EP4047002A1 - Antitumoral compounds - Google Patents

Antitumoral compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4047002A1
EP4047002A1 EP22166571.4A EP22166571A EP4047002A1 EP 4047002 A1 EP4047002 A1 EP 4047002A1 EP 22166571 A EP22166571 A EP 22166571A EP 4047002 A1 EP4047002 A1 EP 4047002A1
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Prior art keywords
substituted
unsubstituted
formula
compounds
butyl
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EP22166571.4A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP4047002B1 (en
Inventor
Maria Del Carmen Cuevas Marchante
Andrés FRANCESCH SOLLOSO
Valentin MARTINEZ BARRASA
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Pharmamar SA
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Pharmamar SA
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Priority to SI201830901T priority Critical patent/SI4047002T1/en
Priority to RS20230332A priority patent/RS64174B1/en
Priority to HRP20230433TT priority patent/HRP20230433T1/en
Publication of EP4047002A1 publication Critical patent/EP4047002A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D515/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
    • C07D515/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4995—Pyrazines or piperazines forming part of bridged ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/07—Optical isomers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to synthetic analogues of the ecteinascidins, particularly of ecteinascidin 736 (ET-736), pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for their manufacture and their use as antitumoral agents.
  • E-736 ecteinascidin 736
  • the ecteinascidins are exceedingly potent antitumor agents isolated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata.
  • One of these compounds, ET-743 of formula: is being employed as an anticancer medicament, under the international nonproprietary name (INN) trabectedin, for the treatment of patients with advanced and metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (STS) after failure of anthracyclines and ifosfamide, or who are unsuited to receive such agents, and for the treatment of relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin.
  • INN international nonproprietary name
  • STS metastatic soft tissue sarcoma
  • Ecteinascidin 736 (ET-736) was first discovered by Rinehart and features a tetrahydro- ⁇ -carboline unit in place of the tetrahydroisoquinoline unit more usually found in the ecteinascidin compounds isolated from natural sources; See for example Sakai et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, vol. 89, 11456-11460 .
  • E-736 Ecteinascidin 736 isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, and it structure. ET-736 protects mice in vivo at very low concentrations against P388 lymphoma, B16 melanoma, and Lewis lung carcinoma.
  • WO03014127 describes several synthetic analogues of ET-736 and their cytotoxic activity against tumoral cells.
  • WO03014127 describes compounds A to D together with their cytotoxic activity against a panel of cancer cell lines.
  • PM01183 Another compound described in this patent application, PM01183, is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer.
  • PM01183 has the following chemical structure:
  • PM01183 has demonstrated a highly potent in vitro activity against solid and non-solid tumour cell lines as well as a significant in vivo activity in several xenografted human tumor cell lines in mice, such as those for breast, kidney and ovarian cancer. PM01183 exerts its anticancer effects through the covalent modification of guanines in the DNA minor groove that eventually give rise to DNA double-strand break, S -phase arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a dosage form comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention.
  • a compound, pharmaceutical composition or dosage form according to the present invention for use as a medicament.
  • a compound, pharmaceutical composition or dosage form according to the present invention for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • a method for the prevention or treatment of cancer comprising administering an effective amount of a compound according to the present invention, administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention, or administering an effective amount of a dosage form according to the present invention to a patient in need thereof, notably a human.
  • a compound according to the present invention for the treatment of cancer, or in the preparation of a medicament preferably for the treatment of cancer.
  • kits comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the kit is for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • the process may include the further step of replacing the cyano group in the compound of formula IV with a hydroxy group to give a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, or IG where R 1 is OH.
  • the alkyl groups may be branched or unbranched, and preferably have from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms.
  • One more preferred class of alkyl groups has from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • Even more preferred are alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
  • Methyl, ethyl, n -propyl, isopropyl and butyl, including n -butyl, isobutyl, sec -butyl and tert-butyl are particularly preferred alkyl groups in the compounds of the present invention.
  • the alkenyl groups may be branched or unbranched, have one or more double bonds and from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms.
  • One more preferred class of alkenyl groups has from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Even more preferred are alkenyl groups having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
  • Ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and 3-butenyl are particularly preferred alkenyl groups in the compounds of the present invention.
  • the alkynyl groups may be branched or unbranched, have one or more triple bonds and from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms.
  • One more preferred class of alkynyl groups has from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Even more preferred are alkynyl groups having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable aryl groups in the compounds of the present invention include single and multiple ring compounds, including multiple ring compounds that contain separate and/or fused aryl groups.
  • Typical aryl groups contain from 1 to 3 separated and/or fused rings and from 6 to about 18 carbon ring atoms.
  • Preferably aryl groups contain from 6 to about 10 carbon ring atoms.
  • Specially preferred aryl groups included substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenanthryl and substituted or unsubstituted anthryl.
  • Suitable heterocyclic groups include heteroaromatic and heteroalicyclic groups containing from 1 to 3 separated and/or fused rings and from 5 to about 18 ring atoms.
  • Preferably heteroaromatic and heteroalicyclic groups contain from 5 to about 10 ring atoms, most preferably 5, 6, or 7 ring atoms.
  • Suitable heteroaromatic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S atoms and include, e.g., coumarinyl including 8-coumarinyl, quinolyl including 8-quinolyl, isoquinolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, cinnolinyl, benzimi
  • Suitable heteroalicyclic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S and include, e.g., pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl, 2-pirrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4 H -pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazol
  • the halogen substituents include F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt and “ester” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester which, upon administration to the patient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound as described herein.
  • non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts also fall within the scope of the invention since those may be useful in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • the preparation of salts can be carried out by methods known in the art.
  • salts of the compounds provided herein are synthesized from the parent compounds, which contain a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods.
  • such salts are, for example, prepared by reacting the free acid or base of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent or in a mixture of both.
  • nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2-propanol or acetonitrile are preferred.
  • acid addition salts include mineral acid addition salts such as, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and organic acid addition salts such as, for example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate and p -toluenesulfonate.
  • mineral acid addition salts such as, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate
  • organic acid addition salts such as, for example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate and p -toluenesulfonate.
  • alkali addition salts include inorganic salts such as, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium salts, and organic alkali salts such as, for example, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, N,N- dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids salts.
  • the compounds of the invention may be in crystalline or amorphous form either as free compounds or as solvates (e.g. hydrates) and it is intended that all forms are within the scope of the present invention. Methods of solvation are generally known within the art.
  • Stereoisomerism about the asymmetric carbons with unspecified stereochemistry is possible, therefore in such cases the asymmetric carbons can have (R) or ( S ) configuration. All diastereomers generated by a specific configuration of such asymmetric carbons in conjunction with the other asymmetric carbons present in the molecule, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the present invention.
  • Stereoisomerism about the double bond is also possible, therefore in some cases the molecule could exist as ( E )-isomer or (Z)-isomer. If the molecule contains several double bonds, each double bond will have its own stereoisomerism, that could be the same or different than the stereoisomerism of the other double bonds of the molecule.
  • compounds referred to herein may exist as atropoisomers.
  • the single stereoisomers including diastereoisomers, geometric isomers and atropoisomers of the compounds referred to herein, and mixtures thereof fall within the scope of the present invention.
  • compounds referred to herein may exist in isotopically-labelled forms. All pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and isotopically labelled forms of the compounds referred to herein, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the present invention.
  • Protected forms of the compounds disclosed herein are considered within the scope of the present invention. Suitable protecting groups are well known for the skilled person in the art. A general review of protecting groups in organic chemistry is provided by Wuts, PGM and Greene TW in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Ed. Wiley-Interscience , and by Kocienski PJ in Protecting Groups, 3rd Ed. Georg Thieme Verlag . These references provide sections on protecting groups for OH, amino and SH groups. All these references are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • an OH protecting group is defined to be the O -bonded moiety resulting from the protection of the OH through the formation of a suitable protected OH group.
  • protected OH groups include ethers, silyl ethers, esters, sulfonates, sulfenates and sulfinates, carbonates, and carbamates.
  • the protecting group for the OH can be selected from methyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, p -methoxybenzyloxymethyl, [(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]methyl, p -nitrobenzyloxymethyl, o-nitrobenzyloxymethyl, [( R )-1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethoxy]methyl, (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl, guaiacolmethyl, [( p- phenylphenyl)oxy]methyl, t -butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl, siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, 2-cyanoethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, menthoxymethyl, O -bis(2-acetoxy-ethoxy)
  • the protecting group for the OH can be selected from trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, t -butyldimethylsilyl, t -butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri- p -xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, di- t -butylmethylsilyl, bis( t -butyl)-1-pyrenylmethoxysilyl, tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl, (2-hydroxystyryl)dimethylsilyl, (2-hydroxystyryl)diisopropylsilyl, t- butylmethoxyphen
  • esters the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form an ester that can be selected from formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trichloroacetamidate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p -chlorophenoxyacetate, phenylacetate, diphenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, bisfluorous chain type propanoyl, 4-pentenoate, 4-oxopentanoate, 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate, 5 [3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)hydro-xymethylphenoxy]levulinate, pivaloate, 1-adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p -phenylbenz
  • sulfonates, sulfenates and sulfinates the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form a sulfonate, sulfenate or sulfinates that can be selected from sulfate, allylsulfonate, methanesulfonate, benzylsulfonate, tosylate, 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]sulfonate, 2-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-monomethoxytritylsulfenate, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate, 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-3-one-1-sulfinate, and dimethylphosphinothioyl.
  • the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form a carbonate that can be selected from methyl carbonate, methoxymethyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate, ethyl carbonate, bromoethyl carbonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate, 2-[dimethyl(2-naphthylmethyl)silyl]ethyl carbonate, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl carbonate, 2-(triphenylphosphonio)ethyl carbonate, cis -[4-[[(methoxytrityl)sulfenyl]oxy]tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxy carbonate
  • the protecting group for OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached forms a carbamate that can be selected from dimethyl thiocarbamate, N -phenyl carbamate, and N -methyl- N -( o -nitrophenyl) carbamate.
  • an amino protecting group is defined to be the N -bonded moiety resulting from the protection of the amino group through the formation of a suitable protected amino group.
  • protected amino groups include carbamates, ureas, amides, heterocyclic systems, N -alkyl amines, N -alkenyl amines, N -alkynyl amines, N -aryl amines, imines, enamines, N-metal derivatives, N-N derivatives, N-P derivatives, N-Si derivatives, and N-S derivatives.
  • the protecting group for the amino group together with the amino group to which it is attached form a carbamate that can be selected from methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 2,6-di- t -butyl-9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-bis(trimethylsilyl)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 17-tetrabenzo[ a , c , g , i ]fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 2-chloro-3-indenylmethyl carbamate, benz[ f ]inden-3-ylmethyl carbamate, 1,1-dioxobenzo[ b ]-thiophene-2-ylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonyl-3-
  • the protecting groups for the amino group can be selected from phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl, N' - p -toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl, N'- phenylaminothiocarbonyl, 4-hydroxyphenylaminocarbonyl, 3-hydroxytryptaminocarbonyl, and N '-phenylaminothiocarbonyl.
  • the protecting group for the amino together with the amino group to which it is attached form an amide that can be selected from formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, pent-4-enamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N -benzoylphenylalanyl amide, benzamide, p -phenylbenzamide, o -nitrophenylacetamide, 2,2-dimethyl-2-( o -nitrophenyl)acetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, 3-( o -nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-( o -nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, o- nitrobenzamide, 3-(4- t -butyl-2,6-dinitrophenyl)-2,2-d
  • the protecting group for the amino group together with the amino group to which it is attached form a heterocyclic system that can be selected from 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N -phthalimide, N- dichlorophthalimide, N -tetrachlorophthalimide, N -4-nitrophthalimide, N -thiodiglycoloyl, N- dithiasuccinimide, N -2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N -2,3-dimethylmaleimide, N -2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N -2,5-bis(triisopropylsiloxy)pyrrole, N -1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct, N- 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disilaisoindoline, N -diphenylsilyldiethylene, N -5-substituted-1,
  • the protecting group for the amino group can be selected from N- methyl, N - t -butyl, N -allyl, N -prenyl, N -cinnamyl, N -phenylallyl, N -propargyl, N- methoxymethyl, N -[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl, N -3-acetoxypropyl, N -cyanomethyl, N -2-azanorbornenes, N -benzyl, N -4-methoxybenzyl, N -2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, N -2-hydroxybenzyl, N -ferrocenylmethyl, N -2,4-dinitrophenyl, o-methoxyphenyl, p -methoxyphenyl, N -9-phenylfluorenyl, N
  • the protecting group for the amino group can be selected from N -1,1-dimethylthiomethylene, N- benzylidene, N - p -methoxybenzylidene, N -diphenylmethylene, N -[2-pyridyl)mesityl]methylene, N -( N' , N' -dimethylaminomethylene), N -( N ', N '-dibenzylaminomethylene), N -( N '- t -butylaminome-thylene), N , N'- isopropylidene, N - p -nitrobenzylidene, N -salicylidene, N -5-chlorosalicylidene, N- (5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethylene, N -cyclohexylidene, and N - t -butylidene.
  • the protecting group for the amino group can be selected from N- (5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl), N -2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethylene, N -1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl, N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-(1 H ,3 H ,5 H )-trioxopyrimidine-5-ylidene)-methyl, N -4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxo-1-butenyl, and N -(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyrrolin-3-yl).
  • the protecting group for the amino group can be selected from N-borane, N -diphenylborinic ester, N -diethylborinic ester, N -9-borabicyclononane, N- difluoroborinic ester, and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid; and also including N- phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium)carbenyl, N -phenyl(pentacarbonyl-tungsten)carbenyl, N- methyl(pentacarbonylchromium)carbenyl, N -methyl(pentacaibonyltungsten)caibenyl, N -copper chelate, N -zinc chelate, and a 18-crown-6-derivative.
  • N-N derivatives the protecting group for the amino group together with the amino group to which it is attached form a N-N derivative that can be selected from N -nitroamino, N -nitrosoamino, amine N -oxide, azide, triazene derivative, and N -trimethylsilylmethyl- N -benzylhydrazine.
  • N-P derivatives the protected group for the amino group together with the amino group to which it is attached form a N-P derivative that can be selected from diphenylphosphinamide, dimethylthiophosphinamide, diphenylthiophosphinamide, dialkyl phosphoramidate, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, and iminotriphenylphosphorane.
  • the protecting group for the NH 2 can be selected from t -butyldiphenylsilyl and triphenylsilyl.
  • the protected amino group can be selected from N- sulfenyl or N-sulfonyl derivatives.
  • the N-sulfenyl derivatives can be selected from benzenesulfenamide, 2-nitrobenzenesulfenamide, 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfe-namide, 1-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-diphenyl)ethylsulfenamide, and N -3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenamide.
  • the N-sulfonyl derivatives can be selected from methane sulfonamide, trifluoromethanesulfonamide, t -butylsulfonamide, benzylsulfonamide, 2-(trimethylsilyl) ethanesulfonamide, p -toluenesulfonamide, benzenesulfonamide, o -anisylsulfonamide, 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide, 2-naphthalenesulfonamide, 4-(4',8'-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide, 2-(4-methylphenyl)-6-methoxy-4-methylsulfonamide, 9-anthracenesulfonamide, pyridine-2-sulfonamide, benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide,
  • a protecting group for SH is defined to be the S -bonded moiety resulting from the protection of the SH group through the formation of a suitable a protected SH group.
  • protected SH groups include thioethers, disulfides, silyl thioethers, thioesters, thiocarbonates, and thiocarbamates.
  • the protecting group for the SH can be selected from S -alkyl, S -benzyl, S - p- methoxybenzyl, S - o -hydroxybenzyl, S - p -hydroxybenzyl, S - o -acetoxybenzyl, S-p- acetoxybenzyl, S - p -nitrobenzyl, S - o -nitrobenzyl, S -2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl, S -2,4,6,-trimethoxybenzyl, S -4-picolyl, S -2-picolyl- N -oxide, S -2-quinolinylmethyl, S -9-anthrylmethyl, S -9-fluorenylmethyl, S -xanthenyl, S -ferrocenylmethyl, S -diphenylmethyl, S -bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, S -5-dibenzo
  • the protected SH group can be selected from S -ethyl disulfide, S - t -butyl disulfide, S -2-nitrophenyl disulfide, S -2,4-dinitrophenyl disulfide, S-2-phenylazophenyl disulfide, S -2-carboxyphenyl disulfide, and S -3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide.
  • the protecting group for the SH can be selected from the list of groups that was listed above for the protection of OH with silyl ethers.
  • the protecting group for the SH can be selected from S -acetyl, S -benzoyl, S-2-methoxyisobutyryl, S -trifluoroacetyl, S - N- [[ p -biphenylyl)-isopropyloxy]caibonyl]- N -methyl- ⁇ -aminothiobutyrate, and S - N -( t -butoxycarbonyl)- N -methyl- ⁇ -aminothiobutyrate.
  • thiocarbonate protecting group for the SH can be selected from S -2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, S - t -butoxycarbonyl, S -benzyloxycarbonyl, S - p -methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, and S- fluorenylmethylcarbonyl.
  • the protected SH group can be selected from S -( N -ethylcarbamate) and S -( N -methoxymethylcarbamate).
  • the compound may be a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula ID, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IE, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IF or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IG or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • Preferred compounds of the compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, or IG are those having general formula a or b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
  • R 4 may not be hydrogen.
  • Preferred compounds of the compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, or IG may be those having formula c or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:
  • Preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, and IFb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb , and IGb , wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
  • R a is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n -propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec -butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
  • R 2 is acetyl.
  • R 3 is hydrogen or a -OR b group where R b is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Particularly preferred R b is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n -propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec -butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
  • More preferred R 3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R 3 group.
  • R c is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n -propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n -butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec -butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
  • Most preferred R c is methyl.
  • More preferred R 4 is selected from H, CH 2 OH and CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Most preferred R 4 is -CH 2 OH.
  • R c is a substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n -propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n -butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec -butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
  • Most preferred R c is methyl. More preferred R 4 is selected from CH 2 OH and CH 2 NH 2 . Most preferred R 4 is -CH 2 OH.
  • X is -NH-.
  • X is -O-.
  • Preferred compounds according to the present invention include:
  • the most preferred compounds according to the present invention are compounds of formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  • the preferences described above for the different substituents are combined.
  • the present invention is also directed to such combinations of preferred substitutions (where allowed by possible substituent groups) in compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb, Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc or IGc according to the present invention.
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb, Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc or IGc of the invention and uses thereof
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the administration form include without limitation oral, topical, parenteral, sublingual, rectal, vaginal, ocular and intranasal.
  • Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques.
  • the compositions are administered parenterally.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to allow a compound according to the present invention to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to an animal, preferably human.
  • compositions can take the form of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet can be a single dosage unit, and a container of a compound according to the present invention may contain the compound in liquid or in aerosol form and may hold a single or a plurality of dosage units.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle can be particulate, so that the compositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form.
  • the carrier(s) can be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, an oral syrup or injectable liquid.
  • the carrier(s) can be gaseous, or liquid so as to provide an aerosol composition useful in, for example inhalatory administration. Powders may also be used for inhalation dosage forms.
  • carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant or excipient, with which the compound according to the present invention is administered.
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be liquids, such as water and oils including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like.
  • the carriers can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, disaccharides, and the like.
  • auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents can be used.
  • the compounds and compositions according to the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sterile. Water is a preferred carrier when the compounds according to the present invention are administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical carriers also include excipients such as starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
  • excipients such as starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
  • the present compositions if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.
  • composition When intended for oral administration, the composition is preferably in solid or liquid form, where semi-solid, semi-liquid, suspension and gel forms are included within the forms considered herein as either solid or liquid.
  • the composition can be formulated into a powder, granule, compressed tablet, pill, capsule, chewing gum, wafer or the like form.
  • a solid composition typically contains one or more inert diluents.
  • binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or gelatin; excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, corn starch and the like; lubricants such as magnesium stearate; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide; sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring; and a coloring agent.
  • composition when in the form of a capsule (e.g. a gelatin capsule), it can contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrins or a fatty oil.
  • a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrins or a fatty oil.
  • the composition can be in the form of a liquid, e.g. an elixir, syrup, solution, emulsion or suspension.
  • the liquid can be useful for oral administration or for delivery by injection.
  • a composition can comprise one or more of a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer.
  • a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent can also be included.
  • the preferred route of administration is parenteral administration including, but not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, intracerebral, intraventricular, intrathecal, intravaginal or transdermal.
  • the preferred mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner, and will depend in part upon the site of the medical condition (such as the site of cancer).
  • the compounds according to the present invention are administered intravenously. Infusion times of up to 24 hours are preferred to be used, more preferably 1 to 12 hours, with 1 to 6 hours being most preferred. Short infusion times which allow treatment to be carried out without an overnight stay in a hospital are especially desirable. However, infusion may be 12 to 24 hours or even longer if required. Infusion may be carried out at suitable intervals of, for example, 1 to 4 weeks.
  • the liquid compositions of the invention can also include one or more of the following: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or diglycerides, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or diglycerides, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, or other solvents
  • antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben
  • agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • a parenteral composition can be enclosed in an ampoule,
  • the amount of the compound according to the present invention that is effective in the treatment of a particular disorder or condition will depend on the nature of the disorder or condition, and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the compositions will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgement of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances.
  • compositions comprise an effective amount of a compound of the present invention such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.
  • the correct dosage of the compounds will vary according to the particular formulation, the mode of application, and its particular site, host and the disease being treated, e.g. cancer and, if so, what type of tumor. Other factors like age, body weight, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, condition of the host, drug combinations, reaction sensitivities and severity of the disease should be taken into account. Administration can be carried out continuously or periodically within the maximum tolerated dose.
  • the amount is at least about 0.01% of a compound of the present invention, and may comprise at least 80%, by weight of the composition. When intended for oral administration, this amount can be varied to range from about 0.1% to about 80% by weight of the composition.
  • Preferred oral compositions can comprise from about 4% to about 50% of the compound of the present invention by weight of the composition.
  • compositions of the present invention are prepared so that a parenteral dosage unit contains from about 0.01% to about 10 % by weight of the compound of the present invention. More preferred parenteral dosage unit contains about 0.5 % to about 5 % by weight of the compound of the present invention.
  • the composition is suitable for doses from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg of the animal's body weight, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg and about 20 mg/kg of the animal's body weight, and more preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the animal's body weight.
  • the compound of the present invention can be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings.
  • administration can be by direct injection at the site (or former site) of a cancer, tumor or neoplastic or pre-neoplastic tissue.
  • Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g. by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant.
  • the compound of the present invention can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
  • compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use.
  • suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin.
  • compositions can be prepared using methodology well known in the pharmaceutical art.
  • a composition intended to be administered by injection can be prepared by combining a compound of the present invention with water, or other physiologically suitable diluent, such as phosphate buffered saline, so as to form a solution.
  • a surfactant can be added to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous solution or suspension.
  • compositions according to the present invention include:
  • the ratio of the active substance to the disaccharide in embodiments of the present invention is determined according to the solubility of the disaccharide and, when the formulation is freeze dried, also according to the freeze-dryability of the disaccharide. It is envisaged that this active substance: disaccharide ratio (w/w) can be about 1:10 in some embodiments, about 1:20 in other embodiments, about 1:50 in still other embodiments. It is envisaged that other embodiments have such ratios in the range from about 1:5 to about 1:500, and still further embodiments have such ratios in the range from about 1:10 to about 1:500.
  • composition comprising a compound of the present invention may be lyophilized.
  • composition comprising a compound of the present invention is usually presented in a vial which contains a specified amount of such compound.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a patient in need thereof, notably a human, affected by cancer which comprises administering to the affected individual a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a compound or composition for use as medicament.
  • the present invention provides a compound or composition for use in the treatment of cancer, and more preferably a cancer selected from lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
  • the compounds and compositions according to the present invention are useful for inhibiting the multiplication, or proliferation, of a tumor cell or cancer cell, or for treating cancer in an animal.
  • the compounds and compositions according to the present invention show excellent activity in the treatment of cancers such as lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancerand gastric cancer.
  • cancers such as lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancerand gastric cancer.
  • Most preferred cancers are selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer and colorectal cancer.
  • cancer it is meant to include tumors, neoplasias and any other malignant disease having as cause malignant tissue or cells.
  • treating means reversing, attenuating, alleviating or inhibiting the progress of the disease or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
  • treatment refers to the act of treating as “treating” is defined immediately above.
  • the compounds and compositions according to the present invention can be administered to an animal that has also undergone surgery as treatment for the cancer.
  • the additional method of treatment is radiation therapy.
  • the compound or composition according to the present invention is administered concurrently with radiation therapy.
  • the radiation therapy is administered prior or subsequent to administration of the compound or composition of the present invention, preferably at least an hour, three hours, five hours, 12 hours, a day, a week, a month, more preferably several months (e.g. up to three months) prior or subsequent to administration of a compound or composition of the present invention.
  • any radiation therapy protocol can be used depending upon the type of cancer to be treated.
  • x-ray radiation can be administered; in particular, high-energy megavoltage (radiation of greater than 1 MeV energy) can be used for deep tumors, and electron beam and orthovoltage x-ray radiation can be used for skin cancers.
  • Gamma-ray emitting radioisotopes such as radioactive isotopes of radium, cobalt and other elements, can also be administered.
  • kits comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the kit according to this embodiment is for use in the treatment of cancer, and more preferably a cancer selected from lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
  • lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
  • a process for obtaining a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III to give a compound of formula IV : wherein (where allowed by possible substituent groups):
  • the process further comprises the step of deprotecting such amino group to provide a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, or IGb wherein R 4 is -CH 2 NH 2 and R 1 is cyano.
  • the process further comprises the step of replacing the cyano group in the compound of formula IV or in the compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, or IGb
  • R 4 is - CH 2 NH 2 and R 1 is cyano with a hydroxy group to give a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb or IGb
  • R 1 is OH
  • Preferred processes according to the present invention include:
  • Compound 1 was prepared as described in Example 20 of WO 01/87895 .
  • Reference compounds A, B, C, D, E, F, ET-736, and PM01183 were prepared as described in WO 03/014127 (Compounds 19, 18, 44, 43, 2, 1, 26, and 27 respectively).
  • R f 0.5 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 9:1).
  • R f 0.5 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 9:1).
  • R f 0.5 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 1:1).
  • R f 0.5 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 1:1).
  • R f 0.2 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 4:1).
  • R f 0.2 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 4:1).
  • R f 0.1 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 8:2).
  • R f 0.1 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 8:2).
  • R f 0.1 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 4:1).
  • R f 0.1 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 4:1).
  • R f 0.1 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 8:2).
  • R f 0.1 (CH 2 Cl 2 :CH 3 OH, 8:2).
  • Example 27 In vitro bioassays for the detection of antitumor activity
  • the aim of this assay is to evaluate the in vitro cytostatic (ability to delay or arrest tumor cell growth) or cytotoxic (ability to kill tumor cells) activity of the samples being tested.
  • N° ATCC Species Tissue Characteristics A549 CCL-185 human lung lung carcinoma (NSCLC) HT29 HTB-38 human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 HTB-26 human breast breast adenocarcinoma PSN1 CRM-CRL-3211 human pancreas pancreas adenocarcinoma PC-3 CRL-1435 human prostate prostate adenocarcinoma 22Rv1 CRL-2505 human prostate prostate carcinoma
  • a colorimetric assay, using sulforhodamine B (SRB) reaction has been adapted to provide a quantitative measurement of cell growth and viability (following the technique described by Skehan et al. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1990, 82, 1107-1112 ).
  • Another colorimetric assay based on 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction to a purple formazan has been also used to assess the antiproliferative activity (following the technique described by Mosmann et al. J. Immunol. Meth. 1983, 65, 55-63 ).
  • A549, HT29, MDA-MB-231 and PSN1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) while PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells were maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI). All cell lines were supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 2mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 U/mL streptomycin at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 and 98% humidity. For the experiments, cells were harvested from subconfluent cultures using trypsinization and resuspended in fresh medium before counting and plating.
  • FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
  • 2mM L-glutamine 100 U/mL penicillin
  • streptomycin 100 U/mL
  • A549, HT29, MDA-MB-231 and PSN1 cells were seeded in 96 well microtiter plates, at 5000 cells per well in aliquots of 150 ⁇ L, and allowed to attach to the plate surface for 18 hours (overnight) in drug free medium. After that, one control (untreated) plate of each cell line was fixed (as described below) and used for time zero reference value. Culture plates were then treated with test compounds (50 ⁇ L aliquots of 4 ⁇ stock solutions in complete culture medium plus 4% DMSO) using ten 2/5 serial dilutions (concentrations ranging from 10 to 0.003 ⁇ g/mL) and triplicate cultures (1% final concentration in DMSO).
  • the antitumor effect was measured by using the SRB methodology: Briefly, cells were washed twice with PBS, fixed for 15 min in 1% glutaraldehyde solution at room temperature, rinsed twice in PBS, and stained in 0.4% SRB solution for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were then rinsed several times with 1% acetic acid solution and air-dried at room temperature. SRB was then extracted in 10 mM trizma base solution and the absorbance measured in an automated spectrophotometric plate reader at 490 nm.
  • PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and allowed to stand in culture medium for 24 h at 37°C under 5% CO2 and 98% humidity. Then, compounds or DMSO in culture medium were added to reach a final volume of 200 ⁇ L and the intended compound concentration in a range covering ten serial 2/5 dilutions starting from 0.1 ⁇ g/mL in 1% (v/v) DMSO. At this point a set of "time zero control plates" treated with 1% (v/v) DMSO were processed with MTT as described below.
  • Tables 1-7 illustrate data on the biological activity of compounds of the present invention together with biological activity of the reference compounds.
  • Tables 8-9 provide data on the biological activity of several compounds of the invention compared to their analogues with a carboxylic acid group.
  • Compounds A, B , E, F, ET-736 , PM01183 , 14-S, 15-S, 28-S, 28-R, 29-S, and 29-R, are not part of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention are shown to have high potency in vitro, when compared against reference compounds. This demonsrates that the compounds according to the present invention exhibit high cytoxiticy towards cancer cells and are useful in the treatment of cancer.
  • Example 28 MTD and MTMD determination
  • mice were randomly allocated into experimental groups and intravenously administered, once for the MTD (Maximum Tolerated Dose) determination or one administration a week during three consecutive weeks, for the MTMD (Maximum Tolerated Multiple Dose) determination study.
  • the animals were administered with white formulation or with compound dissolved in the experimental formulation at different concentrations. The volume administered was always 10 mL/kg. Once administered, animals were monitored for clinical signs of systemic toxicity, changes in body weight and mortality up to 14 days after the administration.
  • MTD results are summarized in Table 10
  • Table 10 Compound Route / Schedule Doses (mg/Kg) MTD (mg/kg) 4-S iv / SD 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 1.0 4-R 0.25 19-S 0.5 19-R 0.00, 0.10, 0.15, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 0.15
  • Table 11 Compound Route / Schedule Doses (mg/Kg) MTMD (mg/kg) 4-S iv / Q7dx3 0.00, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 1.25 4-R 0.00, 0.
  • mice Female athymic nu/nu mice (Harlan Laboratories Models, S.L. Barcelona, Spain or Envigo, Spain) were utilized for all experiments. Animal were housed in individually ventilated cages Sealsafe ® Plus, Techniplast S.P.A.), up to ten per cage on a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 21-23 °C and 40-60 % humidity. Mice were allowed free access to irradiated standard rodent diet (Tecklad 2914C) and sterilized water. Animals were acclimated for at least 5 days prior to tumor implantation with a tumor cell suspension.
  • HT1080 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEME) (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Each animal was orthotopically implanted into gastroecnemius muscle by an intramuscular injection using a 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe at 4-6 weeks of age, with 10 ⁇ 10 6 HT1080 cells, suspended in serum free medium, without antibiotics.
  • MEME Minimum Essential Medium Eagle
  • MDA-MB-231 cells were maintained in vitro at 37° C with 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 7.5 ⁇ 10 6 MDA-MB-231 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • H460 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5 ⁇ 10 6 H460 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • A2780 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 in RPMI-1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 10 ⁇ 10 6 A2780 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • HGC27 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (Sigma Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passage every 3 to 5 days on reaching confluence. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5 ⁇ 10 6 HGC-27 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences), 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • H526 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). H526 cells were grown as a suspension and maintained by addition of fresh medium, as the cell density increases, every 2 to 3 days. Every week, culture was reestablished by centrifugation of the suspension with subsequent resuspension in fresh medium at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 5 cell/mL.
  • Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5 ⁇ 10 6 H526 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • H82 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). H82 cells were grown as a suspension and maintained by addition of fresh medium, as the cell density increases, every 2 to 3 days. Every week, culture was reestablished by centrifugation of the suspension with subsequent resuspension in fresh medium at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 5 cell/ml. Animals were subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5 ⁇ 10 6 H82 cells, suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • RPMI-1640 Medium Sigma-Aldrich, Co.
  • PC3 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5 % CO2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each female athymic mice was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using a 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 3 ⁇ 10 6 PC3 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® Matrix (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics. In this model, instead of male, female animals were used because PC-3 growth is not hormone dependant.
  • DU-145 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5 % CO2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence Each male athymic mice was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using a 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5 ⁇ 10 6 DU-145 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® Matrix (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • 22Rv1 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5 % CO 2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passage every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each male athymic mice was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5 ⁇ 10 6 22Rv1 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel ® Matrix (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • Treatment tolerability was assessed by monitoring body weight evolution, clinical signs of systemic toxicity, as well as evidences of local damage in the injection site.
  • Treatments producing >20 % lethality and/or 20% net body weight loss were considered toxic.
  • 4-S, 12-S and compound C were provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered doses of 4-S, 12-S and compound C were 1.25 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • Example 29a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 12 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 1 .
  • Table 12 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control Compound C 4-S 12-S 0.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 2.0 9.4 8.8 7.7 8.2 5.0 11.4 9.0 8.3 8.6 7.0 12.1 9.6 8.8 9.5 9.0 13.2 10.2 8.4 10.0 12.0 14.5 10.2 8.4 11.2 14.0 15.2 11.2 9.6 11.7 16.0 15.9 12.4 10.0 12.7 19.0 18.0 13.3 10.4 13.5 21.0 15.2 12.1 14.4 23.0 18.0 12.7 16.5 27.0 13.5 15.2 30.0 15.6 16.4 33.0 18.0
  • Example 29b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human breast xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 13 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 2 .
  • Table 13 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound C 4-S 12-S 0.0 149.4 149.4 150.6 150.2 2.0 240.0 217.1 197.3 229.9 5.0 325.1 281.3 250.9 290.5 7.0 407.8 338.6 265.0 398.2 9.0 514.8 385.1 272.5 508.9 12.0 648.1 400.4 270.6 602.5 14.0 799.0 436.9 281.3 751.0 16.0 1002.5 585.7 293.6 977.7 19.0 1233.9 774.7 322.1 1252.6 21.0 1539.1 965.9 324.4 1560.7 23.0 2006.5 1215.2 326.6 2005.9 26.0 2027.7 1503.2 398.8 2066.2 28.0 1785.3 501.8 30.0 2037.1 654.8 33.0 856.7 35.0 1147.1 37.0 1635.9
  • Example 29c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human lung tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H-460 cell line) and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 14 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 3 .
  • Table 14 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound C 4-S 12-S 0.0 187.4 186.1 185.9 186.0 2.0 577.5 395.4 310.9 460.5 5.0 1352.0 665.9 634.6 922.4 7.0 1642.9 929.5 959.1 1252.1 9.0 2025.0 1063.7 1064.9 1409.4 12.0 1436.5 1421.0 1531.7 14.0 2025.0 1845.5 2025.0 16.0 2025.0 2025.0
  • Table 15 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 4 .
  • Table 15 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound C 4-S 12-S 0.0 217.2 217.9 211.8 212.7 2.0 410.7 262.4 279.0 412.7 4.0 778.5 108.3 98.8 637.9 7.0 1083.2 129.8 56.7 968.5 9.0 1371.0 85.9 62.5 1250.3 11.0 1782.0 52.3 32.0 1568.0 14.0 2025.0 54.1 18.0 2025.0 16.0 47.3 32.0 21.0 4.0 4.0 28.0 4.0 4.0 35.0 4.0 4.0 42.0 62.5 4.0 49.0 53.5 4.0
  • Table 16 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 5 .
  • Table 16 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound C 4-S 12-S 0.0 171.6 170.5 168.3 174.0 2.0 439.4 265.3 215.2 360.1 5.0 1024.7 488.7 253.6 899.7 7.0 1422.0 760.0 341.4 1398.6 9.0 1923.8 899.5 349.4 1847.6 12.0 2025.0 1038.5 436.4 2089.7 14.0 1213.4 516.0 16.0 1256.4 521.8 19.0 1741.5 560.9 21.0 1878.8 627.7 23.0 2057.0 690.9 26.0 953.4 28.0 847.1 30.0 1067.5 33.0 1200.6 35.0 1257.7 37.0 1497.7 41.0 2014.2
  • Example 29d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 17 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 6 .
  • Table 17 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound C 4-S 12-S 0.0 169.5 169.6 168.3 168.5 2.0 317.5 206.3 150.6 262.1 5.0 758.9 372.7 175.9 628.6 7.0 1351.9 607.6 317.7 976.3 9.0 1675.8 696.2 281.9 1387.5 12.0 2025.0 855.6 372.1 1666.0 14.0 1293.9 709.2 2025.0 16.0 1683.5 870.9 19.0 2137.5 1235.4 21.0 1453.3 23.0 1666.0 26.0 2025.0
  • Example 29e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of Compound C by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 18 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 7 .
  • Table 18 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound C 4-S 12-S 0.0 200.7 195.0 194.8 196.6 2.0 429.0 391.0 358.6 411.9 5.0 835.5 578.6 515.3 834.1 7.0 1256.5 708.2 589.2 1176.6 9.0 1602.2 937.7 779.4 1531.6 12.0 2040.7 1169.5 980.8 2030.2 14.0 1496.8 1153.3 16.0 1690.6 1346.2 19.0 2004.0 1643.4 21.0 2004.7
  • Example 30 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in several xenograft models 4-R was provided in the form of freeze dried vials. 4-R cake was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The 4-R stock solution was further diluted in 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The 4-R administered dose was 0.30 mg/kg.
  • PM01183 was provided in the form of vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentrations. The administered dose was 0.18 mg/kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • Example 30a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 19 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 8 .
  • Table 19 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control PM01183 4-R 0 8.1 8.1 8.1 2 11.2 9.7 8.6 7 13.6 11.2 8.7 9 15.2 12.3 9.0 14 16.9 14.6 9.3 18 18.1 15.6 10.3 21 15.1 11.5 23 16.3 13.3 25 18.0 15.8 28 18.0
  • Table 20 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D . These results are also showed in Figure 9 .
  • Table 20 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control PM01183 Compound D 0 7.8 7.7 7.7 2 11.0 9.2 9.5 5 14.0 9.8 8.8 7 15.0 12.2 8.7 9 18.0 12.6 9.4 12 13.1 9.4 14 14.6 10.1 16 14.5 10.9 19 15.0 11.2 21 18.0 12.1 23 13.0 26 15.0 28 18.0
  • Example 30b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human breast xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 21 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R . These results are also showed in Figure 10 .
  • Table 21 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 4-R 0 130.6 129.3 129.3 7 230.7 189.0 151.9 14 422.2 230.1 164.1 21 687.7 305.9 136.8 28 1114.9 535.8 195.9 35 1555.3 819.7 294.2 42 2138.5 962.7 494.4 49 1301.3 843.8 52 2199.4 1042.5
  • Table 22 reports the volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D. These results are also showed in Figure 11 .
  • Table 22 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 Compound D 0 129.2 129.6 129.5 7 284.0 185.9 147.9 14 564.3 290.8 186.4 21 686.0 337.9 136.5 28 1068.6 507.4 290.7 35 1359.4 796.1 431.7 42 1533.7 1062.5 770.1 49 1653.1 1416.3 970.0 56 2029.3 1673.3 1461.9 63 2060.8 1811.9 1526.4
  • Example 30c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human lung tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human lung cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was H-460 cell line.
  • Table 23 reports the volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 12 .
  • Table 23 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 4-R 0 156.2 156.7 155.5 2 290.9 227.3 223.3 7 1323.8 940.4 737.8 9 1816.9 1210.3 861.0 11 2120.9 1433.8 1102.9 14 1529.5 1638.0 16 2028.6
  • Table 24 reports the volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D . These results are also showed in Figure 13 .
  • Table 24 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 Compound D 0 205.2 204.5 203.4 2 508.0 418.1 367.3 7 1355.8 1004.0 792.0 9 1682.1 1211.3 854.6 12 1938.6 1515.4 1026.7 14 2275.9 1633.3 1175.8 16 1723.9 1322.1 19 2112.3 1581.1 21 2409.4 1789.3 23 1966.5 26 2080.7
  • Example 30d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 25 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 14 .
  • Table 25 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 4-R 0 172.8 175.5 175.2 5 896.6 671.2 611.4 7 1415.3 1048.9 1036.5 12 2205.3 2020.3 1992.0 14 2165.3
  • Table 26 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D. These results are also showed in Figure 15 .
  • Table 26 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 Compound D 0 189.4 191.2 190.1 3 588.5 454.5 319.6 5 1086.0 772.1 514.4 7 1428.6 1161.5 897.4 10 2077.1 1615.6 1239.8 12 2163.1 1703.0 1656.2 14 2029.3 1951.7 17 2121.7 19 2068.6
  • Example 30e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 27 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 16 .
  • Table 27 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 4-R 0 174.6 171.6 173.0 2 319.1 317.5 266.8 5 632.5 404.0 370.7 7 1046.0 485.7 418.5 9 1359.1 604.6 627.8 12 1863.8 760.8 713.5 14 2115.0 789.6 837.0 16 719.5 867.1 19 895.9 1040.2 21 1051.3 1229.8 26 1901.2 1784.5 28 2028.9 2073.6
  • Table 28 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D. These results are also showed in Figure 17 .
  • Table 28 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 Compound D 0 142.3 169.5 157.4 2 286.5 372.4 327.6 5 527.7 474.1 439.6 7 821.4 571.8 418.7 9 1130.9 787.9 567.9 12 1547.8 951.1 537.0 14 1868.5 1064.4 654.6 16 1887.0 1346.1 672.4 19 2162.3 1691.8 843.0 21 1920.0 842.7 23 2011.4 963.7 26 2102.2 1203.3 28 1589.7 30 1777.6 33 2146.2
  • Example 31 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in several xenograft models.
  • 12-R was provided in the form of freeze dries vials. 12-R cake was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The 12-R stock solution was further diluted in 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The 12-R administered dose was 0.05 mg/kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • Example 31a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 29 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 18 .
  • Table 29 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control Compound D 12-R 0.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 2.0 9.4 8.2 8.9 5.0 11.4 7.5 8.8 7.0 12.1 7.4 9.5 9.0 13.2 8.1 9.5 12.0 14.5 7.9 11.0 14.0 15.2 7.7 11.7 16.0 15.9 8.8 12.9 19.0 18.0 10.2 13.5 21.0 11.2 15.5 23.0 12.2 18.0 27.0 13.2 30.0 14.6 33.0 16.3 35.0 18.0
  • Example 31b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human breast xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 30 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 19 .
  • Table 30 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound D 12-R 0.0 149.4 149.6 149.8 2.0 240.0 217.2 223.0 5.0 325.1 284.5 296.1 7.0 407.8 310.0 378.3 9.0 514.8 325.5 472.7 12.0 648.1 268.4 609.9 14.0 799.0 237.7 782.5 16.0 1002.5 261.2 972.4 19.0 1233.9 251.3 1211.0 21.0 1539.1 219.9 1463.4 23.0 2006.5 221.8 1756.5 26.0 2027.7 245.5 2028.6 28.0 320.3 30.0 401.6 33.0 545.8 35.0 629.2 37.0 670.7 40.0 669.9 42.0 696.3 44.0 798.1 47.0 857.7
  • Example 31c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human lung tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H460 cell line and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 31 reports the volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 20 .
  • Table 31 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound D 12-R 0.0 187.4 187.2 187.0 2.0 577.5 329.7 410.7 5.0 1352.0 559.4 796.7 7.0 1642.9 756.5 1167.9 9.0 2025.0 971.9 1360.3 12.0 1370.9 1666.0 14.0 1626.8 2025.0 16.0 2025.0
  • Table 32 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R. The results are also shown in Figure 21 .
  • Table 32 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound D 12-R 0.0 217.20 216.1 214.20 2.0 410.70 240.9 404.50 4.0 778.50 99.3 680.50 7.0 1083.20 56.7 995.20 9.0 1371.00 62.5 1290.50 11.0 1782.00 62.5 1568.00 14.0 2025.00 32.0 2025.00 16.0 4.0 21.0 4.0 28.0 4.0 35.0 4.0 42.0 4.0 49.0 4.0
  • Table 33 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R. The results are also shown in Figure 22 .
  • Table 33 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound D 12-R 0.0 171.60 169.4 170.50 2.0 439.40 340.6 381.40 5.0 1024.70 443.3 793.20 7.0 1422.00 496.2 1187.20 9.0 1923.80 614.1 1699.30 12.0 2025.00 665.5 2125.60 14.0 1041.6 16.0 1151.2 19.0 1516.7 21.0 1748.0
  • Example 31d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 34 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 23 .
  • Table 34 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound D 12-R 0.0 169.5 168.8 169.6 2.0 317.5 225.7 302.8 5.0 758.9 256.6 786.5 7.0 1351.9 473.8 1113.3 9.0 1675.8 633.6 1490.6 12.0 2025.0 822.8 2025.00 14.0 1129.3 2025.00 16.0 1198.6 19.0 1649.6 21.0 2025.0
  • Example 31e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 35 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 24 .
  • Table 35 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control Compound D 12-R 0.0 200.7 194.0 193.3 2.0 429.0 324.2 413.3 5.0 835.5 561.6 809.1 7.0 1256.5 504.2 1261.5 9.0 1602.2 584.2 1589.5 12.0 2040.7 767.7 2017.9 14.0 1056.8 2034.9 16.0 1440.2 19.0 1717.9 21.0 2043.4
  • 19-S was provided in the form of freeze dried vials. 19-S cake was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The 19-S stock solution was further diluted in 5 % dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The 19-S administered dose was 0.75 mg/kg.
  • PM01183 was provided in the form of vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. The PM01183 stock solution was further diluted in 5% glucose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentrations. The administered dose was 0.18 mg/kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • Example 32a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 36 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S. These results are also showed in Figure 25 .
  • Table 36 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control PM01183 19-S 0 8.4 8.4 8.2 2 10.9 9.8 8.4 5 14.8 9.7 7.8 7 15.9 11.4 9.5 9 18.0 12.7 9.9 12 13.7 10.7 14 14.6 11.3 16 15.5 11.9 19 15.6 13.4 21 18.0 14.4 23 18.0
  • Example 32b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 37 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S. These results are also showed in Figure 26 .
  • Table 37 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 19-S 0 132.6 134.3 133.6 4 194.1 177.2 157.2 7 248.2 186.3 142.6 11 377.6 250.7 133.9 14 461.3 266.1 117.3 18 679.2 327.7 79.3 21 753.2 391.0 89.2 25 909.2 493.1 120.6 28 1090.7 627.3 144.4 32 1433.4 789.0 246.1 36 1887.5 1022.0 419.3 39 1785.2 1294.2 593.7 42 2081.5 1643.3 945.9 46 2137.5 1658.9 985.3 49 1938.0 1211.5 53 1324.3 56 1703.9 60 1793.3 63 1603.0 70 2324.2
  • Example 32c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human lung cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was H-460 cell line.
  • Table 38 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H-460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S . These results are also showed in Figure 27 .
  • Table 38 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 19-S 0 197.0 196.3 196.9 2 529.5 457.0 364.0 4 1057.4 861.5 624.9 7 1582.5 1280.2 966.5 9 2094.8 1424.9 1078.2 11 1969.9 1449.0 14 1761.5
  • Example 32d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 39 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S. These results are also showed in Figure 28 .
  • Table 39 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 19-S 0 163.4 163.6 164.4 2 287.1 235.5 187.9 4 568.7 463.2 205.4 7 1211.3 986.3 513.6 9 1633.7 1451.4 650.6 11 2047.8 2062 659.8 14 1236.2 18 1575.9 23 1895.7 25 2177.0
  • Example 32e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 40 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S . These results are also showed in Figure 29 .
  • Table 40 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 19-S 0 178.3 177.6 181.5 2 409 395.6 404.6 5 907.4 572.4 600.3 7 1283.6 766.6 660.3 9 1664 950.7 787.5 14 2102.8 1199.4 864.4 16 1353.1 882.4 19 1294.3 925.2 21 1335.1 893.6 23 1320.3 874.4 26 1364.5 932.1 30 1671.9 1547.8 33 2009.2 2020.4
  • 19-R was provided in the form of freeze dried vials. 19-R cake was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The 19-R stock solution was further diluted in 5 % dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The 19-R administered dose was 0.15 mg/kg.
  • PM01183 was provided in the form of vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. The PM01183 stock solution was further diluted in 5% glucose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentrations. The administered dose was 0.18 mg/kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • Example 33a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 41 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT-1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R. These results are also showed in Figure 30 .
  • Table 41 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control PM01183 19-R 0 8.4 8.4 8.3 2 10.9 9.8 9.4 5 14.8 9.7 8.0 7 15.9 11.4 7.2 9 18.0 12.7 7.8 12 13.7 7.8 14 14.6 8.4 16 15.5 8.2 19 15.6 11.3 21 18.0 12.2 23 13.3 26 15.2 28 18.0
  • Example 33b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 42 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R. These results are also showed in Figure 31 .
  • Table 42 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 19-R 0 132.6 134.3 132.5 4 194.1 177.2 189.3 7 248.2 186.3 151.9 11 377.6 250.7 167.5 14 461.3 266.1 152.6 18 679.2 327.7 162.2 21 753.2 391.0 201.2 25 909.2 493.1 208.5 28 1090.7 627.3 274.8 32 1433.4 789.0 355.8 36 1887.5 1022.0 513.8 39 1785.2 1294.2 793.7 42 2081.5 1643.3 1012.2 46 2137.5 1658.9 1188.5 49 1938.0 1380.7 53 1568.0 56 1862.6 60 2129.4
  • Example 33c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human lung tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human lung cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was H-460 cell line.
  • Table 43 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R . These results are also showed in Figure 32 .
  • Table 43 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 19-R 0 197.0 196.3 196.8 2 529.5 457.0 418.7 4 1057.4 861.5 697.2 7 1582.5 1280.2 911.7 9 2094.8 1424.9 1111.5 11 1969.9 1281.3 14 1478.7 16 1594.0
  • Example 33d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 44 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R . These results are also showed in Figure 33 .
  • Table 44 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 19-R 0 163.4 163.6 162.8 2 287.1 236.5 212.9 4 568.7 463.2 368.5 7 1211.3 986.3 841.3 9 1633.7 1451.4 1138.9 11 2047.8 2062.0 1519.9 14 2056.0
  • Example 33e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 45 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of HGC-27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R . These results are also showed in Figure 34 .
  • Table 45 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 19-R 0 178.3 177.6 182.0 2 409.0 395.6 414.9 5 907.4 572.4 735.0 7 1283.6 766.6 901.2 9 1664.0 950.7 1048.1 14 2102.8 1199.4 1293.9 16 1353.1 1488.8 19 1294.3 1668.3 21 1335.1 1845.0 23 1320.3 2025.0 26 1364.5 30 1671.9 33 2009.2
  • Example 34 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in several xenograft models.
  • Compound 39-S and C were provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered doses of 39-S and C were 1.25 and 3 mg/Kg, respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the forms of vials of lyophilised product.
  • Each vial sucrose 200 mg + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 13.6 mg + phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5
  • sterile water for injection 2 mL
  • Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection.
  • Example 34a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumoral activity of compound 39-S by comparison with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 46 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 35 .
  • Table 46 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control 39-S Compound C 0 7.5 7.5 7.5 2 9.4 7.9 8.8 5 11.4 6.4 9.0 7 12.1 6.8 9.6 9 13.2 6.9 10.2 12 14.5 6.6 10.2 14 15.2 6.4 11.2 16 15.9 6.8 12.4 19 18.0 7.0 13.3 21 7.0 15.2 23 8.5 18.0 27 10.8 30 12.5 33 14.3 35 15.3 37 18.0
  • Example 34b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 39-S and compound C by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 47 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 36 . Table 47. Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 39-S Compound C 0 149.4 151.0 149.4 2 240.0 209.3 217.1 5 325.1 290.9 281.3 7 407.8 301.8 338.6 9 514.8 300.8 385.1 12 648.1 278.7 400.4 14 799.0 249.7 436.9 16 1002.5 243.6 585.7 19 1233.9 248.3 774.7 21 1539.1 250.0 965.9 23 2006.5 260.3 1215.2 26 2027.7 304.9 1503.2 28 337.1 1785.3 30 451.3 2037.1 33 584.1 35 683.4 37 784.7 40 937.4 42 1060.5 44 1170.5 47 1112.9 49 1138.6 51 1283.2 54 1415.1 56 1518.7 58 1728.5 61 2017.9
  • Example 34c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 39-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H-460 cell line) and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 48 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 37 .
  • Table 48 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 39-S Compound C 0 187.4 187.8 186.1 2 577.5 314.4 395.4 5 1352.0 584.1 665.9 7 1642.9 831.2 929.5 9 2025.0 841.0 1063.7 12 1008.0 1436.5 14 1309.8 2025.0 16 1470.0 2025.0 19 2025.0
  • Table 49 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 38 .
  • Table 49 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 39-S Compound C 0 217.2 214.5 217.9 2 410.7 260.3 262.4 4 778.5 80.0 108.3 7 1083.2 46.2 129.8 9 1371.0 32.0 85.9 11 1782.0 32.0 52.3 14 2025.0 4.0 54.1 16 4.0 47.3 21 4.0 4.0 28 4.0 4.0 35 4.0 4.0 42 4.0 62.5 49 4.0 53.5 56 4.0 70.0 63 4.0 132.3 70 4.0 368.5 77 4.0 465.8 84 4.0 107.4 91 4.0 130.0 98 4.0 5.0 105 4.0 4.0 112 4.0 119 4.0 4.0 126 4.0 133 4.0 4.0 140 4.0 4.0 147 4.0 4.0 165 4.0 4.0 175 4.0 4.0 191 4.0 205 .
  • Table 50 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 39 .
  • Table 50 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 39-S Compound C 0 171.6 170.3 170.5 2 439.4 325.2 265.3 5 1024.7 430.8 488.7 7 1422.0 466.2 760.0 9 1923.8 544.3 899.5 12 2025.0 640.3 1038.5 14 711.2 1213.4 16 802.7 1256.4 19 916.0 1741.5 21 1047.2 1878.8 23 1189.1 2057.0 26 1497.2 28 1741.8 30 1731.7 33 2029.4
  • Example 34d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 39-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 51 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 40 .
  • Table 51 Day Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 39-S Compound C 0 169.5 170.5 169.6 2 317.5 206.5 206.3 5 758.9 163.4 372.7 7 1351.9 298.6 607.6 9 1675.8 317.4 696.2 12 2025.0 378.2 855.6 14 668.5 1293.9 16 853.5 1683.5 19 1415.5 2137.5 21 1519.2 23 1666.0 30 2025.0
  • Example 34e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 39-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 52 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 41 .
  • Table 52 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 39-S Compound C 0 200.7 195.6 195.0 2 429.0 356.3 391.0 5 835.5 469.7 578.6 7 1256.5 467.8 708.2 9 1602.2 575.2 937.7 12 2040.7 611.1 1169.5 14 637.3 1496.8 16 690.4 1690.6 19 701.8 2004.0 21 697.4 1741.4 23 715.5 2056.4 26 898.1 28 1163.4 30 1409.3 33 1450.5 35 1708.5 37 1804.4 40 2075.2
  • Example 35 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in several xenograft models.
  • Compound 47-R was provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. 47-R administered dose was 0.1 mg/Kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of vials of lyophilised product.
  • Each vial sucrose 200 mg + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 13.6 mg + phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5
  • sterile water for injection 2 mL
  • Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection.
  • Example 35a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumoral activity of compound 47-R by comparison with the antitumoral activity of compound D by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 53 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 42 .
  • Table 53 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control 47-R Compound D 0 7.5 7.5 7.5 2 9.4 8.9 8.2 5 11.4 10.1 7.5 7 12.1 10.5 7.4 9 13.2 11.5 8.1 12 14.5 13.5 7.9 14 15.2 13.9 7.7 16 15.9 14.6 8.8 19 18.0 18.0 10.2 21 11.2 23 12.2 27 13.2 30 14.6 33 16.3 35 18.0
  • Example 35b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 47-R and compound D by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 54 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 43 .
  • Table 54 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 47-R Compound D 0 149.4 150.5 149.6 2 240.0 225.3 217.2 5 325.1 323.2 284.5 7 407.8 405.0 310.0 9 514.8 495.9 325.5 12 648.1 594.1 268.4 14 799.0 769.5 237.7 16 1002.5 1009.5 261.2 19 1233.9 1298.0 251.3 21 1539.1 1580.7 219.9 23 2006.5 2006.5 221.8 26 2027.7 2032.1 245.5 28 320.3 30 401.6 33 545.8 35 629.2 37 670.7 40 669.9 42 696.3 44 798.1 47 857.7 49 870.7 51 925.8 54 1005.4 56 1064.2 58 1235.6 61 1367.8 63 1553.7 65 2017.9
  • Example 35c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 47-R with the antitumoral activity of compound D by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H-460 cell line) and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 55 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 44 .
  • Table 55 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 47-R Compound D 0 187.4 185.8 187.2 2 577.5 508.1 329.7 5 1352.0 979.3 559.4 7 1642.9 1280.0 756.5 9 2025.0 1543.1 971.9 12 1764.0 1370.9 14 1845.5 1626.8 16 2025.0
  • Table 56 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 45 .
  • Table 56 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 47-R Compound D 0 217.2 211.5 216.1 2 410.7 367.9 240.9 4 778.5 583.7 99.3 7 1083.2 941.7 56.7 9 1371.0 1305.2 62.5 11 1782.0 1484.7 62.5 14 2025.0 2025.0 32.0 16 4.0 21 4.0 28 4.0 35 4.0 42 4.0 49 4.0 56 4.0 63 4.0 70 4.0 77 4.0 84 4.0 91 4.0 98 4.0 4.0 112 4.0 119 4.0 126 4.0 133 4.0 140 4.0 147 4.0 165 4.0 175 4.0 191 4.0 205 .
  • Table 57 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 46 . Table 57. Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 47-R Compound D 0 171.6 169.0 169.4 2 439.4 371.6 340.6 5 1024.7 888.8 443.3 7 1422.0 1314.2 496.2 9 1923.8 1811.0 614.1 12 2025.0 2055.4 665.5 14 1041.6 16 1151.2 19 1516.7 21 1748.0
  • Example 35d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 47-R with the antitumoral activity of compound D by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 58 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 47 .
  • Table 58 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 47-R Compound D 0 169.5 170.6 168.8 2 317.5 280.6 225.7 5 758.9 653.9 256.6 7 1351.9 848.7 473.8 9 1675.8 1569.1 633.6 12 2025.0 1764.0 822.8 14 1666.0 1129.3 16 2025.0 1198.6 19 1649.6 21 2025.0
  • Example 35e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 47-R with the antitumoral activity of compound D by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 59 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D, and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 48 .
  • Table 59 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 47-R Compound D 0 200.7 194.0 194.0 2 429.0 359.4 324.2 5 835.5 774.8 561.6 7 1256.5 1155.4 504.2 9 1602.2 1474.7 584.2 12 2040.7 1870.2 767.7 14 2031.3 1056.8 16 2075.2 1440.2 19 1717.9 21 2043.4
  • Example 36 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in several xenograft models.
  • Compounds 32 and ET-736 were provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of 32 and ET-736 was 0.5 mg/Kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised product.
  • Each vial sucrose 200 mg + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 13.6 mg + phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5
  • sterile water for injection 2 mL
  • Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection.
  • Example 36a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumoral activity of compound 32 by comparison with the antitumoral activity of ET-736 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT-1080 cell line.
  • Table 60 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 49 .
  • Table 60 Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm) Control 32 ET-736 0 7.5 7.5 7.4 2 9.4 8.9 8.3 5 11.4 8.2 7.1 7 12.1 8.8 7.6 9 13.2 10.0 7.4 12 14.5 8.8 7.0 14 15.2 10.8 7.1 16 15.9 11.8 7.4 19 18.0 12.0 8.4 21 14.0 8.6 23 13.8 10.0 27 13.6 10.9 30 15.5 13.2 33 18.0 14.3 35 15.2 37 15.8 40 16.6 42 18.0
  • Example 36b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 32 and ET-736 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 61 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 50 .
  • Table 61 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 32 ET-736 0 149.4 150.2 150.0 2 240.0 233.6 237.7 5 325.1 310.6 302.1 7 407.8 386.1 364.9 9 514.8 437.5 404.6 12 648.1 493.4 395.4 14 799.0 560.3 398.3 16 1002.5 649.5 447.2 19 1233.9 853.0 485.0 21 1539.1 1017.5 536.3 23 2006.5 1263.2 669.8 26 2027.7 1487.7 778.9 28 1726.6 1046.1 30 1892.6 1315.9 33 2082.8 1664.9 35 2007.7
  • Example 36c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 32 and ET-736 by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H-460 cell line) and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 62 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 51 .
  • Table 62 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 32 ET-736 0 187.4 183.9 185.8 2 577.5 455.2 457.8 5 1352.0 784.8 732.8 7 1642.9 837.4 930.1 9 2025.0 1044.3 1207.2 12 2025.0 1452.4 1568.0 14 1845.5 1845.5 16 2025.0 2025.0
  • Table 63 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 52 .
  • Table 63 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 32 ET-736 0 217.2 212.1 213.5 2 410.7 277.3 240.5 4 778.5 127.0 97.2 7 1083.2 95.0 48.8 9 1371.0 63.1 62.5 11 1782.0 62.5 62.5 14 2025.0 62.5 47.3 16 62.5 32.0 21 4.0 4.0 28 4.0 4.0 35 55.3 4.0 42 85.3 4.0 49 185.6 4.0 56 169.1 4.0 63 62.5 4.0 70 88.9 4.0 77 280.6 4.0 84 694.2 199.8 91 1150.9 786.5
  • Table 64 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 53 .
  • Table 64 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 32 ET-736 0 171.6 171.6 170.0 2 439.4 309.4 334.4 5 1024.7 485.0 539.4 7 1422.0 708.4 836.4 9 1923.8 972.6 1013.1 12 2025.0 1101.6 1290.9 14 1339.6 1648.0 16 1430.3 19 1885.7
  • Example 36d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 32 and ET-736 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 65 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 54 .
  • Table 65 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 32 ET-736 0 169.5 168.6 168.8 2 317.5 262.9 251.2 5 758.9 572.7 382.6 7 1351.9 997.5 676.1 9 1675.8 1359.9 959.4 12 2025.0 1715.0 1241.5 14 2025.0 1582.7 16 2025.0 1646.4 19 1845.5 21 2025.0
  • Example 36e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 32 and ET-736 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 66 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 55 .
  • Table 66 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 32 ET-736 0 200.7 194.8 195.9 2 429.0 386.3 359.2 5 835.5 551.3 537.6 7 1256.5 579.2 553.5 9 1602.2 665.8 604.7 12 2040.7 701.1 627.4 14 814.5 648.0 16 959.9 687.6 19 1312.4 760.0 21 1626.8 792.4 23 1737.3 818.9 26 1026.1 28 1354.9
  • Example 37 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in several xenograft models.
  • Compound 35 was provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of 35 was 0.25 mg/Kg.
  • PM01183 was provided in the form of vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of PM01183 was 0.18 mg/Kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of vials of lyophilised product each vial (sucrose 200 mg + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 13.6 mg + phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5) was reconstituted with sterile water for injection (2 mL). Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection.
  • Example 37a In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumoral activities of compound 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HT-1080 cell line.
  • Table 67 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 56 .
  • Example 37b In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 68 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 57 .
  • Table 68 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 35 PM01183 0 132.6 132.7 134.3 4 194.1 193.6 177.2 7 248.2 179.1 186.3 11 377.6 276.7 250.7 14 461.3 286.0 266.1 18 679.2 384.5 327.7 21 753.2 436.8 391.0 25 909.2 554.3 493.1 28 1090.7 647.0 627.3 32 1433.4 817.5 789.0 36 1887.5 1156.7 1022.0 39 1785.2 1387.6 1294.2 42 2081.5 1595.3 1643.3 46 2137.5 1689.9 1658.9 49 2044.2 1938.0
  • Example 37c In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human lung cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was H460 cell line.
  • Table 69 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 58 .
  • Table 69 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 35 0 197.0 196.3 197.2 2 529.5 457.0 415.3 4 1057.4 861.5 750.8 7 1582.5 1280.2 1242.3 9 2094.8 1424.9 1536.3 11 1969.9 1728.7 14 2080.9
  • Example 37d In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 70 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 59 .
  • Table 70 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control PM01183 35 0 163.4 163.6 163.6 2 287.1 236.5 189.9 4 568.7 463.2 284.3 7 1211.3 986.3 606.4 9 1633.7 1451.4 946.9 11 2047.8 2062.0 1394.2 14 2067.7
  • Example 37e In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 71 reports volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 60 .
  • Table 71 Days Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Control 35 PM01183 0 178.3 182.3 177.6 2 409.0 382.2 395.6 5 907.4 610.8 572.4 7 1283.6 775.5 766.6 9 1664.0 988.0 950.7 12 1692.4 1005.6 972.0 14 2102.8 1531.7 1199.4 16 1866.3 1353.1
  • Example 38 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-S and 12-R in human prostate xenografts.
  • 12-S and 12-R were provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered doses of 12-S and 12-R were 0.25 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-S and 12-R by using a xenograft model of human prostate cancer.
  • the tumor model used in this study was PC-3 cell line.
  • Table 72 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo, 12-S and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 61 .
  • Table 72 Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Days Control 12-R 12-S 0 128.0 129.0 128.0 2 149.6 136.2 141.5 4 197.0 144.2 143.7 7 250.9 172.2 183.9 11 291.6 183.6 208.1 14 326.5 205.2 270.7 16 361.9 256.0 286.3 18 397.0 325.7 336.1 21 476.9 322.2 357.1 23 506.1 407.8 400.8 25 526.7 419.9 443.6 29 593.6 459.1 523.4 32 769.5 512.1 652.6 35 875.3 579.2 689.7 37 900.0 613.8 692.2 39 977.8 764.1 726.9 42 1061.5 785.0 823.7 44 1463.4 845.5 864.2 46 1612.8 748.0 1182.8 49 1809.2 808.7 1219.2 51 2030.9 855.8 1331.9 56 1125.2 1335.2
  • Example 39 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S in human prostate xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S by using three different xenograft models of human prostate cancer. These models correspond to PC-3, DU-145 and 22Rv1 cell lines.
  • Compound 4-S was provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of 4-S varied depending on the study, being 1.25 mg/Kg when the tumor model was PC-3, 1.00 mg/Kg when the tumor model was DU-145 and 0.75 mg/Kg when the tumor model was 22Rv1, respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • Table 73 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S. These results are also showed in Figure 62 .
  • Table 73 Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Days Control 4-S 0 140.5 141.3 2 178.6 130.7 4 233.1 147.6 7 284.6 157.7 9 331.7 200.9 11 433.7 192.8 14 500.4 210.8 16 570.8 255.5 18 680.3 261.1 21 850.1 282.4 23 928.5 382.2 25 915.7 451.6 28 1187.5 611.1 30 1270.1 762.3 32 1327.1 821.6 35 1373.6 1045.6
  • Table 74 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of DU-145 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S. These results are also showed in Figure 63 .
  • Table 74 Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Days Control 4-S 0 127.4 126.2 3 180.9 102.4 5 248.8 119.5 7 320.4 149.5 10 384.6 216.8 12 441.0 181.4 14 519.6 237.7 17 601.0 204.4 19 660.8 210.9 24 740.7 300.0 26 798.6 378.4 28 587.0 31 650.3
  • Table 75 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of 22Rv1 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S. These results are also showed in Figure 64 .
  • Table 75 Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Days Control 4-S 0 174.6 173.6 3 307.2 70.3 5 511.5 63.1 7 739.1 76.7 10 955.2 49.1 12 1286.1 59.8 14 1385.8 74.9 17 1791.1 55.1 19 2025.0 64.9 24 138.4 26 186.9 28 242.0 31 392.5 33 561.8 35 799.3 38 1107.0 40 1426.4 42 1685.5 45 2025.0
  • Example 40 In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human prostate xenografts.
  • the aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 39-S by using three different xenograft models of human prostate cancer. These models correspond to PC-3, DU-145 and 22Rv1 cell lines.
  • Compound 39-S was provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of 39-S varied depending on the study, being 1.25 mg/Kg when the tumor model was PC-3, 1.00 mg/Kg when the tumor model was DU-145 and 0.75 mg/Kg when the tumor model was 22Rv1, respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • Table 76 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 65 .
  • Table 76 Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Days Control 39-S 0 181.9 182.3 2 254.8 222.6 4 308.7 244.0 7 344.5 269.3 9 396.8 295.8 11 439.2 315.0 14 542.7 356.9 16 619.0 388.0 18 721.3 400.1 21 908.1 503.3 23 1039.1 556.0 25 1117.0 579.6 28 1232.3 694.9 30 1778.6 811.1 32 2018.1 1027.1 35 1194.3 37 1495.0 39 1710.7 42 2066.2
  • Table 77 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of DU-145 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 66 .
  • Table 77 Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Days Control 39-S 0 156.8 179.9 2 198.3 199.9 4 253.9 222.2 7 325.8 340.5 9 385.1 354.1 11 462.2 349.7 14 483.8 429.1 16 599.0 454.8 18 664.0 449.7 21 816.9 517.5 23 861.3 568.5 25 977.9 629.4 28 973.6 775.7
  • Table 78 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of 22Rv1 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 67 .
  • Table 78 Median Tumor Volume (mm 3 ) Days Control 39-S 0 174.6 173.5 3 307.2 93.0 5 511.5 96.8 7 739.1 115.2 10 955.2 108.2 12 1286.1 128.4 14 1385.8 155.6 17 1791.1 173.4 19 2025.0 210.2 24 358.8 26 456.5 28 645.2 31 1049.5 33 1439.4 35 2025.0

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Abstract

A compound of general formula IE, wherein X, R<sub>1</sub>-R<sub>4</sub> take various meanings, for use in the treatment of cancer.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to synthetic analogues of the ecteinascidins, particularly of ecteinascidin 736 (ET-736), pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for their manufacture and their use as antitumoral agents.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • The ecteinascidins are exceedingly potent antitumor agents isolated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. One of these compounds, ET-743 of formula:
    Figure imgb0001
     is being employed as an anticancer medicament, under the international nonproprietary name (INN) trabectedin, for the treatment of patients with advanced and metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (STS) after failure of anthracyclines and ifosfamide, or who are unsuited to receive such agents, and for the treatment of relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin.
  • Ecteinascidin 736 (ET-736) was first discovered by Rinehart and features a tetrahydro-β-carboline unit in place of the tetrahydroisoquinoline unit more usually found in the ecteinascidin compounds isolated from natural sources; See for example Sakai et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, vol. 89, 11456-11460.
    Figure imgb0002
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,149,804 describes Ecteinascidin 736 (ET-736), isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, and it structure. ET-736 protects mice in vivo at very low concentrations against P388 lymphoma, B16 melanoma, and Lewis lung carcinoma.
  • WO03014127 describes several synthetic analogues of ET-736 and their cytotoxic activity against tumoral cells. In particular, WO03014127 describes compounds A to D together with their cytotoxic activity against a panel of cancer cell lines.
    Figure imgb0003
    Figure imgb0004
  • Another compound described in this patent application, PM01183, is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. PM01183 has the following chemical structure:
    Figure imgb0005
  • PM01183 has demonstrated a highly potent in vitro activity against solid and non-solid tumour cell lines as well as a significant in vivo activity in several xenografted human tumor cell lines in mice, such as those for breast, kidney and ovarian cancer. PM01183 exerts its anticancer effects through the covalent modification of guanines in the DNA minor groove that eventually give rise to DNA double-strand break, S-phase arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells.
  • Despite the positive results obtained in clinical applications in chemotherapy, the search in the field of ecteinascidin compounds is still open to the identification of new compounds with optimal features of activity, selectivity toward the tumour, with a reduced systemic toxicity and/or improved pharmacokinetic properties.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0006
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino, with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • There is also provided a compound of formula IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0007
     wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
  • There is also provided a compound of formula ID, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0008
     wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
  • There is also provided a compound of formula IE, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0009
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
  • There is also provided a compound of formula IA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0010
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • There is also provided a compound of formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0011
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • There is also provided a compound of formula IF or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0012
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino,
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • There is also provided a compound of formula IG or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0013
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino,
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • In a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a dosage form comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention.
  • In a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compound, pharmaceutical composition or dosage form according to the present invention for use as a medicament.
  • In a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compound, pharmaceutical composition or dosage form according to the present invention for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • In a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of a compound, pharmaceutical composition or dosage form according to the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
  • In a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for the prevention or treatment of cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound according to the present invention, administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention, or administering an effective amount of a dosage form according to the present invention to a patient in need thereof, notably a human.
  • In a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of a compound according to the present invention for the treatment of cancer, or in the preparation of a medicament preferably for the treatment of cancer.
  • In a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kit comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The kit is for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • In a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for obtaining compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, compounds of formula IA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, compounds of formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, compounds of formula IC or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, compounds of formula ID or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, compounds of formula IE or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, compounds of formula IF or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, compounds of formula IG or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof; comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III to give a compound of formula IV:
    Figure imgb0014
     wherein (insofar as allowed by possible substituent groups):
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • The process may include the further step of replacing the cyano group in the compound of formula IV with a hydroxy group to give a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, or IG where R1 is OH.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    • Figure 1 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S.
    • Figure 2 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S.
    • Figure 3 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S.
    • Figure 4 . Tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S.
    • Figure 5 . Tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S.
    • Figure 6 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S.
    • Figure 7 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC-27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S.
    • Figure 8 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R.
    • Figure 9 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D.
    • Figure 10 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R.
    • Figure 11 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D.
    • Figure 12 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R.
    • Figure 13 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D.
    • Figure 14 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R.
    • Figure 15 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D.
    • Figure 16 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC-27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R.
    • Figure 17 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC-27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D.
    • Figure 18 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R.
    • Figure 19 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R.
    • Figure 20 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R.
    • Figure 21 . Tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R.
    • Figure 22 . Tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R.
    • Figure 23 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R.
    • Figure 24 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC-27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R.
    • Figure 25 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S.
    • Figure 26 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S.
    • Figure 27 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice trated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S.
    • Figure 28 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S.
    • Figure 29 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S.
    • Figure 30 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R.
    • Figure 31 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R.
    • Figure 32 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R.
    • Figure 33 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R.
    • Figure 34 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC-27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R.
    • Figure 35 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S.
    • Figure 36 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S.
    • Figure 37 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S.
    • Figure 38 . Tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S.
    • Figure 39 . Tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S.
    • Figure 40 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S.
    • Figure 41 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S.
    • Figure 42 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R.
    • Figure 43 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R.
    • Figure 44 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R.
    • Figure 45 . Tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R.
    • Figure 46 . Tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R.
    • Figure 47 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R.
    • Figure 48 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R.
    • Figure 49 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32.
    • Figure 50 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32.
    • Figure 51 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32.
    • Figure 52 . Tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32.
    • Figure 53 . Tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32.
    • Figure 54 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32.
    • Figure 55 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32.
    • Figure 56 . Tumor total diameter evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35.
    • Figure 57 . Tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35.
    • Figure 58 . Tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35.
    • Figure 59 . Tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35.
    • Figure 60 . Tumor volume evaluation of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35.
    • Figure 61 . Tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo, 12-S and 12-R.
    • Figure 62 . Tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S.
    • Figure 63 . Tumor volume evaluation of DU-145 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S.
    • Figure 64 . Tumor volume evaluation of 22Rv1 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S.
    • Figure 65 . Tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S.
    • Figure 66 . Tumor volume evaluation of DU-145 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S.
    • Figure 67 . Tumor volume evaluation of 22Rv1 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • The following apply to all aspects of the present invention:
    In the compounds of the present invention, the alkyl groups may be branched or unbranched, and preferably have from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. One more preferred class of alkyl groups has from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Even more preferred are alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and butyl, including n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl are particularly preferred alkyl groups in the compounds of the present invention.
  • In the compounds of the present invention, the alkenyl groups may be branched or unbranched, have one or more double bonds and from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. One more preferred class of alkenyl groups has from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Even more preferred are alkenyl groups having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and 3-butenyl are particularly preferred alkenyl groups in the compounds of the present invention.
  • In the compounds of the present invention, the alkynyl groups may be branched or unbranched, have one or more triple bonds and from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. One more preferred class of alkynyl groups has from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Even more preferred are alkynyl groups having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable aryl groups in the compounds of the present invention include single and multiple ring compounds, including multiple ring compounds that contain separate and/or fused aryl groups. Typical aryl groups contain from 1 to 3 separated and/or fused rings and from 6 to about 18 carbon ring atoms. Preferably aryl groups contain from 6 to about 10 carbon ring atoms. Specially preferred aryl groups included substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenanthryl and substituted or unsubstituted anthryl.
  • Suitable heterocyclic groups include heteroaromatic and heteroalicyclic groups containing from 1 to 3 separated and/or fused rings and from 5 to about 18 ring atoms. Preferably heteroaromatic and heteroalicyclic groups contain from 5 to about 10 ring atoms, most preferably 5, 6, or 7 ring atoms. Suitable heteroaromatic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S atoms and include, e.g., coumarinyl including 8-coumarinyl, quinolyl including 8-quinolyl, isoquinolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, cinnolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl and furopyridyl. Suitable heteroalicyclic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S and include, e.g., pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl, 2-pirrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithianyl, dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptyl, 3H-indolyl, and quinolizinyl.
  • The groups above mentioned may be substituted at one or more available positions by one or more suitable groups such as OR', =O, SR', SOR', SO2R', NO2, NHR', NR'R', =N-R', NHCOR', N(COR')2, NHSO2R', NR'C(=NR')NR'R', CN, halogen, COR', COOR', OCOR', OCONHR', OCONR'R', CONHR', CONR'R', protected OH, protected amino, protected SH, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, where each of the R' groups is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, OH, NO2, NH2, SH, CN, halogen, COH, COalkyl, CO2H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. Where such groups are themselves substituted, the substituents may be chosen from the foregoing list. In addition, where there are more than one R' groups on a substituent, each R' may be the same or different.
  • In the compounds for the present invention, the halogen substituents include F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • The terms "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" and "ester" refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester which, upon administration to the patient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound as described herein. However, it will be appreciated that non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts also fall within the scope of the invention since those may be useful in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The preparation of salts can be carried out by methods known in the art.
  • For instance, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds provided herein are synthesized from the parent compounds, which contain a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts are, for example, prepared by reacting the free acid or base of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent or in a mixture of both. Generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2-propanol or acetonitrile are preferred. Examples of the acid addition salts include mineral acid addition salts such as, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and organic acid addition salts such as, for example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate. Examples of the alkali addition salts include inorganic salts such as, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium salts, and organic alkali salts such as, for example, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, N,N-dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids salts.
  • The compounds of the invention may be in crystalline or amorphous form either as free compounds or as solvates (e.g. hydrates) and it is intended that all forms are within the scope of the present invention. Methods of solvation are generally known within the art.
  • Stereoisomerism about the asymmetric carbons with unspecified stereochemistry is possible, therefore in such cases the asymmetric carbons can have (R) or (S) configuration. All diastereomers generated by a specific configuration of such asymmetric carbons in conjunction with the other asymmetric carbons present in the molecule, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the present invention. Stereoisomerism about the double bond (geometric isomerism) is also possible, therefore in some cases the molecule could exist as (E)-isomer or (Z)-isomer. If the molecule contains several double bonds, each double bond will have its own stereoisomerism, that could be the same or different than the stereoisomerism of the other double bonds of the molecule. Furthermore, compounds referred to herein may exist as atropoisomers. The single stereoisomers including diastereoisomers, geometric isomers and atropoisomers of the compounds referred to herein, and mixtures thereof fall within the scope of the present invention.
  • In addition, compounds referred to herein may exist in isotopically-labelled forms. All pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and isotopically labelled forms of the compounds referred to herein, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the present invention.
  • Protected forms of the compounds disclosed herein are considered within the scope of the present invention. Suitable protecting groups are well known for the skilled person in the art. A general review of protecting groups in organic chemistry is provided by Wuts, PGM and Greene TW in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Ed. Wiley-Interscience, and by Kocienski PJ in Protecting Groups, 3rd Ed. Georg Thieme Verlag. These references provide sections on protecting groups for OH, amino and SH groups. All these references are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Within the scope of the present invention an OH protecting group is defined to be the O-bonded moiety resulting from the protection of the OH through the formation of a suitable protected OH group. Examples of such protected OH groups include ethers, silyl ethers, esters, sulfonates, sulfenates and sulfinates, carbonates, and carbamates. In the case of ethers the protecting group for the OH can be selected from methyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl, [(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]methyl, p-nitrobenzyloxymethyl, o-nitrobenzyloxymethyl, [(R)-1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethoxy]methyl, (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl, guaiacolmethyl, [(p-phenylphenyl)oxy]methyl, t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl, siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, 2-cyanoethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, menthoxymethyl, O-bis(2-acetoxy-ethoxy)methyl, tetrahydropyranyl, fluorous tetrahydropyranyl, 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S,S-dioxide, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl, 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl, 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 1-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 1-methyl-1-phenoxyethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1,1-dianisyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-phenylisopropyl, 1-(2-cyanoethoxy)ethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(benzylthio)ethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, cyclohexyl, 1-methyl-1'-cyclopropylmethyl, allyl, prenyl, cinnamyl, 2-phenallyl, propargyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, p-nitrophenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,6-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, pentadienylnitrobenzyl, pentadienylnitropiperonyl, halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,6-difluorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, fluorous benzyl, 4-fluorousalkoxybenzyl, trimethylsilylxylyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2-phenyl-2-propyl, p-acylaminobenzyl, p-azidobenzyl, 4-azido-3-chlorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, p-(methylsulfinyl)benzyl, p-siletanylbenzyl, 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-(2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethoxybenzyl, 2-naphthylmethyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxide, 2-quinolinylmethyl, 6-methoxy-2-(4-methylphenyl)-4-quinolinemethyl, 1-pyrenylmethyl, diphenylmethyl, 4-methoxydiphenylmethyl, 4-phenyldiphenylmethyl, p,p'-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, tris(4-t-butylphenyl)methyl, α-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4'-bromophenacyloxy)phenyldiphenylmethyl, 4,4',4"-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4',4"-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4',4"-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4'-dimethoxy-3"-[N-(imidazolylmethyl)]trityl, 4,4'-dimethoxy-3"-[N-(imidazolylethyl)carbamoyl]trityl, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-pyrenylmethyl, 4-(17-tetrabenzo[a,c,g,i]fluorenylmethyl)-4,4"-dimethoxytrityl, 9-anthryl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-phenylthioxanthyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl, 1,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, 4,5-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-[1,3]-dioxolan-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxide. In the case of silyl ethers the protecting group for the OH can be selected from trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, di-t-butylmethylsilyl, bis(t-butyl)-1-pyrenylmethoxysilyl, tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl, (2-hydroxystyryl)dimethylsilyl, (2-hydroxystyryl)diisopropylsilyl, t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl, t-butoxydiphenylsilyl, 1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyl-3-[2-(triphenylmethoxy) ethoxy]disiloxane-1-yl, and fluorous silyl. In the case of esters the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form an ester that can be selected from formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trichloroacetamidate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, phenylacetate, diphenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, bisfluorous chain type propanoyl, 4-pentenoate, 4-oxopentanoate, 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate, 5 [3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)hydro-xymethylphenoxy]levulinate, pivaloate, 1-adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate, 4-bromobenzoate, 2,5-difluorobenzoate, p-nitrobenzoate, picolinate, nicotinate, 2-(azidomethyl)benzoate, 4-azido-butyrate, (2-azidomethyl)phenylacetate, 2-{ [(tritylthio)oxy]methyl}benzoate, 2-{ [(4-methoxytritylthio)oxy]methyl}benzoate, 2-{[methyl(tritylthio)amino]methyl}benzoate, 2-{ {[(4-methoxytrityl)thio]methylamino}methyl}benzoate, 2-(allyloxy)phenylacetate, 2-(prenyloxymethyl)benzoate, 6-(levulinyloxymethyl)-3-methoxy-2-nitrobenzoate, 6-(levulinyloxymethyl)-3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzoate, 4-benzyloxybutyrate, 4-trialkylsilyloxy-butyrate, 4-acetoxy-2,2-dimethylbutyrate, 2,2-dimethyl-4-pentenoate, 2-iodobenzoate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 4-(methylthio-methoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate, 2-(chloroacetoxymethyl)benzoate, 2-[(2-chloroacetoxy)ethyl]benzoate, 2-[2-(benzyloxy)ethyl]benzoate, 2-[2-(4-methoxybenzyl-oxy)ethyl]benzoate, 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenyl-acetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate, o-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, α-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, and 2-chlorobenzoate. In the case of sulfonates, sulfenates and sulfinates the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form a sulfonate, sulfenate or sulfinates that can be selected from sulfate, allylsulfonate, methanesulfonate, benzylsulfonate, tosylate, 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]sulfonate, 2-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-monomethoxytritylsulfenate, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate, 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-3-one-1-sulfinate, and dimethylphosphinothioyl. In the case of carbonates the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form a carbonate that can be selected from methyl carbonate, methoxymethyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate, ethyl carbonate, bromoethyl carbonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate, 2-[dimethyl(2-naphthylmethyl)silyl]ethyl carbonate, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl carbonate, 2-(triphenylphosphonio)ethyl carbonate, cis-[4-[[(methoxytrityl)sulfenyl]oxy]tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxy carbonate, isobutyl carbonate, t-butyl carbonate, vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, cinnamyl carbonate, propargyl carbonate, p-chlorophenyl carbonate, p-nitrophenyl carbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-naphthyl carbonate, 6-bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin-4-ylmethyl carbonate, benzyl carbonate, o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, p-methoxybenzyl carbonate, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, anthraquinon-2-ylmethyl carbonate, 2-dansylethyl carbonate, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl carbonate, 2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethyl carbonate, 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propyl carbonate, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxy-6-nitrophenyl)propyl carbonate, 2-cyano-1-phenylethyl carbonate, 2-(2-pyridyl)amino-1-phenylethyl carbonate, 2-[N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)]amino-1-phenylethyl carbonate, phenacyl carbonate, 3',5'-dimethoxybenzoin carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate, and S-benzyl thiocarbonate. And in the case of carbamates the protecting group for OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached forms a carbamate that can be selected from dimethyl thiocarbamate, N-phenyl carbamate, and N-methyl-N-(o-nitrophenyl) carbamate.
  • Within the scope of the present invention an amino protecting group is defined to be the N-bonded moiety resulting from the protection of the amino group through the formation of a suitable protected amino group. Examples of protected amino groups include carbamates, ureas, amides, heterocyclic systems, N-alkyl amines, N-alkenyl amines, N-alkynyl amines, N-aryl amines, imines, enamines, N-metal derivatives, N-N derivatives, N-P derivatives, N-Si derivatives, and N-S derivatives. In the case of carbamates the protecting group for the amino group together with the amino group to which it is attached form a carbamate that can be selected from methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 2,6-di-t-butyl-9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-bis(trimethylsilyl)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 17-tetrabenzo[a,c,g,i]fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 2-chloro-3-indenylmethyl carbamate, benz[f]inden-3-ylmethyl carbamate, 1,1-dioxobenzo[b]-thiophene-2-ylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonyl-3-phenyl-1-prop-2-enyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9,(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate, 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate, (2-phenyl-2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbamate, 2-phenylethyl carbamate, 2-chloroethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate, 2-(2'-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, 2-(4'-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, 2,2-bis(4'-nitrophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 2-[(2-nitrophenyl)dithio]-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate, fluorous BOC carbamate, 1-adamantyl carbamate, 2-adamantyl carbamate, 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-byphenylyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate, triisopropylsilyloxy carbamate, vinyl carbamate, allyl carbamate, prenyl carbamate, 1-isopropylallyl carbamate, cinnamyl carbamate, 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate, 3-(3'-pyridyl)prop-2-enyl carbamate, hexadienyl carbamate, propargyl carbamate, 1,4-but-2-ynyl biscarbamate, 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyl dithiocarbamate, benzyl carbamate, 3,5-di-t-butylbenzyl carbamate, p-methoxybenzyl carbamate, p-nitrobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl carbamate, fluorous benzyl carbamate, 2-naphthylmethyl carbamate, 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 4-phenylacetoxybenzyl carbamate, 4-azidobenzyl carbamate, 4-azido-methoxybenzyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)-benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, 2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, 2-(2,4-dinitrophenylsulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, 2-(4-trifluoromethylphenylsulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate, 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate, 2-[phenyl(methyl)sulfonio]ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(triphenylphosphonio)ethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, 2-dansylethyl carbamate, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate, 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate, m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, α-methylnitropiperonyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, 2-nitrophenylethyl carbamate, 6-nitroveratryl carbamate, 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate, 3',5'-dimethoxybenzoin carbamate, 9-xanthenylmethyl carbamate, N-methyl-N-(o-nitrophenyl) carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isobornyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, diisopropylmethyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxy-carbonylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethyl-carboxamido)propyl carbamate, butynyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4'-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, p-(p'-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, 4-(trimethyl-ammonium)benzyl carbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, and S-benzyl thiocarbamate. In the case of ureas the protecting groups for the amino group can be selected from phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl, N'-p-toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl, N'-phenylaminothiocarbonyl, 4-hydroxyphenylaminocarbonyl, 3-hydroxytryptaminocarbonyl, and N'-phenylaminothiocarbonyl. In the case of amides the protecting group for the amino together with the amino group to which it is attached form an amide that can be selected from formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, pent-4-enamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl amide, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitrophenylacetamide, 2,2-dimethyl-2-(o-nitrophenyl)acetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, o-nitrobenzamide, 3-(4-t-butyl-2,6-dinitrophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide, 2-(acetoxymethyl)benzamide, 2-[(t-butyldiphenylsiloxy)methyl]benzamide, 3-(3',6'-dioxo-2',4',5'-trimethylcyclohexa-1',4'-diene)-3,3-dimethylpropionamide, o-hydroxy-trans-cinnamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, acetoacetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, (N'-dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetamide, and N-acetylmethionine amide. In the case of heterocyclic systems the protecting group for the amino group together with the amino group to which it is attached form a heterocyclic system that can be selected from 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dichlorophthalimide, N-tetrachlorophthalimide, N-4-nitrophthalimide, N-thiodiglycoloyl, N-dithiasuccinimide, N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,3-dimethylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-2,5-bis(triisopropylsiloxy)pyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct, N-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disilaisoindoline, N-diphenylsilyldiethylene, N-5-substituted-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, N-5-substituted-1,3-benzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, and 1,3,5-dioxazine. In the case of N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl or N-aryl amines the protecting group for the amino group can be selected from N-methyl, N-t-butyl, N-allyl, N-prenyl, N-cinnamyl, N-phenylallyl, N-propargyl, N-methoxymethyl, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl, N-3-acetoxypropyl, N-cyanomethyl, N-2-azanorbornenes, N-benzyl, N-4-methoxybenzyl, N-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, N-2-hydroxybenzyl, N-ferrocenylmethyl, N-2,4-dinitrophenyl, o-methoxyphenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, N-9-phenylfluorenyl, N-fluorenyl, N-2-picolylarnine N'-oxide, N-7-methoxycoumar-4-ylmethyl, N-diphenylmethyl, N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, N-5-dibenzosuberyl, N-triphenylmethyl, N-(4-methylphenyl)diphenylmethyl, and N-(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl. In the case of imines the protecting group for the amino group can be selected from N-1,1-dimethylthiomethylene, N-benzylidene, N-p-methoxybenzylidene, N-diphenylmethylene, N-[2-pyridyl)mesityl]methylene, N-(N',N'-dimethylaminomethylene), N-(N',N'-dibenzylaminomethylene), N-(N'-t-butylaminome-thylene), N,N'-isopropylidene, N-p-nitrobenzylidene, N-salicylidene, N-5-chlorosalicylidene, N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethylene, N-cyclohexylidene, and N-t-butylidene. In the case of enamines the protecting group for the amino group can be selected from N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl), N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethylene, N-1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl, N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidine-5-ylidene)-methyl, N-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxo-1-butenyl, and N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyrrolin-3-yl). In the case of N-metal derivatives the protecting group for the amino group can be selected from N-borane, N-diphenylborinic ester, N-diethylborinic ester, N-9-borabicyclononane, N-difluoroborinic ester, and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid; and also including N-phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium)carbenyl, N-phenyl(pentacarbonyl-tungsten)carbenyl, N-methyl(pentacarbonylchromium)carbenyl, N-methyl(pentacaibonyltungsten)caibenyl, N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, and a 18-crown-6-derivative. In the case of N-N derivatives the protecting group for the amino group together with the amino group to which it is attached form a N-N derivative that can be selected from N-nitroamino, N-nitrosoamino, amine N-oxide, azide, triazene derivative, and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N-benzylhydrazine. In the case of N-P derivatives the protected group for the amino group together with the amino group to which it is attached form a N-P derivative that can be selected from diphenylphosphinamide, dimethylthiophosphinamide, diphenylthiophosphinamide, dialkyl phosphoramidate, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, and iminotriphenylphosphorane. In the case of N-Si derivatives the protecting group for the NH2 can be selected from t-butyldiphenylsilyl and triphenylsilyl. In the case of N-S derivatives the protected amino group can be selected from N-sulfenyl or N-sulfonyl derivatives. The N-sulfenyl derivatives can be selected from benzenesulfenamide, 2-nitrobenzenesulfenamide, 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfe-namide, 1-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-diphenyl)ethylsulfenamide, and N-3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenamide. The N-sulfonyl derivatives can be selected from methane sulfonamide, trifluoromethanesulfonamide, t-butylsulfonamide, benzylsulfonamide, 2-(trimethylsilyl) ethanesulfonamide, p-toluenesulfonamide, benzenesulfonamide, o-anisylsulfonamide, 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide, 2-naphthalenesulfonamide, 4-(4',8'-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide, 2-(4-methylphenyl)-6-methoxy-4-methylsulfonamide, 9-anthracenesulfonamide, pyridine-2-sulfonamide, benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, phenacylsulfonamide, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide, 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzene sulfonamide, pentamethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide, 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, 3-methoxy-4-t-butylbenzenesulfonamide, and 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide.
  • Within the scope of the present invention a protecting group for SH is defined to be the S-bonded moiety resulting from the protection of the SH group through the formation of a suitable a protected SH group. Examples of such protected SH groups include thioethers, disulfides, silyl thioethers, thioesters, thiocarbonates, and thiocarbamates. In the case of thioethers the protecting group for the SH can be selected from S-alkyl, S-benzyl, S-p-methoxybenzyl, S-o-hydroxybenzyl, S-p-hydroxybenzyl, S-o-acetoxybenzyl, S-p-acetoxybenzyl, S-p-nitrobenzyl, S-o-nitrobenzyl, S-2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl, S-2,4,6,-trimethoxybenzyl, S-4-picolyl, S-2-picolyl-N-oxide, S-2-quinolinylmethyl, S-9-anthrylmethyl, S-9-fluorenylmethyl, S-xanthenyl, S-ferrocenylmethyl, S-diphenylmethyl, S-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, S-5-dibenzosuberyl, S-triphenylmethyl, 4-methoxytrityl, S-diphenyl-4-pyridylmethyl, S-phenyl, S-2,4-dinitrophenyl, S-2-quinolyl, S-t-butyl, S-1-adamantyl, S-methoxymethyl, S-isobutoxymethyl, S-benzyloxymethyl, S-1-ethoxyethyl, S-2-tetrahydropyranyl, S-benzylthiomethyl, S-phenylthiomethyl, S-acetamidomethyl (Acm), S-trimethylacetamidomethyl, S-benzamidomethyl, S-allyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, S-N-[2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(N'-piperidino)-phenyl-N-allyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, S-phthalimidomethyl, S-phenylacetamidomethyl, S-acetylmethyl, S-carboxymethyl, S-cyanomethyl, S-(2-nitro-1-phenyl)ethyl, S-2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethyl, S-2-(4'-pyridyl)ethyl, S-2-cyanoethyl, S-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl, S-2,2-bis(carboethoxy)ethyl, S-(1-m-nitrophenyl-2-benzoyl)ethyl, S-2-phenylsulfonylethyl, S-1-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-methylprop-2-yl, and S-p-hydroxyphenacyl. In the case of disulfides the protected SH group can be selected from S-ethyl disulfide, S-t-butyl disulfide, S-2-nitrophenyl disulfide, S-2,4-dinitrophenyl disulfide, S-2-phenylazophenyl disulfide, S-2-carboxyphenyl disulfide, and S-3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide. In the case of silyl thioethers the protecting group for the SH can be selected from the list of groups that was listed above for the protection of OH with silyl ethers. In the case of thioesters the protecting group for the SH can be selected from S-acetyl, S-benzoyl, S-2-methoxyisobutyryl, S-trifluoroacetyl, S-N-[[p-biphenylyl)-isopropyloxy]caibonyl]-N-methyl-γ-aminothiobutyrate, and S-N-(t-butoxycarbonyl)-N-methyl-γ-aminothiobutyrate. In the case of thiocarbonate protecting group for the SH can be selected from S-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, S-t-butoxycarbonyl, S-benzyloxycarbonyl, S-p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, and S-fluorenylmethylcarbonyl. In the case of thiocarbamate the protected SH group can be selected from S-(N-ethylcarbamate) and S-(N-methoxymethylcarbamate).
  • The mention of these groups should not be interpreted as a limitation of the scope of the invention, since they have been mentioned as a mere illustration of protecting groups for OH, amino and SH groups, but further groups having said function may be known by the skilled person in the art, and they are to be understood to be also encompassed by the present invention.
  • To provide a more concise description, some of the quantitative expressions given herein are not qualified with the term "about". It is understood that, whether the term "about" is used explicitly or not, every quantity given herein is meant to refer to the actual given value, and it is also meant to refer to the approximation to such given value that would reasonably be inferred based on the ordinary skill in the art, including equivalents and approximations due to the experimental and/or measurement conditions for such given value.
  • In an embodiment, the compound may be a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0015
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino,
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • In a further embodiment, the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0016
     wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
  • In a yet further embodiment, the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula ID, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0017
     wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
  • In a yet further embodiment, the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IE, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0018
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
  • In a yet further embodiment, the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0019
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • In a yet further embodiment, the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0020
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • In a yet further embodiment, the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IF or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0021
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino,
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • In a yet further embodiment, the compound of formula I may be a compound of formula IG or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0022
     wherein:
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino,
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • Preferred compounds of the compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, or IG, are those having general formula a or b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0023
  • Note where the compounds have general formula a or b, R4 may not be hydrogen.
  • Preferred compounds of the compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, or IG may be those having formula c or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0024
     wherein:
    • R1 is -OH or -CN;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
  • Preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • and R1; R2; R3; R4; Ra; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • and R1; R2; R3; R4; Ra; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, and IGb, wherein:
    • R1 is -OH;
    • and X; R2; R3; R4; Ra; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, and IFb, wherein:
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or
    • unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • and X; R1; R3; R4; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl,
    • substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and X; R1; R2; R4; Ra; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from -CH2OH and -CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and X; R1; R2; R3; Ra; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • and R2; R3; R4; Ra; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • and R1; R3; R4; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R1; R2; R4; Ra; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, or substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R1; R2; R3; Ra; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • and R3; R4; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R2; R4; Ra; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R2; R3; Ra; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R1; R4; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib,IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R1; R3; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib,IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R1; R2; and Ra; are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R4; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib,IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from-CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R3; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R1 is as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -NH-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • and R2; R3; R4; Ra; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • and R1; R3; R4; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 is hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R1; R2; R4; Ra; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from -CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R1; R2; R3; Ra; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • and R3; R4; Rb; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R2; R4; Ra; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from -CH2OH and CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R2; R3; Ra; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and
    • R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R1; R4; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from -CH2OH and -CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R1; R3; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and
    • R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from - CH2OH and -CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R1; R2; and Ra; are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R4; Rc; and ProtNH are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from - CH2OH and -CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R3; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from -CH2OH and -CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH;
    • and R1 is as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb, wherein:
    • X is -O-;
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa, or IAb; and
    • R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from -CH2OH and -CH2NH2. More preferably, R4 may be -CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, and IGc wherein:
    • R1 is -OH;
    • and R2; R3; Ra and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or
    • unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • and R1; R3; Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula Ic, IDc, IFc, or IGc; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IAc; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IBc; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or
    • unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and
    • substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R1; R2; and Ra are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • and R3; and Rb are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula Ic, IDc, IFc, or IGc; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IAc; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IBc; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R2; and Ra are as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or
    • unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula Ic, IDc, IFc, or IGc; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IAc; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IBc; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group;
    • and R1 is as defined as above.
  • Further preferred compounds include compounds of general formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc, wherein:
    • R1 is -OH;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc; where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula Ic, IDc, IFc, or IGc; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IAc; and R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IBc; where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group.
  • The following preferred substituents (where allowed by possible substituent groups) apply to compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb, Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc:
    In compounds of the present invention, particularly preferred R1 is -OH.
  • In compounds of the present invention, particularly preferred R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred R2 is acetyl.
  • In compounds of the present invention, particularly preferred R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group where Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. More preferred R3 are hydrogen and methoxy, being hydrogen the most preferred R3 group.
  • In compounds of the present invention, particularly preferred R4 is selected from H, - CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from H, CH2OH and CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH.
  • In compounds of general formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb particularly preferred R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; and R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH for compounds of formula IE, IEa or IEb; where Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl. Most preferred Rc is methyl. More preferred R4 is selected from CH2OH and CH2NH2. Most preferred R4 is -CH2OH.
  • Being particularly preferred compounds of formula la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa when R4 is -CH2OH or -CH2OC(=O)Rc and compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb when R4 is -CH2NH2 or -CH2NHProtNH.
  • In compounds of the present invention, particularly preferred X is -NH-.
  • Alternatively, in compounds of the present invention, particularly preferred X is -O-.
  • Preferred compounds according to the present invention include:
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein:
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH and -CH2OC(=O)Rc;
      • Being particularly preferred compounds of formula la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, and IGa and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2OH.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being particularly preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, IGc wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula Ic, IDc, IFc, IGc; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IAc; or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IBc;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      Particularly preferred compounds according to the present invention include:
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, and -CH2OC(=O)Rc;
      • and
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
      • Being more preferred compounds of formula la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2OH.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -O-;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH and -CH2OC(=O)Rc;
      • and
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
      • Being more preferred compounds of formula la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2OH.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -O-;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IFb, IGb wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, ID, IF, IG, la, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, and -CH2OC(=O)Rc;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl;
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • Rc is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      • Being more preferred compounds of formula la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2OH.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl;
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, IGc wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula Ic, IDc, IFc, IGc; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IAc; or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IBc;
      • Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      More preferred compounds according to the present invention include
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IF, IG, la, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb;
      • or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is -CH2OH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      • Being particularly more preferred compounds of formula la, IAa, or IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -O-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IF, IG, la, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb;
      • or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is -CH2OH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      • Being particularly more preferred compounds of formula la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, or IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, la, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl;
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being particularly more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -O-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl;
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being particularly more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, ID, IF, IG, la, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IDb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is -CH2OH;
      • Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      • Being particularly more preferred compounds of formula la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, or IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, la, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl;
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being particularly more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group for compounds of formula I, IC, IF, IG, Ia, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb;
      • or R3 is a -ORb group for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is -CH2OC(=O)Rc;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl;
      • Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • Rc is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      • Being more preferred compounds of formula Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, or IGa.
    • Compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc;
      • R3 is hydrogen or methoxy for compounds of formula Ic, IDc, IFc, or IGc; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IAc; or R3 is methoxy for compounds of formula IBc; and
      • Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      Particularly more preferred compounds according to the present invention include:
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IF, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or methoxy for compounds of formula I, IC, IF, IG, la, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; and R3 is methoxy for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is -CH2OH; and
      • Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      • Being even more preferred compounds of formula Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IFa, IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -O-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IF, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;;
      • R3 is hydrogen or methoxy for compounds of formula I, ID, IF, IG, Ia, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is methoxy for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is -CH2OH; and
      • Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
      • Being even more preferred compounds of formula Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, IE, IF, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or methoxy for compounds of formula I, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is methoxy for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being even more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -O-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, Ia, IAa, IBa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or methoxy for compounds of formula I, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is methoxy for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being even more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IF, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or methoxy for compounds of formula I, IC, ID, IF, IG, la, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IDb, IFb, and IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is methoxy for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is -CH2OH; and
      • Ra is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and butyl, including n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
      • Being even more preferred compounds of formula Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, or IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb or IFb; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IG, IGa or IGb;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a methoxy for compounds of formula I, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb; R3 is hydrogen for compounds of formula IA, IAa or IAb; or R3 is methoxy for compounds of formula IB, IBa or IBb;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and butyl, including n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • Being even more preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb and/or compounds where R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • Compounds of formula Ic or IAc, IDc, IFc, and IGc wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IAc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc;
      • R3 is hydrogen; and
      • Ra is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and butyl, including n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
    • Compounds of formula Ic, IBc, IDc, IFc, and IGc wherein
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group for compounds of formula Ic, IBc, IDc, or IFc; and R2 is acetyl for compounds of formula IGc;
      • R3 is methoxy; and
      • Ra is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and butyl, including n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
      Even more preferred compounds according to the present invention include:
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IC, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, ICa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, ICb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R2 is acetyl;
      • R3 is hydrogen; and
      • R4 is -CH2OH.
      • Being most preferred compounds of formula Ia, IAa, ICa, IFa, or IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, ID, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -O-;
      • R2 is acetyl;
      • R3 is hydrogen; and
      • R4 is -CH2OH.
      • Being most preferred compounds of formula Ia, IAa, IDa, IFa, or IGa
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IC, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, ICa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, ICb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -NH-;
      • R2 is acetyl;
      • R3 is hydrogen; and
      • R4 is -CH2NH2.
      • Being most preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, ICb, IEb, IFb, or IGb.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • X is -O-;
      • R2 is acetyl;
      • R3 is hydrogen; and
      • R4 is -CH2NH2.
      • Being most preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IC, ID, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, ICb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R2 is acetyl;
      • R3 is hydrogen; and
      • R4 is -CH2OH.
      • Being most preferred compounds of formula Ia, IAa, ICa, IDa, IFa or IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IC, ID, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, ICa, IDa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, ICb, IDb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R1 is -OH;
      • R2 is acetyl;
      • R3 is hydrogen; and
      • R4 is -CH2OH.
      • Being most preferred compounds of formula Ia, IAa, ICa, IDa, IFa or IGa.
    • Compounds of formula I, IA, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, and IGb wherein
      • R2 is acetyl;
      • R3 is hydrogen; and
      • R4 is -CH2NH2.
      • Being most preferred compounds of formula Ib, IAb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb.
    • Compounds of formula Ic or IAc, IDc, IFc, IGc wherein
      • R2 is acetyl; and
      • R3 is hydrogen.
    • Compounds of formula Ic or IBc, IDc, IFc, IGc wherein
      • R2 is acetyl; and
      • R3 is methoxy.
    • A compound according to the present invention of formula:
      Figure imgb0025
      Figure imgb0026
      Figure imgb0027
      Figure imgb0028
      Figure imgb0029
      Figure imgb0030
      Figure imgb0031
      Figure imgb0032
      Figure imgb0033
      Figure imgb0034
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
      Being particularly preferred a compound of formula:
      Figure imgb0035
      Figure imgb0036
      Figure imgb0037
      Figure imgb0038
      Figure imgb0039
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • A compound according to the present invention of formula:
      Figure imgb0040
      Figure imgb0041
      Figure imgb0042
      Figure imgb0043
      Figure imgb0044
      Figure imgb0045
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
      Being particularly preferred a compound of formula:
      Figure imgb0046
      Figure imgb0047
      Figure imgb0048
      Figure imgb0049
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
      Being more preferred a compound of formula:
      Figure imgb0050
      Figure imgb0051
      Figure imgb0052
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  • Being even more preferred compounds according to the present invention are compounds of formula:
    Figure imgb0053
    Figure imgb0054
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  • The most preferred compounds according to the present invention are compounds of formula:
    Figure imgb0055
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  • In additional preferred embodiments, the preferences described above for the different substituents are combined. The present invention is also directed to such combinations of preferred substitutions (where allowed by possible substituent groups) in compounds of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb, Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc or IGc according to the present invention.
  • An important feature of the above-described compounds is their bioactivity and in particular their cytotoxic activity. In this regard, we have surprisingly found that the compounds of the present invention show an enhanced antitumor activity, as it is shown in Examples 27 and 29 to 40.
    • Compositions comprising a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, IGb, Ic, IAc, IBc, IDc, IFc or IGc of the invention and uses thereof
  • In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Examples of the administration form include without limitation oral, topical, parenteral, sublingual, rectal, vaginal, ocular and intranasal. Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques. Preferably the compositions are administered parenterally. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to allow a compound according to the present invention to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to an animal, preferably human. Compositions can take the form of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet can be a single dosage unit, and a container of a compound according to the present invention may contain the compound in liquid or in aerosol form and may hold a single or a plurality of dosage units.
  • The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle can be particulate, so that the compositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form. The carrier(s) can be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, an oral syrup or injectable liquid. In addition, the carrier(s) can be gaseous, or liquid so as to provide an aerosol composition useful in, for example inhalatory administration. Powders may also be used for inhalation dosage forms. The term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant or excipient, with which the compound according to the present invention is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be liquids, such as water and oils including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. The carriers can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, disaccharides, and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents can be used. In one embodiment, when administered to an animal, the compounds and compositions according to the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sterile. Water is a preferred carrier when the compounds according to the present invention are administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers also include excipients such as starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The present compositions, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.
  • When intended for oral administration, the composition is preferably in solid or liquid form, where semi-solid, semi-liquid, suspension and gel forms are included within the forms considered herein as either solid or liquid.
  • As a solid composition for oral administration, the composition can be formulated into a powder, granule, compressed tablet, pill, capsule, chewing gum, wafer or the like form. Such a solid composition typically contains one or more inert diluents. In addition, one or more for the following can be present: binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or gelatin; excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, corn starch and the like; lubricants such as magnesium stearate; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide; sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring; and a coloring agent.
  • When the composition is in the form of a capsule (e.g. a gelatin capsule), it can contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrins or a fatty oil.
  • The composition can be in the form of a liquid, e.g. an elixir, syrup, solution, emulsion or suspension. The liquid can be useful for oral administration or for delivery by injection. When intended for oral administration, a composition can comprise one or more of a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer. In a composition for administration by injection, one or more of a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent can also be included.
  • The preferred route of administration is parenteral administration including, but not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, intracerebral, intraventricular, intrathecal, intravaginal or transdermal. The preferred mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner, and will depend in part upon the site of the medical condition (such as the site of cancer). In a more preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the present invention are administered intravenously. Infusion times of up to 24 hours are preferred to be used, more preferably 1 to 12 hours, with 1 to 6 hours being most preferred. Short infusion times which allow treatment to be carried out without an overnight stay in a hospital are especially desirable. However, infusion may be 12 to 24 hours or even longer if required. Infusion may be carried out at suitable intervals of, for example, 1 to 4 weeks.
  • The liquid compositions of the invention, whether they are solutions, suspensions or other like form, can also include one or more of the following: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or diglycerides, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. A parenteral composition can be enclosed in an ampoule, a disposable syringe or a multiple-dose vial made of glass, plastic or other material. Physiological saline is a preferred adjuvant.
  • The amount of the compound according to the present invention that is effective in the treatment of a particular disorder or condition will depend on the nature of the disorder or condition, and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the compositions will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgement of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances.
  • The compositions comprise an effective amount of a compound of the present invention such that a suitable dosage will be obtained. The correct dosage of the compounds will vary according to the particular formulation, the mode of application, and its particular site, host and the disease being treated, e.g. cancer and, if so, what type of tumor. Other factors like age, body weight, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, condition of the host, drug combinations, reaction sensitivities and severity of the disease should be taken into account. Administration can be carried out continuously or periodically within the maximum tolerated dose.
  • Typically, the amount is at least about 0.01% of a compound of the present invention, and may comprise at least 80%, by weight of the composition. When intended for oral administration, this amount can be varied to range from about 0.1% to about 80% by weight of the composition. Preferred oral compositions can comprise from about 4% to about 50% of the compound of the present invention by weight of the composition.
  • Preferred compositions of the present invention are prepared so that a parenteral dosage unit contains from about 0.01% to about 10 % by weight of the compound of the present invention. More preferred parenteral dosage unit contains about 0.5 % to about 5 % by weight of the compound of the present invention.
  • For intravenous administration, the composition is suitable for doses from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg of the animal's body weight, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg and about 20 mg/kg of the animal's body weight, and more preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the animal's body weight.
  • The compound of the present invention, can be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings.
  • In specific embodiments, it can be desirable to administer one or more compounds of the present invention, or compositions locally to the area in need of treatment. In one embodiment, administration can be by direct injection at the site (or former site) of a cancer, tumor or neoplastic or pre-neoplastic tissue.
  • Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g. by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, the compound of the present invention can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
  • The present compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use. Other examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" by E. W. Martin.
  • The pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared using methodology well known in the pharmaceutical art. For example, a composition intended to be administered by injection can be prepared by combining a compound of the present invention with water, or other physiologically suitable diluent, such as phosphate buffered saline, so as to form a solution. A surfactant can be added to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous solution or suspension.
  • Preferred compositions according to the present invention include:
    • Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention and a disaccharide. Particularly preferred disaccharides are selected from lactose, trehalose, sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose, isosaccharose, isotrehalose, turanose, melibiose, gentiobiose, and mixtures thereof.
    • Lyophilised pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention and a disaccharide. Particularly preferred disaccharides are selected from lactose, trehalose, sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose, isosaccharose, isotrehalose, turanose, melibiose, gentiobiose, and mixtures thereof.
  • The ratio of the active substance to the disaccharide in embodiments of the present invention is determined according to the solubility of the disaccharide and, when the formulation is freeze dried, also according to the freeze-dryability of the disaccharide. It is envisaged that this active substance: disaccharide ratio (w/w) can be about 1:10 in some embodiments, about 1:20 in other embodiments, about 1:50 in still other embodiments. It is envisaged that other embodiments have such ratios in the range from about 1:5 to about 1:500, and still further embodiments have such ratios in the range from about 1:10 to about 1:500.
  • The composition comprising a compound of the present invention may be lyophilized. The composition comprising a compound of the present invention is usually presented in a vial which contains a specified amount of such compound.
  • We have found that the compounds of the present invention and compositions of the present invention are particularly effective in the treatment of cancer.
  • Thus, as described earlier, the present invention provides a method of treating a patient in need thereof, notably a human, affected by cancer which comprises administering to the affected individual a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention. The present invention provides a compound or composition for use as medicament. The present invention provides a compound or composition for use in the treatment of cancer, and more preferably a cancer selected from lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
  • Thus, the compounds and compositions according to the present invention are useful for inhibiting the multiplication, or proliferation, of a tumor cell or cancer cell, or for treating cancer in an animal.
  • The compounds and compositions according to the present invention show excellent activity in the treatment of cancers such as lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancerand gastric cancer. Most preferred cancers are selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer and colorectal cancer.
  • In the present application, by "cancer" it is meant to include tumors, neoplasias and any other malignant disease having as cause malignant tissue or cells.
  • The term "treating", as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means reversing, attenuating, alleviating or inhibiting the progress of the disease or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition. The term "treatment", as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, refers to the act of treating as "treating" is defined immediately above.
  • The compounds and compositions according to the present invention can be administered to an animal that has also undergone surgery as treatment for the cancer. In one embodiment of the present invention, the additional method of treatment is radiation therapy.
  • In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the compound or composition according to the present invention is administered concurrently with radiation therapy. In another specific embodiment, the radiation therapy is administered prior or subsequent to administration of the compound or composition of the present invention, preferably at least an hour, three hours, five hours, 12 hours, a day, a week, a month, more preferably several months (e.g. up to three months) prior or subsequent to administration of a compound or composition of the present invention.
  • Any radiation therapy protocol can be used depending upon the type of cancer to be treated. For example, but not by way of limitation, x-ray radiation can be administered; in particular, high-energy megavoltage (radiation of greater than 1 MeV energy) can be used for deep tumors, and electron beam and orthovoltage x-ray radiation can be used for skin cancers. Gamma-ray emitting radioisotopes, such as radioactive isotopes of radium, cobalt and other elements, can also be administered.
  • In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a kit comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • In one embodiment, the kit according to this embodiment is for use in the treatment of cancer, and more preferably a cancer selected from lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
  • In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for obtaining a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb, or IGb , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III to give a compound of formula IV:
    Figure imgb0056
     wherein (where allowed by possible substituent groups):
    • X is -NH- or -O-;
    • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc and -CH2NHProtNH;
    • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
    • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
  • It is particularly preferred that, when R4 is -CH2NHProtNH in the compound of formula IV, the process further comprises the step of deprotecting such amino group to provide a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, or IGb wherein R4 is -CH2NH2 and R1 is cyano.
  • In a more preferred embodiment, the process further comprises the step of replacing the cyano group in the compound of formula IV or in the compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, or IGb where R4 is - CH2NH2 and R1 is cyano with a hydroxy group to give a compound of formula I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, IG, Ia, IAa, IBa, ICa, IDa, IEa, IFa, IGa, Ib, IAb, IBb, ICb, IDb, IEb, IFb or IGb where R1 is OH:
    Preferred processes according to the present invention include:
    • A process that employs a compound of formula II wherein:
      R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl. Particularly preferred Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. More preferred Ra is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and butyl, including n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl, being methyl the most preferred Ra group.
    • A process wherein the compound of formula III is selected from a compound of formula IIIa, IIIb and IIIc:
      Figure imgb0057
       wherein
      • X is selected from -NH- and -O-;
      • R3 is selected from hydrogen and ORb where Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl. Particularly preferred Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. More preferred Rb is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and butyl, including n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. More preferred R3 is hydrogen or methoxy. Most preferred R3 is hydrogen;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH and -CH2NHProtNH where ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
      • It is particularly preferred that the compound of formula III is a compound of formula IIIa or IIIb.
    • A process that employs a compound of formula III, IIIa or IIIb wherein R4 is - CH2OH.
      • Being preferred a process that employs a compound of formula IIIa or IIIb wherein R4 is as defined above.
      • Being more preferred a process that employs a compound of formula IIIa wherein R4 is as defined above.
    • A process that employs a compound of formula III, IIIa or IIIb wherein R4 is - CH2NHProtNH.
      • Being preferred a process that employs a compound of formula IIIa or IIIb wherein R4 is as defined above.
      • Being more preferred a process that employs a compound of formula IIIb wherein R4 is as defined above.
    EXAMPLES
  • Compound 1 was prepared as described in Example 20 of WO 01/87895 .
  • Reference compounds A, B, C, D, E, F, ET-736, and PM01183 were prepared as described in WO 03/014127 ( Compounds 19, 18, 44, 43, 2, 1, 26, and 27 respectively).
    • Example 1.
  • Figure imgb0058
  • To a solution of 1 (0.5 g, 0.80 mmol) in acetic acid (20 mL, 0.04 M) was added L-tryptophanol (2-S) (533 mg, 3.0 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 16 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) gave compounds 3-S (616 mg, 97%) and 3a-S (12 mg, 2%).
    • 3-S
  • Rf= 0.50 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J = 8.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (ddd, J = 8.0, 7.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.14 (dd, J = 11.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 4.41 (s, 1H), 4.36-4.24 (m, 2H), 4.21 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.52 (s, 1H), 3.50-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.45 (dq, J = 8.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 3.01-2.78 (m, 5H), 2.62 (dd, J = 15.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (s, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.37-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 794.2 (M+H)+.
    • 3a-S
  • Rf= 0.70 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.38 (dt, J = 7.9, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dt, J = 8.3, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (ddd, J = 8.2, 7.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (ddd, J = 8.0, 7.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.24 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.13 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 4.39 (s, 1H), 4.36-4.22 (m, 3H), 4.17-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J = 10.5, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.92 (m, 3H), 2.72 (dd, J = 15.1, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.54-2.41 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.35-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H); 2.05 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 171.2, 170.7, 168.6, 147.5, 145.8, 143.0, 141.1, 140.4, 135.6, 130.1, 129.5, 126.7, 122.2, 121.2, 120.9, 119.4, 118.4, 118.2, 118.2, 113.6, 113.5, 110.9, 110.0, 109.1, 102.1, 91.4, 67.2, 63.4, 61.3, 60.4, 59.7, 59.1, 54.8, 54.6, 47.7, 42.0, 41.6, 31.6, 24.0, 22.6, 21.0, 15.9, 14.2, 9.7.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 836.2 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0059
  • To a solution of 3-S (616 mg, 0.77 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 51 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (3.40 g, 23.3 mmol). After 3 h at 23 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give 4-S (471 mg, 78%).
  • Rf= 0.50 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (ddd, J = 8.2, 7.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (ddd, J = 8.0, 7.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.25 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.52 (br s, 3H), 4.22 (dd, J = 11.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (s, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.54 (br s, 2H), 3.35 (t, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (s, 1H), 3.01-2.93 (m, 3H), 2.88 (br s, 3H), 2.63 (dd, J = 15.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.36-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 171.9, 168.6, 147.5, 145.4, 142.9, 141.2, 140.7, 135.5, 130.4, 126.8, 122.3, 122.0, 121.3, 119.4, 118.4, 115.2, 112.8, 111.0, 110.0, 109.6, 101.8, 81.9, 76.8, 65.2, 62.8, 62.5, 60.4, 58.1, 57.9, 55.9, 55.1, 53.4, 51.6, 41.8, 41.3, 39.6, 24.1, 23.8, 20.5, 15.8, 9.7.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 767.3 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z 767.2788 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H43N4O9S: 767.2745).
    Figure imgb0060
  • To a solution of 3a-S (30 mg, 0.035 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 2.4 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (180 mg, 1.07 mmol). After 3 h at 23 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give 4a-S (24 mg, 83%).
  • Rf= 0.60 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.06 (dddt, J = 34.7, 8.0, 7.1, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.22 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (dd, J = 12.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.74 (s, 1H), 5.25-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.89 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.55-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J = 10.5, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.56-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.23 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 2H), 2.87-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.71 (dd, J = 15.0, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (dd, J = 15.1, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.35-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.22-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 809.2 (M-H2O+H)+.
    • Example 2
  • Figure imgb0061
  • To a solution of 1 (0.5 g, 0.80 mmol) in acetic acid (20 mL, 0.04 M) was added D-tryptophanol (2-R) (533 mg, 3.0 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 16 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) gave compound 3-R (479 mg, 75%).
  • Rf= 0.44 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 6.03 (s, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.04 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.32-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 1H), 3.64 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.45 (d, J = 14.7 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.22-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.10 (m, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 794.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0062
  • To a solution of 3-R (479 mg, 0.60 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 40 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (3.03 g, 18.1 mmol). After 3 h at 23 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford 4-R (428 mg, 91%).
  • Rf= 0.45 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (ddd, J = 8.2, 7.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (ddd, J = 7.9, 7.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.22 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (s, 1H), 5.17 (dd, J = 11.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (s, 1H), 4.56-4.47 (m, 2H), 4.17 (dd, J = 5.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J = 11.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.78 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (dd, J = 10.8, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.48-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.24 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.00-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.57 (s, 1H), 2.55-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.19-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 171.8, 168.6, 147.6, 145.4, 143.0, 141.3, 140.7, 136.0, 131.1, 130.0, 129.6, 126.6, 122.1, 121.6, 121.2, 119.4, 118.4, 115.6, 112.9, 111.1, 110.6, 101.8, 81.7, 65.8, 62.7, 61.8, 60.4, 60.3, 57.9, 57.8, 56.1, 55.0, 52.1, 42.2, 41.3, 41.1, 23.8, 23.4, 20.5, 15.7, 9.8.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 767.6 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 767.2799 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H43N4O9S: 767.2745).
    • Example 3. Synthesis of allyl N-[(R)-(2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl)]carbamate (9-R)
  • Figure imgb0063
    Figure imgb0064
  • To a solution of D-tryptophanol (2-R) (2.0 g, 10.4 mmol) in CH3CN (42 mL, 4 mL/mmol) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (4.6 g, 20.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 3 h and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford 5-R (2.2 g, 73%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 4.82 (s, 1H), 4.00 (s, 1H), 3.71 (dd, J = 11.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J = 11.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0065
  • To a solution of 5-R (2.4 g, 8.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL, 6 mL/mmol) was added phthalimide (2.7 g, 18.2 mmol), triphenylphosphine (4.8 g, 18.2 mmol) and the mixture was cooled at 0 °C. A solution of diethyl azodicarboxylate solution in CH2Cl2 (25 mL, 3 mL/mmol) was added for 15 min. The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 16 h, concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford 6-R (3.3 g, 96%).
  • Rf= 0.7 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.81 (dd, J = 5.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (dd, J = 5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.04 (m, 3H)., 4.81 (s, 1H), 4.40 (s, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J = 13.9, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (dd, J = 13.9, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.08-3.01 (m, 2H), 1.23 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0066
  • To a solution of 6-R (3.25 g, 7.74 mmol) in ethanol (231 mL, 30 mL/mmol) was added hydrazine monohydrate (37 mL, 774 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C in sealed tube for 2.25 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (EtOAc:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 50:50) afforded 7-R (2.15 g, 96%).
  • Rf= 0.2 (EtOAc:CH3OH, 6:4).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.60 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.05-6.96 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.94 (m, 1H), 2.99-2.87 (m, 3H), 2.78 (dd, J = 13.1, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 290.2 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0067
  • To a solution of 7-R (2.15 g, 7.4 mmol) in CH3CN (74 mL, 10 mL/mmol) and DMF (7.4 mL, 1 mL/mmol) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.06 mL, 5.9 mmol) and allyl chloroformate (7.9 mL, 74 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, NH4Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford 8-R (1.69 g, 61%).
  • Rf= 0.4 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J = 8.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dddd, J = 27.8, 8.0, 7.0, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (ddt, J = 17.3, 10.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.34-5.22 (m, 1H), 5.20 (dt, J= 10.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 1H), 4.82 (s, 1H), 4.55 (dq, J = 5.4, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 4.02 (s, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J = 10.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (s, 1H), 2.95 (ddd, J = 21.6, 15.4, 9.1 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 274.3 (M-Boc+H)+.
    Figure imgb0068
  • To a solution of 8-R (1.30 g, 3.50 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (58 mL, 16.6 mL/mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (30 mL, 8.3 mL/mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 1.5 h, concentrated under vacuum to give crude 9-R which was used in the next steps without further purification.
  • Rf= 0.2 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.09 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (ddt, J = 16.4, 10.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.34-5.13 (m, 2H), 4.50 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (bs, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J = 14.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.11-3.00 (m, 2H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 274.3 (M+H)+.
    • Example 4. Synthesis of allyl N-[(S)-(2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl)]carbamate (9-S)
  • Figure imgb0069
    Figure imgb0070
  • To a solution of L-tryptophanol (2-S) (2.0 g, 10.4 mmol) in CH3CN (42 mL, 4 mL/mmol) was added Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (4.6 g, 20.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 3 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford 5-S (2.24 g, 73%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J= 7.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J= 8.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 4.81 (s, 1H), 3.99 (s, 1H), 3.70 (dd, J = 11.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dd, J = 11.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0071
  • To a solution of 5-S (1.2 g, 4.13 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (24.8 mL, 6 mL/mmol) was added phthalimide (1.33 g, 9.1 mmol), triphenylphosphine (2.4 g, 9.1 mmol) and the mixture was cooled at 0 °C. A solution of diethyl azodicarboxylate solution (3 mL, 10.32 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (12.4 mL, 3 mL/mmol) was added for 15 min. The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 16 h, concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford 6-S (2.8 g, >100%).
  • Rf= 0.7 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.80 (dd, J= 5.4, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (dd, J= 5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.04 (m, 3H)., 4.74 (s, 1H), 4.42 (s, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J = 13.9, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (dd, J = 13.9, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.10-3.01 (m, 2H), 1.23 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0072
  • To a solution of 6-S (0.86 g, 2.07 mmol) in ethanol (72 mL, 36 mL/mmol) was added hydrazine monohydrate (10 mL, 207 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C in sealed tube for 2.25 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (EtOAc:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 50:50) to afford 7-S (1.0 g, 84%).
  • Rf= 0.2 (EtOAc:CH3OH, 6:4).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.61 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13-6.97 (m, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 4.06-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.76 (m, 4H), 1.38 (s, 9H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 290.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0073
  • To a solution of 7-S (0.95 g, 3.3 mmol) in CH3CN (33 mL, 10 mL/mmol) and DMF (3.3 mL, 1 mL/mmol) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL, 2.6 mmol) and allyl chloroformate (3.5 mL, 33 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 20 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, NH4Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford 8-S (0.88 g, 73%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, J = 8.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (dddd, J = 27.8, 8.0, 7.0, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (ddt, J = 17.3, 10.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.31-5.18 (m, 2H), 5.09 (s, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 4.59-4.52 (m, 2H), 4.03 (s, 1H), 3.37 (dt, J = 10.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (s, 1H), 3.05-2.87 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 274.3 (M-Boc+H)+.
    Figure imgb0074
  • To a solution of 8-S (0.875 g, 2.3 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (38 mL, 16.6 mL/mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (19 mL, 8.3 mL/mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 2 h, concentrated under vacuum to give crude 9-S which was used in the next steps without further purification.
  • Rf= 0.2 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.56 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.13 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (ddt, J = 16.4, 10.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.34-5.16 (m, 2H), 4.56 (d, J= 5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (bs, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J= 14.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.14-2.99 (m, 2H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 274.3 (M+H)+.
    • Example 5
  • Figure imgb0075
  • To a solution of 1 (1.45 g, 2.33 mmol) in acetic acid (58 mL, 0.08 M) was added 9-R (0.95 g, 3.50 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred a 50 °C for 18 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) gives compound 10-R (1.3 g, 64%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (td, J = 7.5, 7.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.99-5.89 (m, 1H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.44-5.21 (m, 2H), 5.14-4.99 (m, 2H), 4.63 (ddd, J = 7.3, 4.4, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 4.33-4.24 (m, 1H), 4.29-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.13 (m, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 1H), 3.48-3.43 (m, 3H), 3.27 (dt, J = 13.2, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.04-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.56 (dd, J = 15.2, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 877.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0076
  • To a solution of 10-R (600 mg, 0.68 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (12 mL, 18 mL/mmol) was added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (77 mg, 0.1 mmol) and acetic acid (0.4 mL, 6.8 mmol). Tributyltin hydride (1.1 mL, 4.08 mmol) was added at 0 °C, the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 0.5 h and concentrated under vacuum. The crude obtained was diluted with EtOAc, saturated aqueous solution of NH4Cl was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100 and EtOAc:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford 11-R (440 mg, 82%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J= 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (ddt, J= 8.3, 7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (ddt, J = 8.3, 7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.24 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (d, J= 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (d, J= 11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 4.28 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.16(s, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.39 (m, 4H), 3.32-3.13 (m, 3H), 2.95 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 2.89-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.73-2.57 (m, 1H), 2.42 (d, J = 14.8 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 793.2 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0077
  • To a solution of 11-R (850 mg, 1.07 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 70 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (3.64 g, 21.4 mmol). After 17 h at 23 °C, the reaction was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give 12-R (553 mg, 66%).
  • Rf= 0.3 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (ddt, J = 8.3, 7.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (ddt, J = 8.3, 7.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.22 (s, 1H), 6.00 (s, 1H), 5.16 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (s, 1H), 4.54 (s, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J = 11.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.52 (d, J= 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 2.99-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.66 (dd, J = 14.9, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.28 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CD3OD): δ 171.7, 169.4, 148.7, 145.9, 143.7, 141.4, 140.9, 136.9, 130.8, 130.0, 129.7, 126.0, 121.4, 121.0, 119.7, 119.1, 118.4, 117.5, 114.9, 110.8, 107.5, 106.4, 102.1, 91.3, 63.2, 60.0, 59.0, 58.6, 55.3, 54.6, 52.7, 52.4, 48.4, 45.8, 42.5, 40.2, 24.5, 23.2, 19.2, 15.0, 8.2.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 766.2 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 766.2972 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H44N5O8S+: 766.2905).
    Figure imgb0078
  • To a solution of 10-R (700 mg, 0.8 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 87.5 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (2.66 g, 16 mmol). After 20 h at 23 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2: CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give 13-R (438 mg, 63%).
  • Rf= 0.40 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.11 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 6.05-5.90 (m, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 5.75 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.40-5.07 (m, 4H), 4.88 (d, J = 14.7 Hz, 1H), 4.68-4.50 (m, 3H), 4.28-4.13 (m, 1H), 4.08 (dt, J = 11.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.37-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.98-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.36 (m, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 850.3 (M-H2O+H)+.
    • Example 6
  • Figure imgb0079
  • To a solution of 1 (955 mg, 1.5 mmol) in acetic acid (37.5 mL, 0.08 M) was added 9-S (627 mg, 2.29 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred a 50 °C for 18 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) gives compound 10-S (756 mg, 58%).
  • Rf= 0.4 (Hexane: EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (td, J = 7.5, 7.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J= 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.07-5.93 (m, 1H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 5.41-5.19 (m, 2H), 5.1 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (dt, J = 5.9, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.33-4.20 (m, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.46 (d, J= 4.2 Hz, 2H), 3.22-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.11-2.88 (m, 4H), 2.66 (dd, J= 15.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (dd, J= 15.3, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 877.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0080
  • To a solution of 10-S (650 mg, 0.72 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (13.3 mL, 18 mL/mmol) was added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (83 mg, 0.11 mmol) and acetic acid (0.42 mL, 7.4 mmol). Tributyltin hydride (1.2 mL, 4.4 mmol) was added at 0 °C, the reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 0.5 h, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100 and EtOAc:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford 11-S (445 mg, 78%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J= 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (ddt, J = 8.3, 7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (ddt, J = 8.3, 7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (s, 1H), 4.42 (s, 1H), 4.36-4.17 (m, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.39 (m, 3H), 2.98-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.47 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.35-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 793.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0081
  • To a solution of 11-S (435 mg, 0.55 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 38.5 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (1.84 g, 11 mmol). After 24 h at 23 °C, the reaction was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give 12-S (152 mg, 35%).
  • Rf= 0.2 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.34 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (ddt, J = 8.2, 7.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (ddt, J= 8.2, 7.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.31-6.25 (m, 1H), 6.15-6.05 (m, 1H), 5.31 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, 1H), 4.40-4.19 (m, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.64 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.03-2.85 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.59 (d, J= 15.6 Hz, 1H), 2.52-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.00 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD3OD): δ 171.4, 169.3, 148.6, 145.8, 143.5, 141.2, 140.8, 136.5, 131.2, 130.3, 129.5, 126.3, 121.6, 121.2, 119.8, 119.4, 118.6, 117.5, 114.9, 111.0, 107.5, 107.4, 102.2, 91.1, 63.5, 60.5, 59.2, 58.5, 55.3, 54.7, 53.4, 52.7, 48.6, 44.7, 42.7, 39.9, 24.3, 23.4, 19.2, 15.1, 8.2.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 766.2 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 766.2958 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H44N5O8S: 766.2905).
    Figure imgb0082
  • To a solution of 10-S (5 mg, 0.006 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 0.5 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (29 mg, 0.17 mmol). After 20 h at 23 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give 13-S (5 mg, 100%).
  • Rf= 0.40 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.12 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.24 (s, 1H), 6.08-5.97 (m, 1H), 6.01 (s, 1H), 5.87 (s, 1H), 5.42-5.19 (m, 4H), 4.88 (s, 1H), 4.69-4.65 (m, 2H), 4.58 (s, 1H), 4.28-4.13 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.08-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.73-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.37 (m, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.03 (s, 3H). ESI-MS m/z: 850.3 (M-H2O+H)+.
    • Example 7. Synthesis of Reference Compounds 14-S and 15-S
  • Figure imgb0083
  • To a solution of 1 (50 mg, 0.08 mmol) in acetic acid (1 mL, 0.08 M) was added L-tryptophan (50 mg, 0.24 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 17 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 80:20) gave compound 14-S (58 mg, 90%).
  • Rf= 0.20 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 10:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (ddd, J = 8.2, 7.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (td, J= 7.5, 7.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.24 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (s, 1H), 4.43 (s, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J = 11.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J = 5.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (s, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.41 (m, 4H), 3.07-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 808.6 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0084
  • To a solution of 14-S (52 mg, 0.066 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (2:1, 4.5 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (164 mg, 1.45 mmol). After 20 h at 23 °C, a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3 was added, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 30 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 70:30) to afford 15-S (18 mg, 35%).
  • Rf= 0.15 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.53 (s, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J = 11.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (s, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 1H), 3.52-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.28 (s, 1H), 3.03 (dd, J= 15.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.91-2.82 (m, 3H), 2.44 (d, J= 15.4 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.35-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDl3): δ 173.7, 171.2, 168.7, 147.5, 145.7, 142.8, 141.2, 140.8, 135.6, 129.8, 126.3, 122.8, 121.5, 121.2, 119.9, 118.6, 117.7, 115.0, 111.1, 101.9, 81.5, 66.8, 62.9, 60.4, 57.9, 55.8, 55.1, 52.3, 42.3, 41.3, 38.3, 31.9, 29.4, 28.9, 24.5, 24.0, 23.8, 22.7, 20.5, 16.0, 9.7.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 781.6 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 781.2610 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H41N4O10S: 781.2538).
    • Example 8.
  • Figure imgb0085
  • To a solution of LiAlH4 (23.4 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 23.4 mmol) at -40 °C was added carefully H2SO4 (0.31 mL, 5.57 mmol) and a suspension of 5-methoxy-L-tryptophan (16-S) (1.0 g, 4.26 mmol, Chem-Impex) in THF (13.4 mL, 0.3 M). The reaction mixture was left evolution at 23 °C, heated for 3 h at 80 °C and 18 h at 23 °C. Cool at -21 °C the reaction mixture was quenched carefully with NaOH 2N until basic pH. EtOAc was added and the mixture filtered through Celite® and washed with CH3OH. The crude was concentrated under vacuum to give 17-S as a crude which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • Rf= 0.2 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 4:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.19 (dt, J = 8.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.72 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.63-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.86 (ddt, J = 14.3, 6.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (dd, J= 14.3, 7.5 Hz, 1H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 221.4 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0086
  • To a solution of LiAlH4 (11.7 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 11.7 mmol) at -40 °C was added carefully H2SO4 (0.31 mL, 5.75 mmol) and a suspension of 5-methoxy-D-tryptophan (16-R) (0.5 g, 2.13 mmol, Aldrich) in THF (6.7 mL, 0.3 M). The reaction mixture was left evolution at 23 °C, heated for 3.5 h at 80 °C and 18 h at 23 °C. Cool at -21 °C the reaction mixture was quenched carefully with NaOH 2N until basic pH. EtOAc was added and the mixture filtered through Celite® and washed with CH3OH. The crude was concentrated under vacuum to give 17-R as a crude which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • Rf= 0.2 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 4:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.20 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.71 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.62-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dd, J = 10.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (br s, 1H), 2.82 (dd, J = 14.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J = 14.4, 7.6 Hz, 1H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 221.6 (M+H)+.
    • Example 9
  • Figure imgb0087
  • To a solution of 1 (530 mg, 0.85 mmol) in acetic acid (10.6 mL, 0.08 M) was added 17-S (469 mg, 2.13 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 18 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) gave compound 18-S (420 mg, 60%).
  • Rf= 0.3 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.13 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (dd, J= 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.27 (s, 1H), 6.11 (s, 1H), 5.21 (d, J= 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (s, 1H), 4.49-4.29 (m, 4H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.47 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 3H), 3.37 (d, J= 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.01-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.75 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (dd, J= 15.1, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.55-2.35 (m, 4H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 824.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0088
  • To a solution of 18-S (420 mg, 0.519 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 36 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (2.60 g, 15.3 mmol). After 3 h at 23 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to obtain 19-S (250 mg, 60%).
  • Rf= 0.45 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.15 (dd, J = 8.9, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (dd, J = 2.4, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.27 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (s, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J= 11.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.27 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.42 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.93-2.73 (m, 3H), 2.68 (dd, J = 15.1, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (dd, J = 15.1, 10.1 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.00 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD3OD): δ 172.7, 170.8, 155.1, 149.9, 147.2, 145.0, 142.6, 142.2, 133.1, 132.4, 132.1, 131.3, 128.1, 122.5, 121.6, 120.3, 116.4, 113.0, 112.9, 111.4, 109.0, 103.6, 100.8, 92.5, 66.6, 65.0, 61.7, 60.4, 59.9, 56.7, 56.1, 54.8, 54.1, 51.7, 44.1, 41.3, 30.7, 25.4, 24.7, 20.6, 16.3, 9.5.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 798.1 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 797.2899 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C42H45N4O10S 797.2851).
    • Example 10
  • Figure imgb0089
  • To a solution of 1 (311 mg, 0.50 mmol) in acetic acid (6.25 mL, 0.08 M) was added 17-R (220 mg, 1.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 18 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) gave compound 18-R (280 mg, 68%).
  • Rf= 0.3 (Hexane: EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J= 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.23 (s, 1H), 6.02 (s, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.04 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 4.28 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.24-4.09 (m, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 1H), 3.47-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.01-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.53 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.45-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.22-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H). ESI-MS m/z: 824.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0090
  • To a solution of 18-R (330 mg, 0.40 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 28 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (2.04 g, 12.0 mmol). After 3 h at 23 °C, the reaction was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to obtain 19-R (224 mg, 69%).
  • Rf= 0.44 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.14 (dd, J = 8.8, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (dd, J= 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.26 (d, J= 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (d, J= 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.68-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.12 (dd, J= 11.5,2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.60 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.45 (m, 3H), 3.41 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.97-2.83 (m, 3H), 2.73 (dd, J = 15.0, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (d, J = 14.9 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.20 (dd, J= 15.1, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.08 (m, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD3OD): δ 173.0, 170.8, 155.0, 149.8, 147.3, 145.0, 142.8, 142.3, 133.5, 133.1, 132.2, 132.1, 131.1, 130.5, 127.8, 122.5, 121.7, 120.0, 116.4, 113.5, 112.9, 111.4, 110.2, 103.5, 100.9, 92.6, 66.8, 64.5, 61.3, 60.4, 60.0, 56.8, 56.1, 55.9, 54.1, 44.1, 41.3, 25.6, 24.5, 20.6, 16.2, 9.6.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 797.4 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 797.2896 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C42H45N4O10S 797.2851).
    • Example 11. Synthesis of allyl N-[(S)-2-amino-3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propyl)]carbamate (24-S)
  • Figure imgb0091
    Figure imgb0092
  • To a solution of 17-S (6.9 g, 31.4 mmol) in CH3CN (126 mL, 4 mL/mmol) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (13.7 g, 62.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 5.5 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) gives 20-S (4.5 g, 45%).
  • Rf= 0.6 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (s, 1H), 3.98 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.73-3.58 (m, 2H), 2.96 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0093
  • To a solution of 20-S (4.5 g, 14 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (84 mL, 6 mL/mmol) was added phthalimide (4.5 g, 30.9 mmol), triphenylphosphine (8.1 g, 30.9 mmol) and the mixture was cooled at 0 °C. A solution of 40% of diethyl azodicarboxylate in CH2Cl2 (10.4 mL, 35 mmol) was added for 15 min. The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 18 h, concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 99:1 to 85:15) to yield 21-S (5.8 g, 92%).
  • Rf= 0.55 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J = 5.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 7.69-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.21 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J = 18.5, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (s, 1H); 4.39 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.83-3.66 (m, 2H), 2.98 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 1.20 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0094
  • To a solution of 21-S (6.29 g, 14 mmol) in ethanol (420 mL, 30 mL/mmol) was added hydrazine monohydrate (61.1 mL, 1260 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C in sealed tube for 2 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 50:50) affords 22-S (4.2 g, 95%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 8:2).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.22 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.76 (dd, J= 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.06-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.06-2.82 (m, 4H), 1.37 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0095
  • To a solution of 22-S (4.0 g, 12.52 mmol) in CH3CN (125 mL, 10 mL/mmol) and DMF (12 mL, 1 mL/mmol) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.8 mL, 10 mmol) and allyl chloroformate (13.3 mL, 125 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 5 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and NH4Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100) to obtain 23-S (2.65 g, 52%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J= 13.1 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.97-5.82 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.24 (m, 1H), 5.19 (dt, J = 10.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 4.82 (s, 1H), 4.55 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (s, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.37 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (s, 1H), 2.89 (dd, J= 14.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0096
  • To a solution of 23-S (2.60 g, 6.44 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (106 mL, 16.6 mL/mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (54 mL, 8.3 mL/mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 1.5 h, concentrated under vacuum to afford 24-S (3.9 g, 100%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.81 (ddt, J = 16.3, 10.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (dd, J = 19.3, 13.6 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.81-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.08 (qd, J = 15.1, 7.3 Hz, 2H).
    • Example 12
  • Figure imgb0097
  • To a solution of 1 (120 mg, 0.19 mmol) in acetic acid (6 mL, 0.08 M) was added 24-S (117 mg, 0.35 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 18 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) gives compound 25-S (95 mg, 54%).
  • Rf= 0.4 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.77 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.24 (s, 1H), 6.03 (s, 1H), 6.02-5.93 (m, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.38 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.33-4.19 (m, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.46 (s, 2H), 3.17 (s, 1H), 3.10-2.90 (m, 3H), 2.68-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 2H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 907.1 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0098
  • To a solution of 25-S (90 mg, 0.1 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL, 18 mL/mmol) was added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride (12 mg, 0.1 mmol) and acetic acid (0.056 mL, 0.99 mmol). Tributyltin hydride (0.16 mL, 0.60 mmol) was added at 0 °C, the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 0.5 h, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100 and EtOAc:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford 26-S (75 mg, 92%).
  • Rf= 0.25 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.25 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.41 (s, 1H), 4.36-4.24 (m, 2H), 4.20 (d, J= 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.44 (dd, J = 22.0, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.08-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.73-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.22 (m, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 823.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0099
  • To a solution of 26-S (70 mg, 0.085 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 6 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (335 mg, 1.7 mmol). After 18 h at 23 °C, the reaction was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give 27-S (23 mg, 33%).
  • Rf= 0.2 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.75 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (s, 1H), 5.22 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 1H), 4.58-4.42 (m, 3H), 4.29-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.84-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.53-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.22 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (s, 1H), 3.02 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 2.89-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.34 (m, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDl3): δ 172.1, 168.7, 154.0, 147.6, 145.6, 143.0, 141.2, 140.8, 131.6, 130.6, 129.6, 127.1, 121.8, 120.9, 118.4, 115.2, 112.5, 111.8, 101.8, 100.2, 81.5, 62.6, 60.6, 58.0, 57.8, 56.0, 55.8, 55.0, 42.3, 41.4, 31.9, 29.7, 27.8, 26.9, 25.6, 24.0, 22.7, 20.5, 16.0, 14.1, 13.6, 9.7.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 796.3 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 796.3062 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C42H46N5O9S 796.3011).
    • Example 13. Synthesis of allyl N-[(R)-2-amino-3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propyl)]caibamate (24-R)
  • Figure imgb0100
    Figure imgb0101
  • To a solution of 17-R (2.35 g, 10.7 mmol) in CH3CN (43 mL, 4 mL/mmol) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (4.67 g, 21.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 2.5 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) afforded 20-R (1.7 g, 50%).
  • Rf= 0.6 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (s, 1H), 3.98 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.69 (td, J= 9.2, 7.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dd, J= 10.9, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0102
  • To a solution of 20-R (1.7 g, 5.3 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (32 mL, 6 mL/mmol) was added phthalimide (1.72 g, 11.7 mmol), triphenylphosphine (3.06 g, 11.7 mmol) and the mixture was cooled at 0 °C. A solution of 40% of diethyl azodicarboxylate in CH2Cl2 (4.0 mL, 13.2 mmol) was added for 15 min. The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 16 h, concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford 21-R (2.0 g, 84%).
  • Rf= 0.45 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDl3): δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.80 (dd, J = 5.4, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J= 5.4, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J = 15.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (q, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.83-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.01 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.22 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0103
  • To a solution of 21-R (2.0 g, 4.45 mmol) in ethanol (133 mL, 30 mL/mmol) was added hydrazine monohydrate (21.6 mL, 445 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C in sealed tube for 2 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 50:50) to afford 22-R (1.15 g, 81%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 8:2).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.21 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 6.75 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (ddd, J= 10.7, 8.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.98-2.79 (m, 3H), 2.75 (dd, J = 13.1, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 1.37 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0104
  • To a solution of 22-R (1.1 g, 3.4 mmol) in CH3CN (34 mL, 10 mL/mmol) and DMF (3.4 mL, 1 mL/mmol) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL, 2.7 mmol) and allyl chloroformate (3.7 mL, 34 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 19 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and NH4Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane: EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford 23-R (0.95 g, 69%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 6.98-6.87 (m, 1H), 6.82 (dt, J = 8.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.96-5.81 (m, 1H), 5.37-5.22 (m, 2H), 5.22-5.14 (m, 1H), 5.02-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.47 (m, 2H), 4.00 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.31 (s, 1H), 3.19 (s, 1H), 2.88 (td, J = 14.5, 13.3, 5.9 Hz, 2H), 1.40 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0105
  • To a solution of 23-R (0.94 g, 2.3 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (39 mL, 16.6 mL/mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (19 mL, 8.3 mL/mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 1.5 h, concentrated under vacuum to afford 24-R (0.72 g, 100%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.27 (d, J = 8.8, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (ddd, J = 8.8, 2.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (ddt, J = 16.4, 10.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.60-4.53 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.59 (dt, J = 11.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.13-2.94 (m, 2H).
    • Example 14
  • Figure imgb0106
  • To a solution of 1 (0.71 g, 1.14 mmol) in acetic acid (45 mL, 0.08 M) was added 24-R (0.54 mg, 1.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 7 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) gives compound 25-R (670 mg, 65%).
  • Rf= 0.4 (Hexane: EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.83-6.73 (m, 2H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, J= 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (d, J= 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.05-5.89 (m, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.44-5.30 (m, 1H), 5.25 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.13-4.99 (m, 2H), 4.71-4.59 (m, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 4.30-4.07 (m, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.53 (m, 1H); 3.48-3.41 (m, 3H), 3.26 (dt, J = 13.3, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.04-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J = 14.9, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.12-2.02 (m, 1H), 2.09 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 907.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0107
  • To a solution of 25-R (745 mg, 0.82 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (15 mL, 18 mL/mmol) was added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (92 mg, 0.1 mmol) and acetic acid (0.47 mL, 8.2 mmol). Tributyltin hydride (1.33 mL, 4.9 mmol) was added at 0 °C, the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 0.75 h and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100 and EtOAc:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford 26-R (680 mg, >100%).
  • Rf= 0.25 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.85-6.72 (m, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.21 (d, J= 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (d, J= 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.63 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 4.31-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.24 (dq, J= 9.9, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (s, 1H), 2.91-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.62 (dd, J = 14.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.22-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 823.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0108
  • To a solution of 26-R (660 mg, 0.80 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 56 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (2.70 g, 16.0 mmol). After 16.5 h at 23 °C, the reaction was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give 27-R (271 mg, 42%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.72 (d, J= 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.20 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.15 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (s, 1H), 4.52 (m, 2H), 4.17 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.55-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.32-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.01-2.82 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.59 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CD3OD): δ 171.7, 171.3, 153.8, 153.3, 148.0, 147.6, 145.4, 145.4, 143.1, 141.3, 140.7, 131.6, 131.4, 131.2, 129.3, 126.8, 121.6, 120.9, 118.3, 115.6, 112.2, 111.8, 101.8, 100.2, 81.7, 63.5, 63.1, 61.7, 58.0, 57.8, 56.1, 55.8, 55.0, 42.2, 42.1, 41.4, 41.0, 25.1, 23.8, 20.5, 16.0, 9.7.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 796.3 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 796.3045 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C42H46N5O9S 796.3011).
    • Example 15. Synthesis of reference compounds 28-S and 29-S.
  • Figure imgb0109
  • To a solution of 1 (450 mg, 0.72 mmol) in acetic acid (9 mL, 0.08 M) was added 16-S (675 mg, 2.88 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred a 52 °C for 3 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 80:20) gave compound 28-S (400 mg, 66%).
  • Rf= 0.35 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 10:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.85-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.25 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (s, 1H), 4.44 (s, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J = 11.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J= 5.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.43 (m, 3H), 3.02-2.81 (m, 4H), 2.41-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 838.6 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0110
  • To a solution of 28-S (400 mg, 0.48 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (2:1, 33 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (1.20 g, 7.16 mmol). After 16 h at 23 °C, a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3 was added, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 30 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 70:30) to afford 29-S (179 mg, 45%).
  • Rf= 0.25 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.17 (d, J= 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.10 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.48 (s, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J = 11.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.41-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.16-2.91 (m, 5H), 2.71 (dd, J = 15.3, 11.4 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (s, 1H), 2.42-2.36 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): d 171.3, 170.6, 155.2, 149.8, 147.5, 145.4, 142.8, 142.4, 133.0, 131.8, 130.0, 128.0, 122.2, 121.8, 115.5, 113.9, 113.3, 113.2, 111.4, 109.1, 103.8, 100.9, 91.6, 65.4, 61.9, 60.3, 59.4, 57.1, 56.4, 56.2, 55.2, 53.4, 43.7, 40.8, 38.3, 30.7, 26.4, 24.7, 20.4, 16.5, 9.6.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 811.3 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 811.2682 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C42H43N4O11S 811.2644).
    • Example 16. Synthesis of Reference Compounds 28-R and 29-R
  • Figure imgb0111
  • To a solution of 1 (50 mg, 0.08 mmol) in acetic acid (1 mL, 0.08 M) was added 16-R (66 mg, 0.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 6 h and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 80:20) gave compound 28-R (50 mg, 75%).
  • Rf= 0.20 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 10:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 5.00 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.22 - 4.04 (m, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.48 - 3.40 (m, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J = 15.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (dd, J = 15.3, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (d, J = 14.9 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.21 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 838.8 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0112
  • To a solution of 28-R (50 mg, 0.06 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (2:1, 4.2 mL, 0.015M) was added AgNO3 (304 mg, 1.80 mmol). After 3 h at 23 °C, a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3 was added, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 30 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH from 99:1 to 70:30) to afford 29-R (30 mg, 60%).
  • Rf= 0.15 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.17 (d, J= 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (d, J= 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.12 (d, J= 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (s, 1H), 4.56 - 4.46 (m, 2H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 4.10 (dd, J = 9.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (dd, J = 11.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.51 (s, 1H), 3.48 - 3.42 (m, 2H), 3.23 (s, 1H), 3.00 (dd, J= 15.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.90 - 2.77 (m, 2H), 2.71 (dd, J = 15.2, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.20 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): 175.6, 171.0, 168.7, 154.1, 147.3, 145.6, 143.1, 141.3, 140.8, 131.1, 130.4, 126.5, 121.9, 121.5, 121.3, 115.5, 112.9, 112.7, 112.0, 109.1, 101.9, 100.2, 81.5, 62.8, 61.7, 60.4, 57.9, 57.8, 56.0, 55.8, 54.8, 53.4, 42.5, 41.2, 40.3, 29.7, 24.6, 23.8, 20.5, 15.9, 9.8.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 811.6 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 811.2687 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C42H43N4O11S 811.2644).
    • Example 17.
  • Figure imgb0113
  • To a solution of compound 1 (2.0 g, 3.21 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL, 0.01 M) was added 2-benzofuran-3-yl-ethylamine hydrochloride (30) (1.90 g, 9.65 mmol, Sigma Aldrich) and cyanuric chloride (TCT) (200 mg, 10%). The reaction mixture was stirred at 85 °C for 24 h and then aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 9:1 to 1:9) gives compound 31 (1.95 g, 79%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.38-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 6.20 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.05 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (s, 1H), 4.33-4.24 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.49-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.78 (m, 5H), 2.57-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.21 (m, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 765.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0114
  • To a solution of compound 31 (380 mg, 0.49 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 25 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (1.30 g, 7.45 mmol). After 5 h at 23 °C, a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3 was added, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford compound 32 (175 mg, 47%).
  • Rf= 0.40 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.35 (ddd, J= 10.7, 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.14 (dtd, J= 19.7, 7.3, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 6.16 (d, J= 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J= 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J = 11.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 4.48 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (s, 1H), 4.20-4.06 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 1H), 3.50 (d, J = 18.8 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (ddd, J = 12.6, 7.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (d, J= 17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (dd, J= 19.2, 12.0 Hz, 3H), 2.59-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 171.2, 168.7, 154.4, 150.0, 147.9, 145.5, 142.9, 140.9, 140.8, 131.3, 129.0, 127.7, 123.7, 122.2, 121.2, 120.8, 118.9, 118.3, 115.5, 113.5, 111.7, 101.7, 82.1, 62.7, 61.7, 60.3, 57.8, 57.4, 55.9, 55.0, 42.2, 41.3, 39.7, 38.2, 29.7, 23.7, 21.3, 20.6, 15.9, 9.7. ESI-MS m/z: 738.6 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 756.2654 [M+H]+ (Calcd. for C40H42N3O10S 756.2585).
    • Example 18.
  • Figure imgb0115
  • To a solution of 1 (500 mg, 0.80 mmol) in acetic acid (10 mL, 0.08 M) was added 2-(5-methoxybenzofuran-3-yl)-ethylamine hydrochloride (33) (Diverchim, ref: DW04590) (444 mg, 1.60 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 6 days and then acetic acid was evaporated. An aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) affords 34 (270 mg, 43%).
  • Rf= 0.3 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.25 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 6.80-6.73 (m, 2H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.18 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (s, 1H), 5.03 (dd, J = 11.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (s, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J = 4.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.23-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.46-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.24 (s, 1H), 3.03 (d, J= 18.0 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J = 17.9, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 2.87-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 795.8 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0116
  • To a solution of 34 (345 mg, 0.43 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 30 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (2.20 g, 13.0 mmol). After 3 h at 23 °C, a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3 was added, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to obtain 35 (175 mg, 51%).
  • Rf= 0.35 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.27 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.08 (m, 4H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.63 (d, J= 14.1 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.93-2.87 (m, 5H), 2.80 (d, J= 15.5 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD3OD): δ 171.9, 170.6, 157.5, 147.0, 145.0, 142.3, 141.0, 132.2, 131.1, 129.1, 122.2, 120.9, 120.2, 116.3, 115.1, 114.0, 112.7, 111.4, 103.5, 102.7, 92.9, 62.0, 60.3, 59.8, 59.4, 56.5, 56.2, 56.0, 54.0, 43.8, 41.2, 40.7, 30.8, 30.3, 28.7, 24.5, 21.6, 20.6, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: 768.6 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 768.2630 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H42N3O10S 768.2585).
    • Example 19
  • Figure imgb0117
  • To a solution of LiAlH4 (148 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 148 mmol) at -40 °C was added carefully H2SO4 (7.14 mL, 72.9 mmol) and a suspension of (S)-2-amino-3-(benzofuran-3-yl)propanoic acid (36-S) (prepared as described in Tetrahedron Asymmetry 2008, 19, 500-511) (5.54 g, 26.9 mmol) in THF (85 mL, 0.003 M). The reaction mixture was left evolution at 23 °C, heated at 80 °C for 3 h and 18 h at 23 °C. Cool at -21 °C the reaction mixture was quenched carefully with NaOH 2N until basic pH. EtOAc was added and the mixture filtered through Celite® and washed with CH3OH. The crude was concentrated under vacuum to afford compound 37-S (3.93 g, >100%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 4:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.67 - 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.51 - 7.41 (m, 1H), 7.34 - 7.18 (m, 2H), 3.69 - 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.44 (dd, J = 10.8, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (dtd, J = 7.4, 6.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (ddd, J = 14.4, 6.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (ddd, J = 14.4, 7.5, 0.9 Hz, 1H).
    • Example 20
  • Figure imgb0118
  • To a solution of LiAlH4 (118 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 118 mmol) at -40 °C was added carefully H2SO4 (3.1 mL, 57.8 mmol) and a suspension of (R)-2-amino-3-(benzofuran-3-yl)propanoic acid (36-R) (prepared as described in Tetrahedron Asymmetry 2008, 19, 500-511) (4.4 g, 21.4 mmol) in THF (67.4 mL, 0.003 M). The reaction mixture was left evolution at 23 °C, heated at 80 °C for 3 h and 18 h at 23 °C. Cool at -21 °C the reaction mixture was quenched carefully with NaOH 2N until basic pH. EtOAc was added and the mixture filtered through Celite® and washed with CH3OH. The crude was concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15, Silice amine) to afford compound 37-R (2.77 g, 68%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 4:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.63 - 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.46 - 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.21 (dtd, J = 19.9, 7.3, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (dd, J= 10.7, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J= 10.8, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (dtd, J = 7.6, 6.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (ddd, J = 14.4, 6.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (ddd, J = 14.4, 7.5, 0.9 Hz, 1H).
    • Example 21
  • Figure imgb0119
  • To a solution of compound 1 (850 mg, 1.36 mmol) in CH3CN (136 mL, 0.01 M) was added (S)-2-amino-3-(benzofuran-3-yl)propan-1-ol (37-S) (1.30 g, 6.83 mmol and cyanuric chloride (TCT) (170 mg, 20%). The reaction mixture was stirred at 85 °C for 24 h and then aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 9:1 to 1:9) gives compound 38-S (750 mg, 69%).
  • Rf= 0.25 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.39 - 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.33 - 7.29 (m, 1H), 7.20 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (td, J = 7.4, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.74 (s, 1H), 5.08 (d, J= 11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.32 - 4.23 (m, 2H), 4.19 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.52 - 3.41 (m, 3H), 3.36 - 3.29 (m, 1H), 3.13 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.00 - 2.81 (m, 3H), 2.57 (dd, J = 15.7, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.31 - 2.25 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.10 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 795.2 (M)+.
    Figure imgb0120
  • To a solution of compound 38-S (890 mg, 1.12 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 75 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (4.70 g, 28.0 mmol). After 18 h at 23 °C, a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3 was added, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford compound 39-S (500 mg, 57%).
  • Rf= 0.30 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.38 - 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.33 - 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.23 - 7.16 (m, 1H), 7.16 - 7.09 (m, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.18 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (s, 1H), 5.19 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (s, 1H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 4.24 - 4.10 (m, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.54 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 3H), 3.33 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 2H), 3.22 (s, 1H), 2.98 (s, 1H), 2.84 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.62 - 2.53 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.30 - 2.24 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 172.0, 170.7, 156.1, 150.6, 149.9, 147.1, 145.0, 142.4, 142.2, 132.0, 131.4, 128.7, 125.5, 123.8, 122.6, 121.6, 120.1, 116.5, 114.4, 112.3, 103.5, 92.6, 66.0, 65.1, 62.2, 60.4, 59.7, 56.6, 56.1, 54.8, 54.1, 51.6, 44.0, 41.3, 38.3, 30.8, 24.8, 20.6, 16.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: 768.2 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 768.2652 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H42N3O10S 768.2585)
    • Example 22.
  • Figure imgb0121
  • To a solution of compound 1 (100 mg, 0.16 mmol) in CH3CN (16 mL, 0.01 M) was added (R)-2-amino-3-(benzofuran-3-yl)propan-1-ol (37-R) (307 mg, 1.6 mmol) and cyanuric chloride (TCT) (40 mg, 40%). The reaction mixture was stirred at 85 °C for 44 h and then aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 9:1 to 1:9) gives compound 38-R (95 mg, 75%).
  • Rf= 0.3 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.42 - 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.28 -7.09 (m, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.20 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.00 (d , J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 4.31 - 4.16 (m, 4H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.79 - 3.76 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 1H), 3.54 - 3.40 (m, 4H), 2.99 - 2.87 (m, 2H), 2.68 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 2.56 - 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 795.2 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0122
  • To a solution of compound 38-R (95 mg, 0.11 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 11 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (601 mg, 3.58 mmol). After 18 h at 23 °C, a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3 was added, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford compound 39-R (66 mg, 70%).
  • Rf= 0.3 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.39 - 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.23 - 7.07 (m, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.17 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.12 (dd, J = 11.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (s, 1H), 4.56 - 4.43 (m, 2H), 4.19 - 4.07 (m, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.83 - 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.66 - 3.51 (m, 3H), 3.24 (s, 1H), 2.99 - 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.75 - 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.59 - 2.43 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CD3OD): δ 170.5, 169.1, 154.9, 148.9, 148.5, 145.7, 143.6, 141.1, 140.8, 130.6, 129.9, 127.1, 124.1, 122.4, 122.4, 121.2, 120.3, 118.7, 118.2, 115.1, 113.6, 110.9, 102.1, 91.1, 65.0, 63.3, 60.2, 59.0, 58.4, 55.4, 54.5, 52.7, 52.3, 42.5, 38.7, 29.4, 23.5, 23.2, 19.1, 14.8, 8.3.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 768.2 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 767.2628 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H42N3O10S 768.2585).
    • Example 23. Synthesis of allyl-N-[(S)-2-amino-3-(benzofuran-3-yl)propyl]carbamate (44-S).
  • Figure imgb0123
    Figure imgb0124
  • To a solution of compound 37-S (1.0 g, 5.22 mmol) in CH3CN (21 mL, 4 mL/mmol) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.28 g, 10.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 2 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford compound 40-S (0.5 g, 33%).
  • Rf= 0.7 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.64 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36 - 7.19 (m, 2H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 3.98 (s, 1H), 3.71 - 3.56 (m, 2H), 2.93 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0125
  • To a solution of compound 40-S (0.5 g, 1.71 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (11 mL, 6 mL/mmol) was added phthalimide (0.55 g, 3.77 mmol), Triphenylphosphine (0.99 g, 3.77 mmol) and the mixture was cooled at 0 °C. A solution of 40% of Diethyl azodicarboxylate in CH2Cl2 (1.26 mL, 4.29 mmol) was added for 15 min. The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 18 h, concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 99:1 to 40:60) to afford compound 41-S (0.68 g, 94%).
  • Rf= 0.8 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.89 - 7.79 (m, 2H), 7.83 - 7.62 (m, 2H), 7.65 - 7.55 (m, 2H), 7.49 - 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.33 - 7.20 (m, 2H), 4.83 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (ddt, J= 12.1, 6.3, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.88 - 3.70 (m, 2H), 2.96 (d, J= 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.24 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0126
  • To a solution of compound 41-S (345 mg, 0.82 mmol) in ethanol (25 mL, 30 mL/mmol) was added hydrazine monohydrate (3.6 mL, 73.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C in sealed tube for 2 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 50:50) to afford compound 42-S (233 mg, 98%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 8:2).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.62 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49 - 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.33 - 7.18 (m, 2H), 4.85 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 1H), 2.91 - 2.76 (m, 3H), 2.67 (dd, J = 13.1, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.25 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0127
  • To a solution of compound 42-S (280 mg, 0.96 mmol) in CH3CN (10 mL, 10 mL/mmol) and DMF (16 mL, 1 mL/mmol) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.14 mL, 0.77 mmol) and allyl chloroformate (1.02 mL, 9.64 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and NH4Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford compound 43-S (445 mg, >100%).
  • Rf= 0.5 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.60 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 - 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.34 - 7.20 (m, 2H), 5.90 (ddt, J = 16.4, 10.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.32 - 5.17 (m, 2H), 4.93 - 4.86 (m, 1H), 4.56 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.08 - 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.40 - 3.21 (m, 2H), 2.88 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0128
  • To a solution of compound 43-S (160 mg, 0.43 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (8 mL, 16.6 mL/mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL, 8.3 mL/mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 1.5 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 50:50) to afford compound 44-S (175 mg, >100%).
  • Rf= 0.2 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.64 (dt, J = 8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (dt, J = 8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.37 - 7.22 (m, 2H), 5.94 (ddt, J = 16.3, 10.7, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dq, J = 17.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (dq, J = 10.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (dt, J = 5.7, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (qd, J = 7.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.46 - 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.32 - 3.24 (m, 1H), 3.03 (dd, J = 14.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (ddd, J = 14.8, 7.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H).
    • Example 24. Synthesis of allyl-N-[(R)-2-amino-3-(benzofuran-3-yl)propyl]carbamate (44-R).
  • Figure imgb0129
    Figure imgb0130
  • To a solution of compound 37-R (2.75 g, 14.4 mmol) in CH3CN (58 mL, 4 mL/mmol) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (6.27 g, 28.76 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 2.5 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford compound 40-R (3.7 g, 88%).
  • Rf= 0.6 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.64 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 - 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.35 - 7.20 (m, 2H), 4.85 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (bs, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J = 11.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J = 10.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (d, J= 6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0131
  • To a solution of compound 40-R (3.7 g, 12.7 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (76 mL, 6 mL/mmol) was added phthalimide (4.1 g, 28 mmol), triphenylphosphine (7.3 g, 28 mmol) and the mixture was cooled at 0 °C. A solution of 40% of diethyl azodicarboxylate in CH2Cl2 (9.4 mL, 31.7 mmol) was added for 15 min. The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 16 h, concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to afford compound 41-R (4.05 g, 76%).
  • Rf= 0.8 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.67 - 7.68 (m, 4H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (dtd, J = 17.2, 7.3, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 4.84 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.46 - 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.89 - 3.66 (m, 2H), 2.97 (d, J= 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.24 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0132
  • To a solution of compound 41-R (4.0 g, 9.5 mmol) in ethanol (285 mL, 30 mL/mmol) was added hydrazine monohydrate (41.5 mL, 856 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C in sealed tube for 2 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 50:50) to afford compound 42-R (2.2 g, 80%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 8:2).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.60 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dtd, J = 18.8, 7.3, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 4.94 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.98 - 3.78 (m, 1H), 2.90 - 2.77 (m, 2H), 2.65 (dd, J = 13.1, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.40 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0133
  • To a solution of compound 42-R (2.2 g, 7.6 mmol) in CH3CN (76 mL, 10 mL/mmol) and DMF (7.6 mL, 1 mL/mmol) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.1 mL, 6.08 mmol) and allyl chloroformate (8.05 mL, 76 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23 °C for 7 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and NH4Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford compound 43-R (2.3 g, 81%).
  • Rf= 0.7 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.60 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 - 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.34 - 7.20 (m, 2H), 5.90 (ddt, J = 17.3, 10.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (d, J = 17.2, 1H), 5.20 (d, J = 10.4, 1H), 5.10 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (d, J = 5.4, 2H), 4.08 - 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.36 (dt, J= 10.7, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.30 - 3.23 (m, 1H), 2.87 (td, J = 14.8, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H).
    Figure imgb0134
  • To a solution of compound 43-R (1.32 g, 3.52 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (60 mL, 16.6 mL/mmol) was added Trifluoroacetic acid (30 mL, 8.3 mL/mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C for 1.5 h, concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 50:50) to afford compound 44-R (0.90 g, 94%).
  • Rf= 0.2 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.69 - 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.54 - 7.46 (m, 1H), 7.39 - 7.24 (m, 2H), 5.95 (ddt, J = 16.3, 10.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dd, J = 17.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.24 - 5.16 (m, 1H), 4.57 (dt, J = 5.7, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (qd, J = 7.1, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (dd, J = 14.8, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.42 - 3.30 (m, 1H), 3.14 - 2.95 (m, 2H).
    • Example 25
  • Figure imgb0135
    Figure imgb0136
  • To a solution of compound 1 (750 mg, 1.2 mmol) in CH3CN (120 mL, 0.01 M) was added compound 44-S (1370 mg, 6 mmol) and cyanuric chloride (TCT) (184 mg, 20%). The reaction mixture was stirred at 85 °C for 23 h and then aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 9:1 to 1:9) gives compound 45-S (755 mg, 72%).
  • Rf= 0.36 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.38 - 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.23 - 7.08 (m, 2H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.19 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.09 - 5.95 (m, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 5.44 - 5.34 (m, 1H), 5.26 (dq, J = 10.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J = 11.4, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.70 - 4.63 (m, 2H), 4.56 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 4.31 - 4.18 (m, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.50 - 3.39 (m, 2H), 3.24 - 3.15 (m, 1H), 3.00 (dt, J = 12.2, 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (dd, J = 15.4, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (dd, J = 15.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.25 - 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 878.2 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0137
  • To a solution of compound 45-S (750 mg, 0.85 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (15.3 mL, 18 mL/mmol) was added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (96 mg, 0.14 mmol) and acetic acid (0.5 mL, 8.5 mmol). Tributyltin hydride (1.4 mL, 5.1 mmol) was added at 0 °C, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 minutes, and was concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100 and CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford compound 46-S (430 mg, 64%).
  • Rf= 0.3 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.37 - 7.29 (m, 2H), 7.22 - 7.11 (m, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.29 - 4.23 (m, 2H), 4.14 (s, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.50 - 3.47 (m, 2H), 3.38 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.95 -2.71 (m, 4H), 2.68 - 2.52 (m, 2H), 2.51 - 2.38 (m, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.33 - 2.26 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.17 - 2.08 (m, 1H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 794.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0138
  • To a solution of compound 46-S (550 mg, 0.7 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 49 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (2.4 g, 14 mmol). After 16 h at 23 °C, the reaction was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give compound 47-S (53 mg, 10%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.36 (d, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.20 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 1H), 4.50 (s, 1H), 4.46 - 4.39 (m, 1H), 4.25 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.81 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (s, 1H), 3.40 - 3.14 (m, 3H), 2.90 (t, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (m, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.46 - 2.37 (m, 1H), 2.32 - 2.26 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD3OD): δ 170.5, 169.2, 154.6, 149.1, 148.7, 145.7, 143.5, 141.0, 140.9, 131.2, 129.6, 126.9, 124.4, 122.5, 121.4, 119.7, 118.7, 115.0, 112.7, 111.0, 110.7, 102.1, 91.2, 63.5, 61.2, 59.2, 58.5, 55.3, 54.7, 53.4, 52.7, 43.3, 42.5, 39.9, 36.9, 29.3, 24.1, 23.6, 19.1, 15.0, 8.2.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 767.2 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 767.2794 [M-H2OH]+ (Calcd. for C4H43N4O9S 767.2745).
    • Example 26.
  • Figure imgb0139
  • To a solution of compound 1 (621 mg, 1 mmol) in CH3CN (100 mL, 0.01 M) was added compound 44-R (825 mg, 3 mmol) and cyanuric chloride (TCT) (248 mg, 40%). The reaction mixture was stirred at 85 °C for 66 h and then aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 9:1 to 1:9) gives compound 45-R (530 mg, 58%).
  • Rf= 0.4 (Hexane:EtOAc, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.42 - 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.23 - 7.08 (m, 2H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.20 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.01 - 5.92 (m, 1H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 5.44 - 5.20 (m, 2H), 5.09 (s, 1H), 5.04 - 4.96 (m, 1H), 4.71 - 4.55 (m, 2H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 4.30 - 4.18 (m, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.53 (dd, J = 10.2, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (m, 2H), 3.50 - 3.40 (m, 1H), 3.03 - 2.87 (m, 2H), 2.67 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (dd, J = 15.6, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.40 - 2.32 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.19 - 2.12 (m, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 878.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0140
  • To a solution of compound 45-R (552 mg, 0.63 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (11.3 mL, 18 mL/mmol) was added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (70.7 mg, 0.1 mmol) and acetic acid (0.36 mL, 6.3 mmol). Tributyltin hydride (1.02 mL, 3.8 mmol) was added at 0 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 0.5 h, and concentrated under vacuum The crude obtained was diluted with EtOAc, saturated aqueous solution of NH4Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography (Hexane:EtOAc, from 100:1 to 1:100 and EtOAc:CH3OH, from 100:1 to 1:100) to afford compound 46-R (423 mg, 85%).
  • Rf= 0.3 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 1:1).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.45 - 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.23 - 7.08 (m, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.19 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J = 5.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.22 - 4.16 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.49 - 3.39 (m, 2H), 3.31 (dq, J = 9.8, 5.5, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (s, 1H), 2.83 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.74 - 2.51 (m, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.32 - 2.21 (m, 2H), 2.26 (s, 3H); 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H).
  • ESI-MS m/z: 794.3 (M+H)+.
    Figure imgb0141
  • To a solution of compound 46-R (412 mg, 0.52 mmol) in CH3CN:H2O (1.39:1, 36 mL, 0.015 M) was added AgNO3 (1.76 g, 10.4 mmol). After 22 h at 23 °C, the reaction was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3, stirred for 15 min, diluted with CH2Cl2, stirred for 5 min, and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, from 99:1 to 85:15) to give compound 47-R (175 mg, 43%).
  • Rf= 0.1 (CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 9:1).
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.34 (dd, J = 11.1, 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.22 - 7.07 (m, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.17 (d, J= 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J= 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (s, 1H), 4.53 - 4.47 (m, 2H), 4.21 - 4.07 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.56 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (s, 1H), 3.24 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.98 - 2.78 (m, 4H), 2.72 - 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.35 - 2.27 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H).
  • 13C NMR (101 MHz, CD3OD): δ 170.6, 169.1, 155.0, 148.8, 145.6, 143.7, 141.1, 140.8, 130.9, 129.7, 126.9, 124.2, 122.4, 121.1, 119.6, 118.9, 118.7, 115.0, 113.2, 112.5, 111.0, 102.1, 91.3, 63.3, 60.4, 59.0, 58.4, 55.3, 54.6, 52.6, 51.1, 44.9, 42.4, 39.8, 38.7, 29.4, 24.0, 23.2, 19.1, 15.0, 8.3.
  • ESI-MS m/z: 767.2 (M-H2O+H)+.
  • (+)-HR-ESI-TOF-MS m/z: 767.2806 [M-H2O+H]+ (Calcd. for C41H43N4O9S 767.2745).
    • Example 27. In vitro bioassays for the detection of antitumor activity
  • The aim of this assay is to evaluate the in vitro cytostatic (ability to delay or arrest tumor cell growth) or cytotoxic (ability to kill tumor cells) activity of the samples being tested.
    • CELL LINES
  • Name N° ATCC Species Tissue Characteristics
    A549 CCL-185 human lung lung carcinoma (NSCLC)
    HT29 HTB-38 human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma
    MDA-MB-231 HTB-26 human breast breast adenocarcinoma
    PSN1 CRM-CRL-3211 human pancreas pancreas adenocarcinoma
    PC-3 CRL-1435 human prostate prostate adenocarcinoma
    22Rv1 CRL-2505 human prostate prostate carcinoma
    • EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY USING THE SBR AND THE MTT COLORIMETRIC ASSAYS
  • A colorimetric assay, using sulforhodamine B (SRB) reaction has been adapted to provide a quantitative measurement of cell growth and viability (following the technique described by Skehan et al. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1990, 82, 1107-1112). Another colorimetric assay based on 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction to a purple formazan has been also used to assess the antiproliferative activity (following the technique described by Mosmann et al. J. Immunol. Meth. 1983, 65, 55-63).
  • These forms of assays employ 96-well cell culture microplates following the standards of the American National Standards Institute and the Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening (ANSI SLAS 1-2004 (R2012) 10/12/2011. All the cell lines used in this study were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and derive from different types of human cancer.
  • A549, HT29, MDA-MB-231 and PSN1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) while PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells were maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI). All cell lines were supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 2mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 U/mL streptomycin at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 98% humidity. For the experiments, cells were harvested from subconfluent cultures using trypsinization and resuspended in fresh medium before counting and plating.
  • A549, HT29, MDA-MB-231 and PSN1 cells were seeded in 96 well microtiter plates, at 5000 cells per well in aliquots of 150 µL, and allowed to attach to the plate surface for 18 hours (overnight) in drug free medium. After that, one control (untreated) plate of each cell line was fixed (as described below) and used for time zero reference value. Culture plates were then treated with test compounds (50 µL aliquots of 4× stock solutions in complete culture medium plus 4% DMSO) using ten 2/5 serial dilutions (concentrations ranging from 10 to 0.003 µg/mL) and triplicate cultures (1% final concentration in DMSO). After 72 hours treatment, the antitumor effect was measured by using the SRB methodology: Briefly, cells were washed twice with PBS, fixed for 15 min in 1% glutaraldehyde solution at room temperature, rinsed twice in PBS, and stained in 0.4% SRB solution for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were then rinsed several times with 1% acetic acid solution and air-dried at room temperature. SRB was then extracted in 10 mM trizma base solution and the absorbance measured in an automated spectrophotometric plate reader at 490 nm.
  • An appropriate number of PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells, to reach a final cell density in the assay ranging from 5,000 to 15,000 cells per well depending on the cell line, were seeded in 96-well plates and allowed to stand in culture medium for 24 h at 37°C under 5% CO2 and 98% humidity. Then, compounds or DMSO in culture medium were added to reach a final volume of 200 µL and the intended compound concentration in a range covering ten serial 2/5 dilutions starting from 0.1 µg/mL in 1% (v/v) DMSO. At this point a set of "time zero control plates" treated with 1% (v/v) DMSO were processed with MTT as described below. The rest of the plates were incubated during 72 h under the aforementioned environmental conditions. Afterwards 50 µL of a 1 mg/mL MTT solution in culture medium were added to the wells and incubated for 6-8 hours at 37°C to allow formazan crystals generation. Culture medium was then removed and 100 µL of neat DMSO added to each well to dissolve the formazan product into a coloured solution whose absorbance at 540 nm was finally measured in a PolarStar Omega microplate multilabel reader (BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, Germany).
  • Effects on cell growth and survival were estimated by applying the NCI algorithm (Boyd MR and Paull KD. Drug Dev. Res. 1995, 34, 91-104).The values obtained in triplicate cultures were fitted by nonlinear regression to a four-parameters logistic curve by nonlinear regression analysis. Three reference parameters were calculated (according to the aforementioned NCI algorithm) by automatic interpolation of the curves obtained by such fitting: GI50 = compound concentration that produces 50% cell growth inhibition, as compared to control cultures; TGI = total cell growth inhibition (cytostatic effect), as compared to control cultures, and LC50 = compound concentration that produces 50% net cell killing cytotoxic effect).
  • Tables 1-7 illustrate data on the biological activity of compounds of the present invention together with biological activity of the reference compounds. Tables 8-9 provide data on the biological activity of several compounds of the invention compared to their analogues with a carboxylic acid group. Compounds A, B, E, F, ET-736, PM01183, 14-S, 15-S, 28-S, 28-R, 29-S, and 29-R, are not part of the present invention. Table 1. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference compound
    Figure imgb0142
    Figure imgb0143
    3-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2OH
    3a-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2OAc
    10-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NHAlloc
    11-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NH2 A R1 = CN
    4-S R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2OH C R1 = OH
    4a-S R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2OAc
    12-S R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2NH2
    13-S R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2NHAlloc
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 PC-3 22Rv1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 3-S 4.03E-10 2.77E-10 4.91E-10 9.95E-10 A 8.36E-09 7.71E-09 7.07E-09 1.29E-08
    TGI 6.17E-10 >1.26E-07 5.29E-10 1.64E-09 8.87E-09 8.36E-09 9.38E-09 1.54E-08
    LC50 >1.26E-07 >1.26E-07 6.17E-10 >1.26E-07 >1.29E-07 >1.29E-07 1.41E-08 1.93E-08
    GI50 3a-S 3.11E-09 2.99E-09 2.87E-09 2.15E-09
    TGI 3.23E-09 3.23E-09 3.59E-09 3.59E-09
    LC50 >1.20E-07 >1.20E-07 4.90E-09 1.20E-08
    GI50 10-S 2.05E-08 1.14E-08 4.79E-09 7.64E-09
    TGI 3.08E-08 1.25E-08 8.44E-09 1.25·E-08
    LC50 7.53E-08 >1.14E-06 1.60E-08 2.39E-08
    GI50 11-S 8.45E-09 3.41E-09 2.27E-09 3.28E-09
    TGI 2.65E-08 >1.26E-07 3.41E-09 4.54E-09
    LC50 >1.26E-07 >1.26E-07 6.43E-09 8.07E-09
    GI50 4-S 1.27E-09 1.27E-09 1.22E-09 1.78E-09 8.08E-10 3.58E-10 C 2.73E-08 2.08E-08 2.60E-08 3.64E-08
    TGI 1.40E-09 1.40E-09 2.55E-09 2.29E-09 6.63E-08 2.34E-08 5.46E-08 4.42E-08
    LC50 >1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 6.50E-09 3.44E-09 >1.30E-07 >1.30E-07 >1.30E-07 6.50E-08
    GI50 4a-S 3.99E-09 3.14E-09 3.39E-09 3.02E-09
    TGI 6.17E-09 3.39E-09 5.44E-09 3.27E-09
    LC50 >1.21E-07 >1.21E-07 1.00E-08 3.51E-09
    GI50 12-S 2.04E-08 4.85E-09 5.23E-09 3.44E-09
    TGI 5.61E-08 8.42E-09 8.42E-09 5.49E-09
    LC50 >1.28E-07 >1.28E-07 1.53E-08 1.21E-08
    GI50 13-S 1.15E-08 1.15E-08 1.15E-08 1.96E-08
    TGI 1.61E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 2.88E-08
    LC50 2.42E-08 >1.15E-06 1.38E-08 4.61E-08
    Table 2. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference compound
    Figure imgb0144
    Figure imgb0145
    3-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2OH
    10-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NHAlloc
    11-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NH2 B R1 = CN
    4-R R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2OH D R1 = OH
    12-R R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2NH2
    13-R R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2NHAlloc
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 3-R 4.03E-10 2.77E-10 2.77E-10 3.90E-10 B 2.06E-08 8.48E-09 9.00E-09 1.93E-08
    TGI 5.79E-10 >1.26E-07 5.04E-10 6.05E-10 2.19E-08 9.13E-09 1.67E-08 2.06E-08
    LC50 >1.26E-07 >1.26E-07 1.25E-09 >1.26E-07 >1.29E-07 >1.29E-07 3.47E-08 2.31E-08
    GI50 10-R 3.76E-09 3.08E-09 2.85E-09 2.62E-09
    TGI 5.93E-09 >1.14E-07 4.33E-09 3.88E-09
    LC50 >1.14E-07 >1.14E-07 7.18E-09 6.61E-09
    GI50 11-R 1.77E-09 1.39E-09 1.01E-09 1.39E-09
    TGI 4.54E-09 >1.26E-07 1.51E-09 1.89E-09
    LC50 >1.26E-07 >1.26E-07 2.65E-09 >1.26E-07
    GI50 4-R 1.27E-09 1.26E-09 1.27E-09 4.59E-10 D 1.25E-08 1.03E-08 9.88E-09 2.08E-08
    TGI 1.40E-09 1.40E-09 1.40E-09 8.54E-10 2.86E-08 2.34E-08 1.95E-08 2.21E-08
    LC50 > 1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 1.53E-09 2.55E-09 >1.30E-07 >1.30E-07 5.33E-08 2.47E-08
    GI50 12-R 1.40E-09 5.74E-10 3.19E-10 4.98E-10
    TGI 2.93E-09 1.10E-09 6.76E-10 1.22E-09
    LC50 1.22E-08 2.93E-09 1.40E-09 >1.28E-07
    GI50 13-R 7.26E-09 6.91E-09 4.95E-09 2.88E-09
    TGI 7.72E-09 7.60E-09 7.95E-09 3.11E-09
    LC50 >1.15E-07 >1.15E-07 1.38E-08 3.46E-09
    Table 3. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference compound
    Figure imgb0146
    Figure imgb0147
    38-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2OH
    45-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NHAlloc
    46-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NH2 A R1 = CN
    39-S R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2OH C R1 = OH
    47-S R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2NH2
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 PC-3 22Rv1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 38-S 8.05E-09 4.53E-09 2.52E-09 5.03E-09 A 8.36E-09 7.71E-09 7.07E-09 1.29E-08
    TGI 8.55E-09 7.05E-09 4.28E-09 8.18E-09 8.87E-09 8.36E-09 9.38E-09 1.54E-08
    LC50 9.44E-09 >1.26E-07 7.80E-09 1.51E-08 >1.29E-07 >1.29E-07 1.41E-08 1.93E-08
    GI50 45-S 1.82E-08 1.82E-08 1.71E-08 1.94E-08
    TGI 1.94E-08 1.94E-08 2.16E-08 2.62E-08
    LC50 2.16E-08 >1.14E-07 2.96E-08 3.64E-08
    GI50 46-S 8.19E-09 2.77E-09 3.65E-09 3.15E-09
    TGI 2.14E-08 6.17E-09 6.80E-09 4.79E-09
    LC50 >1.26E-07 >1.26E-07 1.26E-08 9.20E-09
    GI50 39-S 4.84E-09 3.94E-09 3.44E-09 8.02E-09 2.78E-09 4.81E-10 C 2.73E-08 2.08E-08 2.60E-08 3.64E-08
    TGI 8.27E-09 6.74E-09 7.13E-09 1.02E-08 6.63E-08 2.34E-08 5.46E-08 4.42E-08
    LC50 1.65E-08 >1.27E-07 1.78E-08 1.27E-08 >1.30E-07 >1.30E-07 >1.30E-07 6.50E-08
    GI50 47-S 1.40E-08 4.33E-09 6.24E-09 5.99E-09
    TGI 2.80E-08 6.75E-09 9.68E-09 8.54E-09
    LC50 >1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 1.66E-08 1.27E-08
    Table 4. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference compound
    Figure imgb0148
    Figure imgb0149
    38-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2OH
    45-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NHAlloc
    46-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NH2 B R1 = CN
    39-R R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2OH D R1 =OH
    47-R R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2NH2
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 38-R 6.54E-10 5.41E-10 4.53E-10 6.54E-10 B 2.06E-08 8.48E-09 9.00E-09 1.93E-08
    TGI 1.04E-09 5.91E-10 8.43E-10 9.94E-10 2.19E-08 9.13E-09 1.67E-08 2.06E-08
    LC50 >1.26E-07 >1.26E-07 2.01E-09 1.76E-09 >1.29E-07 >1.29E-07 3.47E-08 2.31E-08
    GI50 45-R 1.82E-08 1.25E-08 9.57E-09 1.06E-08
    TGI 1.94E-08 2.28E-08 1.94E-08 1.94E-08
    LC50 2.39E-08 >1.14E-07 4.33E-08 3.76E-08
    GI50 46-R 1.51E-09 1.21E-09 1.23E-09 9.95E-10
    TGI 2.77E-09 1.39E-09 1.39E-09 1.51E-09
    LC50 >1.26E-07 >1.26E-07 1.51E-09 2.65E-09
    GI50 39-R 2.67E-10 2.93E-10 2.04E-10 3.65E-10 D 1.25E-08 1.03E-08 9.88E-09 2.08E-08
    TGI 4.33E-10 6.24E-10 5.98E-10 5.73E-10 2.86E-08 2.34E-08 1.95E-08 2.21E-08
    LC50 >1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 2.80E-09 1.06E-09 >1.30E-07 >1.30E-07 5.33E-08 2.47E-08
    GI50 47-R 2.04E-09 8.03E-10 5.99E-10 1.40E-09
    TGI 3.82E-09 1.40E-09 1.17E-09 2.04E-09
    LC50 1.40E-08 >1.27E-07 2.55E-09 3.31E-09
    Table 5. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference Compound
    Figure imgb0150
    Figure imgb0151
    18-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2OH
    25-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NHAlloc E R1 = CN
    26-S R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NH2
    19-S R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2OH PM01183 R1 = OH
    27-S R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2NH2
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 18-S 1.70E-09 1.21E-09 1.21E-09 9.59E-10 E 3.28E-09 3.15E-09 2.27E-09 2.77E-09
    TGI 3.03E-09 1.34E-09 1.34E-09 1.34E-09 3.40E-09 3.40E-09 3.78E-09 4.53E-09
    LC50 >1.21E-07 >1.21E-07 1.58E-09 >1.21E-07 4.41E-09 >1.26E-07 7.43E-09 8.94E-09
    GI50 25-S 7.17E-09 7.17E-09 5.84E-09 6.84E-09
    TGI 7.61E-09 7.72E-09 9.04E-09 9.26E-09
    LC50 >1.10E-07 >1.10E-07 1.54E-08 1.43E-08
    GI50 26-S 1.12E-08 2.79E-09 1.34E-09 3.04E-09
    TGI 2.19E-08 3.16E-09 1.94E-09 3.28E-09
    LC50 >1.22E-07 >1.22E-07 3.89E-09 3.52E-09
    GI50 19-S 3.07E-09 1.35E-09 1.96E-09 2.95E-09 PM 01183 3.31E-09 1.91E-09 2.29E-09 3.19E-09
    TGI 3.31E-09 1.60E-09 3.31E-09 3.19E-09 3.57E-09 4.46E-09 3.95E-09 3.95E-09
    LC50 >1.23E-07 >1.23E-07 1.10E-08 >1.23E-07 >1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 1.02E-08 5.73E-09
    GI50 27-S 6.02E-09 1.23E-09 1.19E-09 1.97E-09
    TGI 1.12E-08 1.35E-09 1.23E-09 2.83E-09
    LC50 >1.23E-07 >1.23E-07 1.35E-09 4.55E-09
    Table 6. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference Compound
    Figure imgb0152
    Figure imgb0153
    18-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2OH
    25-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NHAlloc
    26-R R1 = CN, R4 = -CH2NH2 E R1 = CN
    19-R R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2OH PM01183 R1 = OH
    27-R R1 = OH, R4 = -CH2NH2
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 18-R 1.21E-09 1.21E-09 1.21E-09 5.70E-10 E 3.28E-09 3.15E-09 2.27E-09 2.77E-09
    TGI 1.34E-09 1.34E-09 1.34E-09 1.06E-09 3.40E-09 3.40E-09 3.78E-09 4.53E-09
    LC50 >1.21E-07 >1.21E-07 1.46E-09 >1.21E-07 4.41E-09 >1.26E-07 7.43E-09 8.94E-09
    GI50 25-R 1.32E-09 1.54E-09 1.21E-09 1.21E-09
    TGI 2.43E-09 2.76E-09 2.54E-09 2.32E-09
    LC50 9.92E-09 >1.10E-07 8.38E-09 6.73E-09
    GI50 26-R 1.94E-09 7.29E-10 1.17E-09 9.72E-10
    TGI 3.40E-09 1.58E-09 1.22E-09 1.70E-09
    LC50 >1.22E-07 >1.22E-07 1.46E-09 3.52E-09
    GI50 19-R 1.47E-09 1.72E-09 1.23E-09 1.23E-09 PM0 1183 3.31E-09 1.91E-09 2.29E-09 3.19E-09
    TGI 3.56E-09 1.72E-09 1.35E-09 1.35E-09 3.57E-09 4.46E-09 3.95E-09 3.95E-09
    LC50 >1.23E-07 >1.23E-07 >1.23E-07 1.47E-09 >1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 1.02E-08 5.73E-09
    GI50 27-R 2.09E-09 5.04E-10 3.07E-10 6.39E-10
    TGI 3.93E-09 5.53E-10 5.41E-10 1.17E-09
    LC50 1.01E-08 >1.23E-07 8.60E-10 2.46E-09
    Table 7. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference compound
    Figure imgb0154
    Figure imgb0155
    31 R1 = CN, R3 = H F R1 = CN, R3 = H
    32 R1 = OH, R3 = H ET-736 R1 = OH, R3 = H
    34 R1 = CN, R3 = OMe E R1 = CN, R3 = OMe
    35 R1 = OH, R3 = OMe PM01183 R1 = OH, R3 = OMe
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 31 1.96E-08 1.05E-08 8.89E-09 6.80E-09 F 3.80E-08 2.09E-08 1.96E-08 3.27E-08
    TGI 2.09E-08 1.57E-08 1.70E-08 1.57E-08 7.20E-08 2.36E-08 3 .40E-08 6.02E-08
    LC50 2.35E-08 >1.31E-07 3.53E-08 4.31E-08 >1.31E-07 >1.31E-07 7.33E-08 1.07E-07
    GI50 32 6.88E-09 6.88E-09 4.76E-09 6.09E-09 ET-736 2.25E-08 2.12E-08 2.12E-08 3.97E-08
    TGI >1.32E-08 >1.32E-08 1.05E-08 8.34E-09 4.77E-08 2.25E-08 2.52E-08 5.96E-08
    LC50 >1.32E-08 >1.32E-08 >1.32E-08 1.20E-08 >1.32E-07 >1.32E-07 4.77E-08 1.02E-07
    GI50 34 5.91E-08 5.41E-08 4.53E-08 5.41E-08 E 3.28E-09 3.15E-09 2.27E-09 2.77E-09
    TGI 8.05E-08 8.55E-08 7.67E-08 5.91E-08 3 .40E-09 3 .40E-09 3.78E-09 4.53E-09
    LC50 >1.26E-07 1.25E-07 1.12E-07 >1.26E-07 4.41E-09 >1.26E-07 7.43E-09 8.94E-09
    GI50 35 8.14E-09 7.89E-09 4.58E-09 6.24E-09 PM01183 3.31E-09 1.91E-09 2.29E-09 3.19E-09
    TGI 8.78E-09 8.65E-09 8.27E-09 9.03E-09 3.57E-09 4.46E-09 3.95E-09 3.95E-09
    LC50 >1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 1.65E-08 1.40E-08 >1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 1.02E-08 5.73E-09
    Table 8. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference compound
    Figure imgb0156
    Figure imgb0157
    3-S R1 = CN, R3 = H 14-S R1 = CN, R3 = H
    4-S R1 = OH, R3 = H 15-S R1 = OH, R3 = H
    18-S R1 = CN, R3 = OMe 28-S R1 = CN, R3 = OMe
    19-S R1 = OH, R3 = OMe 29-S R1 = OH, R3 = OMe
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 3-S 4.03E-10 2.77E-10 4.91E-10 9.95E-10 14-S >1.24E-07 1.21E-07 5.45E-08 >1.24E-07
    TGI 6.17E-10 >1.26E-07 5.29E-10 1.64E-09 >1.24E-07 >1.24E-07 1.13E-07 >1.24E-07
    LC50 >1.26E-07 >1.26E-07 6.17E-10 >1.26E-07 >1.24E-07 >1.24E-07 >1.24E-07 >1.24E-07
    GI50 4-S 1.27E-09 1.27E-09 1.22E-09 1.78E-09 15-S >1.25E-06 3.00E-07 1.63E-07 2.38E-07
    TGI 1.40E-09 1.40E-09 2.55E-09 2.29E-09 >1.25E-06 5.13E-07 2.13E-07 4.63E-07
    LC50 >1.27E-07 >1.27E-07 6.50E-09 3.44E-09 >1.25E-06 9.14E-07 2.75E-07 8.39E-07
    GI50 18-S 1.70E-09 1.21E-09 1.21E-09 9.59E-10 28-S 4.89E-07 2.51E-07 1.67E-07 2.51E-07
    TGI 3.03E-09 1.34E-09 1.34E-09 1.34E-09 >1.19E-06 3.46E-07 2.51E-07 3.94E-07
    LC50 >1.21E-07 >1.21E-07 1.58E-09 >1.21E-07 >1.19E-06 6.33E-07 3.94E-07 6. 92E-07
    GI50 19-S 3.07E-09 1.35E-09 1.96E-09 2.95E-09 29-S 6.15E-07 3.62E-07 2.17E-07 3.86E-07
    TGI 3.31E-09 1.60E-09 3.31E-09 3.19E-09 >1.21E-06 5.31E-07 3.74E-07 5.07E-07
    LC50 >1.23E-07 >1.23E-07 1.10E-08 >1.23E-07 >1.21E-06 8.32E-07 6.88E-07 6.88E-07
    Table 9. Biological activity (Molar)
    Compound Reference Compound
    Figure imgb0158
    Figure imgb0159
    18-R R1 = CN 28-R R1 = CN
    19-R R1 = OH 29-R R1 = OH
    A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1 A549 HT29 MDA-MB-231 PSN1
    GI50 18-R 1.21E-09 1.21E-09 1.21E-09 5.71E-10 28-R 1.67E-07 3.10E-08 1.91E-08 2.15E-08
    TGI 1.34E-09 1.34E-09 1.34E-09 1.06E-09 3.58E-07 3.34E-08 3.22E-08 3.58E-08
    LCso >1.21E-07 >1.21E-07 1.46E-09 >1.21E-07 >1.19E-06 >1.19E-06 9.19E-08 6.68E-08
    GI50 19-R 1.47E-09 1.72E-09 1.23E-09 1.23E-09 29-R 9.05E-08 3.02E-08 1.69E-08 3.02E-08
    TGI 3.56E-09 1.72E-09 1.35E-09 1.35E-09 1.93E-07 3.26E-08 2.77E-08 3.14E-08
    LC50 >1.23E-07 >1.23E-07 >1.23E-07 1.47E-09 >1.21E-06 >1.21E-06 1.57E-07 3.50E-08
  • The compounds of the present invention are shown to have high potency in vitro, when compared against reference compounds. This demonsrates that the compounds according to the present invention exhibit high cytoxiticy towards cancer cells and are useful in the treatment of cancer.
    • Example 28. MTD and MTMD determination
  • Female CD-1 or Athymic Nude-Fox1 nu/nu mice (Envigo) were utilized for all experiments. Animals (N=10/cage) were housed in individually ventilated cages (Sealsafe Plus®, Techniplast S.P.A.), on a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 21-23 °C and 40-60% humidity. Mice were allowed free access to irradiated standard rodent diet (Tecklad 2914C) and sterilized water. Animals were acclimated for five days prior to being individually tattoo-identified. Animal protocols were reviewed and approved according to the regional Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.
  • Mice were randomly allocated into experimental groups and intravenously administered, once for the MTD (Maximum Tolerated Dose) determination or one administration a week during three consecutive weeks, for the MTMD (Maximum Tolerated Multiple Dose) determination study. The animals were administered with white formulation or with compound dissolved in the experimental formulation at different concentrations. The volume administered was always 10 mL/kg. Once administered, animals were monitored for clinical signs of systemic toxicity, changes in body weight and mortality up to 14 days after the administration.
  • MTD results are summarized in Table 10 Table 10
    Compound Route / Schedule Doses (mg/Kg) MTD (mg/kg)
    4-S iv / SD 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 1.0
    4-R 0.25
    19-S 0.5
    19-R 0.00, 0.10, 0.15, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 0.15
    Comp C 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00 3.0
    Comp D 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 6.00, 8.00 0.5
    32 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 0.5
  • MTMD results are summarized in Table 11 Table 11
    Compound Route / Schedule Doses (mg/Kg) MTMD (mg/kg)
    4-S iv / Q7dx3 0.00, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 1.25
    4-R 0.00, 0. 15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 0.30
    12-S 0.00, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 0.25
    12-R 0.00, 0.010, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 0.05
    19-S 0.00, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 0.75
    19-R 0.00, 0.025, 0.075, 0.10, 0.15 0.15
    Comp C 0.0, 1.0, 1.5,2.0, 3.0, 4.0 3.0
    Comp D 0.00, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 0.5
    32 0.00, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 0.5
    35 0.00, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 0.25
    39-S 0.00, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 1.25
    47-R 0.00, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 0.1
    ET-736 0.00, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 0.5
    PM01183 0.00, 0.14, 0.18 0.18
    iv, intravenously
    Q7dx3, three cumulated doses administered in a weekly basis.
    • Examples 29-40. In vivo xenografts
  • Female athymic nu/nu mice (Harlan Laboratories Models, S.L. Barcelona, Spain or Envigo, Spain) were utilized for all experiments. Animal were housed in individually ventilated cages Sealsafe® Plus, Techniplast S.P.A.), up to ten per cage on a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 21-23 °C and 40-60 % humidity. Mice were allowed free access to irradiated standard rodent diet (Tecklad 2914C) and sterilized water. Animals were acclimated for at least 5 days prior to tumor implantation with a tumor cell suspension.
    • CELL LINES
  • Name N° ATCC N° ECCC* Species Tissue Characteristics
    HT1080 CCL-121 - human connective Fibrosarcoma
    MDA-MB-231 HTB-26 - human breast Breast adenocarcinoma
    H460 HTB-177 - human lung, pleural effusion NSCLC
    A2780 - 93112519 human ovarian Ovarian carcinoma
    HGC27 - 94042256 human gastric Gastric carcinoma
    H526 CRL-5811 - human lung SCLC
    H82 HTB-175 - human lung SCLC
    PC3 CLR-1435 - human prostate; derived from metastatic site: bone Prostatic adenocarcinoma
    DU145 HTB-81 human prostate; derived from metastatic site: brain Prostatic carcinoma
    22Rv1 CRL-2505 human prostate Prostatic carcinoma
    * European Collection of Cell Cultures
  • HT1080 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEME) (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Each animal was orthotopically implanted into gastroecnemius muscle by an intramuscular injection using a 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe at 4-6 weeks of age, with 10×106 HT1080 cells, suspended in serum free medium, without antibiotics.
  • MDA-MB-231 cells were maintained in vitro at 37° C with 5% CO2 in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 7.5×106 MDA-MB-231 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • H460 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5×106 H460 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • A2780 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in RPMI-1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 10×106 A2780 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • HGC27 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (Sigma Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passage every 3 to 5 days on reaching confluence. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5×106 HGC-27 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences), 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • H526 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). H526 cells were grown as a suspension and maintained by addition of fresh medium, as the cell density increases, every 2 to 3 days. Every week, culture was reestablished by centrifugation of the suspension with subsequent resuspension in fresh medium at a concentration of 1×105 cell/mL. Each animal was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5×106 H526 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • H82 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). H82 cells were grown as a suspension and maintained by addition of fresh medium, as the cell density increases, every 2 to 3 days. Every week, culture was reestablished by centrifugation of the suspension with subsequent resuspension in fresh medium at a concentration of 1×105 cell/ml. Animals were subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5×106 H82 cells, suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • PC3 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5 % CO2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each female athymic mice was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using a 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 3×106 PC3 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® Matrix (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics. In this model, instead of male, female animals were used because PC-3 growth is not hormone dependant.
  • DU-145 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5 % CO2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passaged every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence Each male athymic mice was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using a 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5×106 DU-145 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® Matrix (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • 22Rv1 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C with 5 % CO2 in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Co). Culture cells were passage every 3 to 5 days upon reaching confluence. Each male athymic mice was subcutaneously implanted (on the right flank using 26G needle and a 1 cc syringe) at 4-6 weeks of age with 5×106 22Rv1 cells suspended in 0.05 mL of a solution consisting of 50% Matrigel® Matrix (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences) and 50% medium without serum or antibiotics.
  • Treatment tolerability was assessed by monitoring body weight evolution, clinical signs of systemic toxicity, as well as evidences of local damage in the injection site.
  • In xenograft studies with HT1080 cell line:
    • Total diameter (tumor + leg) measurements were determined by using digital caliper (Fowler Sylvac, S235PAT). This total diameter and animal body weights were measured 2-3 times per week starting from the first day of treatment (day 0).
    • When total diameter reached a length of about 7.0-8.0 mm, mice were randomly allocated into the treatments and control groups (N = 8-10/group) based on body weight and tumor measurements by using NewLab Oncology Software (version 2.25.06.00).
    • Comparison of the median total diameter (tumor + leg) in the treatment groups to the median total diameter (tumor + leg) in the control group was used for evaluation of the antitumoral efficacy.
    • Animals were euthanized when their total leg diameter reached ca. 18 mm.
  • In xenograft studies with other cell lines:
    • Tumor volume was calculated using the equation (a·b2)/2, where a: length (longest diameter) and b: width (shortest diameter) were measured in mm by using digital caliper (Fowler Sylvac, S235PAT). Tumor dimensions and body weights were recorded 2-3 times per week starting from the first day of treatment.
    • When tumors reached ca. 150-250 mm3, tumor bearing animals (N = 8-10/group) were randomly allocated into the treatment groups, based on body weight and tumor measurements by using NewLab Oncology Software (version 2.25.06.00).
    • Comparison between median tumor volume of treated groups and control group was used for evaluation of the antitumoral efficacy.
    • Animals were euthanized when their tumors reached ca. 2000 mm3 and/or severe necrosis was seen.
  • Treatments producing >20 % lethality and/or 20% net body weight loss were considered toxic.
  • Tables and figures summarize the data obtained from complete experimental groups, i.e. those groups keeping the initial number of animals, n = 8-10. However, once the first animal is sacrificed due to a tumor length > 18 mm or a tumor size > 2000 mm3, the experimental group will be considered incomplete. Therefore, data generated subsequently to the sacrifice day and onwards will not be presented (i.e. neither in tables nor in the figures).
    • Example 29. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in several xenograft models
  • 4-S, 12-S and compound C were provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered doses of 4-S, 12-S and compound C were 1.25 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • In these experiments, 4-S, 12-S and Compound C, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, on Days 0, 7 and 14, whenever it was possible.
  • Example 29a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 12 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 1. Table 12
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control Compound C 4-S 12-S
    0.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
    2.0 9.4 8.8 7.7 8.2
    5.0 11.4 9.0 8.3 8.6
    7.0 12.1 9.6 8.8 9.5
    9.0 13.2 10.2 8.4 10.0
    12.0 14.5 10.2 8.4 11.2
    14.0 15.2 11.2 9.6 11.7
    16.0 15.9 12.4 10.0 12.7
    19.0 18.0 13.3 10.4 13.5
    21.0 15.2 12.1 14.4
    23.0 18.0 12.7 16.5
    27.0 13.5 15.2
    30.0 15.6 16.4
    33.0 18.0
  • Example 29b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human breast xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 13 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 2. Table 13
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound C 4-S 12-S
    0.0 149.4 149.4 150.6 150.2
    2.0 240.0 217.1 197.3 229.9
    5.0 325.1 281.3 250.9 290.5
    7.0 407.8 338.6 265.0 398.2
    9.0 514.8 385.1 272.5 508.9
    12.0 648.1 400.4 270.6 602.5
    14.0 799.0 436.9 281.3 751.0
    16.0 1002.5 585.7 293.6 977.7
    19.0 1233.9 774.7 322.1 1252.6
    21.0 1539.1 965.9 324.4 1560.7
    23.0 2006.5 1215.2 326.6 2005.9
    26.0 2027.7 1503.2 398.8 2066.2
    28.0 1785.3 501.8
    30.0 2037.1 654.8
    33.0 856.7
    35.0 1147.1
    37.0 1635.9
  • Example 29c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human lung tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H-460 cell line) and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 14 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 3. Table 14
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound C 4-S 12-S
    0.0 187.4 186.1 185.9 186.0
    2.0 577.5 395.4 310.9 460.5
    5.0 1352.0 665.9 634.6 922.4
    7.0 1642.9 929.5 959.1 1252.1
    9.0 2025.0 1063.7 1064.9 1409.4
    12.0 1436.5 1421.0 1531.7
    14.0 2025.0 1845.5 2025.0
    16.0 2025.0 2025.0
  • Table 15 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 4. Table 15
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound C 4-S 12-S
    0.0 217.2 217.9 211.8 212.7
    2.0 410.7 262.4 279.0 412.7
    4.0 778.5 108.3 98.8 637.9
    7.0 1083.2 129.8 56.7 968.5
    9.0 1371.0 85.9 62.5 1250.3
    11.0 1782.0 52.3 32.0 1568.0
    14.0 2025.0 54.1 18.0 2025.0
    16.0 47.3 32.0
    21.0 4.0 4.0
    28.0 4.0 4.0
    35.0 4.0 4.0
    42.0 62.5 4.0
    49.0 53.5 4.0
  • Table 16 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 5. Table 16
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound C 4-S 12-S
    0.0 171.6 170.5 168.3 174.0
    2.0 439.4 265.3 215.2 360.1
    5.0 1024.7 488.7 253.6 899.7
    7.0 1422.0 760.0 341.4 1398.6
    9.0 1923.8 899.5 349.4 1847.6
    12.0 2025.0 1038.5 436.4 2089.7
    14.0 1213.4 516.0
    16.0 1256.4 521.8
    19.0 1741.5 560.9
    21.0 1878.8 627.7
    23.0 2057.0 690.9
    26.0 953.4
    28.0 847.1
    30.0 1067.5
    33.0 1200.6
    35.0 1257.7
    37.0 1497.7
    41.0 2014.2
  • Example 29d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 17 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 6. Table 17
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound C 4-S 12-S
    0.0 169.5 169.6 168.3 168.5
    2.0 317.5 206.3 150.6 262.1
    5.0 758.9 372.7 175.9 628.6
    7.0 1351.9 607.6 317.7 976.3
    9.0 1675.8 696.2 281.9 1387.5
    12.0 2025.0 855.6 372.1 1666.0
    14.0 1293.9 709.2 2025.0
    16.0 1683.5 870.9
    19.0 2137.5 1235.4
    21.0 1453.3
    23.0 1666.0
    26.0 2025.0
  • Example 29e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S and 12-S in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S and 12-S with the antitumoral activity of Compound C by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 18 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, 4-S, and 12-S. These results are also showed in Figure 7. Table 18
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound C 4-S 12-S
    0.0 200.7 195.0 194.8 196.6
    2.0 429.0 391.0 358.6 411.9
    5.0 835.5 578.6 515.3 834.1
    7.0 1256.5 708.2 589.2 1176.6
    9.0 1602.2 937.7 779.4 1531.6
    12.0 2040.7 1169.5 980.8 2030.2
    14.0 1496.8 1153.3
    16.0 1690.6 1346.2
    19.0 2004.0 1643.4
    21.0 2004.7
  • Example 30. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in several xenograft models 4-R was provided in the form of freeze dried vials. 4-R cake was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The 4-R stock solution was further diluted in 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The 4-R administered dose was 0.30 mg/kg.
  • Compound D was provided in the form of drug substance vials. Each vial was reconstituted first by total dissolution in DMSO and then adding Kolliphor ELP (BASF) / ethanol absolute (1:1, v/v) to a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with a lactate buffer solution (pH = 4.0) to the dosing formulation concentration. The Compound D administered dose was 0.5 mg/kg.
  • PM01183 was provided in the form of vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentrations. The administered dose was 0.18 mg/kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • In these experiments, 4-R, Compound D and PM01183, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, on Days 0, 7 and 14, whenever it was possible.
  • Example 30a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 19 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 8. Table 19
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control PM01183 4-R
    0 8.1 8.1 8.1
    2 11.2 9.7 8.6
    7 13.6 11.2 8.7
    9 15.2 12.3 9.0
    14 16.9 14.6 9.3
    18 18.1 15.6 10.3
    21 15.1 11.5
    23 16.3 13.3
    25 18.0 15.8
    28 18.0
  • Table 20 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D. These results are also showed in Figure 9. Table 20
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control PM01183 Compound D
    0 7.8 7.7 7.7
    2 11.0 9.2 9.5
    5 14.0 9.8 8.8
    7 15.0 12.2 8.7
    9 18.0 12.6 9.4
    12 13.1 9.4
    14 14.6 10.1
    16 14.5 10.9
    19 15.0 11.2
    21 18.0 12.1
    23 13.0
    26 15.0
    28 18.0
  • Example 30b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human breast xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 21 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 10. Table 21
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 4-R
    0 130.6 129.3 129.3
    7 230.7 189.0 151.9
    14 422.2 230.1 164.1
    21 687.7 305.9 136.8
    28 1114.9 535.8 195.9
    35 1555.3 819.7 294.2
    42 2138.5 962.7 494.4
    49 1301.3 843.8
    52 2199.4 1042.5
  • Table 22 reports the volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D. These results are also showed in Figure 11. Table 22
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 Compound D
    0 129.2 129.6 129.5
    7 284.0 185.9 147.9
    14 564.3 290.8 186.4
    21 686.0 337.9 136.5
    28 1068.6 507.4 290.7
    35 1359.4 796.1 431.7
    42 1533.7 1062.5 770.1
    49 1653.1 1416.3 970.0
    56 2029.3 1673.3 1461.9
    63 2060.8 1811.9 1526.4
  • Example 30c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human lung tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human lung cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was H-460 cell line.
  • Table 23 reports the volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 12. Table 23
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 4-R
    0 156.2 156.7 155.5
    2 290.9 227.3 223.3
    7 1323.8 940.4 737.8
    9 1816.9 1210.3 861.0
    11 2120.9 1433.8 1102.9
    14 1529.5 1638.0
    16 2028.6
  • Table 24 reports the volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D. These results are also showed in Figure 13. Table 24
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 Compound D
    0 205.2 204.5 203.4
    2 508.0 418.1 367.3
    7 1355.8 1004.0 792.0
    9 1682.1 1211.3 854.6
    12 1938.6 1515.4 1026.7
    14 2275.9 1633.3 1175.8
    16 1723.9 1322.1
    19 2112.3 1581.1
    21 2409.4 1789.3
    23 1966.5
    26 2080.7
  • Example 30d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 25 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 14. Table 25
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 4-R
    0 172.8 175.5 175.2
    5 896.6 671.2 611.4
    7 1415.3 1048.9 1036.5
    12 2205.3 2020.3 1992.0
    14 2165.3
  • Table 26 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D. These results are also showed in Figure 15. Table 26
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 Compound D
    0 189.4 191.2 190.1
    3 588.5 454.5 319.6
    5 1086.0 772.1 514.4
    7 1428.6 1161.5 897.4
    10 2077.1 1615.6 1239.8
    12 2163.1 1703.0 1656.2
    14 2029.3 1951.7
    17 2121.7
    19 2068.6
  • Example 30e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-R in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-R and Compound D with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 27 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 4-R. These results are also showed in Figure 16. Table 27
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 4-R
    0 174.6 171.6 173.0
    2 319.1 317.5 266.8
    5 632.5 404.0 370.7
    7 1046.0 485.7 418.5
    9 1359.1 604.6 627.8
    12 1863.8 760.8 713.5
    14 2115.0 789.6 837.0
    16 719.5 867.1
    19 895.9 1040.2
    21 1051.3 1229.8
    26 1901.2 1784.5
    28 2028.9 2073.6
  • Table 28 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and Compound D. These results are also showed in Figure 17. Table 28
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 Compound D
    0 142.3 169.5 157.4
    2 286.5 372.4 327.6
    5 527.7 474.1 439.6
    7 821.4 571.8 418.7
    9 1130.9 787.9 567.9
    12 1547.8 951.1 537.0
    14 1868.5 1064.4 654.6
    16 1887.0 1346.1 672.4
    19 2162.3 1691.8 843.0
    21 1920.0 842.7
    23 2011.4 963.7
    26 2102.2 1203.3
    28 1589.7
    30 1777.6
    33 2146.2
  • Example 31. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in several xenograft models.
  • 12-R was provided in the form of freeze dries vials. 12-R cake was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The 12-R stock solution was further diluted in 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The 12-R administered dose was 0.05 mg/kg.
  • Compound D was provided in the form of drug substance vials. Each vial was reconstituted first by total dissolution in DMSO and then adding Kolliphor ELP (BASF) / ethanol absolute (1:1, v/v) to a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with a lactate buffer solution (pH = 4.0) to the dosing formulation concentration. The Compound D administered dose was 0.5 mg/kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • In these experiments, 12-R, Compound D, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, on Days 0, 7 and 14, whenever it was possible.
  • Example 31a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 29 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 18. Table 29
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control Compound D 12-R
    0.0 7.5 7.5 7.5
    2.0 9.4 8.2 8.9
    5.0 11.4 7.5 8.8
    7.0 12.1 7.4 9.5
    9.0 13.2 8.1 9.5
    12.0 14.5 7.9 11.0
    14.0 15.2 7.7 11.7
    16.0 15.9 8.8 12.9
    19.0 18.0 10.2 13.5
    21.0 11.2 15.5
    23.0 12.2 18.0
    27.0 13.2
    30.0 14.6
    33.0 16.3
    35.0 18.0
  • Example 31b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human breast xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 30 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 19. Table 30
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound D 12-R
    0.0 149.4 149.6 149.8
    2.0 240.0 217.2 223.0
    5.0 325.1 284.5 296.1
    7.0 407.8 310.0 378.3
    9.0 514.8 325.5 472.7
    12.0 648.1 268.4 609.9
    14.0 799.0 237.7 782.5
    16.0 1002.5 261.2 972.4
    19.0 1233.9 251.3 1211.0
    21.0 1539.1 219.9 1463.4
    23.0 2006.5 221.8 1756.5
    26.0 2027.7 245.5 2028.6
    28.0 320.3
    30.0 401.6
    33.0 545.8
    35.0 629.2
    37.0 670.7
    40.0 669.9
    42.0 696.3
    44.0 798.1
    47.0 857.7
  • Example 31c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human lung tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H460 cell line and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 31 reports the volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 20. Table 31
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound D 12-R
    0.0 187.4 187.2 187.0
    2.0 577.5 329.7 410.7
    5.0 1352.0 559.4 796.7
    7.0 1642.9 756.5 1167.9
    9.0 2025.0 971.9 1360.3
    12.0 1370.9 1666.0
    14.0 1626.8 2025.0
    16.0 2025.0
  • Table 32 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R. The results are also shown in Figure 21. Table 32
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound D 12-R
    0.0 217.20 216.1 214.20
    2.0 410.70 240.9 404.50
    4.0 778.50 99.3 680.50
    7.0 1083.20 56.7 995.20
    9.0 1371.00 62.5 1290.50
    11.0 1782.00 62.5 1568.00
    14.0 2025.00 32.0 2025.00
    16.0 4.0
    21.0 4.0
    28.0 4.0
    35.0 4.0
    42.0 4.0
    49.0 4.0
  • Table 33 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 12-R. The results are also shown in Figure 22. Table 33
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound D 12-R
    0.0 171.60 169.4 170.50
    2.0 439.40 340.6 381.40
    5.0 1024.70 443.3 793.20
    7.0 1422.00 496.2 1187.20
    9.0 1923.80 614.1 1699.30
    12.0 2025.00 665.5 2125.60
    14.0 1041.6
    16.0 1151.2
    19.0 1516.7
    21.0 1748.0
  • Example 31d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 34 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 23. Table 34
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound D 12-R
    0.0 169.5 168.8 169.6
    2.0 317.5 225.7 302.8
    5.0 758.9 256.6 786.5
    7.0 1351.9 473.8 1113.3
    9.0 1675.8 633.6 1490.6
    12.0 2025.0 822.8 2025.00
    14.0 1129.3 2025.00
    16.0 1198.6
    19.0 1649.6
    21.0 2025.0
  • Example 31e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-R in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-R with the antitumoral activity of Compound D by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 35 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, Compound D and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 24. Table 35
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control Compound D 12-R
    0.0 200.7 194.0 193.3
    2.0 429.0 324.2 413.3
    5.0 835.5 561.6 809.1
    7.0 1256.5 504.2 1261.5
    9.0 1602.2 584.2 1589.5
    12.0 2040.7 767.7 2017.9
    14.0 1056.8 2034.9
    16.0 1440.2
    19.0 1717.9
    21.0 2043.4
    • Example 32. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in several xenograft models
  • 19-S was provided in the form of freeze dried vials. 19-S cake was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The 19-S stock solution was further diluted in 5 % dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The 19-S administered dose was 0.75 mg/kg.
  • PM01183 was provided in the form of vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. The PM01183 stock solution was further diluted in 5% glucose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentrations. The administered dose was 0.18 mg/kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • In these experiments, 19-S and PM01183, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, on Days 0, 7 and 14, whenever it was possible.
  • Example 32a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 36 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S. These results are also showed in Figure 25. Table 36
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control PM01183 19-S
    0 8.4 8.4 8.2
    2 10.9 9.8 8.4
    5 14.8 9.7 7.8
    7 15.9 11.4 9.5
    9 18.0 12.7 9.9
    12 13.7 10.7
    14 14.6 11.3
    16 15.5 11.9
    19 15.6 13.4
    21 18.0 14.4
    23 18.0
  • Example 32b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 37 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S. These results are also showed in Figure 26. Table 37
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 19-S
    0 132.6 134.3 133.6
    4 194.1 177.2 157.2
    7 248.2 186.3 142.6
    11 377.6 250.7 133.9
    14 461.3 266.1 117.3
    18 679.2 327.7 79.3
    21 753.2 391.0 89.2
    25 909.2 493.1 120.6
    28 1090.7 627.3 144.4
    32 1433.4 789.0 246.1
    36 1887.5 1022.0 419.3
    39 1785.2 1294.2 593.7
    42 2081.5 1643.3 945.9
    46 2137.5 1658.9 985.3
    49 1938.0 1211.5
    53 1324.3
    56 1703.9
    60 1793.3
    63 1603.0
    70 2324.2
  • Example 32c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human lung cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was H-460 cell line.
  • Table 38 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H-460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S. These results are also showed in Figure 27. Table 38
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 19-S
    0 197.0 196.3 196.9
    2 529.5 457.0 364.0
    4 1057.4 861.5 624.9
    7 1582.5 1280.2 966.5
    9 2094.8 1424.9 1078.2
    11 1969.9 1449.0
    14 1761.5
  • Example 32d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 39 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S. These results are also showed in Figure 28. Table 39
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 19-S
    0 163.4 163.6 164.4
    2 287.1 235.5 187.9
    4 568.7 463.2 205.4
    7 1211.3 986.3 513.6
    9 1633.7 1451.4 650.6
    11 2047.8 2062 659.8
    14 1236.2
    18 1575.9
    23 1895.7
    25 2177.0
  • Example 32e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-S in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 19-S and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 40 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-S. These results are also showed in Figure 29. Table 40
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 19-S
    0 178.3 177.6 181.5
    2 409 395.6 404.6
    5 907.4 572.4 600.3
    7 1283.6 766.6 660.3
    9 1664 950.7 787.5
    14 2102.8 1199.4 864.4
    16 1353.1 882.4
    19 1294.3 925.2
    21 1335.1 893.6
    23 1320.3 874.4
    26 1364.5 932.1
    30 1671.9 1547.8
    33 2009.2 2020.4
    • Example 33. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in several xenograft models
  • 19-R was provided in the form of freeze dried vials. 19-R cake was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The 19-R stock solution was further diluted in 5 % dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The 19-R administered dose was 0.15 mg/kg.
  • PM01183 was provided in the form of vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. The PM01183 stock solution was further diluted in 5% glucose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentrations. The administered dose was 0.18 mg/kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • In these experiments, 19-R and PM01183, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, on Days 0, 7 and 14, whenever it was possible.
  • Example 33a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 41 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT-1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R. These results are also showed in Figure 30. Table 41
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control PM01183 19-R
    0 8.4 8.4 8.3
    2 10.9 9.8 9.4
    5 14.8 9.7 8.0
    7 15.9 11.4 7.2
    9 18.0 12.7 7.8
    12 13.7 7.8
    14 14.6 8.4
    16 15.5 8.2
    19 15.6 11.3
    21 18.0 12.2
    23 13.3
    26 15.2
    28 18.0
  • Example 33b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 42 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R. These results are also showed in Figure 31. Table 42
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 19-R
    0 132.6 134.3 132.5
    4 194.1 177.2 189.3
    7 248.2 186.3 151.9
    11 377.6 250.7 167.5
    14 461.3 266.1 152.6
    18 679.2 327.7 162.2
    21 753.2 391.0 201.2
    25 909.2 493.1 208.5
    28 1090.7 627.3 274.8
    32 1433.4 789.0 355.8
    36 1887.5 1022.0 513.8
    39 1785.2 1294.2 793.7
    42 2081.5 1643.3 1012.2
    46 2137.5 1658.9 1188.5
    49 1938.0 1380.7
    53 1568.0
    56 1862.6
    60 2129.4
  • Example 33c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human lung tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human lung cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was H-460 cell line.
  • Table 43 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R. These results are also showed in Figure 32. Table 43
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 19-R
    0 197.0 196.3 196.8
    2 529.5 457.0 418.7
    4 1057.4 861.5 697.2
    7 1582.5 1280.2 911.7
    9 2094.8 1424.9 1111.5
    11 1969.9 1281.3
    14 1478.7
    16 1594.0
  • Example 33d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 44 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R. These results are also showed in Figure 33. Table 44
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 19-R
    0 163.4 163.6 162.8
    2 287.1 236.5 212.9
    4 568.7 463.2 368.5
    7 1211.3 986.3 841.3
    9 1633.7 1451.4 1138.9
    11 2047.8 2062.0 1519.9
    14 2056.0
  • Example 33e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 19-R in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 19-R with the antitumoral activity of PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 45 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of HGC-27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 19-R. These results are also showed in Figure 34. Table 45
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 19-R
    0 178.3 177.6 182.0
    2 409.0 395.6 414.9
    5 907.4 572.4 735.0
    7 1283.6 766.6 901.2
    9 1664.0 950.7 1048.1
    14 2102.8 1199.4 1293.9
    16 1353.1 1488.8
    19 1294.3 1668.3
    21 1335.1 1845.0
    23 1320.3 2025.0
    26 1364.5
    30 1671.9
    33 2009.2
  • Example 34. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in several xenograft models.
  • Compound 39-S and C were provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered doses of 39-S and C were 1.25 and 3 mg/Kg, respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the forms of vials of lyophilised product. Each vial (sucrose 200 mg + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 13.6 mg + phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5) was reconstituted with sterile water for injection (2 mL). Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection.
  • In these experiments, 39-S and compound C, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered on a weekly schedule at a volume of 10 mL/Kg.
  • Example 34a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumoral activity of compound 39-S by comparison with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 46 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 35 . Table 46
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control 39-S Compound C
    0 7.5 7.5 7.5
    2 9.4 7.9 8.8
    5 11.4 6.4 9.0
    7 12.1 6.8 9.6
    9 13.2 6.9 10.2
    12 14.5 6.6 10.2
    14 15.2 6.4 11.2
    16 15.9 6.8 12.4
    19 18.0 7.0 13.3
    21 7.0 15.2
    23 8.5 18.0
    27 10.8
    30 12.5
    33 14.3
    35 15.3
    37 18.0
  • Example 34b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 39-S and compound C by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 47 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 36 . Table 47.
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 39-S Compound C
    0 149.4 151.0 149.4
    2 240.0 209.3 217.1
    5 325.1 290.9 281.3
    7 407.8 301.8 338.6
    9 514.8 300.8 385.1
    12 648.1 278.7 400.4
    14 799.0 249.7 436.9
    16 1002.5 243.6 585.7
    19 1233.9 248.3 774.7
    21 1539.1 250.0 965.9
    23 2006.5 260.3 1215.2
    26 2027.7 304.9 1503.2
    28 337.1 1785.3
    30 451.3 2037.1
    33 584.1
    35 683.4
    37 784.7
    40 937.4
    42 1060.5
    44 1170.5
    47 1112.9
    49 1138.6
    51 1283.2
    54 1415.1
    56 1518.7
    58 1728.5
    61 2017.9
  • Example 34c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 39-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H-460 cell line) and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 48 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 37 . Table 48
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 39-S Compound C
    0 187.4 187.8 186.1
    2 577.5 314.4 395.4
    5 1352.0 584.1 665.9
    7 1642.9 831.2 929.5
    9 2025.0 841.0 1063.7
    12 1008.0 1436.5
    14 1309.8 2025.0
    16 1470.0 2025.0
    19 2025.0
  • Table 49 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 38 . Table 49
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 39-S Compound C
    0 217.2 214.5 217.9
    2 410.7 260.3 262.4
    4 778.5 80.0 108.3
    7 1083.2 46.2 129.8
    9 1371.0 32.0 85.9
    11 1782.0 32.0 52.3
    14 2025.0 4.0 54.1
    16 4.0 47.3
    21 4.0 4.0
    28 4.0 4.0
    35 4.0 4.0
    42 4.0 62.5
    49 4.0 53.5
    56 4.0 70.0
    63 4.0 132.3
    70 4.0 368.5
    77 4.0 465.8
    84 4.0 107.4
    91 4.0 130.0
    98 4.0 4.0
    105 4.0 4.0
    112 4.0 4.0
    119 4.0 4.0
    126 4.0 4.0
    133 4.0 4.0
    140 4.0 4.0
    147 4.0 4.0
    165 4.0 4.0
    175 4.0 4.0
    191 4.0 4.0
    205 4.0 4.0
  • Table 50 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 39 . Table 50.
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 39-S Compound C
    0 171.6 170.3 170.5
    2 439.4 325.2 265.3
    5 1024.7 430.8 488.7
    7 1422.0 466.2 760.0
    9 1923.8 544.3 899.5
    12 2025.0 640.3 1038.5
    14 711.2 1213.4
    16 802.7 1256.4
    19 916.0 1741.5
    21 1047.2 1878.8
    23 1189.1 2057.0
    26 1497.2
    28 1741.8
    30 1731.7
    33 2029.4
  • Example 34d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 39-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 51 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 40 . Table 51
    Day Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 39-S Compound C
    0 169.5 170.5 169.6
    2 317.5 206.5 206.3
    5 758.9 163.4 372.7
    7 1351.9 298.6 607.6
    9 1675.8 317.4 696.2
    12 2025.0 378.2 855.6
    14 668.5 1293.9
    16 853.5 1683.5
    19 1415.5 2137.5
    21 1519.2
    23 1666.0
    30 2025.0
  • Example 34e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 39-S with the antitumoral activity of compound C by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 52 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound C, and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 41 . Table 52
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 39-S Compound C
    0 200.7 195.6 195.0
    2 429.0 356.3 391.0
    5 835.5 469.7 578.6
    7 1256.5 467.8 708.2
    9 1602.2 575.2 937.7
    12 2040.7 611.1 1169.5
    14 637.3 1496.8
    16 690.4 1690.6
    19 701.8 2004.0
    21 697.4 1741.4
    23 715.5 2056.4
    26 898.1
    28 1163.4
    30 1409.3
    33 1450.5
    35 1708.5
    37 1804.4
    40 2075.2
  • Example 35. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in several xenograft models.
  • Compound 47-R was provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. 47-R administered dose was 0.1 mg/Kg.
  • Compound D was provided in the form of powder drug substance. Each vial was reconstituted first by total dissolution in DMSO (Fisher) and then adding Kolliphor ELP (Basf)/ethanol absolute (Merk) (1:1, v/v) to a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with a lactate buffer solution (pH = 4.0) to the dosing formulation concentration. Compound D administered dose was 0.5 mg/Kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of vials of lyophilised product. Each vial (sucrose 200 mg + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 13.6 mg + phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5) was reconstituted with sterile water for injection (2 mL). Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection.
  • In these experiments, 47-R and compound D, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered on a weekly schedule at a volume of 10 mL/Kg.
  • Example 35a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumoral activity of compound 47-R by comparison with the antitumoral activity of compound D by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT1080 cell line.
  • Table 53 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 42 . Table 53
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control 47-R Compound D
    0 7.5 7.5 7.5
    2 9.4 8.9 8.2
    5 11.4 10.1 7.5
    7 12.1 10.5 7.4
    9 13.2 11.5 8.1
    12 14.5 13.5 7.9
    14 15.2 13.9 7.7
    16 15.9 14.6 8.8
    19 18.0 18.0 10.2
    21 11.2
    23 12.2
    27 13.2
    30 14.6
    33 16.3
    35 18.0
  • Example 35b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 47-R and compound D by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 54 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 43. Table 54
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 47-R Compound D
    0 149.4 150.5 149.6
    2 240.0 225.3 217.2
    5 325.1 323.2 284.5
    7 407.8 405.0 310.0
    9 514.8 495.9 325.5
    12 648.1 594.1 268.4
    14 799.0 769.5 237.7
    16 1002.5 1009.5 261.2
    19 1233.9 1298.0 251.3
    21 1539.1 1580.7 219.9
    23 2006.5 2006.5 221.8
    26 2027.7 2032.1 245.5
    28 320.3
    30 401.6
    33 545.8
    35 629.2
    37 670.7
    40 669.9
    42 696.3
    44 798.1
    47 857.7
    49 870.7
    51 925.8
    54 1005.4
    56 1064.2
    58 1235.6
    61 1367.8
    63 1553.7
    65 2017.9
  • Example 35c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 47-R with the antitumoral activity of compound D by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H-460 cell line) and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 55 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 44 . Table 55
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 47-R Compound D
    0 187.4 185.8 187.2
    2 577.5 508.1 329.7
    5 1352.0 979.3 559.4
    7 1642.9 1280.0 756.5
    9 2025.0 1543.1 971.9
    12 1764.0 1370.9
    14 1845.5 1626.8
    16 2025.0
  • Table 56 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 45 . Table 56
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 47-R Compound D
    0 217.2 211.5 216.1
    2 410.7 367.9 240.9
    4 778.5 583.7 99.3
    7 1083.2 941.7 56.7
    9 1371.0 1305.2 62.5
    11 1782.0 1484.7 62.5
    14 2025.0 2025.0 32.0
    16 4.0
    21 4.0
    28 4.0
    35 4.0
    42 4.0
    49 4.0
    56 4.0
    63 4.0
    70 4.0
    77 4.0
    84 4.0
    91 4.0
    98 4.0
    105 4.0
    112 4.0
    119 4.0
    126 4.0
    133 4.0
    140 4.0
    147 4.0
    165 4.0
    175 4.0
    191 4.0
    205 4.0
  • Table 57 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 46 . Table 57.
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 47-R Compound D
    0 171.6 169.0 169.4
    2 439.4 371.6 340.6
    5 1024.7 888.8 443.3
    7 1422.0 1314.2 496.2
    9 1923.8 1811.0 614.1
    12 2025.0 2055.4 665.5
    14 1041.6
    16 1151.2
    19 1516.7
    21 1748.0
  • Example 35d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 47-R with the antitumoral activity of compound D by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 58 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 47 . Table 58
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 47-R Compound D
    0 169.5 170.6 168.8
    2 317.5 280.6 225.7
    5 758.9 653.9 256.6
    7 1351.9 848.7 473.8
    9 1675.8 1569.1 633.6
    12 2025.0 1764.0 822.8
    14 1666.0 1129.3
    16 2025.0 1198.6
    19 1649.6
    21 2025.0
  • Example 35e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 47-R in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 47-R with the antitumoral activity of compound D by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 59 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, compound D, and 47-R. These results are also showed in Figure 48 . Table 59
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 47-R Compound D
    0 200.7 194.0 194.0
    2 429.0 359.4 324.2
    5 835.5 774.8 561.6
    7 1256.5 1155.4 504.2
    9 1602.2 1474.7 584.2
    12 2040.7 1870.2 767.7
    14 2031.3 1056.8
    16 2075.2 1440.2
    19 1717.9
    21 2043.4
  • Example 36. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in several xenograft models.
  • Compounds 32 and ET-736 were provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of 32 and ET-736 was 0.5 mg/Kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised product. Each vial (sucrose 200 mg + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 13.6 mg + phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5) was reconstituted with sterile water for injection (2 mL). Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection.
  • In these experiments, 32 and ET-736, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered on a weekly schedule at a volume of 10 mL/Kg.
  • Example 36a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumoral activity of compound 32 by comparison with the antitumoral activity of ET-736 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT-1080 cell line.
  • Table 60 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 49 . Table 60
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control 32 ET-736
    0 7.5 7.5 7.4
    2 9.4 8.9 8.3
    5 11.4 8.2 7.1
    7 12.1 8.8 7.6
    9 13.2 10.0 7.4
    12 14.5 8.8 7.0
    14 15.2 10.8 7.1
    16 15.9 11.8 7.4
    19 18.0 12.0 8.4
    21 14.0 8.6
    23 13.8 10.0
    27 13.6 10.9
    30 15.5 13.2
    33 18.0 14.3
    35 15.2
    37 15.8
    40 16.6
    42 18.0
  • Example 36b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 32 and ET-736 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 61 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 50 . Table 61
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 32 ET-736
    0 149.4 150.2 150.0
    2 240.0 233.6 237.7
    5 325.1 310.6 302.1
    7 407.8 386.1 364.9
    9 514.8 437.5 404.6
    12 648.1 493.4 395.4
    14 799.0 560.3 398.3
    16 1002.5 649.5 447.2
    19 1233.9 853.0 485.0
    21 1539.1 1017.5 536.3
    23 2006.5 1263.2 669.8
    26 2027.7 1487.7 778.9
    28 1726.6 1046.1
    30 1892.6 1315.9
    33 2082.8 1664.9
    35 2007.7
  • Example 36c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 32 and ET-736 by using three different xenograft models of human lung cancer. These models correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (H-460 cell line) and to small cell lung cancer (H526 and H82 cell lines).
  • Table 62 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 51 . Table 62
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 32 ET-736
    0 187.4 183.9 185.8
    2 577.5 455.2 457.8
    5 1352.0 784.8 732.8
    7 1642.9 837.4 930.1
    9 2025.0 1044.3 1207.2
    12 2025.0 1452.4 1568.0
    14 1845.5 1845.5
    16 2025.0 2025.0
  • Table 63 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H526 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 52 . Table 63
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 32 ET-736
    0 217.2 212.1 213.5
    2 410.7 277.3 240.5
    4 778.5 127.0 97.2
    7 1083.2 95.0 48.8
    9 1371.0 63.1 62.5
    11 1782.0 62.5 62.5
    14 2025.0 62.5 47.3
    16 62.5 32.0
    21 4.0 4.0
    28 4.0 4.0
    35 55.3 4.0
    42 85.3 4.0
    49 185.6 4.0
    56 169.1 4.0
    63 62.5 4.0
    70 88.9 4.0
    77 280.6 4.0
    84 694.2 199.8
    91 1150.9 786.5
  • Table 64 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H82 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 53 . Table 64
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 32 ET-736
    0 171.6 171.6 170.0
    2 439.4 309.4 334.4
    5 1024.7 485.0 539.4
    7 1422.0 708.4 836.4
    9 1923.8 972.6 1013.1
    12 2025.0 1101.6 1290.9
    14 1339.6 1648.0
    16 1430.3
    19 1885.7
  • Example 36d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 32 and ET-736 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 65 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 54 . Table 65
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 32 ET-736
    0 169.5 168.6 168.8
    2 317.5 262.9 251.2
    5 758.9 572.7 382.6
    7 1351.9 997.5 676.1
    9 1675.8 1359.9 959.4
    12 2025.0 1715.0 1241.5
    14 2025.0 1582.7
    16 2025.0 1646.4
    19 1845.5
    21 2025.0
  • Example 36e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 32 in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 32 and ET-736 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 66 reports tumor volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, ET-736 and 32. These results are also showed in Figure 55 . Table 66
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 32 ET-736
    0 200.7 194.8 195.9
    2 429.0 386.3 359.2
    5 835.5 551.3 537.6
    7 1256.5 579.2 553.5
    9 1602.2 665.8 604.7
    12 2040.7 701.1 627.4
    14 814.5 648.0
    16 959.9 687.6
    19 1312.4 760.0
    21 1626.8 792.4
    23 1737.3 818.9
    26 1026.1
    28 1354.9
  • Example 37. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in several xenograft models.
  • Compound 35 was provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of 35 was 0.25 mg/Kg.
  • PM01183 was provided in the form of vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of PM01183 was 0.18 mg/Kg.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of vials of lyophilised product each vial (sucrose 200 mg + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 13.6 mg + phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5) was reconstituted with sterile water for injection (2 mL). Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection.
  • In this experiment, compound 35 and PM01183, as well as placebo were intravenously administered on a weekly schedule at a volume of 10 mL/Kg.
  • Example 37a. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human fibrosarcoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumoral activities of compound 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human sarcoma.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HT-1080 cell line.
  • Table 67 reports the total diameter (tumor + leg) evaluation of HT1080 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 56 . Table 67
    Days Total diameter (tumor + leg) (mm)
    Control PM01183 35
    0 8.4 8.4 8.3
    2 10.9 9.8 9.4
    5 14.8 9.7 8.7
    7 15.9 11.4 8.0
    9 18.0 12.7 9.9
    12 13.7 11.4
    14 14.6 12.5
    16 15.5 13.2
    19 15.6 14.6
    21 18.0 15.7
    23 18.0
  • Example 37b. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human breast adenocarcinoma xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human breast cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • Table 68 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 57 . Table 68
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 35 PM01183
    0 132.6 132.7 134.3
    4 194.1 193.6 177.2
    7 248.2 179.1 186.3
    11 377.6 276.7 250.7
    14 461.3 286.0 266.1
    18 679.2 384.5 327.7
    21 753.2 436.8 391.0
    25 909.2 554.3 493.1
    28 1090.7 647.0 627.3
    32 1433.4 817.5 789.0
    36 1887.5 1156.7 1022.0
    39 1785.2 1387.6 1294.2
    42 2081.5 1595.3 1643.3
    46 2137.5 1689.9 1658.9
    49 2044.2 1938.0
  • Example 37c. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human lung cancer xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human lung cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was H460 cell line.
  • Table 69 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of H460 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 58 . Table 69
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 35
    0 197.0 196.3 197.2
    2 529.5 457.0 415.3
    4 1057.4 861.5 750.8
    7 1582.5 1280.2 1242.3
    9 2094.8 1424.9 1536.3
    11 1969.9 1728.7
    14 2080.9
  • Example 37d. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human ovarian tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was A2780.
  • Table 70 reports the volume evaluation of A2780 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 59 . Table 70
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control PM01183 35
    0 163.4 163.6 163.6
    2 287.1 236.5 189.9
    4 568.7 463.2 284.3
    7 1211.3 986.3 606.4
    9 1633.7 1451.4 946.9
    11 2047.8 2062.0 1394.2
    14 2067.7
  • Example 37e. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 35 in human gastric tumor xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activities of 35 and PM01183 by using a xenograft model of human gastric cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was HGC27.
  • Table 71 reports volume growth of HGC27 tumors in mice treated with placebo, PM01183 and 35. These results are also showed in Figure 60 . Table 71
    Days Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Control 35 PM01183
    0 178.3 182.3 177.6
    2 409.0 382.2 395.6
    5 907.4 610.8 572.4
    7 1283.6 775.5 766.6
    9 1664.0 988.0 950.7
    12 1692.4 1005.6 972.0
    14 2102.8 1531.7 1199.4
    16 1866.3 1353.1
  • Example 38. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 12-S and 12-R in human prostate xenografts.
  • 12-S and 12-R were provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with water for infusion to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered doses of 12-S and 12-R were 0.25 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • In these experiments, 12-S and 12-R, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, on Days 0, 7 and 14, whenever it was possible.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 12-S and 12-R by using a xenograft model of human prostate cancer.
  • The tumor model used in this study was PC-3 cell line.
  • Table 72 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo, 12-S and 12-R. These results are also showed in Figure 61. Table 72
    Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Days Control 12-R 12-S
    0 128.0 129.0 128.0
    2 149.6 136.2 141.5
    4 197.0 144.2 143.7
    7 250.9 172.2 183.9
    11 291.6 183.6 208.1
    14 326.5 205.2 270.7
    16 361.9 256.0 286.3
    18 397.0 325.7 336.1
    21 476.9 322.2 357.1
    23 506.1 407.8 400.8
    25 526.7 419.9 443.6
    29 593.6 459.1 523.4
    32 769.5 512.1 652.6
    35 875.3 579.2 689.7
    37 900.0 613.8 692.2
    39 977.8 764.1 726.9
    42 1061.5 785.0 823.7
    44 1463.4 845.5 864.2
    46 1612.8 748.0 1182.8
    49 1809.2 808.7 1219.2
    51 2030.9 855.8 1331.9
    56 1125.2 1335.2
  • Example 39. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 4-S in human prostate xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 4-S by using three different xenograft models of human prostate cancer. These models correspond to PC-3, DU-145 and 22Rv1 cell lines.
  • Compound 4-S was provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of 4-S varied depending on the study, being 1.25 mg/Kg when the tumor model was PC-3, 1.00 mg/Kg when the tumor model was DU-145 and 0.75 mg/Kg when the tumor model was 22Rv1, respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • In these experiments, 4-S, as well as placebo were intravenously administered once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, on Days 0, 7 and 14, whenever it was possible.
  • Table 73 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S. These results are also showed in Figure 62. Table 73
    Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Days Control 4-S
    0 140.5 141.3
    2 178.6 130.7
    4 233.1 147.6
    7 284.6 157.7
    9 331.7 200.9
    11 433.7 192.8
    14 500.4 210.8
    16 570.8 255.5
    18 680.3 261.1
    21 850.1 282.4
    23 928.5 382.2
    25 915.7 451.6
    28 1187.5 611.1
    30 1270.1 762.3
    32 1327.1 821.6
    35 1373.6 1045.6
  • Table 74 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of DU-145 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S. These results are also showed in Figure 63. Table 74
    Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Days Control 4-S
    0 127.4 126.2
    3 180.9 102.4
    5 248.8 119.5
    7 320.4 149.5
    10 384.6 216.8
    12 441.0 181.4
    14 519.6 237.7
    17 601.0 204.4
    19 660.8 210.9
    24 740.7 300.0
    26 798.6 378.4
    28 587.0
    31 650.3
  • Table 75 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of 22Rv1 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 4-S. These results are also showed in Figure 64. Table 75
    Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Days Control 4-S
    0 174.6 173.6
    3 307.2 70.3
    5 511.5 63.1
    7 739.1 76.7
    10 955.2 49.1
    12 1286.1 59.8
    14 1385.8 74.9
    17 1791.1 55.1
    19 2025.0 64.9
    24 138.4
    26 186.9
    28 242.0
    31 392.5
    33 561.8
    35 799.3
    38 1107.0
    40 1426.4
    42 1685.5
    45 2025.0
  • Example 40. In vivo studies to determine the effect of 39-S in human prostate xenografts.
  • The aim of this study was to compare the antitumoral activity of 39-S by using three different xenograft models of human prostate cancer. These models correspond to PC-3, DU-145 and 22Rv1 cell lines.
  • Compound 39-S was provided in the form of freeze-dried vials of lyophilized product. Each vial was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Further dilutions were made with 5% dextrose solution for injection to the dosing formulation concentration. The administered dose of 39-S varied depending on the study, being 1.25 mg/Kg when the tumor model was PC-3, 1.00 mg/Kg when the tumor model was DU-145 and 0.75 mg/Kg when the tumor model was 22Rv1, respectively.
  • Placebo was provided in the form of lyophilised cake containing 100 mg Sucrose + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8 mg + Phosphoric acid q.s. pH 3.8-4.5 which was reconstituted with water for infusion.
  • In these experiments, 39-S, as well as placebo, were intravenously administered once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, on Days 0, 7 and 14, whenever it was possible.
  • Table 76 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of PC-3 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 65. Table 76
    Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Days Control 39-S
    0 181.9 182.3
    2 254.8 222.6
    4 308.7 244.0
    7 344.5 269.3
    9 396.8 295.8
    11 439.2 315.0
    14 542.7 356.9
    16 619.0 388.0
    18 721.3 400.1
    21 908.1 503.3
    23 1039.1 556.0
    25 1117.0 579.6
    28 1232.3 694.9
    30 1778.6 811.1
    32 2018.1 1027.1
    35 1194.3
    37 1495.0
    39 1710.7
    42 2066.2
  • Table 77 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of DU-145 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 66. Table 77
    Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Days Control 39-S
    0 156.8 179.9
    2 198.3 199.9
    4 253.9 222.2
    7 325.8 340.5
    9 385.1 354.1
    11 462.2 349.7
    14 483.8 429.1
    16 599.0 454.8
    18 664.0 449.7
    21 816.9 517.5
    23 861.3 568.5
    25 977.9 629.4
    28 973.6 775.7
  • Table 78 reports the median tumor volume evaluation of 22Rv1 tumors in mice treated with placebo and 39-S. These results are also showed in Figure 67. Table 78
    Median Tumor Volume (mm3)
    Days Control 39-S
    0 174.6 173.5
    3 307.2 93.0
    5 511.5 96.8
    7 739.1 115.2
    10 955.2 108.2
    12 1286.1 128.4
    14 1385.8 155.6
    17 1791.1 173.4
    19 2025.0 210.2
    24 358.8
    26 456.5
    28 645.2
    31 1049.5
    33 1439.4
    35 2025.0
    • Clauses
    1. 1. A compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0160
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    2. 2. The compound according to clause 1 of formula IA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0161
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    3. 3. The compound according to clause 1 of formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0162
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    4. 4. The compound according to clause 1 selected from formula Ia or Ib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0163
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    5. 5. The compound according to clause 2 selected from formula IAa or IAb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0164
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    6. 6. The compound according to clause 3 selected from formula IBa or IBb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0165
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    7. 7. The compound according to any preceding clause wherein X is -NH-.
    8. 8. The compound according to any preceding clause wherein X is -O-.
    9. 9. The compound according to any preceding clause wherein R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2O(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH wherein Rc is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    10. 10. The compound according to clause 9, wherein Rc is methyl.
    11. 11. The compound according to clause 9, wherein R4 is -CH2OH.
    12. 12. The compound according to clause 9, wherein R4 is -CH2NH2.
    13. 13. The compound according to clause 1 of formula Ic or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof
      Figure imgb0166
       wherein:
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
    14. 14. The compound according to clause 2 of formula IAc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof
      Figure imgb0167
       wherein:
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
    15. 15. The compound according to clause 3 of formula IBc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof
      Figure imgb0168
       wherein:
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is a -ORb group;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
    16. 16. The compound according to any preceding clause wherein R1 is -OH.
    17. 17. The compound according to any preceding clause wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    18. 18. The compound according to clause 17 wherein R2 is acetyl.
    19. 19. The compound according to clause 1 wherein R3 is hydrogen or -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    20. 20. The compound according to clause 19 wherein R3 is selected from hydrogen and methoxy.
    21. 21. The compound according to clause 20 wherein R3 is hydrogen.
    22. 22. The compound according to clause 20 wherein R3 is methoxy.
    23. 23. The compound according to any one of clauses 1, 2, 4, 5, 13 or 14 wherein R3 is hydrogen.
    24. 24. The compound according to any one of clauses 1, 3, 4, 6, 13 or 15 wherein R3 is -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    25. 25. The compound according to clause 24 wherein R3 is methoxy.
    26. 26. The compound according to clause 1 of formula:
      Figure imgb0169
      Figure imgb0170
      Figure imgb0171
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    27. 27. The compound according to clause 1 of formula:
      Figure imgb0172
      Figure imgb0173
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    28. 28. The compound according to clause 1 of formula:
      Figure imgb0174
       a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    29. 29. The compound according to clause 2 of formula:
      Figure imgb0175
      Figure imgb0176
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    30. 30. The compound according to clause 2 of formula:
      Figure imgb0177
       a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    31. 31. The compound according to clause 3 of formula:
      Figure imgb0178
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    32. 32. The compound according to clause 3 of formula:
      Figure imgb0179
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    33. 33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 32 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
    34. 34. A compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 33, for use as a medicament.
    35. 35. A compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 33, for use in the treatment of cancer.
    36. 36. A method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 33.
    37. 37. The compound according to clause 35 or the method according to clause 36, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, and gastric cancer.
    38. 38. The compound or method according to clause 37, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreas carcinoma and colorectal cancer.
    39. 39. A process for obtaining a compound of formula I as defined in clause 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, a compound of formula IA as defined in clause 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a compound of formula IB as defined in clause 3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III to give a compound of formula IV:
      Figure imgb0180
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    40. 40. The process according to clause 39, comprising the further step of replacing the cyano group in the compound of formula IV with a hydroxy group to give a compound of formula I, or IA or IB where R1 is OH.
    41. 41. A kit comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 32 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
    42. 42. The kit according to clause 41 further comprising instructions for use of the compound in the treatment of cancer, and more preferably a cancer selected from lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, and gastric cancer.
    43. 43. A compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0181
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    44. 44. The compound according to clause 43 selected from formula Ia or Ib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0182
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    45. 45. The compound according to clause 43 or clause 44 wherein X is -NH-.
    46. 46. The compound according to clause 43 or clause 44 wherein X is -O-.
    47. 47. The compound according to any one of clauses 43 to 46 wherein R4 is selected from - CH2OH, -CH2O(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH wherein Rc is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, preferably methyl; particularly preferably wherein R4 is -CH2OH or - CH2NH2.
    48. 48. The compound according to clause 43 of formula Ic or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof
      Figure imgb0183
       wherein:
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
    49. 49. The compound according to any one of clauses 43 to 48 wherein R1 is -OH; and/or wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, preferably acetyl.
    50. 50. The compound according to any one of clauses 43 to 49, wherein R3 is hydrogen.
    51. 51. The compound according to any one of clauses 43 to 49, wherein R3 is -ORb; preferably wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, more preferably wherein Rb is methoxy.
    52. 52. The compound according to clause 43 of formula:
      Figure imgb0184
      Figure imgb0185
      Figure imgb0186
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof;
      preferably of formula:
      Figure imgb0187
      Figure imgb0188
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    53. 53. The compound according to clause 43 of formula:
      Figure imgb0189
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    54. 54. The compound according to clause 45 of formula:
      Figure imgb0190
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof;
      preferably of formula:
      Figure imgb0191
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    55. 55. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of clauses 43 to 53 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
    56. 56. A compound according to any one of clauses 43 to 54, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 55, for use as a medicament; or
      a compound according to any one of clauses 43 to 54, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 55, for use in the treatment of cancer; preferably wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, and gastric cancer; even more preferably wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreas carcinoma and colorectal cancer.
    57. 57. A process for obtaining a compound of formula I as defined in clause 43 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III to give a compound of formula IV:
      Figure imgb0192
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-;
      • the process optionally comprising the further step of replacing the cyano group in the compound of formula IV with a hydroxy group to give a compound of formula I, or IA or IB where R1 is OH.
  • The present invention may further be described by reference to the following numbered clauses:
    • 1a. A compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0193
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    • 2a. The compound according to clause 1a selected from formula Ia or Ib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0194
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 3a. The compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 2a, wherein X is -NH-.
    • 4a. The compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 2a, wherein X is -O-.
    • 5a. The compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 4a, wherein R4 is selected from - CH2OH, -CH2O(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH wherein Rc is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    • 6a. The compound according to clause 5a, wherein Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl; preferably wherein Rc is methyl.
    • 7a. The compound according to any one of clauses 1a, or 3a when depended on clause 1a, or 4a when depended on clause 1a, wherein R4 is H, -CH2OH or -CH2NH2.
    • 8a. The compound according to clause 5a, wherein R4 is -CH2OH.
    • 9a. The compound according to clause 5a, wherein R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • 10a. The compound according to clause 1a, of formula Ic or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof
      Figure imgb0195
       wherein:
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
    • 11a. The compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 10a, wherein R1 is -OH.
    • 12a. The compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 11a, wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 13a. The compound according to clause 12a wherein R2 is acetyl.
    • 14a. The compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 13a, wherein R3 is hydrogen or - ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 15a. The compound according to clause 14a wherein R3 is hydrogen.
    • 16a. The compound according to clause 14a wherein R3 is -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 17a. The compound according to clause 16a wherein R3 is methoxy.
    • 18a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula:
      Figure imgb0196
      Figure imgb0197
      Figure imgb0198
      Figure imgb0199
      Figure imgb0200
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 19a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula:
      Figure imgb0201
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 20a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula:
      Figure imgb0202
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 21a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula:
      Figure imgb0203
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 22a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula:
      Figure imgb0204
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 23a. The compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 22a, wherein the salt is selected from hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, N,N-dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids.
    • 24a. The compound according to clause 1a, of formula IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0205
       wherein:
      • X is -NH-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 25a. The compound according to clause 24a selected from formula ICa or ICb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0206
       wherein:
      • X is -NH-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 26a. The compound according to any one of clauses 24a to 25a, wherein R4 is selected from - CH2OH, -CH2O(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH wherein Rc is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    • 27a. The compound according to clause 26a, wherein Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl; preferably wherein Rc is methyl.
    • 28a. The compound according to clause 26a, wherein R4 is -CH2OH or -CH2NH2.
    • 29a. The compound according to clause 26a, wherein R4 is -CH2OH.
    • 30a. The compound according to clause 26a, wherein R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • 31a. The compound according to any one of clauses 24a to 30a, wherein R1 is -OH.
    • 32a. The compound according to any one of clauses 24a to 31a, wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 33a. The compound according to clause 32a wherein R2 is acetyl.
    • 34a. The compound according to any one of clauses 24a to 33a wherein R3 is hydrogen or - ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 35a. The compound according to clause 34a wherein R3 is hydrogen.
    • 36a. The compound according to clause 34a wherein R3 is -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 37a. The compound according to clause 36a wherein R3 is methoxy.
    • 38a. The compound according to clause 24a of formula:
      Figure imgb0207
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 39a. The compound according to clause 24a of formula:
      Figure imgb0208
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 40a. The compound according to clause 24a of formula:
      Figure imgb0209
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 41a. The compound according to clause 24a of formula:
      Figure imgb0210
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 42a. The compound according to clause 24a of formula:
      Figure imgb0211
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 43a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula ID, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0212
       wherein:
      • X is -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 44a. The compound according to clause 43a selected from formula IDa or IDb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0213
       wherein:
      • X is -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 45a. The compound according to any one of clauses 43a to 44a, wherein R4 is selected from - CH2OH, -CH2O(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH wherein Rc is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    • 46a. The compound according to clause 45a, wherein Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl; preferably wherein Rc is methyl.
    • 47a. The compound according to clause 43a, wherein R4 is H, -CH2OH or -CH2NH2.
    • 48a. The compound according to clause 45a, wherein R4 is -CH2OH.
    • 49a. The compound according to clause 45a, wherein R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • 50a. The compound according to clause 43a of formula IDc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof
      Figure imgb0214
       wherein:
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
    • 51a. The compound according to any one of clauses 43a to 50a, wherein R1 is -OH.
    • 52a. The compound according to any one of clauses 43a to 51a, wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 53a. The compound according to clause 52a wherein R2 is acetyl.
    • 54a. The compound according to any one of clauses 43a to 53a, wherein R3 is hydrogen or - ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 55a. The compound according to clause 54a wherein R3 is hydrogen.
    • 56a. The compound according to clause 54a wherein R3 is -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 57a. The compound according to clause 56a wherein R3 is methoxy.
    • 58a. The compound according to clause 43a of formula:
      Figure imgb0215
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 59a. The compound according to clause 43a of formula:
      Figure imgb0216
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 60a. The compound according to clause 43a of formula:
      Figure imgb0217
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 61a. The compound according to clause 43a of formula:
      Figure imgb0218
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 62a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula IE, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0219
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 63a. The compound according to clause 62a selected from formula IEa or IEb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0220
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 64a. The compound according to any one of clauses 62a or 63a wherein X is -NH-.
    • 65a. The compound according to any one of clauses 62a or 63a wherein X is -O-.
    • 66a. The compound according to any one of clauses 62a to 65a, wherein R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • 67a. The compound according to any one of clauses 62a to 66a,wherein R1 is -OH.
    • 68a. The compound according to any one of clauses 62a to 67a,wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 69a. The compound according to clause 68a wherein R2 is acetyl.
    • 70a. The compound according to any one of clauses 62a to 69a,wherein R3 is hydrogen or - ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 71a. The compound according to clause 70a wherein R3 is hydrogen.
    • 72a. The compound according to clause 70a wherein R3 is -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 73a. The compound according to clause 72a wherein R3 is methoxy.
    • 74a. The compound according to clause 62a of formula:
      Figure imgb0221
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 75a. The compound according to clause 62a of formula:
      Figure imgb0222
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 76a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula IA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0223
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    • 77a. The compound according to clause 76a selected from formula IAa or IAb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0224
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 78a. The compound according to any one of clauses 76a to 77a, wherein X is -NH-.
    • 79a. The compound according to any one of clauses 76a to 77a, wherein X is -O-.
    • 80a. The compound according to any one of clauses 76a to 79a, wherein R4 is selected from - CH2OH, -CH2O(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH wherein Rc is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    • 81a. The compound according to clause 80a, wherein Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl; preferably wherein Rc is methyl.
    • 82a. The compound according to clause 76a, or 78a when depended on clause 76a, or 79a when depended on clause 76a, wherein R4 is H, -CH2OH or -CH2NH2.
    • 83a. The compound according to clause 80a, wherein R4 is -CH2OH.
    • 84a. The compound according to clause 80a, wherein R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • 85a. The compound according to clause 76a of formula IAc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof
      Figure imgb0225
       wherein:
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
    • 86a. The compound according to any one of clauses 76a to 85a, wherein R1 is -OH.
    • 87a. The compound according to any one of clauses 76a to 86a, wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 88a. The compound according to clause 87a, wherein R2 is acetyl.
    • 89a. The compound according to clause 76a of formula:
      Figure imgb0226
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 90a. The compound according to clause 76a of formula:
      Figure imgb0227
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 91a. The compound according to clause 76a of formula:
      Figure imgb0228
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 92a. The compound according to clause 76a of formula:
      Figure imgb0229
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 93a. The compound according to clause 76a of formula:
      Figure imgb0230
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 94a. The compound according to clause 76a of formula:
      Figure imgb0231
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 95a. The compound according to clause 1a of formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0232
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2O-(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
      • unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    • 96a. The compound according to clause 95a selected from formula IBa or IBb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      Figure imgb0233
       wherein:
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
    • 97a. The compound according to any one of clauses 95a to 96a, wherein X is -NH-.
    • 98a. The compound according to any one of clauses 95a to 96a, wherein X is -O-.
    • 99a. The compound according to any one of clauses 95a to 98a, wherein R4 is selected from - CH2OH, -CH2O(C=O)Rc, -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH wherein Rc is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl.
    • 100a. The compound according to clause 99a, wherein Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl, and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl; preferably wherein Rc is methyl.
    • 101a. The compound according to clause 95a, or 97a when depended on clause 95a, or 98a when depended on clause 95a, wherein R4 is H, -CH2OH or -CH2NH2.
    • 102a. The compound according to clause 99a, wherein R4 is -CH2OH.
    • 103a. The compound according to clause 99a, wherein R4 is -CH2NH2.
    • 104a. The compound according to clause 95a, of formula IBc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof
      Figure imgb0234
       wherein:
      • R1 is -OH or -CN;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is a -ORb group;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl.
    • 105a. The compound according to any one of clauses 95a to 104a, wherein R1 is -OH.
    • 106a. The compound according to any one of clauses 95a to 105a, wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 107a. The compound according to clause 106a wherein R2 is acetyl.
    • 108a. The compound according to any one of clauses 95a to 107a, wherein R3 is -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
    • 109a. The compound according to clause 108a wherein R3 is methoxy.
    • 110a. The compound according to clause 95a of formula:
      Figure imgb0235
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 111a. The compound according to clause 95a of formula:
      Figure imgb0236
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 112a. The compound according to clause 95a of formula:
      Figure imgb0237
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
    • 113a. A compound according to any one of clauses 24a to 112a, wherein the salt is selected from hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, N,N-dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids.
    • 114a. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 113a or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
    • 115a. A dosage form comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to clause 114a.
    • 116a. A compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 113a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 114a, or a dosage form according to clause 115a, for use as a medicament.
    • 117a. A compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 113a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 114a, or a dosage form according to clause 115a, for use in the treatment of cancer.
    • 118a. The compound, composition or dosage form according to clause 117a, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
    • 119a. The compound, composition or dosage form according to clause 118a, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer and colorectal cancer.
    • 120a. Use of a compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 113a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 114a, or a dosage form according to clause 115a, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
    • 121a. The use according to clause 120a, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
    • 122a. The use according to clause 121a, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer and colorectal cancer.
    • 123a. A method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 113a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to clause 114a, or a dosage form according to clause 115a.
    • 124a. The method according to clause 123a, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
    • 125a. The method according to clause 124a, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer and colorectal cancer.
    • 126a. A process for obtaining a compound as defined in any one of clauses 1a to 113a or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
      comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III to give a compound of formula IV:
      Figure imgb0238
       wherein (where allowed by possible substituent groups):
      • X is -NH- or -O-;
      • R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
      • R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
      • R4 is selected from hydrogen, -CH2OH, -CH2OC(=O)Rc and -CH2NHProtNH;
      • Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
      • Rc is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
      • ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
      • with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen then X is -O-.
    • 127a. The process according to clause 126a, comprising the further step of replacing the cyano group in the compound of formula IV with a hydroxy group to give a compound of formula I, where R1 is OH.
    • 128a. A kit comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of clauses 1a to 113a and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
    • 129a. The kit according to clause 128a further comprising instructions for use of the compound in the treatment of cancer, and more preferably a cancer selected from lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer.

Claims (24)

  1. A compound of formula IE, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0239
     wherein:
    X is -NH- or -O-;
    R1 is -OH or -CN;
    R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    R4 is selected from -CH2NH2 and -CH2NHProtNH;
    Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
    unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
    unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
  2. The compound according to claim 1 selected from formula IEa or IEb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    Figure imgb0240
     wherein:
    X is -NH- or -O-;
    R1 is -OH or -CN;
    R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    R4 is selected from -CH2NH2, and -CH2NHProtNH;
    Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
    unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    ProtNH is a protecting group for amino.
  3. The compound according to any one of claims 1 or 2 wherein X is -NH-.
  4. The compound according to any one of claims 1 or 2 wherein X is -O-.
  5. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein R4 is -CH2NH2.
  6. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5,wherein R1 is -OH.
  7. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group where Ra is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Ra is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
  8. The compound according to claim 7 wherein R2 is acetyl.
  9. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 8,wherein R3 is hydrogen or -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
  10. The compound according to claim 9 wherein R3 is hydrogen.
  11. The compound according to claim 9 wherein R3 is -ORb wherein Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; preferably wherein Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted methyl, substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted isobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl.
  12. The compound according to claim 11 wherein R3 is methoxy.
  13. The compound according to claim 1 of formula:
    Figure imgb0241
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  14. The compound according to claim 1 of formula:
    Figure imgb0242
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  15. The compound according to claim 1 of formula:
    Figure imgb0243
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  16. The compound according to claim 1 of formula:
    Figure imgb0244
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  17. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the salt is selected from hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methane sulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, N,N-dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids.
  18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 17 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  19. A dosage form comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 18.
  20. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to claim 18, or a dosage form according to claim 19, for use as a medicament.
  21. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a composition according to claim 18, or a dosage form according to claim 19, for use in the treatment of cancer.
  22. The compound, composition or dosage form for use according to claim 21, wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and gastric cancer; preferably wherein the cancer is selected from lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer and colorectal cancer.
  23. A process for obtaining a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 17 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof:
    comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III to give a compound of formula IV:
    Figure imgb0245
     wherein (where allowed by possible substituent groups):
    X is -NH- or -O-;
    R2 is a -C(=O)Ra group;
    R3 is hydrogen or a -ORb group;
    R4 is -CH2NHProtNH;
    Ra is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
    unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl;
    Rb is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or
    unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl; and
    ProtNH is a protecting group for amino;
    and optionally comprising the further step of replacing the cyano group in the compound of formula IV with a hydroxy group to give a compound of formula IE, where R1 is OH.
  24. A kit comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 17 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; the kit optionally further comprising instructions for use of the compound in the treatment of cancer, and more preferably a cancer selected from lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and gastric cancer.
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