBA at a final concentration of 1 mM.
- Two titers of inoculum were tested with this experimental design: 5.10 4 spores / mL and 5.10 5 spores / mL.
- the volume of inoculum used was 3 ⁇ L per disc.
- the Petri dishes were hermetically sealed and placed in a phytotronic chamber under long-day conditions (16 hours of day at a temperature of 24 ° C and 8 hours of night at a temperature of 19 ° C) at an intensity average light of 300 pE / m 2 / s. Symptoms of the disease were photographed and quantified 3 days after inoculation. The longest diameter of the leaf lesions was measured using an electronic caliper. Disease intensity was also measured via the ratio of foliar gDNA concentrations of B. cinerea and S. lycopersicum as described above.
- Panel (a) shows lesions characteristic of gray rot caused by the fungus B. cinerea on tomato. Visually, less development of the fungus is observed on the leaf discs in the presence of 4-PBA. This observation is confirmed by the effects of 4-PBA on the distribution lesions by diameter class (panel b) and on the mean diameter of these lesions (panel c). Indeed, in the presence of the molecule in the rinoculum, the proportions of lesions larger than 4 mm in diameter are greatly reduced, going from 73% to 15% for a concentration of 5.10 4 spores / mL and from 60% to 23%. for a concentration of 5.10 5 spores / mL.
- the discs devoid of lesions and / or showing lesions of a size less than 2 mm in diameter are widely represented in the population infected in the presence of 4-PBA (of the order of 35 to 40% depending on the titre of rinoculum); which is not the case in the absence of the compound.
- 4-PBA of the order of 35 to 40% depending on the titre of rinoculum
- the effect of 4-PBA also results in a drop in mean lesion diameter of 68% for the lowest spore concentration and 58% for the highest concentration.
- a commercial grape variety (Vitis vinifera, cultivar Gamay) was cultivated in a greenhouse for 6 weeks.
- Leaf discs 1.7 cm in diameter were then punched out from the leaves of row 1 and 2, then inoculated with a solution of spores of the BMM strain of the fungus B. cinerea (5.10 4 spores / mL) containing 4-PBA (to a final concentration of 1 mM) or not containing the compound.
- the inoculum was prepared as mentioned above for the experiments carried out with A. thaliana.
- a volume of 6 pL was deposited on each disk. Incubation of the infected discs was carried out as for the experiments carried out on tomato leaf discs.
- Example 2 Direct effect of 4-PBA on the Arabidopsis thaliana plant
- FIG. 5b presents the data obtained, showing an average mass per equivalent plant under the 2 cultivation conditions.
- the 4-PBA molecule therefore has no effect on the above-ground biomass of A. thaliana when administered by spray at a concentration of 1 mM. It will be noted that this concentration is the concentration at which the molecule is effective in protecting Arabette des Dames, tomatoes and vines against B. cinerea (see Example 1). 2. Evaluation of the Phytotoxicity of 4-PBA in Arabidopsis thaliana
- A. thaliana (Col-0 ecotype) were sown in individual pots directly on potting soil without a prior stratification step.
- the seedlings were grown in short days (8 hours of daylight at a temperature of 21 ° C / 16 hours at night at a temperature of 18 ° C) at an average light intensity of 120 pE / m 2 / s, for 5 weeks .
- a solution of 4-PBA (at a final concentration of 0.5 or 1 mM) was then infiltrated at the level of the abaxial surface of the most developed leaves using a syringe without a needle, at a rate of 3 to 4 infiltrated leaves per plant. The experiment was repeated 3 times. Each experiment included around ten plants. Six sheets representative of the 3 experiments were photographed 48 hours after infiltration (Figure 5c).
- the BMM strain of the fungus B. cinerea was cultured for about 10 days on solid PDA medium (24 g / L of PDB and 15 g / L of agar) in the dark and at a temperature of 22 ° C.
- a cylinder of agar containing the mycelium at its top was then cut with a sterile cookie cutter 6 mm in diameter, then placed in the center of Petri dishes (round 9 cm in diameter) containing a PDA medium supplemented or not with of 4-PBA.
- the 4-PBA prepared extemporaneously, was added directly to the molten culture medium at final concentrations of 1, 2 and 5 mM.
- the controls were carried out by adding a volume of sterile water equivalent to the highest concentration of 4-PBA.
- B. cinerea spores (BMM strain) was prepared as mentioned above in Example 1, at a concentration of 5.10 4 spores / ml in a PDB medium at 6 g / L. This suspension was supplemented or not with 4-PBA at the final concentrations indicated in panels a, c and d of FIG. 7. To determine the average length of the primary hyphae and the germination rate of the spores, drops of 12 ⁇ L of the 2 types of suspension were placed on glass slides and the whole was incubated at saturated humidity for 16 to 18 hours, in the dark and at a temperature of 22 ° C.
- 4-PBA also possesses a potent anti-germination activity, which results in an inhibition of spore germination of 86% ( Figure 7c) and a strong repression of the mycelial growth (94%) measured by nephelometry ( Figure 7d).
- 4-PBA is a weak acid, it has been observed that it causes a decrease in the pH of the culture medium (from 5.15 to 4.48) when it is added to it. a final concentration of 1 mM.
- Example 3 the mycelial development was evaluated by measuring the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm.
- a spore suspension (5.10 4 spores / mL) with a volume of 10 mL, supplemented or not with phenylbutyric acids (2-, 3- or 4-PBA) at the concentrations indicated in figure 8b, was incubated. for 2 and 4 days at room temperature before quantification by nephelometry.
- This experiment was repeated twice and each of the experiments included one biological triplicate, as well as one technical triplicate per biological replicate. The rate of inhibition reported (expressed in%) was calculated by comparison with controls whose medium was inoculated with the fungus alone.
- Figure 8a shows from left to right the structural formulas of 4-phenylbutyric acid, and of these two isomers, 3-phenylbutyric and 2-phenylbutyric acids. While the 3 molecules show a comparable relative efficiency in suppressing the growth of B. cinerea in liquid medium at a final concentration of 5 mM (regardless of the incubation time, 2 or 4 days), the 2 isomers are less efficient. compared to 4-PBA at a final concentration of 1 mM. After 4 days of incubation, for example, the inhibition rate caused by 2-PBA and 3-PBA is around 70% while that caused by 4-PBA is 97%. We will note despite everything that these inhibition rates remain relatively high for a fungus such as B. cinerea, the growth of which in rich medium is extremely rapid.
- Example 6 Inhibition of the Radial Growth of the Mycelium of 12 Species of Phytopathogenic Fungi by 4-PBA Materials and Methods.
- the fungi and oomycetes studied, as well as their respective growth temperature and culture medium, are described in Table 1 below.
- the 2 oomycetes P. parasitica and P. capsici are by far the most sensitive microorganisms to 4-PBA among those we tested ( Figure 12a and b). Indeed, the difference between the ECso calculated for B. cinerea and that of P. parasitica is 7 orders of magnitude (Table 2 and Figure 6b). In other words, this oomycete is about 12 million times more sensitive to the molecule than the fungus.
- Example 8 Inhibition of Radial Growth of the Mycelium of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by 4-PBA
- the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is equipped with an enzymatic device allowing it to degrade the lignin constituting the wood. This fungal species therefore does not attack living plants, but can deteriorate timber. It is responsible for white rot in homes.
- P. chrysosporium shows hypersensitivity to 4-PBA, since it is unable to grow at concentrations 2 and 5 mM finals ( Figure 13). In addition, it takes 14 days for this fungus to overcome a supplementation of the culture medium in 4-PBA up to 1 mM, that is to say exactly twice as long as what it takes for B. cinerea to colonize. the entire Petri dish under the same conditions ( Figure 6a).
- Example 9 Demonstration of the Antifungal Properties of 4-PBA on the Fungus Zymoseptoria tritici in Vitro 1. Inhibition of the Growth of the Primary Hypha of Z. tritici by 4-PBA
- the spore suspension thus obtained was then deposited at a rate of 300 ⁇ L per Petri dish containing a solid PG medium (10 g / L glucose, 2 g / L K2HPO4, 2g / L KH2PO4, 12.5 g / l agar, pH 6.3).
- the medium was supplemented or not with 4-PBA, at increasing concentrations, using a stock solution of the molecule prepared extemporaneously.
- a range of 4-PBA concentrations ranging from 100 mg / L (0.6 mM) to 400 mg / L (2.44 mM), and including six concentrations, was performed (ie one experiment).
- the inoculated solid media were incubated for 48 hours at 17 ° C.
- FIG. 14 shows in fact that, two days after the start of the experiment, the decrease in the average length of the primary hyphae is all the greater as the concentration of 4-PBA is high.
- Table 3 Median inhibitory concentrations of 4-PBA determined experimentally for seven isolates of the fungus Zymospetoria tritici.
- 4-PBA is not only capable of limiting the growth of the primary hyphae of an isolate exhibiting simple resistance to benzimidazoles (isolate 37-30), but also of inhibiting that of isolates exhibiting multiple resistance, whether or not this phenotype is linked to an increased efflux phenotype of the fungicide (non-“MultiDrug-Resistance” isolates 14-FT-A1, STDP-047915 and ST-5548 and “MultiDrug Resistance” isolates 3741).
- the EC 50 calculated for all of these isolates is of the same order of magnitude (approximately ImM), indicating once again that the efficiency of the molecule is comparable to that observed for other fungi (Examples 3, 6, 7 and 8).
- Table 4 Characteristics of the seven isolates of the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici tested for their sensitivity to 4-PBA in vitro.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2005221A FR3110336B1 (fr) | 2020-05-20 | 2020-05-20 | Utilisation de l’Acide 4-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l’Acide 3-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l’Acide 2-phénylbutyrique pour la Prévention et le Traitement des Maladies Cryptogamiques |
| PCT/EP2021/063221 WO2021233961A1 (fr) | 2020-05-20 | 2021-05-19 | Utilisation de l'acide 4-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l'acide 3-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l'acide 2-phénylbutyrique pour la prévention et le traitement des maladies cryptogamiques |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21726401.9A Pending EP4152931A1 (fr) | 2020-05-20 | 2021-05-19 | Utilisation de l'acide 4-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l'acide 3-phénylbutyrique et/ou de l'acide 2-phénylbutyrique pour la prévention et le traitement des maladies cryptogamiques |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230172201A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4152931A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3110336B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021233961A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997048279A1 (fr) * | 1996-06-21 | 1997-12-24 | University Of Alberta | Agents antifongiques et leurs procedes d'utilisation |
| US6245717B1 (en) | 1999-07-06 | 2001-06-12 | Frank Dean | Suppression of auxin in higher plants |
| US6372938B1 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2002-04-16 | Stanislaw R. Burzynski | Synthesis of 4-phenylbutyric acid |
| US20100261694A1 (en) | 2009-04-07 | 2010-10-14 | Eric Lam | Chemical chaperones and methods of use thereof for inhibiting proliferation of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium ssp. |
| JP2013523795A (ja) | 2010-04-06 | 2013-06-17 | バイエル・インテレクチユアル・プロパテイー・ゲー・エム・ベー・ハー | 植物のストレス耐性を増強させるための4−フェニル酪酸及び/又はその塩の使用 |
| FR2993141B1 (fr) | 2012-07-11 | 2014-11-28 | Inst Rech Developpement Ird | Utilisation de l'acide 4-phenylbutyrique pour ameliorer la tolerance des plantes aux bioagresseurs |
-
2020
- 2020-05-20 FR FR2005221A patent/FR3110336B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-05-19 EP EP21726401.9A patent/EP4152931A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-05-19 WO PCT/EP2021/063221 patent/WO2021233961A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-05-19 US US17/925,812 patent/US20230172201A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3110336A1 (fr) | 2021-11-26 |
| US20230172201A1 (en) | 2023-06-08 |
| FR3110336B1 (fr) | 2022-12-23 |
| WO2021233961A1 (fr) | 2021-11-25 |
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