EP4078065A1 - Dispositif mélangeur favorisant une distribution homogène d'un mélange diphasique, installation d'échange de chaleur et procédé de mélange associé - Google Patents
Dispositif mélangeur favorisant une distribution homogène d'un mélange diphasique, installation d'échange de chaleur et procédé de mélange associéInfo
- Publication number
- EP4078065A1 EP4078065A1 EP20817018.3A EP20817018A EP4078065A1 EP 4078065 A1 EP4078065 A1 EP 4078065A1 EP 20817018 A EP20817018 A EP 20817018A EP 4078065 A1 EP4078065 A1 EP 4078065A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- phase
- fluid
- longitudinal
- channel
- mixing device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
- F28F9/0278—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of stacked distribution plates or perforated plates arranged over end plates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
- F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/0214—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
- F25J5/002—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D9/0062—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by spaced plates with inserted elements
- F28D9/0068—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by spaced plates with inserted elements with means for changing flow direction of one heat exchange medium, e.g. using deflecting zones
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
- F28F9/028—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits by using inserts for modifying the pattern of flow inside the header box, e.g. by using flow restrictors or permeable bodies or blocks with channels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
- F28F9/0282—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits by varying the geometry of conduit ends, e.g. by using inserts or attachments for modifying the pattern of flow at the conduit inlet or outlet
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/22—Arrangements for directing heat-exchange media into successive compartments, e.g. arrangements of guide plates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
- F25J2270/18—External refrigeration with incorporated cascade loop
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
- F25J2270/66—Closed external refrigeration cycle with multi component refrigerant [MCR], e.g. mixture of hydrocarbons
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
- F25J2290/32—Details on header or distribution passages of heat exchangers, e.g. of reboiler-condenser or plate heat exchangers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a mixing device for more homogeneously distributing a mixture of two liquid / gas phases in at least one passage of a heat exchanger as well as a heat exchange installation comprising such a mixing device.
- the present invention can be applied to a heat exchanger which vaporizes at least one flow of liquid-gas mixture, in particular a flow of liquid-gas mixture with several constituents, for example a mixture comprising hydrocarbons, by exchange. heat with at least one other fluid, for example natural gas, which cools, or even liquefies at least in part, or even liquefied natural gas which sub-cools.
- a heat exchanger which vaporizes at least one flow of liquid-gas mixture, in particular a flow of liquid-gas mixture with several constituents, for example a mixture comprising hydrocarbons, by exchange. heat with at least one other fluid, for example natural gas, which cools, or even liquefies at least in part, or even liquefied natural gas which sub-cools.
- liquefying a natural gas stream to obtain liquefied natural gas (LNG).
- LNG liquefied natural gas
- a refrigerant stream generally a mixture of several constituents, such as a mixture containing hydrocarbons, is compressed by a compressor then introduced into an exchanger or a succession of exchangers where it is completely liquefied and sub-cooled to the coldest process temperature reached by the cooling fluids, typically that of the liquefied natural gas stream.
- the refrigerant stream is expanded, forming a first phase and a second phase.
- exchangers comprise a stack of plates which extend in two dimensions, length and width, thus constituting a stack of several sets of passages positioned one on top of the other, each being intended for the circulation of a circulating fluid, for example the stream of hydrocarbons to be liquefied, others being intended for the circulation of a refrigerant, for example the two-phase refrigerant stream to be vaporized.
- Heat exchange structures such as heat exchange waves, are usually placed in the passages of the exchanger. These structures include fins that extend between the exchanger plates and increase the heat exchange surface area of the exchanger. They also play the role of spacers and contribute to the mechanical strength of the passages.
- the proportion of liquid phase and gas phase must be the same in all passages and must be uniform within the same passage.
- the sizing of the exchanger is calculated assuming a uniform distribution of the phases, and therefore a single end of vaporization temperature of the liquid phase per pass, equal to the dew point temperature of the mixture.
- the end of vaporization temperature will depend on the proportion of liquid phase and gas phase in the passages since the two phases do not have the same compositions.
- the temperature profile of the first fluid will therefore vary according to the passages and / or within the same passage. Due to this non-uniform distribution, it may then happen that the fluid or fluids in exchange relation with the two-phase mixture have a temperature at the outlet of the exchanger higher than that expected, which consequently degrades the performance of the heat exchanger. the heat exchanger.
- the documents FR-A-2563620 or WO-A-2018172644 describe such exchangers in which a grooved bar is inserted in the series of passages intended to channel the two-phase mixture.
- This mixing device has a series of separate channels or grooves for the flow of the liquid phase of the refrigerant and another series of separate channels for the flow of the gas phase of the refrigerant.
- the channels of one series are fluidly connected to the channels of the other series by orifices so that a liquid-gas mixture, ie a two-phase current, is distributed at the outlet of the mixing device to the exchange zone thermal.
- Each refrigerant passage of the exchanger is fitted with such a device.
- a problem which arises with this type of mixing device relates to the uneven distribution of the liquid-gas mixture in the width of the passages of the exchanger.
- the two-phase mixture is distributed at the outlet of the channels opening into the passage.
- the introduction of the liquid-gas mixture into the exchange zone occurs discretely across the width of the passage.
- a distribution can take place in the direction orthogonal to the overall direction of flow, in particular thanks to the exchange waves generally employed in this type of exchanger such as perforated or serration waves (from the term "serrated" in English).
- perforated or serration waves from the term "serrated" in English.
- the object of the present invention is to resolve all or part of the above-mentioned problems, in particular by proposing a mixing device allowing a more homogeneous distribution of a two-phase mixture in the width of a heat exchanger passage while limiting the pressure drops that the two-phase mixing can undergo at the outlet of the mixing device.
- the solution according to the invention is then a mixing device for distributing a mixture of a first phase and of a second phase of a first fluid generally in a longitudinal direction in at least one passage of a heat exchanger, said device mixer including:
- At least one longitudinal channel is divided, along the longitudinal direction, into at least one upstream portion and one downstream portion each having a length measured in the longitudinal direction and a width measured in the lateral direction, the downstream portion being arranged between the upstream portion and the second outlet, said downstream portion having, at any point of its length, a width greater than the width of the upstream portion.
- the invention may include one or more of the following characteristics:
- the downstream portion has an increasing width, preferably continuously increasing, over its length in the direction of the second outlet.
- the downstream portion has a minimum width and a maximum width with the ratio D M / D m greater than or equal to 1.1, preferably greater than or equal to 1, 8 and / or less than or equal to 4.
- All or part of the downstream portion has, in longitudinal section in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction and to the lateral direction, an external profile in the form of an isosceles trapezoid.
- All or part of the downstream portion has, in longitudinal section in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction and to the lateral direction, a curvilinear external profile.
- the downstream portion opens out at a downstream face of the mixing device, the external profile forming an angle, measured between the tangent to said external profile at the point of intersection with the downstream face and the axis of symmetry of the longitudinal channel, included between 5 and 85 °.
- the upstream portion of the longitudinal channel is connected to the downstream portion by one end, said at least one orifice opening into said longitudinal channel at the level of the upstream portion at a distance from the end, preferably is greater than or equal to 4% and preferably between 7 and 90% of the length of the upstream portion.
- the least one orifice is arranged so that when the first phase flows from the first inlet of the side channel and the second phase flows from the second inlet of the longitudinal channel, the mixture of the first phase and the second phase takes place upstream of the downstream portion.
- the orifice (s) of the mixing device all open out at the level of the upstream portion of a longitudinal channel.
- Each longitudinal channel of the series of longitudinal channels comprises at least one orifice opening out at its upstream portion, the position of the at least one orifice in the longitudinal direction varying between the longitudinal channels.
- the length of the upstream portion and the length of the downstream portion are such that the ratio l_3 / L4 is between 1 and 15, preferably between 3 and 12.
- All or part of the upstream portion has, in longitudinal section in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction and to the lateral direction, a rectilinear external profile with a constant width which is preferably equal to the minimum width of the downstream portion.
- the downstream portion has a depth, measured in a so-called stacking direction which is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and perpendicular to the lateral direction, increasing in the direction of the second outlet.
- the longitudinal channel comprises at least one obstacle arranged so as to subdivide the downstream portion into several intermediate channels opening out at the second outlet, preferably said intermediate channels are arranged symmetrically with respect to the axis of symmetry of the longitudinal channel .
- the total area of said at least one obstacle measured in a plane of transverse section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction represents between 20 and 80%, preferably between 30 and 70%, of the total passage section of fluid of the surface of the downstream portion measured in said plane of transverse section.
- the at least one obstacle has a width, measured in the lateral direction, increasing in the direction of the second exit, with preferably at least one obstacle having, in a longitudinal section plane, a curvilinear external profile.
- the longitudinal channel further comprises at least one balancing channel placing the intermediate channels in fluid communication.
- the invention relates to a heat exchanger comprising several plates arranged parallel to each other and to a longitudinal direction, said plates being stacked with spacing so as to define between them at least a first set of passages configured for the flow of the first. fluid generally in the longitudinal direction and at least a second set of passages configured for the flow of a second fluid to be placed in a heat exchange relationship with the first fluid, at least one passage of the first set comprising a mixing device according to 'invention. Furthermore, the invention relates to a heat exchange installation comprising:
- a heat exchanger comprising several plates arranged parallel to each other and to a longitudinal direction, said plates being stacked with spacing so as to define between them at least a first set of passages configured for the flow of a first fluid generally following the longitudinal direction and at least a second set of passages configured for the flow of a second fluid to be placed in a heat exchange relationship with the first fluid,
- a mixing device arranged in at least one passage of the first series and configured to distribute the first fluid formed from a mixture of the first phase and of the second phase in said passage of the first series, the first inlet of the side channel being in fluid communication with said first manifold, and the second inlet being in fluid communication with the second manifold, the first phase being a liquid phase and the second phase being a gas phase.
- the first phase is a liquid phase.
- the second phase is a gas phase.
- the invention relates to a method for mixing a first phase and a second phase of a first fluid in a mixing device according to the invention, said method comprising the following steps: i) introduction of the first phase of the first fluid through at least a first inlet of the lateral channel, ii) introduction of the second phase of the first fluid through a second inlet of each longitudinal channel, the second phase flowing in each longitudinal channel in the longitudinal direction to a second outlet of said longitudinal channel, iii) flow of at least a part of the first phase from the side channel to the longitudinal channel through the orifice so as to mix the first phase with the second phase in the channel longitudinal, iv) distribution of the mixture of the first phase and of the second phase through the second outlet of each longitudinal channel.
- the mixing of the first phase with the second phase is carried out upstream of the downstream portion.
- the invention relates to a process for liquefying a stream of hydrocarbons such as natural gas as a second fluid by heat exchange with at least one two-phase refrigerant stream as the first fluid, said process using a mixing process according to the invention and comprising the following steps: a) introduction of the stream of hydrocarbons into a second set of passages of a heat exchanger, b) introduction of a refrigerant stream into a third set of passages of the heat exchanger, c) outlet of the refrigerant stream from the heat exchanger and expansion of the refrigerant stream to at least one pressure level so as to produce at least one two-phase refrigerant stream, d) separation of at least a part two-phase refrigerant current from step c) in a second phase and a first phase, e) arrangement of a mixing device in at least one passage of a first set of passages of the exchange heart of heat, f) introduction of at least part of the second phase and at least part of the first phase in the mixing device
- natural gas refers to any composition containing hydrocarbons including at least methane. This includes a "crude” composition (prior to any treatment or washing), as well as any composition which has been partially, substantially or fully treated for the reduction and / or elimination of one or more compounds, including but not limited to. limit, sulfur, carbon dioxide, water, mercury and some heavy and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Fig. 1 schematically shows a heat exchange installation according to one embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a three-dimensional schematic view of a mixing device according to one embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view in a plane perpendicular to the plates of the exchanger, of a first mixing device according to one embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 4 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction z and to the lateral direction y of a mixing device according to one embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 5 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction z and to the lateral direction y of a mixing device according to another embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 6 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction z and to the lateral direction y of a mixing device according to another embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 7 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction z and to the lateral direction y of a mixing device according to another embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 8 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction z and to the lateral direction y of a mixing device according to another embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 9 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction z and to the lateral direction y of a mixing device according to another embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 10 shows a mixing device and exchanger configuration according to the invention used to perform fluid flow simulations.
- FIG. 11 represents the results of fluid flow simulations with a mixing device configured according to the prior art and with a mixing device according to one embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 12 schematically shows a process for liquefying a stream of hydrocarbons according to one embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 13 schematically shows a process for liquefying an hydrocarbon stream according to another embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a heat exchanger 1 comprising a mixing device 3 according to the invention.
- the exchanger 1 is preferably of the brazed plate and fin type. It comprises a stack of plates 2 (not visible) which extend in two dimensions, parallel to a plane defined by a longitudinal direction z and a lateral direction y.
- the plates 2 are arranged parallel one above the other with a spacing between each plate and thus form a superposition of passages for the flow of fluids in an indirect heat exchange relationship via said plates.
- each passage has a parallelepipedal and flat shape.
- the gap between two successive plates is small compared to the length, measured in the longitudinal direction z, and the width, measured in the lateral direction y, of each passage.
- the exchanger 1 can comprise a number of plates greater than 20, or even greater than 100, defining between them a first passage assembly 10 (a single passage is visible in FIG. 1) for channeling at least a first fluid F1, and a second set of passages 20 (not visible in FIG. 1) for channeling at least a second fluid F2, the flow of said fluids taking place generally in the z direction.
- the passages 10 may be arranged, in whole or in part, alternately and / or adjacent to all or part of the passages 20.
- the exchanger 1 may comprise a third set of passages, or even more, for the flow of one. or more additional fluids. These sets of passages are superimposed on each other forming a stack of passages.
- the sealing of the passages 10, 20 along the edges of the plates 2 is generally ensured by lateral and longitudinal sealing strips 4 fixed to the plates 2.
- the lateral sealing strips 4 do not completely block the passages 10, 20 but advantageously leaves fluid inlet and outlet openings located in the diagonally opposite corners of the passages.
- the openings of the passages 10 of the first set are arranged in coincidence one above the other in the direction of stacking x of the. passages, which is perpendicular to the y and z directions, while the openings of the passages 20 of the second set are arranged in the other corners of the exchanger located in FIG. 1 by the arrows F2, with the inlet and the outlet for the second fluid F2 located respectively at the top left and at the bottom right.
- the openings placed one above the other are united respectively in collectors of semi-tubular shape 40, 45, 52, 55, through which the distribution and evacuation of the fluids in and from the passages take place. 10, 20.
- fluid introduction and outlet configurations other than that according to Fig. 1 can be used.
- the openings of the passages can thus be arranged in other positions in the width of the exchanger, in particular in the center of the width of the exchanger, and / or in other positions in the length of the exchanger.
- the semi-tubular collectors 52 and 45 are used for the introduction of fluids into the exchanger 1 and the semi-tubular collectors 40, 55 are used for the evacuation of these fluids out of the exchanger 1.
- the supply manifold of one of the fluids and the discharge manifold of the other fluid are located at the same end of the exchanger, the fluids F1, F2 thus circulating in counter-current in exchanger 1.
- the first and second fluids can also circulate in co-current, the means for supplying one of the fluids and the means for discharging the other fluid then being located at opposite ends of the 'exchanger 1.
- the z direction is oriented vertically when the exchanger 1 is in operation.
- the first fluid F1 flows generally vertically and in an upward direction.
- Other directions and direction of flow of the fluids F1, F2 are of course conceivable, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- one or more second F2 fluids of different natures can flow within the passages 20 of the second set.
- the first fluid F1 is a refrigerant and the second fluid F2 is a circulating fluid.
- the exchanger advantageously comprises distribution waves 51, 54, arranged between two successive plates 2 in the form of corrugated sheets, which extend from the inlet and outlet openings.
- the distribution waves 51, 54 ensure the uniform distribution and the recovery of the fluids over the entire width of the passages 10, 20.
- the passages 10, 20 advantageously comprise heat exchange structures arranged between the plates 2.
- the function of these structures is to increase the heat exchange surface of the exchanger and to increase the exchange coefficients between. fluids by making the flows more turbulent.
- the heat exchange structures are in contact with the fluids circulating in the passages and transfer heat flows by conduction to the adjacent plates 2, to which they can be fixed by brazing, which increases the mechanical resistance of the exchanger.
- the heat exchange structures also have a function of spacers between the plates 2, in particular when assembling the exchanger by brazing and to prevent any deformation of the plates when using pressurized fluids. They also ensure the guiding of fluid flows in the passages of the exchanger.
- these structures comprise heat exchange waves 11 which advantageously extend along the width and the length of the passages 10, 20, parallel to the plates 2, in the extension of the distribution waves along the length of the passages.
- the passages 10, 20 of the exchanger thus have a main part of their length constituting the actual heat exchange part, which is lined with a heat exchange structure, said main part being bordered by lined distribution parts. distribution waves 51, 54.
- Fig. 1 shows a passage 10 of the first assembly configured for the flow of a first fluid F1 in the form of a mixture of two phases, also called two-phase mixture.
- the first set comprises several passages 10 of this type superimposed on one another.
- the first fluid F1 is separated in a separator device 6 into a first phase 61 and a second phase 62 introduced separately into the exchanger 1 via a first manifold 30 and a second manifold 52 which are separate.
- the separator 6 then forms a source of the first phase and of the second phase.
- source of fluid is understood to mean any means suitable for supplying the channels of the mixing device with a fluid.
- the first phase 61 is liquid and the second phase 62 is gaseous.
- the longitudinal channel is configured for vertical and upward flow of the first phase and two-phase mixing at the second outlet
- gravity has less impact on the gas phase flow compared to that of the liquid phase.
- the entrainment of the liquid phase in the orifice 34 is facilitated by the greater speed of the gas phase.
- the presence of the gas phase facilitates the flow of the liquid phase once said liquid phase has been introduced into the longitudinal channel through the orifice 34.
- the phases 61, 62 are then mixed with one another by means of a mixing device 3 arranged in at least one passage 10.
- a mixing device 3 arranged in at least one passage 10.
- several passages 10, or even all of the passages 10 of the first set include a mixing device.
- the semi-tubular collectors 52 and 55 are fluidly connected to the inlets and outlets of the passages 10.
- the first manifold 30 is fluidly connected to at least a first inlet 311 of the mixing device 3.
- the second manifold 52 is fluidly connected to at least a second inlet 321 of the mixing device 3.
- the first and second manifolds may be any manifold means suitable for collecting a fluid from a source of fluid and introducing said fluid into one or more passages of a heat exchanger.
- Fig. 1 illustrates a mixing device 3 positioned at a certain distance from the distribution zone 51 of the exchanger 1.
- the mixing device 3 can be positioned directly after the distribution zone, either juxtaposed to said zone, or being formed integrally with the distribution area.
- the mixing device forms a monolithic part, which can be manufactured by conventional machining or by additive manufacturing, i. e. by 3D printing, for example by laser sintering
- Fig. 2 is a three-dimensional view of a mixing device 3 advantageously consisting of a bar, or rod, housed in a passage 10.
- the mixing device 3 preferably extends in the section of the passage 10 over almost all, if not all, of the height of the passage 10, so that the mixing device is in contact with each plate 2 forming the passage 10.
- the mixing device 3 is advantageously fixed to the plates 2 by brazing.
- the mixing device 3 is advantageously of generally parallelepipedal shape.
- the mixing device 3 is a monolithic part, i. e. formed as a block or in one piece.
- the mixing device 3 can be manufactured by conventional machining or by additive manufacturing.
- the mixing device 3 may have, parallel to the longitudinal direction z, a first dimension comprised between 20 and 200 mm and, parallel to the lateral direction y, a second dimension comprised between 100 and 1,400 mm.
- the mixing device 3 comprises at least one side channel 31 configured for the flow of the first phase 61 of the first fluid F1 from at least one first inlet 311.
- the side channel 31 extends parallel to the direction. lateral y.
- It further comprises a series of longitudinal channels 32 extending parallel to the longitudinal direction z and configured for the flow of the second phase 62 of the first fluid F1 from a second inlet 321 to a second outlet 322, said longitudinal channels 32 being arranged at successive positions y ,, yi + i, ... in the lateral direction y.
- the side channel 31 extends over the entire second dimension and / or the longitudinal channel 32 extends over the entire first dimension.
- the mixing device 3 comprises at least a first inlet 311 in fluid communication with the first manifold 30 and a second, separate inlet 321, i. e. separate, from the first inlet 311, in fluid communication with the second manifold 52.
- the first manifold 30 is fluidly connected to a first phase source 61 and the second manifold 52 is fluidly connected to another second phase source 62.
- Said to the at least a first inlet 311 and said at least one second inlet 321 are placed in fluid communication via at least one orifice 34.
- the mixing device is configured for separate introduction of the first phase and of the second phase, the first inlet 311 being adapted for supplying the first phase 61 of the lateral channel 31 and said at least one second inlet 321 being adapted to supplying the longitudinal channels 32 with the second phase 62.
- the first and second inlets are advantageously formed by opening the lateral and longitudinal channels at the level of the lateral and longitudinal peripheral edges of the device 3.
- Fig. 2 shows an introduction of the first phase 61 via one end of the device 3 comprising several first inputs 311.
- the mixing device 3 comprises at least one other first input for the first phase 61 located at an opposite end of the device 3
- these other inlets are obtained by extending the lateral channels 31 until they open out at an opposite lateral edge of the exchanger 1.
- another first manifold 30 is arranged on one side. opposite of the exchanger 1.
- the introduction of the first phase 61 on either side of the mixing device makes it possible to reduce the effect of pressure drops during the flow of the first phase in the lateral channels, which promotes a more homogeneous distribution of the two-phase mixture over the width of the exchanger.
- the mixing device 3 comprises a mixing volume located in the longitudinal channel 32, downstream of the orifice 34, following the direction of flow of the first phase 61 in the orifice 34.
- the side channel 31 is fluidly connected to at least one longitudinal channel 32 so that, when the first phase 61 flows into the side channel 31 and the second phase 62 flows into the longitudinal channel 32, the mixing device 3 distributes by a second outlet 322 of the channel 32 a mixture of the first phase 61 and of the second phase 62, preferably a two-phase liquid / gas mixture F 1, also called a two-phase mixture.
- the longitudinal channel and / or the lateral channel have generally rectilinear shapes.
- the channels 31, 32 are advantageously in the form of longitudinal recesses formed in the mixing device 3. They preferably open out at the level of the upper surfaces 3a and lower 3b of the mixing device 3.
- the channels 31, 32 have a cross section of square or rectangular shape but may optionally have other shapes (round, portion of round, ).
- the orifices 34 are advantageously bores 34 made in the material of the device 3 and extending between the first channel 31 and the second channel 32, preferably in the plane formed by the x and y directions, the orifices 34 being able to be inclined by relative to the x direction or, preferably, be aligned with the vertical x direction.
- the orifices 34 are of cylindrical symmetry, more preferably of cylindrical shape.
- said at least one lateral channel 31 comprises a bottom wall 3c and said at least one longitudinal channel 32 comprises a top wall 3d which extends opposite the bottom wall 3c, the orifices 34 being drilled in the bottom wall of the first channel 31 and opening into the top wall of the longitudinal channel 32.
- Fig. 3 is a view of the mixing device 3 of FIG. 2 in a section plane orthogonal to the lateral direction y and passing through an orifice 34.
- the passages 10 of the first set of mixing devices 3 having longitudinal channels whose width, measured in the lateral direction y, remains constant along the longitudinal direction z, in particular longitudinal channels of parallelepipedal shape such as the shape of the lateral channels 31 visible in FIG. 2.
- the flow of the two-phase mixture of the first fluid F1 preferably takes place in the longitudinal direction z, with a progressive expansion of the flow in the width of the passage 10.
- the homogenization of the flows in each pass is only obtained beyond a certain distance traveled by the mixture. This lack of homogenization of the mixture F1 takes place throughout the stack of passages 10 of the first set.
- the present invention proposes to arrange in a passage 10 of the first assembly, a mixing device 3 of which at least one longitudinal channel 32 is divided, in the longitudinal direction z, into an upstream portion 323 and a downstream portion. 324 each having a length L3, L4 measured in the longitudinal direction z and a width D3, D y measured parallel to the lateral direction y, the downstream portion 324 being arranged between the upstream portion 323 and the second outlet 322.
- the downstream portion 324 has, at any point of its length L4, a width D y greater (strictly) than the width D3 of the upstream portion 323.
- width is understood to mean the distance measured between the edges delimiting the longitudinal channel 32 in a predetermined longitudinal section plane which is parallel to the longitudinal direction z and parallel to the lateral direction y, that is to say say the width of the external profile of the channel in said section plane, as shown for example in FIG. 4 to Fig. 9.
- the arrangement of a downstream portion having an enlargement in the lateral direction favors the lateral expansion of the two-phase mixture leaving the longitudinal channel 32.
- the inventors of the present invention have demonstrated that the fluid jet formed a larger base cone at the outlet of the longitudinal channel, which allowed the fluid leaving the longitudinal channel 32 to irrigate a greater number of exchange channels with a positioned exchange wave, in operation, downstream of the mixing device 3. It is thus possible to obtain a more rapid homogenization with the jets of fluid leaving the neighboring longitudinal channels.
- the disparities in the flow rate of the mixture in the width of the passage 10 are thus reduced, or even eliminated, after a shorter propagation distance of the mixture downstream of the mixing device 3.
- the heat exchanges between the two-phase mixture and the second fluid F2, and hence the operation of the exchanger are improved.
- the widening of the downstream portion in the lateral direction offers there the possibility, in cases where the mass flow rate of the two-phase mixture in the longitudinal channel 32 is relatively high, to induce a slowing down of the flow of the mixture in the longitudinal direction. level of the downstream portion, and thus reduce the pressure drops undergone by the two-phase mixing at the outlet of the longitudinal channel 32, when it irrigates the exchange waves located downstream of the mixing device 3.
- channels of the series of longitudinal channels 32 are configured according to the invention and may include all or part of the characteristics described below.
- the downstream portion 324 opens out at a downstream face 326 of the mixing device 3, the second outlet 322 being provided at the downstream face 326. At least part of the first phase 61 flowing in the channel side 31 feeds the orifice 34 to flow into the longitudinal channel where the mixing takes place. The second phase 62 flows successively into the upstream 323 and downstream 324 portions. The mixture is distributed through the second outlet 322.
- the downstream portion 324 has a width D y increasing along the length L4 in the direction of the second outlet 322, preferably increasing over the entire length L4.
- downstream portion in the longitudinal direction z can be induced punctually, in one or more times, or even gradually, i. e. be continuously increasing, along all or part of the downstream portion 324.
- the width D y of the downstream portion 324 increases continuously, i. e gradually, over the entire length L4 in the direction of the second outlet 322. This limits the disturbances that could cause sudden variations in channel width in the flow of the mixture.
- the downstream portion 324 has a minimum width D m and a maximum width DM with the DM / D m ratio greater than or equal to 1, 1, preferably greater than or equal to 1, 8 and / or less than or equal to 4
- a dimensional ratio makes it possible to sufficiently increase the width of the longitudinal channel 32 at the level of the end 322 without, however, excessively increasing the length of the longitudinal channel 32 in the z direction and while retaining simple machining of the longitudinal channel. 32.
- the width DM can be between 6 and 25 mm, preferably between 8 and 20 mm.
- a mixing device may be intended to be arranged in a passage 10 provided, downstream of the mixing device, with at least one exchange wave comprising exchange channels each having a width of between 0.6 and 2 mm, preferably a width of at least 0.7 mm and / or at most 1.5 mm.
- the minimum width D m is measured at the level of the end 324a of the downstream portion 324 and the maximum width DM is measured at the level of the second outlet 322.
- the longitudinal channel 32 is delimited by side walls 325 forming, in a longitudinal section plane which is parallel to the longitudinal direction z and to the lateral direction y, an external profile of said channel 32 with a parallel axis of symmetry AA '. to the longitudinal direction z.
- the side walls 325 of the channel are preferably erected in a direction which is orthogonal to the longitudinal z and lateral y directions.
- the walls 325 advantageously have a height, measured in the x direction, constant over the entire length of the channel 32.
- At least part of the downstream portion 324 has a curvilinear external profile, preferably an external profile of convex shape.
- Fig. 4 shows schematically an embodiment of a longitudinal channel 32 comprising such a downstream portion 324.
- the presence of a curvilinear external profile at the level of the downstream portion ensures better guidance of the flow of the fluid in the downstream portion up to its exit from the mixing device, in particular, possible phenomena of separation, recirculation of fluid or turbulence which could result from sharp edges on the walls and would cause undesirable additional pressure drops on the fluid.
- all or part of the downstream portion 324 has, in longitudinal section in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction z and to the lateral direction y, an external profile in the form of an isosceles trapezoid, the side walls at the level of this portion being rectilinear walls.
- Fig. 5 schematically shows an example in which the whole of the downstream portion 324 has such an external profile.
- the external profile can form an angle Q, measured between the tangent T to said external profile at the point of intersection with the downstream face 326 and the axis of symmetry AA ', between 5 and 85 °.
- Fig. 9 shows an embodiment in which the widening of the downstream portion in the longitudinal direction z is induced punctually, all at once, at the end 324a.
- the upstream portion 323 is connected to the downstream portion 324 by its end 324a.
- the upstream portion 323 has a length L3 measured in the longitudinal direction z with the L3 / L4 ratio of between 1 and 15, preferably between 3 and 12.
- the length l_4 can be between 5 and 40 mm.
- the length L3 can be between 30 and 70 mm.
- said at least one orifice 34 opens into the longitudinal channel 32 at the level of its upstream portion 323, preferably at a distance L z from the end 324a of the downstream portion 324 with L z at least equal to 4%, more preferably between 7 and 90%, and even more preferably ranging from 10 to 50%, of the length L3 of the upstream portion (323).
- the orifice 34 may open out at a distance L z of between 3 and 70 mm from the end 324a of the downstream portion 324.
- the orifice (s) 34 of a longitudinal channel 32 all open out at its level. upstream portion 323.
- the mixing device is advantageously free of orifice 34 opening out at its upstream portion 324.
- the higher speed of the second phase 62 in the portion 323 of the channel 32 compared to the speed of the fluid F1 in the portion 324 also makes it possible to facilitate the passage of the phase 61 from the channel 31 to the channel 32 via the orifice 34 of the made of the high inertia of phase 61 by phase 62 and of the resulting training.
- the position of at least one orifice 34 in the longitudinal direction z varies between the longitudinal channels. It is for this reason in particular that some orifices 34 may be closer to the end 324a than others.
- the longitudinal channels advantageously have identical dimensional characteristics, ie the same external profile, the same depth, the same ratio L3 / L 4 , the same distance L z , although it is possible, in certain configurations, to vary at least one characteristic of at least one channel with respect to the others, in particular the length ratio of the downstream and upstream portions.
- all or part of the upstream portion 323 has a rectilinear external profile with a width Ü constant 3, preferably equal to D m minimum width of the downstream portion 324.
- the upstream portion 323 has a width D 3 variable over all or part of its length, being greater than D y to the maximum value that can be reached by D3.
- Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show schematically embodiments according to which the longitudinal channel 32 comprises at least one obstacle 327 arranged so as to subdivide the downstream portion 324 into several intermediate channels 328 opening at the level of the second outlet 322.
- the creation of intermediate channels is particularly advantageous when the mass flow rate in the longitudinal channel 32 is relatively high because in this case, the mixture has a significant inertia in the longitudinal direction z, that is to say it tends to continue to flow in the z direction, even when the longitudinal channel widens.
- the placement of one or more obstacles makes it possible to modify the direction of flow of the two-phase mixture by giving a component in the y direction at its speed. This increases the angular opening of the fluid jet at the outlet of the longitudinal channel, which makes it possible to feed a larger number of exchange channels positioned downstream of the mixing device.
- Obstacles can also be used in order to keep constant or almost constant, and possibly reduce, the section of the fluid passage at the level of the downstream portion, despite its widening.
- fluid passage section is meant the area through which the fluid flows measured perpendicular to the longitudinal direction z. This so as to ensure a lateral expansion of the mixture, without increasing the fluid passage section.
- the total area of said obstacle 327 measured in a plane of transverse section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction z represents between 20 and 80%, preferably between 30 and 70%, of the total section passage of fluid of the downstream portion (324) measured in said cross-sectional plane.
- the total area is understood as the sum of the areas of each obstacle.
- the longitudinal channel 32 further comprises at least one balancing channel 329 placing the intermediate channels 328 in fluid communication. This makes it possible to rebalance the fluid pressures between the intermediate channels 328, in the event that it is there are disparities in fluid flow and pressure between the intermediate channels.
- Fig. 8 shows an example of such a configuration.
- an even number of intermediate channels is provided in order to maintain distribution symmetry along the AA ′ axis of the mixture within the longitudinal channel.
- the obstacle or obstacles may be manufactured with the longitudinal channel by milling, by injection molding of a metal, by electro-erosion or by laser machining. We can also consider an additive manufacturing method.
- the obstacles 327 have a height equal to those of the side walls of the longitudinal channel.
- said at least one obstacle 327 has a width dy, measured in the lateral direction y, increasing in the direction of the second outlet 322, preferably with a curvilinear, convex and / or concave external profile. This makes it possible to conform the obstacle so as to avoid additional pressure drops of the fluid F1 in the downstream portion 324 of the channel 32 by detachment of the fluid at the level of the walls of the obstacle or due to areas of recirculation of the fluid.
- passages 10 of the first set comprise a mixing device according to the invention.
- At least one passage 20 of the second set is arranged between at least one pair of consecutive passages 10 of the first set.
- the longitudinal channels 32 of the mixing device 3 are separated from each other by a constant distance D A measured parallel to the longitudinal direction y.
- each channel in the lateral direction y can be determined by considering the position of the center of each channel in the lateral direction y. For example, considering channels in the form of parallelepipedal grooves as shown in FIG. 2, the position of a channel in the y direction corresponds to the position of the axis of symmetry of the channel located at an equal distance from the side walls of the channel, as seen in FIG. 2.
- the distance D A may be between 10 and 40 mm, preferably greater than or equal to 20 mm and less than or equal to 30 mm.
- FIG. 11 shows the results of a simulation of the propagation of a two-phase mixture in a longitudinal channel of a conventional mixer device (configuration A) and in a longitudinal channel of a mixer device according to an embodiment of the invention (configuration B).
- the mixing device was in the form of a grooved bar comprising, as longitudinal channels, a series of parallelepiped-shaped grooves succeeding each other at regular intervals of 30 mm.
- Each groove measured 7mm in width, 70mm in length and 7mm in height.
- the mixing devices were in the form of grooved bars with successive grooves at regular intervals of 30 mm.
- Each groove was in the form of a longitudinal channel with an upstream portion 323 having the dimensions of 7 mm in width, 63 mm in length and 7 mm in height.
- the downstream portion 324 was of frustoconical shape with a width of 7 mm at the level of the end 324a and 14 mm at the level of the second outlet 322.
- the upstream portion 323 had a length of 7 mm and a height of 7 mm.
- An isosceles triangle-shaped obstacle was placed in the downstream portion 324, symmetrically with respect to the axis of symmetry AA ', 7 mm high in the z direction and 7 mm wide at the base at the second exit. 322.
- the width DM was twice as high as D3.
- the L3 / L4 ratio was 8 and the length L z was 5 mm.
- the angle Q was 45 °. Note that configuration B corresponds to the particular case where the fluid passage section of the downstream portion is kept constant in the longitudinal direction z due to the presence of the obstacle although the width of said portion increases in the direction of the second outlet 322.
- the longitudinal channels of the mixing devices of configurations A and B were arranged in the same number and at identical positions y ,, yi + i, ... in the lateral direction y.
- waves 11 of the “serrated” type i. e. partially offset, were arranged at the outlet of the mixing devices in each passage.
- the simulation is a three-dimensional CFD-type calculation using the finite element method, which is the acronym in English for “Computational Fuid Dynamics”, for “computational fluid mechanics”.
- Fig. 11 shows the evolution of the value of the smallest adimensioned velocity of the fluid along the longitudinal direction z (denoted V z ) measured on successive sections of the waves located after the outlet 322 in planes parallel to the x and y directions, for several distance values between the output 322 and said planes.
- These speed values are representative of the quality of the distribution of the fluid in the waves: a negative value indicates the presence of a recirculation zone, with stagnant fluid in the center of the zone. A zero value indicates the presence of stagnant fluid. Since the stagnant fluid is not renewed, it does not participate in the heat exchange and reduces the overall efficiency of the exchanger.
- a performance indicator of fluid delivery is the minimum distance necessary in the longitudinal direction z from which all the fluid has a positive velocity in the longitudinal direction z.
- the minimum distance required is reduced 45 to 31 mm, i.e. a reduction of 35% in configuration B according to the invention compared to conventional configuration A. Thanks to the invention, the homogenization of the product is therefore significantly improved. Two-phase mixture distributed by a mixing device and the efficiency of the exchanger is improved.
- Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 show examples of processes using one or more exchangers according to the invention.
- Fig. 12 shows schematically a process for liquefying a stream of hydrocarbons 102 as a second fluid F2, which may be natural gas, optionally pretreated, for example having undergone a separation of at least one of the following constituents: water, carbon dioxide carbon, sulfur compounds, methanol, mercury, before its introduction into the heat exchanger 1.
- the hydrocarbon stream comprises, in mole fraction, at least 60% methane, preferably at least 80%.
- the hydrocarbon stream 102 and the refrigerant stream 202 enter the exchanger 1 respectively through a third inlet 25 and a fourth inlet 21 in order to flow there in dedicated passages of the exchanger in directions parallel to the longitudinal direction z, which is substantially vertical in operation.
- the stream of hydrocarbons 102 circulates in the passages 20 of the second assembly supplied by the third inlet 25.
- the refrigerant stream 202 circulates in a third set of passages arranged within the stack forming the exchanger 1. These streams emerge through a third outlet 22 and a first outlet 23.
- the passages of the second and third set are arranged, in whole or in part, alternately and / or adjacent to all or part of the passages 10 of the first set.
- the fourth inlet 21 for the refrigerant stream 202 and the third inlet 25 for the hydrocarbon stream 102 are arranged so that the refrigerant stream 202, and optionally the hydrocarbon stream 102, flow cocurrently in the downward direction, in the direction of a second end 1b of the exchanger which is located at a level lower than that of a first end 1a of said exchanger.
- the first end 1a corresponds to the hot end of the exchanger 1, i. e. the entry point of the exchanger where a fluid is introduced at the highest temperature of the exchanger temperatures, this entry point possibly being the fourth inlet 21 or the third inlet 25, depending on the process considered.
- the hydrocarbon stream 102 can be introduced into exchanger 1 at a temperature between -130 and 40 ° C.
- the stream of hydrocarbons 102 is introduced in the totally gaseous or partially liquefied state into the exchanger 1 at a temperature of between -80 and -35 ° C. According to another possibility, the stream of hydrocarbons 102 is introduced completely liquefied into the exchanger 1 at a temperature between -130 and -100 ° C.
- the refrigerant stream 201 leaving the exchanger 1 is expanded by an expansion member T3, such as a turbine, a valve or a combination of a turbine and a valve, so as to form a two-phase refrigerant stream 203 comprising a first phase and a second phase.
- the two-phase refrigerant stream 203 forms the first fluid F1 considered above.
- At least part of the two-phase refrigerant stream 203 coming from the expansion is introduced into a separator member 27.
- the separator member can be any device suitable for separating a two-phase fluid into a predominantly gaseous stream on the one hand and a predominantly liquid stream of 'somewhere else.
- the second phase 62 is introduced by the collector 52 which supplies the second inputs 321 of mixing devices 3 arranged in the passages 10 of the first set.
- the first phase 61 is introduced by the first collector 30 which supplies the first inputs 311 of mixing devices 3 arranged in each passage 10 (not illustrated in FIG. 9).
- the second phase is introduced through an inlet located in the region of the second end 1b corresponding to the cold end of the exchanger 1, i. e. the point of entry into the exchanger where a fluid is introduced at the lowest temperature of the fluid temperatures in the exchanger.
- the two phases 61, 62 of the two-phase stream 203 are recombined within the exchanger 1 and distributed in the state of a liquid-gas mixture in the passages 10 of the exchanger 1 each provided with mixing devices 3 according to the invention.
- the two-phase refrigerant stream 203 is introduced into the heat exchanger 1 at a first temperature T1 of between -120 and -160 ° C and leaves the heat exchanger 1 at a second temperature T2 higher than the first temperature T1, preferably with T2 between -35 and -130 ° C.
- the two-phase refrigerant stream 203 is introduced into the heat exchanger 1 at a first temperature T1 of between -130 and -80 ° C and leaves the heat exchanger 1 at a second temperature T2 higher than the first temperature T1, preferably with T2 between -10 and 50 ° C.
- Said at least part of the two-phase refrigerant stream 203 flows through the passages 10 in an upward direction and is vaporized in countercurrent refrigerant on the. natural gas 102 and the refrigerant stream 202.
- a stream of cooled and / or at least partially liquefied hydrocarbons 101 is thus obtained at the outlet of the exchanger 1.
- the vaporized refrigerant stream leaves the exchanger 1 via a second outlet 42 connected to the manifold 55 to be compressed by a compressor and then cooled in an indirect heat exchanger by heat exchange with an external cooling fluid, for example water. or air (at 26 in Fig. 12).
- the pressure of the refrigerant stream leaving the compressor can be between 2 MPa and 9 MPa.
- the temperature of the refrigerant stream at the outlet of the indirect heat exchanger can be between 10 ° C and 45 ° C.
- the refrigerant stream is not split into separate fractions, but, to optimize the approach in exchanger 1, the refrigerant stream can also be split into two or three fractions, each fraction being expanded to a different pressure level then sent to different stages of the compressor.
- the refrigerant stream 202 contains hydrocarbons having a carbon atom number of at most 5, preferably at most three, more preferably at most two.
- the refrigerant stream 202 is formed for example by a mixture of hydrocarbons and nitrogen such as a mixture of methane, ethane and nitrogen but can also contain propane, butane, isobutane , n-butane, pentane, isopentane, n-pentane and / or ethylene.
- nitrogen such as a mixture of methane, ethane and nitrogen but can also contain propane, butane, isobutane , n-butane, pentane, isopentane, n-pentane and / or ethylene.
- the proportions in mole fractions (%) of the components of the refrigerant stream can be:
- the refrigerant stream may comprise, replacing ethane, ethylene and, replacing all or part of the propane, compounds of the C4, C5 type.
- the natural gas exits at least partially liquefied 101 from the exchanger 1 at a temperature preferably at least 10 ° C higher than the bubble temperature of the liquefied natural gas produced at atmospheric pressure (the bubble temperature designates the temperature at which the first vapor bubbles form in a liquid natural gas at a given pressure) and at a pressure identical to the natural gas inlet pressure, except for pressure drops.
- natural gas leaves exchanger 1 at a temperature between -100 ° C and -162 ° C and at a pressure between 2 MPa and 7 MPa. Under these temperature and pressure conditions, and depending on its composition, natural gas does not generally remain liquid after expansion to atmospheric pressure.
- the process for liquefying a hydrocarbon stream according to the invention can implement one or more additional refrigeration cycles carried out upstream of the main refrigeration cycle described above, so as to pre-cool the stream of 'hydrocarbons.
- Fig. 13 shows schematically a process for liquefying a stream of hydrocarbons such as natural gas comprising an additional refrigeration cycle in which the natural gas is cooled to a temperature close to its dew point using at least two different levels of relaxation to increase the efficiency of the cycle.
- This additional refrigeration cycle is operated by means of an additional refrigerant stream 300 in an additional heat exchanger 2, called the pre-cooling exchanger, arranged upstream of the heat exchanger 1 in the direction of the flow of the current. of hydrocarbons 110, which then forms the liquefaction exchanger.
- a feed stream 110 arrives, for example, at a pressure of between 2.5 MPa and 7 MPa and at a temperature of between 20 ° C and 60 ° C.
- the feed stream 110 comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons such as natural gas, the refrigerant stream 202, an additional refrigerant stream 300 enter the additional exchanger 2 to flow therein in parallel directions and co-current in the direction. descending.
- a cooled, or even at least partially liquefied, hydrocarbon stream 102 leaves the pre-cooling exchanger 2.
- the hydrocarbon stream 102 leaves in the gaseous or partially liquefied state, for example at a temperature. temperature between - 35 ° C and - 70 ° C.
- the refrigerant stream 202 can also exit completely condensed from the exchanger 2, for example at a temperature between - 35 ° C and - 70 ° C.
- the stream 102 is then introduced into the exchanger 1.
- the stream 203 is vaporized in the exchanger 1 and leaves it to be compressed by the compressor K2 and then cooled in the indirect heat exchanger C2 by heat exchange with an external cooling fluid, for example water or air.
- the refrigerant stream from exchanger C2 is then returned to additional exchanger 2.
- Additional refrigerant stream 300 may be a mixture of hydrocarbons such as a mixture of ethane and propane, but may also contain methane, ethylene, propylene, butane and / or pentane.
- the proportions in molar fraction (%) of the components of the first cooling mixture can be:
- the additional exchanger 2 which is also of the brazed plate and fin type, at least two partial streams issuing from the additional refrigerant stream 300 are withdrawn from the exchanger at at least two separate outlet points and then relaxed to pressure levels. different, giving rise to two-phase relaxed partial currents each comprising a first phase and a second phase. At least part of these two-phase partial currents is introduced into respective separator members 24, 25, 26.
- three fractions, also called partial flows or streams, 301, 302, 303 of the additional refrigerant stream 300 in the first phase are successively withdrawn.
- each separating member The gaseous and liquid phases separated by each separating member are introduced through separate inlets of the additional exchanger 2 and recombined within mixing devices (not shown) so as to form at least two refrigerants introduced in the state of a liquid mixture. -gas in dedicated refrigerant passages. Alternatively, only the first phase is injected into the exchanger 2 and the gas phase is directed towards the inlet of the compression stages of the compressor K1. These refrigerants are vaporized in the exchanger additional 2 by heat exchange with the feed stream 110 and the refrigerant stream 202 and the additional refrigerant stream 300.
- the additional exchanger comprises at least two refrigerant passages each comprising a mixing device, these devices comprising one or more of the characteristics described above for the first and second mixing devices 3A, 3B.
- the refrigerants vaporized in their respective refrigerant passages are sent to different stages of the compressor K1, compressed and then condensed in a condenser by heat exchange with an external cooling fluid, for example water or air.
- the stream coming from the condenser is returned to the additional exchanger 2.
- the pressure of the first refrigerant stream at the outlet of the compressor K1 can be between 2 MPa and 6 MPa.
- the temperature of the additional refrigerant stream at the outlet of the condenser C1 can be between 10 ° C and 45 ° C.
- the refrigerants flow from one end 2b of the additional exchanger 2 to another end 2a in the longitudinal direction z, in the upward direction.
- the end 2b corresponds to the cold end of the additional exchanger 2 where the refrigerant is introduced at the lowest temperature of the temperatures of the additional exchanger 2.
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1914897A FR3105388B1 (fr) | 2019-12-19 | 2019-12-19 | Dispositif mélangeur favorisant une distribution homogène d’un mélange diphasique et échangeur de chaleur comprenant un tel dispositif |
PCT/EP2020/084935 WO2021122115A1 (fr) | 2019-12-19 | 2020-12-07 | Dispositif mélangeur favorisant une distribution homogène d'un mélange diphasique, installation d'échange de chaleur et procédé de mélange associé |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP4078065A1 true EP4078065A1 (fr) | 2022-10-26 |
Family
ID=69743560
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20817018.3A Pending EP4078065A1 (fr) | 2019-12-19 | 2020-12-07 | Dispositif mélangeur favorisant une distribution homogène d'un mélange diphasique, installation d'échange de chaleur et procédé de mélange associé |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20230125515A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP4078065A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2023506902A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN114846291A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3105388B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2021122115A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE3415807A1 (de) | 1984-04-27 | 1985-10-31 | Linde Ag, 6200 Wiesbaden | Waermetauscher |
FR3043451B1 (fr) | 2015-11-10 | 2019-12-20 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Methode pour optimiser la liquefaction de gaz naturel |
FR3064346B1 (fr) * | 2017-03-24 | 2019-03-29 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Echangeur de chaleur avec dispositif melangeur liquide/gaz a portion de canal regulatrice |
-
2019
- 2019-12-19 FR FR1914897A patent/FR3105388B1/fr active Active
-
2020
- 2020-12-07 EP EP20817018.3A patent/EP4078065A1/fr active Pending
- 2020-12-07 JP JP2022537032A patent/JP2023506902A/ja active Pending
- 2020-12-07 CN CN202080087529.5A patent/CN114846291A/zh active Pending
- 2020-12-07 WO PCT/EP2020/084935 patent/WO2021122115A1/fr unknown
- 2020-12-07 US US17/786,928 patent/US20230125515A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR3105388A1 (fr) | 2021-06-25 |
FR3105388B1 (fr) | 2022-10-07 |
WO2021122115A1 (fr) | 2021-06-24 |
JP2023506902A (ja) | 2023-02-20 |
CN114846291A (zh) | 2022-08-02 |
US20230125515A1 (en) | 2023-04-27 |
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