Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
  • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F25D16/00—Devices using a combination of a cooling mode associated with refrigerating machinery with a cooling mode not associated with refrigerating machinery
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B5/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity
  • F25B5/02—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity arranged in parallel
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
  • H01M10/625—Vehicles
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
  • H01M10/659—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by heat storage or buffering, e.g. heat capacity or liquid-solid phase changes or transition
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
  • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
  • B64D13/00—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft
  • B64D13/06—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned
  • B64D2013/0603—Environmental Control Systems
  • B64D2013/0629—Environmental Control Systems with subsystems for cooling food, catering or special loads
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
  • F25B2400/24—Storage receiver heat
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F41—WEAPONS
  • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
  • F41H13/00—Means of attack or defence not otherwise provided for
  • F41H13/0043—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target
  • F41H13/005—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target the high-energy beam being a laser beam
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
  • H01L23/34—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
  • H01L23/42—Fillings or auxiliary members in containers or encapsulations selected or arranged to facilitate heating or cooling
  • H01L23/427—Cooling by change of state, e.g. use of heat pipes

Definitions

• This disclosure relates to a thermal management apparatus, vehicles incorporating thermal management apparatus, and to methods of thermal management employed in a thermal management apparatus.
• thermal management is used to ensure vehicle components and systems remain within their desired operating temperature range. Thermal management is particularly important for systems that have high peak energy consumption, and which operate on demand rather than with a steady energy throughput. Such systems have the potential to generate large amounts of heat in a short period of time. That heat can build up more rapidly than can be lost through natural heat dissipation or disposed of via a primary cooling system for the vehicle, such as the cooling system which deals with cooling the vehicle's interior or engines.
• LDEWs laser directed energy weapons
• LDEWs laser directed energy weapons
• the LDEW has high peak energy consumption and typically need to manage a significant amount of heat generated while the laser is in use over a short time period.
• disposing of excess heat generated during LDEW use can be a limiting factor on LDEW operation. This is particularly the case when the LDEW has different usage patterns according to operational requirements.
• thermal management apparatus In addition, as with all vehicle-mounted systems, there are restrictions on space and weight that can be dedicated to thermal management apparatus. Thus, there is a desire for a small, lightweight and adaptable thermal management apparatus.
• a thermal management apparatus for use with a vehicle.
• the apparatus comprises a plurality of phase change heat exchange units thermally coupled with a system that requires thermal management, the plurality of phase change heat exchange units operable to remove heat from the vehicle system.
• one or more of the phase change heat exchange units is thermally coupled to a primary cooling system of the vehicle to discharge heat thereto.
• each of the phase change heat exchange units is thermally coupled to a primary cooling system of the vehicle.
• all of the phase change heat exchange units are thermally coupled to a primary cooling system of the vehicle.
• this primary cooling system is an engine cooling system of the vehicle, and/or an interior cooling system of the vehicle.
• the primary cooling system comprises engine cooling and/or interior cooling of the vehicle.
• a thermal management apparatus that comprises a plurality of phase change heat exchange units, also known as phase change heat exchangers, that are thermally coupled with a system that requires thermal management takes advantage of the size and weight advantages of individual phase change heat exchange units, enabling flexibility in locating the individual units in a vehicle. Furthermore, flexibility in thermal management is achieved as it is possible to vary the operation of the phase change heat exchange units according to operational requirements of the system to which they are thermally connected.
• the phase change heat exchange units serve as a buffer between the system to which they are thermally connected and other cooling systems or equipment such as the primary cooling system of a vehicle.
• the thermal management apparatus comprises a manifold, operable to control delivery of heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units.
• the manifold is operable to direct heat from the vehicle system to a subset of the phase change heat exchange units.
• the manifold is operable to selectively control delivery of heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units. In one example, the manifold is operable to selectively control delivery of heat from the vehicle system to individual phase change heat exchange units in the plurality of phase change heat exchange units.
• the thermal management apparatus comprises a controller arranged to control the manifold.
• the controller is arranged to control the manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to two or more phase change heat exchange units simultaneously.
• the controller is arranged to control the manifold to deliver heat from the system to all of the phase change heat exchange units simultaneously.
• the controller is arranged to control the manifold to deliver heat from the system to two or more phase change heat exchange units in parallel, for example all of the phase change heat exchange units in parallel.
• the controller is arranged to control the manifold to deliver heat from the system to a first phase change heat exchange unit until that unit's capacity to receive heat is exhausted, then to control the manifold to deliver heat from the system to a second phase change heat exchange unit.
• the controller is arranged to control the manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units in sequence. In one example, the controller is arranged to control the manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units in sequence such that heat from the vehicle system is delivered to one first phase change heat exchange unit until that unit's capacity to receive heat is exhausted, then to the next. In one example, the controller is arranged to control the manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units in sequence such that heat from the vehicle system is delivered to one first phase change heat exchange unit until that unit's capacity to receive heat is exhausted, then to the next until all capacity of all the units to receive heat is exhausted.
• the controller is arranged to control the manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to phase change heat exchange units cyclically.
• the phase change heat exchange units are operatively coupled to the controller to provide status information on their status.
• the phase change heat exchange units are operatively coupled to the controller to provide an indication of their capacity to receive heat.
• the thermal management apparatus comprises one or more temperature sensors arranged to provide temperature information to the controller. In one example, the thermal management apparatus comprises one or more temperature sensors that in use are operatively coupled to the vehicle system.
• the controller comprises a system interface that is in use arranged to interface with the vehicle system that requires thermal management.
• the controller is in use arranged to communicate with the vehicle system through the system interface to control operation of the vehicle system.
• controller is arranged to control operation of the vehicle system according to the heat absorbing capacity of the phase change heat exchange units.
• controller is arranged to control operation of the vehicle system according to cool down ratio of the phase change heat exchange units.
• controller is arranged to control operation of the vehicle system according to temperature of the vehicle system.
• the controller is arranged to control operation of the vehicle system by inhibiting operation thereof while the temperature of the system is above an operating threshold.
• the controller is arranged to control operation of the vehicle system by inhibiting operation thereof while the heat absorbing capacity of the phase change heat exchange units is below a threshold capacity.
• the vehicle system comprises an electronics system. In one example, the vehicle system comprises a defence system. In one example, the vehicle system comprises a laser directed energy weapon.
• one or more of the phase change heat exchange units is thermally coupled to a heat sink on the vehicle. In one example, each of the phase change heat exchange units is thermally coupled to a heat sink on the vehicle. In one example, all of the phase change heat exchange units are thermally coupled to a heat sink on the vehicle.
• one or more of the phase change heat exchange units is thermally coupled to a structural component of the vehicle.
• each of the phase change heat exchange units is coupled to a structural component on the vehicle.
• all of the phase change heat exchange units are thermally coupled to a structural component on the vehicle.
• the structural component comprises a chassis of the vehicle.
• the structural component comprises an airframe of the vehicle.
• the structural component comprises a fuselage of the vehicle.
• a vehicle comprising the thermal management apparatus as set out herein.
• the vehicle comprises an aircraft.
• Aircraft are subject to restrictions on available space and weight that can be dedicated to thermal management apparatus, so a thermal management apparatus as described reduces problems of integration with the vehicle while enabling flexibility in operation to match to operational requirements of the system to which the phase change heat exchange units are thermally connected.
• thermo management comprising delivering heat from a vehicle system that requires thermal management to a plurality of phase change heat exchange units.
• the method is performed by a thermal management apparatus as set out herein. In one example, the method is performed in a vehicle as set out herein.
• the method comprises operating a manifold to control delivery of heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units. In one example, the method comprises operating a manifold to direct heat from the vehicle system to a subset of the phase change heat exchange units.
• the method comprises operating a manifold to selectively control delivery of heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units. In one example, the method comprises operating a manifold to selectively control delivery of heat from the vehicle system to individual phase change heat exchange units in the plurality of phase change heat exchange units.
• the method comprises operating a controller to control a manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to two or more phase change heat exchange units simultaneously.
• the method comprises operating a controller a manifold to deliver heat from the system to all of the phase change heat exchange units simultaneously.
• the method comprises operating a controller to control a manifold to deliver heat from the system to two or more phase change heat exchange units in parallel, for example all of the phase change heat exchange units in parallel.
• the method comprises operating a controller to control a manifold to deliver heat from the system to a first phase change heat exchange unit until that unit's capacity to receive heat is exhausted, then to control the manifold to deliver heat from the system to a second phase change heat exchange unit.
• the method comprises operating a controller to control a manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units in sequence. In one example, the method comprises operating a controller to control a manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units in sequence such that heat from the vehicle system is delivered to one first phase change heat exchange unit until that unit's capacity to receive heat is exhausted, then to the next. In one example, the method comprises operating a controller to control a manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units in sequence such that heat from the vehicle system is delivered to one first phase change heat exchange unit until that unit's capacity to receive heat is exhausted, then to the next until all capacity of all the units to receive heat is exhausted.
• the method comprises operating a controller to control a manifold to deliver heat from the vehicle system to phase change heat exchange units cyclically. In one example, the method comprises providing status information of the phase change heat exchange units to a controller. In on example, the method comprises providing status information of the phase change heat exchange units to a controller to provide an indication of their capacity to receive heat.
• the method comprises providing temperature information of the vehicle system to a controller. In one example, the method comprises sensing the temperature of the vehicle system.
• the method comprises communicating with the vehicle system through to control operation of the vehicle system.
• the method comprises controlling operation of the vehicle system according to the heat absorbing capacity of the phase change heat exchange units.
• the method comprises controlling operation of the vehicle system according to cool down ratio of the phase change heat exchange units.
• the method comprises controlling operation of the vehicle system according to temperature of the vehicle system.
• the method comprises controlling operation of the vehicle system by inhibiting operation thereof while the temperature of the system is above an operating threshold.
• the method comprises controlling operation of the vehicle system by inhibiting operation thereof while the heat absorbing capacity of the phase change heat exchange units is below a threshold heat capacity.
• Figure 1 is an illustration of a thermal management apparatus for use with a vehicle according to an embodiment
• Figure 2 is an illustration of a vehicle system comprising a thermal management apparatus according to an example embodiment
• Figure 3 depicts steps in a method according to an example embodiment.
• a thermal management apparatus for use with a vehicle is denoted as a whole by the reference numeral 100.
• the thermal management apparatus 100 comprises a plurality of phase change heat exchange units 101 that are thermally coupled with a vehicle system that requires thermal management, the plurality of phase change heat exchange units operable to remove heat from the vehicle system.
• the plurality of phase change heat exchange units operable to remove heat from the vehicle system.
• three phase change heat exchange units 101 are present.
• FIG. 2 shows a vehicle 200 comprising the thermal management apparatus 100. While the vehicle 200 shown here comprises an aircraft, it would be readily appreciated that the present invention is applicable to other types of vehicles such as ships, land vehicles and so on.
• the vehicle 200 comprises various electronics systems that require thermal management to prevent overheating, including a laser directed energy weapon (LDEW) 201 .
• LDEW laser directed energy weapon
• the LDEW 201 generates a significant amount of heat, which poses a limiting factor on LDEW operation due to the amount of time required for the LDEW 201 to cool down before it can be used again.
• the phase change heat exchange units 101 are thermally coupled to a primary cooling system 202 of the vehicle 200 to aid removal of heat from the phase change heat exchange units 101.
• the primary cooling system 202 may include active or forced cooling, alongside passive cooling elements such as specifically provisioned heat sinks (not shown) or by thermal coupling to one or more structural components on the vehicle 200.
• the primary cooling system 202 comprises engine cooling and/or interior cooling of the vehicle.
• the primary cooling system includes cooling systems pre-existing in the vehicle, or otherwise arranged for steady state/normal vehicle operations, i.e. not operations of the vehicle system that requires thermal management, in this example the LDEW 201.
• Figure 2 does not show interconnections for transmission of sensed temperature information, which are described in more detail below.
• the thermal management apparatus 100 comprises a manifold 102, operable to control delivery of heat from the LDEW
• the manifold 102 is operable to direct heat from the LDEW 201 to a subset of the phase change heat exchange units 101 .
• phase change heat exchange unit units 101 Due to their ability to rapidly absorb the heat load generated by the LDEW 201 , the phase change heat exchange unit units 101 provide a compact and effective cooling solution for laser applications.
• typical phase change heat exchange units have a 10:1 cool down ratio; that is, if the heat exchange unit’s capacity to absorb heat is exhausted in 10 seconds, 100 seconds is required to re-cool the phase change heat exchange unit 101 so that it is again ready to absorb heat for another 10 seconds.
• the manifold 102 is operable to selectively control delivery of heat from the LDEW 201 to individual phase change heat exchange units 101 in the plurality of phase change heat exchange units 101 .
• phase change heat exchange units 101 are operatively coupled to the controller 103 to provide information on their status.
• the phase change heat exchange units 101 provide, to the controller 103, an indication of their temperature and/or their capacity to receive heat.
• the thermal management apparatus 100 comprises a controller 103 arranged to control the manifold 102, based on the phase change heat exchange units’ capacity to receive heat.
• the controller 103 is arranged to control the manifold 102 to deliver heat from the vehicle system to one, two or more phase change heat exchange units 101 simultaneously.
• the heat generated by the LDEW 201 can be directed to the phase change heat exchange units 101 which have capacity to receive heat, i.e. are not currently re-cooling.
• the controller 103 may be arranged to control the manifold 102 to deliver heat from the system to a first phase change heat exchange unit 101 until that unit's capacity to receive heat is exhausted, then to control the manifold 102 to deliver heat from the system to a second phase change heat exchange unit 101 , the second phase change heat exchange unit capable of receiving heat, and so on, in sequence, cyclically.
• This method of operation is suitable for enabling a longer burst of operation of the LDEW 201 , with corresponding longer cooling delay.
• the manifold 102 is controllable to deliver heat from the LDEW 201 to the phase change heat exchange units 101 in parallel, so that as much heat as possible is absorbed as quickly as possible after each individual burst of operation of the LDEW 201 .
• the controller 103 is arranged to control operation of the LDEW 201 according to the remaining cooling capacity of the phase change heat exchange units 101 and/or the temperature of the LDEW 201 .
• Sensors (not shown) are provided that enable to controller 103 to determine the temperature of the LDEW 201 , the phase change heat exchange units 101 , and optionally the primary cooling system 202 of the vehicle 200.
• the controller 103 determines the available operating capacity of the LDEW 201.
• the controller 103 inhibits operation of the LDEW 201 while the temperature of the LDEW 201 is above an operating threshold, and/or while the heat absorbing capacity of the phase change heat exchange units 101 is below a threshold capacity. In this way the LDEW 201 can be maximally operated without overheating.
• Figure 3 shows an example of a method of thermal management, applicable to the vehicle 200 of Figure 2.
• the method comprises delivering heat from a vehicle system that requires thermal management to a plurality of phase change heat exchange units.
• the method is performed by a thermal management apparatus on a vehicle as set out herein.
• the method comprises operating a manifold to control delivery of heat from the vehicle system to the phase change heat exchange units.
• the method comprises providing status information of the phase change heat exchange units to a controller.
• the method comprises providing status information of the phase change heat exchange units to a controller to provide an indication of their temperature and their capacity to receive heat.
• the method comprises communicating with the vehicle system to control operation of the vehicle system.
• the method comprises controlling operation of the vehicle system according to the heat absorbing capacity of the phase change heat exchange units, cool down ratio of the phase change heat exchange units, and/or temperature of the vehicle system.
• the method comprises controlling operation of the vehicle system by inhibiting operation thereof while the temperature of the system is above an operating threshold and/or while the heat absorbing capacity of the phase change heat exchange units is below an operating threshold.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
• Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
• Remote Sensing (AREA)
• Control Of Temperature (AREA)
• Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

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• 2021
  • 2021-02-10 US US17/799,053 patent/US20230068896A1/en active Pending
  • 2021-02-10 IL IL295614A patent/IL295614A/en unknown
  • 2021-02-10 EP EP21705253.9A patent/EP4107448A1/de active Pending
  • 2021-02-10 JP JP2022549529A patent/JP2023517500A/ja active Pending
  • 2021-02-10 WO PCT/GB2021/050303 patent/WO2021165646A1/en unknown

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