Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
  • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
  • H02K7/08—Structural association with bearings
  • H02K7/09—Structural association with bearings with magnetic bearings
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
  • H02N1/06—Influence generators
  • H02N1/08—Influence generators with conductive charge carrier, i.e. capacitor machines
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids

Definitions

• the present technology relates to electrostatic generators, and more specifically, it relates to systems for maintaining the gap between the stator electrodes and the rotating electrodes of a flywheel rotor of an electrostatic generator.
• the present writing discusses an electrostatic generator electrode centering and seismic isolation system for flywheel-based energy storage modules. Description of Related Art
• Electrostatic (ES) generator/ motors can be operated in either a generator or a motor mode. Such devices have application to flywheels for bulk energy storage, among myriad commercial and defense uses.
• electrostatic generator/ motors involve the use of an assembly of rotating and stationary elements that together comprise a condenser (or, capacitor), the capacitance of which varies periodically with the motion of the rotating elements relative to the fixed elements.
• FIG. 1A An example of an ES device in prior art is shown in FIG. 1A (top view) and in FIG. 1B (side view).
• This prior art is described in an issued patent by the present inventor (U.S Patent No. 7,834,513 B2, "Electrostatic generator/ motor having rotors of varying thickness and a central stator electrically connected together into two groups").
• U.S Patent No. 7,834,513 is incorporated herein by reference.
• FIG.1A a circular array of fan-like stationary elements, 100, is depicted.
• FIG.1B shows a cross-sectional side view of the overall ES structure, showing an embodiment consisting of a set of two rotors, 106, with each respective rotor also comprised of a circular array of fan-like elements. Each respective rotor plate is bound on each circular surface by a stationary array of opposing, fan-like elements.
• the rotor plates are allowed to rotate about an axis oriented orthogonal to the plane of the fixed plates, as shown in FIG.1A.
• the rotors 106 in this device architecture are comprised of a set of annular, fan-like segmented elements, with each such element having a thickness greater than the basic substrate of the disc.
• the thick fan-like sections elements of the rotor can consist of metallic (conductive) material, dielectric material or combinations thereof.
• Each pair of fixed fan-like elements, which comprises the opposing stationary plates, forms a capacitor of a fixed gap, g, in between which, each respective rotor revolves.
• the rotor disc consists of segmented “plateaus” or “islands” of alternating raised and baseline regions. The height of these segmented islands will result in a concomitant change in the capacitance across the pair of opposing stator plates. As the rotor disc revolves about its axis, the capacitance between each pair of opposing stationary plates will vary periodically. The time-dependent capacitance results from differences in the capacitive gap dimension between the rotor and stator discs. [0010] In general, the rotor disc can be comprised of metallic and/or dielectric materials, resulting in a time-dependent capacitance as each fan-like segment of the rotor passes between each respective pair of fixed spaced stator discs in the array.
• each cylindrical structure can be comprised of an ensemble of small-diameter axial metallic rods, arranged in an annular ring.
• the effective gap, g will be a function of the time-dependent difference in the distance from one (or more) fixed stator rods to one (or more) rotating rotor rods in the overall structure.
• the gap, g is small, typically, in the range of millimeters, so that the capacitance is maximized.
• the change in the gap, g can vary by a significant fraction of its overall spacing. This design rule follows, since the stored electric-field energy of the ES generator is a function of the ratio of the maximum to the minimum capacitance during operation.
• the spacing, g, between the rotor and stator electrodes of the ES generator/motors be maintained within close tolerances during the setup, initial spin-up, and steady state operation of the system. It is further critical that these tolerances be maintained in the presence of environmental perturbations, including shock accelerations, such as those that would arise from seismic activity.
• the rotors can experience rotational tangential velocities approaching 10 5 cm/second, while maintaining a gap spacing, g, on the order of 2.5 mm, the latter of which must be maintained to within fractions of a millimeter.
• Halbach arrays are well known in the art and are comprised of an ensemble of magnetic elements, arranged in the form of a linear or circular array.
• FIG.3 shows an example of a prior-art linear Halbach array 300, comprised of a linear sequence of magnetic elements 310. When the ensemble of elements 310 is properly configured, the resultant magnetic field distribution is maximal above one surface of the array, while minimal above the opposing surface.
• FIG.4 shows a calculated magnetic field distribution of the array 400, whose configuration corresponds to that shown in FIG.3.
• FIG.5A An example of a prior-art, passive array stabilizer is shown in FIG.5A, depicting a bearing element with its axis in the vertical direction.
• This prior art is described in an issued patent by the present inventor (U.S. Patent No.5,847,480, “Passive Magnetic Bearing Element with Minimal Power Losses”).
• This subsystem employs passive elements with compensating force derivatives in order to achieve stable levitation, with minimal power losses during operation.
• the stabilizer employs a spatially periodic magnetic field, such as is produced by a spatially periodic magnetic array (e.g., a Halbach array), in combination with inductive circuit elements, to produce the desired stabilizing force derivatives that overcome the destabilizing force derivatives from other elements.
• a spatially periodic magnetic array e.g., a Halbach array
• the spatially periodic magnetic arrays e.g., the Halbach arrays
• 510 and 512 are attached by shaft 514 and lie above and below the planar array of inductive circuits (e.g., inductively loaded circuits), 516.
• Array 516 consists of an inductive circuit having a circuit conductor 518, with inductive loading 519.
• FIG.5B shows a top view of the planar conductor array 516 of FIG.5A and a representative magnet segment 515, with r 1 and r 2 corresponding to the respective inner and outer radius of the annular Halbach array magnet elements.
• the planar conductor array 516 is movably located, in an axial direction, between fixed arrays 510 and 512. [0018] In this system, the axial flux through the planar circuits is nulled out when their symmetry plane corresponds to the mid-plane between the magnets, becoming finite only when the magnet array is displaced vertically with respect to the planar circuit.
• the permanent magnet elements are arranged so as to reach force equilibrium with external forces (i.e., gravity) at an axial position corresponding to the location where the (relative) rotating spatially periodic magnet arrays lie symmetrically above and below the planar circuit, the induced current.
• external forces i.e., gravity
• FIG.1A depicts a top view of a multi-element electrostatic motor of the prior art, comprised of fan-like, planar electrodes.
• FIG.1B depicts a cross-sectional side view of the multi-element electrostatic motor of FIG.1A.
• FIG.2 shows an embodiment of an ES device, augmented with magnetic levitating arrays and magnetic centering arrays.
• FIG.3 shows an example of a linear Halbach magnetic array of the prior art.
• FIG.4 shows a calculation of the resultant magnetic field distribution from the Halbach array of FIG.3.
• FIG.5A depicts a side view of a Halbach array-based axial stabilizer of the prior art, configured using a pair of disc-shaped Halbach arrays, between which is an inductive circuit disc, coaxially configured about a common axis.
• FIG.5B depicts a top view of the inductive circuit disc component of FIG.5A.
• FIG.6 shows an embodiment of the ES device of FIG.2, augmented with a Halbach-based axial stabilizing array.
• FIG.7 shows an embodiment of a touch-down bearing assembly.
• FIG.8 depicts an embodiment of an ES device with an integrated touch-down bearing
• FIGs.9-11 show embodiments, each with alternate triplet array and Halbach-based axial stabilizing array configurations and further including a guide pin, a guide sleeve and a compression-spring to ensure that the motion of the planar support platform is constrained to purely vertical motion.
• FIGs.12-15 shows alternate embodiments of the electrode-centering and seismic-isolation system wherein each embodiment includes means for ensuring vertical motion of the support platform and further including a touch- down bearing.
• DETAILED DESCRIPTION An exemplary embodiment of the present technology is shown in FIG.
• FIG. 2 which depicts a flywheel based electrostatic (ES) motor/generator, 200.
• ES electrostatic
• a notable aspect of this technology pertains to methods by which to maintain the centering of the rotating electrodes (the rotor) within a close tolerance relative to the stator electrodes.
• the revolving rotor in this embodiment is of a nominal radius greater than that of the fixed stator.
• the rotor can be of a nominal radius less than that of the stator, in which case, similar device augmentations, as discussed herein, equally apply.
• FIG.2 the basic components of a stabilized ES device 200 are shown.
• the device is comprised of a flywheel rotor assembly, 220, which consists of multiple rotor electrode elements 225.
• the device is comprised of a stationary stator assembly, 230, which consists of multiple stator electrode elements, 235.
• the rotor and stator elements are configured so that they alternate with one another along the axial direction. [0035]
• the radial alignment of the respective rotor and stator elements is maintained by a pair of non-contacting, annular, levitating arrays 240, with one of the arrays affixed to the rotor assembly 220, and the opposing array affixed to an upper support structure, 210.
• the respective field poles of the upper levitating arrays are oriented so that the force between the pair of annular magnetic elements is attractive. In this configuration, the radial alignment is stable, whereas, the axial alignment is unstable.
• the axial alignment of the respective rotor and stator elements is maintained by a magnetic centering array 250.
• This passive array provides a centering force, which acts between the respective support structures, 220 and 230.
• the centering array 250 is in the form of three annular magnet arrays, referred to as a “triplet array.” This array is comprised of either annular magnets or opposing annular Halbach arrays, whose periodicity is in the radial direction.
• the magnetic poles of the respective elements that comprise the triplet array 250 are oriented so that a repulsive force is formed between the central element with respect to each of the surrounding elements (i.e., the upper and lower elements) of the ensemble. In this configuration, the axial alignment is stable, whereas, the radial alignment is unstable. [0037]
• the upper and lower arrays that comprise the triplet centering array are rigidly supported from below on a planar structure, 215, which is, in turn, supported by compression springs, 260 and 265.
• the platform 215 also supports the stator assembly 230, to which is attached the respective stator electrodes 235.
• the central element of the triplet centering array 250 is rigidly attached to the rotor assembly 220, to which is attached the respective rotor electrodes 235.
• the configuration of centering array 250 can be reversed such that the two outer annular magnets are attached to the inner face of rotor 220 and the center annular magnet of centering array 250 is positioned between the two outer annular magnets and is fixedly attached to planar support platform 215.
• planar support platform 215 is constrained to purely vertical motion, it is fitted with one or more guide pins and guide sleeves, 218, as shown in FIG.2. Alternate means for constraining the support platform will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on this disclosure.
• compression-spring centering elements 260 and 265; and a seismic isolation support structure, 205.
• the net stiffness of the compression springs 260 and 265 are selected to be much smaller than that of the effective stiffness of the centering triplet magnet array 250. Using this design rule, the relative axial position of the rotor electrodes 225 and stator electrodes 235 will be maintained nearly constant, even for large (environmentally induced) changes in the gap between the support plate 215 and the base-plate 205 of the flywheel module.
• Equation (1) the change in the gap, ⁇ g, of the centering triple magnet array 250 (and thus of the gap between the rotor and stator electrodes) as a function of the change in vertical position of the rotor, ⁇ z, is given by Equation (1) as follows:
• the effective stiffness values, K are those of the combined compression springs, K spring , and of the lower triplet annular permanent magnet arrays, K brg , respectively.
• the lower and upper magnetic bearing assemblies are dissimilar in that the lower assembly 250 is composed of a triplet of repelling magnet arrays, whereas the upper assembly 240 is a purely attracting array.
• the lower triple bearing assembly 250 has positive stiffness in the axial direction (thus stabilizing for axial displacements), and negative (unstable) stiffness in the radial direction.
• the upper levitating magnet array pair 240 has the opposite characteristics. That is, the magnetic bearing 240 has positive stiffness (stabilizing) in the radial direction, and negative stiffness (destabilizing) in the axial direction.
• each respective levitating bearing system will either be stable radially and unstable axially, or vice-versa.
• This fact stems from the so-called Earnshaw Theorem-based instability.
• any magnetic suspension element such as a magnetic bearing that utilizes static magnetic forces between a stationary and a rotating component, cannot exist stably in a state of equilibrium against external forces, e.g., gravity.
• any magnetic suspension element such as a magnetic bearing that utilizes static magnetic forces between a stationary and a rotating component, cannot exist stably in a state of equilibrium against external forces, e.g., gravity.
• such a bearing element is designed to be stable against radially directed displacements, it will be unstable against axially directed displacements, and vice versa.
• FIG.6 shows an embodiment of an ES device, 600, which employs a “passive array stabilizer” subsystem (similar to that described with respect to FIG.5A and FIG.5B), using Halbach arrays, to overcome the Earnshaw Theorem- based instability. Aside from the stabilizer, the basic ES device is otherwise identical to that discussed with reference to FIG.2.
• the passive stabilizer is configured so that the pair of Halbach arrays, 610 and 612, is rigidly mounted to the rotor assembly 220.
• the inductive circuit element, 616 is rigidly mounted to the fixed stator plate, 215.
• the passive stabilizer subsystem can be configured so that the pair of Halbach arrays, 610 and 612, is mounted to the fixed stator plates 215, whereas the inductive circuit 616 element is mounted to the rotor assembly 220.
• both embodiments function identically. The skilled artesian will appreciate that well known engineering considerations will determine the approach of choice.
• the passive array stabilizer subsystem can be utilized to circumvent various classes of instabilities, be they of axial or radial origin.
• the present technology could operate in either one of these cases.
• FIG.6 we will here only describe its operation in the case whereby the overall system is intrinsically stable radially (i.e. the positive radial stiffness of the attracting bearing array pair is greater than the negative radial stiffness of the triplet array).
• the appropriate Halbach array stabilizer is an “axial stabilizer,” namely, one in which the windings of the stabilizer are midway between upper and lower annular Halbach arrays, with the periodicity of these arrays being in the azimuthal direction, and with the arrays oriented azimuthally so that their axial-field components cancel at the mid-plane, as described in the prior-art embodiment of FIG.5A and FIG.5B.
• the present technology comes into play in the initial alignment of the components as follows: In the initial alignment step of the device, it is required that the operating gap of the upper levitating array 240 be adjusted so that its combined upper and lower levitating bearings thereof have a net positive radial stiffness at the position of force equilibrium of the levitated mass (flywheel rotor, electrostatic generator/motor and rotating elements of the passive bearing system) with gravity.
• FIG.7 shows a subsystem, 700, referred to as a “touch-down bearing,” and comes into operation upon either axial or radial displacements of the rotor.
• this bearing could be located above, and supported by, the support plate that carries the lower levitating passive bearing Halbach array.
• the bearing assembly is comprised of an annular conical slot, 710, attached to the rotor, plus an array of spherical “rollers,” 720, supported by shafts, 730, which are, in turn, connected to the support plate upon which the lower passive bearing element is mounted.
• FIG.8 depicts an embodiment of an ES device, 800, to which is integrated the touch-down bearing, 700.
• the touch-down bearing would perform two functions, as follows: First, and for the embodiment that we are describing here, when the rotor is at rest, the fact that its levitating passive magnetic bearing arrays are unstable in the axial direction, means that the touchdown bearing would be engaged on either its upper or its lower conical surface. As the rotor is spun up from rest, the Halbach stabilizer subsystem would come into play and pull the rotor to its force-equilibrium axial position, coinciding with the null-flux position of the stabilizer. This action would thus automatically disengage the touch-down bearing, 700.
• FIG.8 thus shows the two outer annular magnets of centering array 250 rigidly attached to the center element 730 of touch-down bearing 700.
• the center annular magnet of centering array 250 is attached to the inner face of rotor 220 and is positioned between the two outer annular magnets.
• centering array 250 can be reversed such that the two outer annular magnets are attached to the inner face of rotor 220 and the center annular magnet of centering array 250 is positioned between the two outer annular magnets and is fixedly attached to the center element 730 of touch-down bearing 700.
• the passive magnetic bearing and stabilization subsystems in conjunction with the touch-down bearing subsystem, as discussed herein, collectively performs critical major functions as follows: (1) stably levitating a flywheel rotor upon the inner surface, of which is mounted the rotating electrodes of an electrostatic generator; (2) maintaining the centering of the rotor electrodes axially with respect to the stator electrodes; and, (3) helping to protect the rotor and E-S generator system from damage caused by seismic activity.
• Halbach arrays 610’ and 612’ are rigidly mounted to planar support platform 215.
• Inductive circuit element 616’ is positioned between Halbach arrays 610’ and 612’ and is rigidly mounted to the inner face of rotor 220.
• the two outer annular magnets of centering array 250 are attached to planar support platform 215.
• the center annular magnet of centering array 250 is positioned between the two outer annular magnets and is attached to the inner face of rotor 220.
• Halbach arrays 610’ and 612’ are rigidly mounted to planar support platform 215.
• Inductive circuit element 616’ is positioned between Halbach arrays 610’ and 612’ and is rigidly mounted to the inner face of rotor 220.
• the two outer annular magnets of centering array 250 are attached to the inner face of rotor 220.
• the center annular magnet of centering array 250 is positioned between the two outer annular magnets and is attached to planar support platform 215.
• Halbach arrays 610 and 612 are rigidly mounted to the inner face of rotor 220.
• Inductive circuit element 616 is positioned between Halbach arrays 610 and 612 and is rigidly mounted to planar support platform 215.
• the two outer annular magnets of centering array 250 are attached to the inner face of rotor 220.
• the center annular magnet of centering array 250 is positioned between the two outer annular magnets and is attached to planar support platform 215.
• Halbach arrays 610 and 612 are rigidly mounted to the inner face of rotor 220.
• Inductive circuit element 616 is positioned between Halbach arrays 610 and 612 and is rigidly mounted to planar support platform 215.
• the two outer annular magnets of centering array 250 are attached to the inner face of rotor 220.
• the center annular magnet of centering array 250 is positioned between the two outer annular magnets and is attached to planar support platform [0054]
• FIG.12 is identical to FIG.6 except that support platform 215 has been replaced by touch-down bearing 700.
• FIG.13 is identical to FIG.9 except that support platform 215 has been replaced by touch-down bearing 700.
• FIG.14 is identical to FIG.10 except that support platform 215 has been replaced by touch- down bearing 700.
• FIG.15 is identical to FIG.11 except that support platform 215 has been replaced by touch-down bearing 700.
• an apparatus comprising: an open cylindrical rotor having a central axis of rotation and an inner surface; a first support structure that is stationary relative to said rotor; a first annular element having its outermost edge attached to a first location of said inner surface of said rotor; a second annular element attached to said first support structure, wherein said second annular element is positioned in proximity to said first annular element, wherein at least one of said first annular element and said second annular element is configured to magnetically attract the other of said first annular element and said second annular element; a second support structure; an axial stabilizer selected from the group consisting of a first triplet array and a second triplet array, wherein said first triplet array comprises: a first magnetic annular element attached to a second location of said inner surface of said rotor; a second magnetic annular element attached to said second support structure; and a third magnetic annular element attached to said second support
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: said second support structure comprising a bearing support structure having at least one spherical element, said apparatus further comprising an annular bearing element fixedly attached to said rotor, wherein said annular bearing element comprises an annular conical slot facing said central axis of rotation, wherein a portion of said at least one spherical element is positioned within said slot.
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: when said rotor is at rest, said at least one spherical element will be in contact with said annular bearing element, wherein as said rotor is spun up from rest, said at least one spherical element will reach a speed wherein it will no longer make contact with said annular bearing element.
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: a bearing support structure having at least one spherical element, wherein said bearing support structure is fixedly attached to said second support structure, said apparatus further comprising an annular bearing element fixedly attached to said rotor, wherein said annular bearing element comprises an annular conical slot facing said central axis of rotation, wherein a portion of said at least one spherical element is positioned within said slot.
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: when said rotor is at rest, said at least one spherical element will be in contact with said annular bearing element, wherein as said rotor is spun up from rest, said at least one spherical element will reach a speed wherein it will no longer make contact with said annular bearing element.
• said first annular element together with said second annular element comprise a configuration selected from the group consisting of (i) wherein said first annular element is a ferromagnetic material and wherein said second annular element is a magnet (ii) wherein said first annular element is a magnet and wherein said second annular element is a ferromagnetic material, (iii) wherein said first annular element is a ferromagnetic material and wherein said second annular element is a Halbach array, (iv) wherein said first annular element is a Halbach array and wherein said second annular element is a ferromagnetic material and (v) wherein said first annular element is a Halbach array and wherein said second annular element is a Halbach array.
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: the net stiffness of each of said at least one compression spring is smaller than the effective stiffness of said triplet array.
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: said apparatus being a flywheel based electrostatic (ES) motor/generator.
• ES electrostatic
• a method comprising: providing an apparatus comprising; an open cylindrical rotor having a central axis of rotation and an inner surface; a first support structure that is stationary relative to said rotor; a first annular element having its outermost edge attached to a first location of said inner surface of said rotor; a second annular element attached to said first support structure, wherein said second annular element is positioned in proximity to said first annular element, wherein at least one of said first annular element and said second annular element is configured to magnetically attract the other of said first annular element and said second annular element; a second support structure; an axial stabilizer selected from the group consisting of a first triplet array and a second triplet array, wherein said first triplet array comprises: a first magnetic annular element attached to a second location of said inner surface of said rotor; a second magnetic annular element attached to said second support structure; and a third magnetic annular element attached to said second support structure, wherein said second magnetic annular element and said third magnetic annular element are
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: a method further comprising a bearing support structure having at least one spherical element, wherein said bearing support structure is fixedly attached to said second support structure, said apparatus further comprising an annular bearing element fixedly attached to said rotor, wherein said annular bearing element comprises an annular conical slot facing said central axis of rotation, wherein a portion of said at least one spherical element is positioned within said slot, wherein when said rotor is at rest, said at least one spherical element will be in contact with said annular bearing element, wherein as said rotor is spun up from rest, said at least one spherical element will reach a speed wherein it will no longer make contact with said annular bearing element.
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: a method wherein said first annular element together with said second annular element comprise a configuration selected from the group consisting of (i) wherein said first annular element is a ferromagnetic material and wherein said second annular element is a magnet (ii) wherein said first annular element is a magnet and wherein said second annular element is a ferromagnetic material, (iii) wherein said first annular element is a ferromagnetic material and wherein said second annular element is a Halbach array, (iv) wherein said first annular element is a Halbach array and wherein said second annular element is a ferromagnetic material and (v) wherein said first annular element is a Halbach array and wherein said second annular element is a Halbach array.
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: a method wherein the net stiffness of each said at least one compression spring is smaller than the effective stiffness of said triplet array.
• a further implementation of any of the preceding or following implementations involves to the extent not incompatible: a method wherein said apparatus is a flywheel based electrostatic (ES) motor/generator.

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• 2020
  • 2020-12-23 WO PCT/US2020/066968 patent/WO2021133991A2/en unknown
  • 2020-12-23 CN CN202080093048.5A patent/CN114946108A/zh active Pending
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