EP4041675A1 - Hydrogen transport, distribution and storage system, method and apparatus - Google Patents
Hydrogen transport, distribution and storage system, method and apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- EP4041675A1 EP4041675A1 EP20960190.5A EP20960190A EP4041675A1 EP 4041675 A1 EP4041675 A1 EP 4041675A1 EP 20960190 A EP20960190 A EP 20960190A EP 4041675 A1 EP4041675 A1 EP 4041675A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen
- delivery line
- pipeline
- pipe
- existing pipeline
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 559
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 559
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 title description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 467
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
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- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
- F17C11/005—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels for hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/60—Constructional parts of cells
- C25B9/65—Means for supplying current; Electrode connections; Electric inter-cell connections
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
- F16L9/12—Rigid pipes of plastics with or without reinforcement
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
- F17C5/06—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures for filling with compressed gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D1/00—Pipe-line systems
- F17D1/02—Pipe-line systems for gases or vapours
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D3/00—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations
- F17D3/01—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations for controlling, signalling, or supervising the conveyance of a product
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D3/00—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations
- F17D3/03—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations for controlling, signalling, or supervising the conveyance of several different products following one another in the same conduit, e.g. for switching from one receiving tank to another
- F17D3/08—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations for controlling, signalling, or supervising the conveyance of several different products following one another in the same conduit, e.g. for switching from one receiving tank to another the different products being separated by "go-devils", e.g. spheres
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D3/00—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations
- F17D3/18—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations for measuring the quantity of conveyed product
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D5/00—Protection or supervision of installations
- F17D5/02—Preventing, monitoring, or locating loss
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D5/00—Protection or supervision of installations
- F17D5/02—Preventing, monitoring, or locating loss
- F17D5/06—Preventing, monitoring, or locating loss using electric or acoustic means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
- B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
- B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
- B64B1/66—Mooring attachments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64F—GROUND OR AIRCRAFT-CARRIER-DECK INSTALLATIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH AIRCRAFT; DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING, ASSEMBLING, CLEANING, MAINTAINING OR REPAIRING AIRCRAFT, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; HANDLING, TRANSPORTING, TESTING OR INSPECTING AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B64F1/00—Ground or aircraft-carrier-deck installations
- B64F1/02—Ground or aircraft-carrier-deck installations for arresting aircraft, e.g. nets or cables
- B64F1/029—Ground or aircraft-carrier-deck installations for arresting aircraft, e.g. nets or cables using a cable or tether
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
- F16L9/18—Double-walled pipes; Multi-channel pipes or pipe assemblies
- F16L9/19—Multi-channel pipes or pipe assemblies
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
- F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/03—Mixtures
- F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
- F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
- F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
- F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0184—Fuel cells
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D1/00—Pipe-line systems
- F17D1/02—Pipe-line systems for gases or vapours
- F17D1/04—Pipe-line systems for gases or vapours for distribution of gas
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/60—Planning or developing urban green infrastructure
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/34—Hydrogen distribution
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/45—Hydrogen technologies in production processes
Definitions
- the subject technology generally relates to the storage of energy at scale and the transport of hydrogen from wherever it is produced, to the locations where it is needed by end users and/or from which it can be distributed to such end users. While the subject technology may be used as a means for transporting hydrogen produced from any source, it is particularly useful for reducing the length of time, capital investment and complexity involved in securing requisite approvals, acquiring rights of way, installing, transporting and distributing “green” hydrogen from the locations where it can be produced most advantageously to a plurality of individual end use locations such as electric utility substations, commercial and industrial facilities, filling stations, and homes of consumers wishing to employ hydrogen as a clean, renewable energy source in lieu of fossil fuel.
- the subject technology also provides a method of storing energy that is lower in cost and has significantly greater energy retention compared to battery technology, and that affords a more cost-effective, more readily scaled and lower maintenance option for new hydrogen at scale infrastructure than storing hydrogen in traditional hydrogen storage tanks.
- “green” hydrogen (e.g., a term referring to hydrogen that is produced from renewable resources) could be a critical component in the fight against global warming, providing up to 24% of global energy requirements by 2050, and in the process cutting harmful emissions by up to 30%.
- Green a term referring to hydrogen that is produced from renewable resources
- hydrogen will play a major role for the increasing number of countries and companies signing legally binding pledges to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
- a number of governments notably including countries within the European Union, Canada, China and Australia, are starting to provide strong policy support including increased carbon prices and funding to develop hydrogen production capacity and associated infrastructure.
- ERE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
- Electricity prices comprise between 60% and 75% of the cost of green hydrogen. Accordingly, locations that have a natural source of high volumes of low cost renewable energy capacity from solar radiation (such as equatorial desert regions), wind energy (such as mountain passes and island inlets), hydropower (such as near large bodies of water with significant elevation changes) and/or geothermal heat (such as near active volcanos or vents), enable hydrogen to be produced at a significantly lower cost per kilogram.
- these locations where high volume, low cost renewable energy sources exist in nature are generally not proximate to industrial centers and large population density, making transportation costs a much more significant factor.
- Hexagon Lincoln is a global leader in the manufacture of Type 4-rated carbon fiber cylinders that are 70% lighter than steel and produced in lengths up to its 40’ long Titan® tanks that hold hydrogen at up to 950 bar (approximately 13,750 psi).
- a Mobile Pipeline® such cylinders provide a ready solution for storing and transporting hydrogen to locations that are not on a grid, or where it is economically or logistically infeasible to build a pipeline. While practical in the short term, transporting hydrogen this way is labor-intensive, expensive and generally not extensible as a long-term replacement for the existing fossil fuel transmission and distribution infrastructure.
- FRP fiber reinforced polymer
- ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- SRNL Savannah River National Laboratory
- FRP pipe has the advantages of being available commercially through NOV and its competitors; and having been used extensively for many years in the oil and gas industry.
- NOV National Oilwell Varco
- Fiberspar LinePipe is used in oilfield service in a wide range of temperature and terrainspecific installations including laid on surface, buried in conventional open ditch, plowing and installed inside of failing steel pipeline for remediation purposes. Its FRP pipe is available in diameters of between 2" and 6", in continuous lengths up to 9,000 ft (2740 m) on reels for rapid installation. Based on testing that has been done by SRNL and ORNL, SRNL and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) have codified FRP pipe up to 6" in diameter in ASME B31.12 (“Hydrogen Piping Code") for gaseous hydrogen transmission up to 2500 psi and a design life of 50 years.
- ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
- Applicant’s prior patent application Serial No. 12/290,453, filed on October 29, 2008, now U.S. Patent Number 8,336,810 (the ’810 patent) describes the use of a lighter-than-air airship to transport hydrogen from locations where natural conditions enable it to be most economically produced to locations where there is a strong market demand.
- this earlier disclosure is limited to providing a means of transporting hydrogen to one or a few destination points and does not address challenges associated with widespread distribution and the like.
- the subject technology overcomes these longstanding problems and limitations of the prior art, and provides a means involving less time, significantly lower capital cost, and far less complications associated with land use, right-of-way acquisition, permitting, construction and ongoing maintenance to transport hydrogen from the location where it is produced to the regions where it is most needed, its storage at scale, and its widespread distribution to end users across such market areas.
- the subject technology provides a system, method and apparatus to cost- effectively transport, store and widely distribute hydrogen from locations where it is produced to where it is most needed.
- the subject technology overcomes many of the technological constraints involved in transporting, storing and distributing hydrogen, and materially reduces prohibitively high installation costs, delays, land-use and permitting barriers.
- Existing pipelines also includes underground utility lines, rail lines and tubes, including for future systems such as hyperloop.
- the land on which these existing pipelines are constructed has been acquired; rights-of-way and authorizing permits have been granted; and a huge investment has been made to excavate, install and maintain these existing pipeline systems.
- Many of these existing pipelines have ample capacity that enable them to also be used as hydrogen distribution pipelines with the ability to transport and distribute hydrogen at any level of purity.
- the subject technology includes preparing a hydrogen distribution pipeline by inserting a “hydrogen delivery line” into one or more of these existing pipelines.
- a “hydrogen delivery line” is made of a material such as (but not necessarily limited to) ASME codified FRP pipe to carry pressurized hydrogen, which is in turn contained inside a larger diameter pipe that provides a means of collecting any hydrogen that leaks from the hydrogen delivery line.
- a sweeper or inert gas or liquid referred to herein as “purge gas” or “sweeper gas”, is flowed on the outside of the hydrogen delivery line to remove any hydrogen that has leaked from such line.
- Such purge gas may be nitrogen, CO2, or the like; and depending on circumstances and individual operator preferences, in cases where a leak of hydrogen into the existing pipeline would not create a safety risk or an unacceptable level of contamination, the product flowing through such existing pipeline may itself be used in as such sweeper gas.
- the hydrogen delivery line must be run inside an intermediate “safety pipe”.
- This safety pipe is made from any material that is compatible with hydrogen and the contents of the existing pipeline; and the purge gas is in this case run inside the channel located between the outside surface of the hydrogen delivery line and the inside surface of the safety pipe.
- the contents of the sweeper line are continuously tested for hydrogen levels, and the collected data therefrom monitored to detect leaks in the hydrogen delivery line. Should a leak be detected that exceeds a predetermined threshold level deemed acceptable, the flow of hydrogen into the hydrogen delivery line may be shut-off manually or programmed to be shut-off automatically, until the leak has been corrected.
- multiple hydrogen sensors are located at various intervals throughout the system, thus enabling the location of a hydrogen leak exceeding a predetermined threshold level to be more precisely identified, and the area of concern isolated and removed from service until the leak is corrected, with the balance of the system being able to be restored in the meantime.
- a lighter-than-air airship can be used in conjunction with the foregoing system.
- the airship can carry bulk quantities of hydrogen from a geographic location where it is most-economically produced, to a terminus point at a strategic location relative to the existing pipeline distribution system. Once at this location, the tanks carrying hydrogen can be coupled to an inlet to the above-described hydrogen pipe, and the hydrogen discharged into said system.
- the transport of hydrogen using the airship can be in a liquid (cryogenic) state and, upon delivery at the destination point, a vaporizer is used to convert the hydrogen from liquid to gaseous form.
- the subject technology relates to a hydrogen distribution system fortransporting hydrogen from a hydrogen supply source to at least one end-user location.
- the system includes an existing pipeline and a hydrogen delivery line configured to carry pressurized hydrogen.
- the hydrogen delivery line is located inside the existing pipeline such that a sweeper gas within the existing pipeline flows around an exterior of the hydrogen delivery line and purges any hydrogen that leaks from the hydrogen delivery line.
- At least one inlet into the hydrogen delivery line is configured to allow hydrogen to be injected into the hydrogen delivery line.
- At least one outlet from the hydrogen delivery line is configured to allow hydrogen to be withdrawn from the hydrogen delivery line.
- the existing pipeline is a gas transmission pipeline and the sweeper gas is one of the following: natural gas; or synthetic natural gas.
- the system includes a safety pipe located inside of the existing pipeline and around the hydrogen delivery line such that a channel is formed between the exterior of the hydrogen delivery line and an interior of said safety pipe. The channel is sized to allow the sweeper gas to flow through the existing pipeline and along the exterior of the hydrogen delivery line.
- the safety pipe is a plastic or a composite.
- the existing pipeline is a water pipeline, a sewer pipeline, or a storm drain pipeline.
- the existing pipeline includes a gas transmission line coupled with at least one of the following: a water pipe; a sewer pipe; or a storm drain. The at least one inlet into the hydrogen delivery line can then occur in a gas transmission pipeline and the hydrogen withdrawn from the hydrogen delivery line occurs after the hydrogen has been transmitted through a water pipe, sewer pipe, or storm drain.
- the system includes at least one hydrogen sensor located at an exit of the existing pipeline, the at least one hydrogen sensor configured to monitor for a presence and amount of hydrogen that has leaked from the hydrogen delivery line into the sweeper gas.
- the system includes at least two inline hydrogen sensors located at different locations within the existing pipeline.
- the system can include a data system configured to monitor the at least two in-line hydrogen sensors to determine a level of hydrogen for each in-line hydrogen sensor.
- the system can further include a recording system configured to separately record the hydrogen levels detected by each in-line hydrogen sensor.
- the system can include a programmable alerting system configured to trigger an alert based on the hydrogen levels.
- the system includes at least one shutoff valve configured to selectively isolate and close off sections of the hydrogen delivery line upon being triggered by the alert of the programmable alerting system.
- the hydrogen delivery line is FRP pipe codified for use with hydrogen.
- the system includes at least one coupling device, each coupling device connecting a first section of the hydrogen delivery line inside the existing pipeline with a second section of the hydrogen delivery line outside of said existing pipeline.
- the hydrogen delivery line is made of FRP pipe codified for use with hydrogen and the second section of the hydrogen delivery line is a storage area.
- the hydrogen delivery line includes at least one hydrogen sensor.
- Each hydrogen sensor can be configured to separately produce data related to a detected hydrogen level.
- the system can further include a means for monitoring the hydrogen levels detected by each of the hydrogen sensors.
- the system can also include an alerting means (e.g. processor with a display, or other audio or visual output device) configured to generate an alert when the detected hydrogen level indicates that hydrogen is leaking from the hydrogen delivery line.
- the system includes at least one shutoff valve.
- Each shutoff valve is connected to a coupling.
- the shutoff valves are located at each interval of a pre-determined length of the hydrogen delivery line, each shutoff valve and coupling configured to selectively close.
- the system can include a processor configured to identify a location of a hydrogen leak based on the hydrogen levels detected by the hydrogen sensors.
- Each shutoff valve and coupling can be configured to close to isolate the hydrogen delivery line around the pre-determined length of the hydrogen delivery line in which the hydrogen leak is identified.
- the system includes a valve connected to the existing pipeline to control flow therethrough.
- the system can then include a first riser connected to the existing pipeline on a first side of the valve.
- the system can include a second riser connected to the existing pipeline on a second side of the valve.
- the hydrogen delivery line can then be configured to direct hydrogen through the risers and coupling to bypass the valve.
- the subject technology relates to a method of transporting hydrogen from a producing location to at least one end user location. Hydrogen is produced from an energy source at the producing location. The hydrogen is then stored in at least one hydrogen storage container.
- a hydrogen delivery line is located, or placed, inside an existing pipeline, the hydrogen delivery line configured to carry pressurized hydrogen.
- a sweeper gas is injected around the exterior of the hydrogen delivery line to purge any hydrogen leaking from the hydrogen delivery line.
- Hydrogen is injected into the hydrogen delivery line from the at least one hydrogen storage container. Hydrogen is withdrawn from the hydrogen delivery line at the end user location.
- transporting hydrogen includes using at least one of the following: a truck; a train; or a ship. In some cases, transporting hydrogen further includes transporting the hydrogen using a lighter-than-air airship. In some embodiments, transporting the hydrogen using a lighter-than-air airship includes pumping the hydrogen into at least two vessels. After pumping the hydrogen into the at least two vessels, the vessels are loaded onto the lighter-than-air airship. The lighter-than-air airship is flown to a terminus location. The vessels are unloaded from the lighter-than- air airship at the terminus location. At least one empty vessel is loaded onto the lighter- than-air airship.
- the fixed energy source is a renewable energy source being at least one of the following: wind, solar, hydro, biomass, or geothermal power.
- the hydrogen storage containers are made of FRP pipe codified for use with hydrogen.
- the existing pipeline is a gas transmission pipeline and the sweeper gas is one of the following: natural gas; or synthetic natural gas.
- the terminus location includes a cradle having at least two anchor points configured to secure the lighter-than-air airship with tie-down cables. The cradle can be configured to rotate to point in a direction of oncoming wind.
- the method includes placing a safety pipe inside of the existing pipeline and around exterior of the hydrogen delivery line.
- the existing pipeline is one of the following: a water pipeline; a sewer pipeline; a storm drain pipeline; an underground utility corridor; a rail line; or a tube.
- the existing pipeline includes a gas transmission line coupled with at least one of the following: a water pipe, a sewer pipe, or a storm drain. Injecting the hydrogen into the at least one inlet then occurs in a gas transmission pipeline. In such a case, withdrawing the hydrogen from the hydrogen delivery line occurs after the hydrogen has been transmitted through the water pipe, a sewer pipe or the storm drain.
- the at least one end user location is an electric utility substation. In some cases, the at least one end user location is a commercial or industrial facility. In some embodiments, the method includes utilizing the hydrogen in an industrial process feedstock. In some cases, the at least one end user location is a filling station for dispensing hydrogen to fuel cell vehicles. The filling station can, in some cases, compress the hydrogen to a pressure suitable for dispensing to hydrogen fuel cell cars. The filling station can, in some cases, compress the hydrogen to a pressure suitable for dispensing to hydrogen fuel cell trucks. In some embodiments, the at least one end user location is a residence. [0034] In at least one aspect, the subject technology relates to a method of storing energy and utilizing stored energy. The method includes storing hydrogen in at least one spool of FRP pipe codified for use with hydrogen. An energy producing system is fueled with the hydrogen. Electrical power is then produced with the energy producing system.
- the method further includes positioning at least one hydrogen sensor in the at least one spool of FRP pipe.
- the at least one hydrogen sensor detects hydrogen leaks from the at least one spool of FRP pipe.
- Electronic data is produced evidencing hydrogen leakage when hydrogen leaks are detected.
- the electronic data is monitored and at least one safety action is taken in response to detecting a hydrogen leak.
- the method can further include installing a shutoff valve and coupling at each interval of a pre-determined length along the FRP pipe.
- the method includes pinpointing a location of hydrogen leakage based on the electronic data and isolating the pre-determined length of FRP pipe containing the location of hydrogen leakage using the shutoff valves.
- the method further includes, after isolating the FRP pipe containing the location of hydrogen leakage, removing and replacing the pre-determined length of FRP pipe containing the location of the hydrogen leakage using the couplings.
- the predetermined length is one spool of FRP pipe.
- the hydrogen is produced from renewable energy sources being at least one of the following: wind, solar, hydro, biomass, or geothermal power.
- the energy producing system is a gas turbine. In some cases, the energy producing system is a fuel cell.
- FIG. 1(a) is a schematic diagram depicting the production of “green” hydrogen, its storage and optional transport means
- FIG. 1(b) is a schematic diagram depicting its removal from these transport means, its storage in tanks, and distribution to the various end uses for such hydrogen.
- FIG. 2 is a block flow diagram illustrating the principles of this technology disclosure.
- FIG. 3(a) shows the components of a system for transporting hydrogen using a lighter-than-air airship which is particularly advantageous in certain situations where other alternatives are not practical or economic.
- FIG. 3(b) is a side view of a hydrogen pipeline in accordance with the principles of this technology disclosure.
- FIG. 3(C) is a section view of FIG. 3(b) showing use of a safety pipe in addition to the hydrogen delivery line.
- FIG. 3(d) is a detailed cutaway view of the hydrogen distribution pipeline of FIG. 3(b) and associated elements for transporting and distributing hydrogen.
- FIGS. 4(a) - 4(d) depict maps of an illustrative case involving production of green hydrogen from wind and/or geothermal energy on the Big Island of Hawaii and its transport and widespread distribution on the more densely populated island of Oahu.
- FIG. 4(a) depicts the transport of hydrogen via a lighter-than-air airship between the island of Hawaii and a terminus point on the island of Oahu.
- FIG. 4(b) depicts the transport of this hydrogen from a main terminal to key distribution nodes on Oahu.
- FIG. 4(C) shows an example where gas transmission lines may be used to transport hydrogen to key storage and distribution locations.
- FIG. 4(d) illustrates the opportunity for widespread distribution of such green hydrogen to a large number of end user locations through water, sewer and storm drain pipelines.
- connection may refer to two or more components connected together, whether that connection is permanent (e.g., welded or glued) or temporary (e.g., bolted, held by a physical object, or held in place by friction or tension), direct or indirect (/.e., through an intermediary), mechanical, chemical, optical or electrical.
- the subject technology describes improvements over the prior art, including a new and unique system, method and apparatus for transporting hydrogen from where it is most advantageously produced, storing it at scale, and then distributing it to one or multiple points of end use in a manner that is more cost effective and that overcomes a number of long-standing technical challenges to enable the transition from fossil fuels to a hydrogen economy.
- cities, most towns and many rural communities throughout the world are served by expansive natural gas, oil and other types of pipelines.
- all cities, towns and many rural communities have invested heavily in water, sewer and storm drain systems as essential public infrastructure.
- adapting such existing pipelines to transport and distribute hydrogen entails inserting a hydrogen delivery line contained within a larger diameter safety pipe into the existing pipeline, although under certain conditions use of the safety pipe may be optional.
- the hydrogen delivery line is preferably made of FRP pipe or an equivalent material that is codified for use with pressurized hydrogen.
- the safety pipe (or in the optional case the existing pipeline) surrounding it serves as a means of collecting any hydrogen that may leak from the hydrogen delivery pipe.
- a sweeper or inert purge gas flowing outside of the hydrogen delivery line removes any hydrogen that has leaked from the hydrogen delivery line.
- At least one hydrogen sensor is used to test the sweeper or purge gas for hydrogen content and the flow of hydrogen may be shut-off in the event the level of hydrogen leaking into that gas exceeds a predetermined threshold level.
- a fiber-optic line can be installed to carry signals from hydrogen sensors located throughout the system, thus allowing hydrogen leaks that exceed a predetermined threshold level to be located, the area requiring repair isolated, and expeditiously corrected.
- FIG. 1 is comprised of FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b).
- FIG. 1(a) depicts the production of “green” hydrogen 101 , its storage and alternative means for transporting it.
- hydrogen gas 101 is produced through electrolysis using one or a plurality of electrolyzers 102, which may employ any of several well-known technologies such as alkaline and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis, and in the future may utilize solid oxide electrolysis or another new technology.
- electrolyzer 102 produces hydrogen 101 by passing an electrical current 103 through an anode (+) and cathode (-) suspended in water 104 to release H2 and O2 molecules.
- PEM proton exchange membrane
- Electricity 103 is preferably produced from renewable sources such as kinetic energy from windmills 105, solar radiation collected from photovoltaic cells 106, turbine power from hydro sources 107, or geothermal energy 108.
- Other sources of energy can also be used such as off-peak or curtailed power, as well as new forms of renewable energy such as biofuels generated from landfills and wastewater treatment plants, and gasification of biomass, municipal solid waste, and agriculture residues and green waste. It is well understood that a significant power loss occurs for renewable energy projects from voltage stepping and transmission 109, generally making it most efficient to power the electrolyzer as close to the renewable electricity source 103 as reasonably possible.
- nuclear power as well as sources employing fossil fuels (including but not limited to grid power based on coal or natural gas-fired plants as the source of electrical power 103, steam methane reforming and coal gasification) may be used to produce hydrogen 101 without departing from the principles otherwise associated with the hydrogen transport, storage at scale and distribution systems that are hereinafter described.
- Hydrogen 101 that is produced may be compressed to the desired pressure using compressor 110 and then stored as gaseous hydrogen in storage container 111(a) or liquefied with liquefaction system 112 and stored as cryogenic hydrogen in storage container 113(a). Unless such hydrogen is being consumed at the same location as it was produced, it is generally transported in one of four ways. As described in the Background section, the two most commonly used means of hydrogen transport are with a hydrogen transport trailer 114 that is specially designed to transport either gaseous or liquefied (cryogenic) hydrogen, and pipelines 115, including both lines that are specially built to transport hydrogen, as well as pipelines carrying a blend of hydrogen and natural gas.
- FIG. 1(a) Two other modes of hydrogen transport are also depicted in FIG. 1(a). The first of these involves the use of trains and large cargo ships, collectively illustrated as ship 116. These include Kawasaki Heavy Industries’ plans by late 2020 to complete construction of the Suiso Frontier (Kawasaki hull no. 1740), the world's first liquefied hydrogen carrier. Further, distribution of hydrogen with a lighter-than-air airship 117 has been described, such as disclosed in Applicant’s ’810 patent.
- FIG. 1(b) depicting removal of hydrogen 101 from these transport means 114 to 117, hydrogen 101 is stored in gaseous 111(b) or cryogenic 113(b) form for regasification using vaporizer 118, and distribution to the various end uses for such hydrogen.
- FIG. 1 (b) depicts five end uses for such hydrogen that already exist or have been proposed.
- Line 119(a) illustrates the distribution of hydrogen 101 for use as fuel in one or a plurality of turbine generators 120 and/or fuel cells 121 to produce power that can be added onto the electric transmission grid 122.
- Line 119(b) illustrates the distribution of hydrogen 101 for use directly or through fuel cells 123 in residential applications 124 including for heating and cooking 125 and for electrical power 126.
- Lines 119(c) and 119(d) depict distribution of hydrogen 101 for use in commercial and industrial applications 127.
- Line 119(c) illustrates its distribution for use in one or multiple fuel cells 128 to produce electric power 129; and line 119(d) depicts the distribution of hydrogen 101 to provide a fuel or process feedstock for various uses as a carbon-free replacement for fossil fuel.
- Distribution line 119(e) illustrates the distribution of hydrogen 101 to filling stations 130 for dispensing hydrogen 101 to fuel cell vehicles including industrial equipment such as forklifts 131 , consumer and fleet passenger vehicles 132, hydrogen buses 133, heavy-duty trucks 134, as well as other equipment, drones and planes (not illustrated).
- fuel cell vehicles have been proposed to provide supplemental power, as illustrated by line 135, depicting a fuel cell passenger vehicle 132 providing power for residential applications 124 - 126.
- larger fuel cell vehicles such as buses 133 and heavy-duty trucks 134 may provide power during emergencies and grid outages through vehicle-to-grid (VTG) services and by being connected to individual critical loads such as hospitals and communications equipment to support civil defense, humanitarian and disaster relief operations.
- VFG vehicle-to-grid
- Oval 201 represents selection of a geographic location that is preferably near a source of low-cost renewable energy such as wind 105, solar 106, hydro 107 or geothermal 108, that can be used to produce green hydrogen 101 , as designated by rectangular box 202.
- a source of low-cost renewable energy such as wind 105, solar 106, hydro 107 or geothermal 108
- green hydrogen 101 as designated by rectangular box 202.
- energy 103 from renewable energy sources and water 104 such as through electrolysis 102, this does not foreclose other energy sources and production methods, both known and that may be developed in the future.
- steps 203 through 209 may be undertaken to transport hydrogen 101 to a location where it can be introduced into the main distribution line (depicted by rectangular box 214, as more particularly described below).
- Rectangular box 203 depicts the optional step of collecting hydrogen produced from multiple sources.
- a non-limiting example of when this may result in the lowest cost alternative is when an electrolyzer is located directly adjacent to physically separated wind devices in a general area. In such case, rather than being required to invest in batteries and lossy electrical transmission cable to distribute the power collected, each source of production could power its own electrolyzer unit, with the hydrogen produced being collected locally for transport to a single loading location.
- such optional hydrogen storage would in a preferred embodiment be stored at up to 2500 psi or higher pressures in the future using FRP pipe, as depicted in rectangular box 204.
- FRP pipe can remain in large spools 313, as more particularly described with respect to illustration 313 on FIG. 3(b) below.
- Rectangular box 205 depicts that such hydrogen gas 101 may be compressed or liquefied, as desired and/or deemed preferable by the operator, for storage and/or transport.
- one or a plurality of empty containment vessels are filled with liquid hydrogen or gaseous hydrogen.
- such containment vessels may be insulated cryogenic tanks made by Worthington Industries in the case of liquid hydrogen and Titan® high pressure tanks made by Hexagon Lincoln in the case of gaseous hydrogen.
- these vessels can be loaded onto lighter-than-air airship 117 using a standard tractor cab, forklift or other materials handling equipment.
- This step which is represented by rectangular box 207, is preferably done shortly after arrival of airship 117 in order to minimize the turnaround time.
- such transport vehicle would return empty vessels from a completed prior delivery, exchange these for pre-filled vessels, and then immediately depart for the destination delivery point for such hydrogen 101.
- a lighter-than-air airship is deemed preferable in specific circumstances, as suggested by use of the generic term “vehicle” in the caption on rectangular box 207, any number of alternative land, air or sea transport vehicles may be used without departing from the principles of the subject technology.
- Rectangular box 208 depicts transport of the hydrogen-filled vessels to the intended destination using the selected transport means.
- rectangular box 209 depicts that the filled vessels are preferably unloaded from the transport vehicle and empty vessels are loaded in their place. In the event airship 117 is used, this exchange of vessels will help to stabilize the craft by minimizing the weight differential that must otherwise be addressed through the release or recompression of lifting gas, or through use of mechanical tie-downs or ballast.
- the transport vehicle is able to depart on a return trip 225 to the preferred production location, where the foregoing described process designated by boxes 202 through 209 is repeated.
- the ground crew at the production site can refill the empty vessels with more hydrogen 101 (/.e., step 206) and the crew at the destination can discharge hydrogen 101 from the filled vessels.
- the vessels are filled with liquid (cryogenic) hydrogen, they are connected to one or more vaporizers 118 to convert the liquid back to gaseous hydrogen form.
- This step is depicted by rectangular box 210.
- Rectangular box 211 depicts an optional step in the event the operator wishes to temporarily store the gaseous hydrogen product in storage vessel 111(b) before introducing it into the distribution main line in step 214.
- Such optional hydrogen storage would in a preferred embodiment use FRP pipe, as depicted by rectangular box 212, and more particularly described with respect to illustration 313 on FIG. 3(b), below.
- gaseous hydrogen vessels used in transport step 208 or the vaporizer unit(s) depicted in step 210 may be directly coupled with the distribution main line depending on operator preference.
- use of a hydrogen transport trailer is optional; and in the case that the hydrogen production facility is co-located with the terminal location, then the main distribution line may be filled directly after step 202, 203 or 204, as applicable.
- the operator will preferably monitor the inlet line pressure and adjust it to the optimal pressure level, as depicted by rectangular box 213. Once such inlet line pressure has been adjusted, gaseous hydrogen is released into the main distribution line through an inlet, as depicted by rectangular box 214. To ensure a proper flow, as depicted by rectangular box 215, the operator will monitor the line’s pressure and make adjustments to ensure that optimal pressure levels are maintained.
- rectangular box 216 depicts that gaseous hydrogen 101 is next transported to one or more distribution points from which, depending on operator preferences and local market conditions, such hydrogen 101 may be used or can be fed into a broader distribution network.
- main distribution lines may tend to use existing gas or oil transmission pipelines to interconnect the hydrogen pipeline between these points.
- the operator may optionally store gaseous hydrogen 101 at scale using spools of FRP pipe 313 and/or conventional tank storage 111(b), as depicted by rectangular box 217.
- the operator will preferably monitor the inlet line pressure and adjust it to the optimal pressure level, as depicted by rectangular box 218. Once such inlet line pressure has been properly adjusted, gaseous hydrogen 101 is introduced into the distribution network lines through one or more feed valves, as depicted by rectangular box 219.
- such network distribution line employs existing water, sewer and storm drain pipelines for the hydrogen pipe between the local distribution points and end user locations.
- Employing this system and method will result in the lowest cost, most widespread distribution of hydrogen 101 to end users, including but not limited to (1) fulfilling grid service needs 122, as depicted by rectangular box 220; (2) extending the reach to individual homes to provide heating, cooking fuel and fuel for hydrogen vehicles 125 and to meet residential power demands 126, as depicted by rectangular box 221 ; (3) fulfilling commercial and industrial applications 127 and power needs 129, as depicted by rectangular box 222; and delivering gaseous hydrogen to the locations where hydrogen filling stations 130 are located.
- a compressor can be used by the operator to bump-up the hydrogen 101 pressure to 10,000 psi for passenger cars; 5,000 psi for heavy duty tractors; or such other desired dispensing pressure, as depicted by rectangular box 223, whereupon hydrogen 101 may be dispensed for fuel cell vehicle use as depicted by rectangular box 224.
- FIGS. 3(a) - 3(d) a number of alternative means for transporting and distributing hydrogen 101 in accordance with the principles of the disclosed technology are shown. It will be obvious to persons of ordinary skill that all of these means are not required and thus an operator may wish to employ some but not all of such principles depicted in FIGS. 3(a) - 3(d) depending on particular circumstances.
- Exoskeleton 301 in FIG. 3(a) corresponds to the section view of an illustrative airship exoskeleton, as are known in the art.
- the upper approximately 85% of said exoskeleton area is preferably used for lifting gas, leaving the lower approximately 15% principally for cargo storage. As hereinafter described, this area may be used as an attractive means of transporting hydrogen 101 in such situations.
- rated hydrogen cylinders module 302 are pre-filled with gaseous hydrogen 101 as described in step 206 at or nearby an airship landing site that is proximate to where such hydrogen 101 was most advantageously produced, as described with respect to step 202 of FIG. 2.
- the company s standard Titan®4 module of Type 4 composite carbon fiber hydrogen cylinders 302 measures 40’ L x 8’ W x 8’ H (12.19m x 2.44m x 2.44m), and can transport 610 kg of hydrogen at 250 bar (approximately 3,625 psi).
- the module is approved by the U. S.
- cylinder module 302 may be loaded onto the airship using a rapid loading and unloading system comprising parallel rails located in rows in the airship hull that receive and hold the cylinder modules 302 by suspension from a rail wheel in a gondola fashion, as are known in the art.
- pre-filled cylinders 302 may remain on transport trailer 303 during said airship’s transit.
- the gross weight of the lighter-than-air airship be kept relatively constant during the loading process.
- a second tractor cab 304 will unload from the airship an empty cylinder module 302 using its transport trailer 303, resulting in a modest weight change of about 1 ,350 pounds for the 610 kg of hydrogen.
- tractor cab 304 transports the empty cylinders module 302 to the location where it will be refilled and the module’s transport trailer 303 is unhitched so that tractor cab 304 can be used to transport another cylinder module 302.
- the empty cylinders are left at the refilling site to be filled with hydrogen 101 at an appropriate time, which filling process may take place from onsite storage 111(a) or another storage or upstream production source as depicted in rectangular box 206 of FIG. 2.
- hydrogen transport trailer 303 carrying pre-filled cylinders 302 onto the airship is unhitched from its corresponding tractor cab 304 to enable its driver to use it for the next task.
- said hydrogen transport trailer 303 and its pre-filled cylinders module 302 are secured to the airship’s cargo bay floor 305 using cables 306.
- hydrogen 101 can be released from the filled cylinder modules 302 that were left at the destination site, while the empty cylinders 302 that were left at the point of origin are pre-filled at or near the hydrogen 101 production site.
- this process has been described with regard to transporting gaseous hydrogen 101 , the foregoing procedure may also be used to transport cryogenic (liquid) hydrogen 101 to the extent this will further minimize the total cost per kilogram of hydrogen
- cylinder modules 302, hydrogen transport trailers 303 and tractor cabs 304 may be used to transport and/or distribute the hydrogen 101.
- transport and distribution of hydrogen 101 employs the following technology disclosure.
- pipe 307 represents an existing pipeline such as a gas or oil pipeline, water or sewer pipe, storm drain or other pipeline whose route may be useful for the transport and/or distribution of hydrogen 101.
- Hydrogen delivery line 308, which in a preferred embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 3(b), runs inside of safety pipe 309, is inserted into existing pipeline 307 for the purpose of transporting and/or distributing gaseous hydrogen 101 using the rights of way and capital investment needed to acquire land and/or requisite land rights, secure regulatory approvals, install and maintain such existing pipeline 307.
- Fast-release couplings and fittings 310 are preferably used to insert hydrogen delivery line 308 into safety pipe 309, and for other safety, utility and maintenance purposes as hereinafter described.
- this new revenue opportunity may help to offset the risk of lower income as the volume of fossil fuel transmission declines and hydrogen usage increases in the future.
- such an arrangement will materially reduce both the time and initial capital investment required to establish the hydrogen infrastructure and negotiated tariffs that can be passed through to the end user in the cost per kilogram of hydrogen 101 consumed while simultaneously helping to extend and transition the lifetime economic value of these already “sunk” oil and gas investments.
- risers 312 may be installed to enable the continuous flow of hydrogen 101 through hydrogen delivery line 308 without adversely affecting the proper functioning of such elements and control features of existing pipeline 307.
- Risers 312 or their equivalent may also be used to make fast-release couplings and fittings 310 more readily accessible to support isolating and repair of one or more sections of hydrogen delivery line 308 and for enabling use of two or more otherwise unrelated existing pipeline 307 systems to route hydrogen delivery line 308 to the desired locations without comingling the contents of any such existing pipelines 307.
- large spools 313 of FRP pipeline may be used for gaseous hydrogen 101 storage in lieu of traditional hydrogen tanks 111.
- Such alternative storage based on spools of FRP pipe 313 affords a number of non-obvious advantages over the current state of the art in hydrogen storage at scale and/or to provide a “shock absorber” for the distribution network.
- FRP pipe has an existing ASME code with a 50-year useful life and requires minimal maintenance
- traditional gaseous hydrogen storage tanks 111 have a much shorter life and require costly maintenance and recertification approximately every 5 years.
- large diameter FRP pipe can be extruded on site, thereby avoiding difficult transportation logistics associated with large volume hydrogen storage tanks 111 (or the cost and technical issues associated with using underground caverns for such storage) and enhance the ability of operations to scale up quickly at new locations.
- On site extrusion of FRP pipe has an additional advantage of making it possible to ship bulk materials such as resin and avoid “shipping air” when shipping finished pipe.
- optical sensors, hydrogen sensors, electric signal wires, power cables and capillary tubes can be integrated within the layered construction of FRP pipe to assure that any leaks of hydrogen 101 are quickly pinpointed.
- Shutoff valves in combination with fast-release couplings and fittings 310 at the end of one or multiple spools of FRP pipe enable an operator to rapidly isolate and replace damaged sections, or to adjust total storage capacity.
- Utilizing spools of FRP pipe 313 for H2@scale will result in a substantially lower total lifetime cost than traditional hydrogen 101 storage solutions when estimated over a 50-year useful life, and taking into account savings in installation expense, site approval delays, avoided recertification requirements, and reduced replacement costs.
- utilizing spools of FRP pipe 313 is estimated to be less than one-tenth (10%) as costly as battery storage of energy storage at scale, with a number of other advantages including much longer energy retention time, longer useful life and, depending on battery type, significantly less natural resource constraints and/or waste disposal issues.
- the foregoing cost savings are highly material, and counter-intuitive given the significantly higher surface area to total volume ratio that spools of FRP pipe 313 represent compared to traditional hydrogen storage tanks 111 , and the common preferences for battery storage held by persons of ordinary skill in the art.
- FIG. 3(C) a detail view of section A - A from FIG. 3(b) is presented to illustrate the contents of existing pipeline 307.
- the contents 314 of existing pipeline 307 may be natural or synthetic gas, crude oil or other liquid petroleum products, biofuels, various other industrial gases, potable and non- potable water, sewage, slurry, storm runoff and other liquids.
- safety pipe 309 in turn containing hydrogen delivery line 308 may be run inside existing pipeline 307 for the purpose of transporting gaseous hydrogen 101 as previously described. This avoids contamination and enables transport of pure, higher value hydrogen 101 , if necessary or desirable.
- a channel or sweeper line 315 between the outer surface of hydrogen delivery line 308 and the inner surface of safety pipe 309, is used as a sweep line for an appropriate purge gas to be introduced, and to dilute and collect any gaseous hydrogen 101 that may leak from hydrogen delivery line 308.
- safety pipe 309 may be omitted when the contents 314 of existing pipeline 307 consist of a gas or liquid that can serve as an appropriate sweeper gas for collecting any hydrogen 101 that may leak from hydrogen delivery line 308, provided that the operator of existing pipeline 307 is not concerned about such a leak contaminating contents 314 of such existing pipeline 307.
- contents 314 of existing pipelines 307 that may enable use of this optional alternative embodiment are synthetic natural gas (SNG), liquid natural gas (LNG), nitrogen, carbon dioxide or helium.
- FIG. 3(d) presents in the area between the two vertical dashed lines 330 drawn thereon, an enlarged view of section B - B from FIG. 3(C).
- this portion of FIG. 3(d) illustrates existing pipeline 307 and its contents 314, as well as safety pipe 309 and its contents.
- the contents of safety pipe 309 include hydrogen delivery line 308, its content of gaseous hydrogen 101 , and sweeper line 315 which functions as a channel which sweeps any hydrogen leaks 323.
- safety pipe 309 is a 6” diameter flexible pipe made of any material including but not limited to metals, plastics and composites that is compatible both with hydrogen and the selected purge gas running through said sweeper line 315 and hydrogen delivery line 308 is a 3” FRP pipe suitable to carrying gaseous hydrogen 101 at any pressure from atmospheric to the maximum allowable working pressure of said hydrogen delivery line 308.
- gaseous hydrogen 101 is injected into hydrogen delivery line 308 through inlet valve 316 from hydrogen storage tank 111 or another storage system (including without limitation, in a preferred embodiment, from spooled FRP pipe storage system 313), an upstream hydrogen pipeline, hydrogen production or vaporizer system, compressor or other source.
- inlet valve 316 from hydrogen storage tank 111 or another storage system (including without limitation, in a preferred embodiment, from spooled FRP pipe storage system 313), an upstream hydrogen pipeline, hydrogen production or vaporizer system, compressor or other source.
- pressure gauge 317 to assure hydrogen 101 is at the appropriate pressure before and after injection into hydrogen delivery line 308.
- Critical information regarding the injection of hydrogen 101 including volume released, purity and pressure is preferably captured at this and other appropriate points for control and billing purposes, including but not limited to at the outlet points that hydrogen 101 is delivered to end users and withdrawn from the system (represented in FIG. 3(d) by arrow 324).
- This data is conveyed by wireless transmitter 318(a) to receiver 319, which is in turn connected to active monitoring system 320 to record, analyze against other data, plot, and initiate the appropriate preventative, responsive and/or billing and remuneration actions.
- Sweeper line 315 is filled with purge gas from storage tanks 321.
- Hydrogen sensor 322(a) is used to establish the baseline levels of hydrogen contained in such purge gas; and this data is preferably conveyed by wireless transmitter 318(b) to receiver 319, and in turn uploaded into active monitoring system 320.
- Additional hydrogen sensors such as sensor 322(b) may be strategically located along said sweeper line 315 to separately monitor the levels of hydrogen, if any, that is contained in the purge gas as it passes each sensor’s location; and this data may be similarly communicated through wireless (or direct) connection 318(c) to said monitoring system 320 and combined with other data already in system 320 to create a real time map of the system and to monitorfor operating anomalies.
- 4(a) - 4(d) depict a non-limiting illustrative case involving the production, transport, storage at scale and distribution of green hydrogen 101.
- the case assumes production of green hydrogen 101 at uniquely advantageous sites on the Big Island of Hawaii and its transport to, and widespread distribution on, the island of Oahu although the principles of the disclosed technology have applicability globally as part of establishing a safe, low cost and rapidly extensible infrastructure for transport, hydrogen storage@scale, and distribution of hydrogen 101 as an alternative to fossil fuels for transportation and power.
- FIG. 4(a) illustrates the approximately 275-mile flight path 401 for a lighter- than-air airship 402 connecting the Puna geothermal production site 403 at the south end of the island of Hawaii and/or the areas 404 that are ideally suited to large wind farms at elevation on the Island, to a potential terminal location 405 on approximately 25 acres of property in Oahu.
- airship 402 may have a net payload potential of between 200 and 300 tons, thereby enabling each round trip flight of 4 hours or less to transport approximately 10,000 kg of gaseous hydrogen 101 at 3,625 psi from a landing site near production sites 403 and/ or 404 on the Island of Hawaii, to terminal 405, where shown on the Island of Oahu.
- one airship is capable of transporting 18 million kilograms per year of gaseous hydrogen 101 to Oahu that will be useful towards achieving the State’s “Clean Energy Initiative” goals.
- FIG. 4(b) shows a map of Oahu and the final portion of the preferred air route 401 for airship 402 to terminal 405, near Kunia Village. Close-up detail 406 of this area illustrates that in one preferable embodiment, terminal 405 incorporates an optional turntable 407.
- the turntable 407 includes a cradle 408 that includes at least two anchor points on opposing sides of the cradle 408, which are configured to connect to tiedown cables that may in turn be connected to the lighter-than-air airship 402. Such tie-down cables can then be used to secure the airship 402 to the cradle 408.
- the turntable 407 enables the cradle 408 to rotate so that lighter-than-air airship 402 may always point directly into the wind when landing and taking off from terminal 405, and optionally to enable a tug (not shown) to pull said airship 402 into hanger 409 once airship 402 has been securely tethered in cradle 408.
- FIG. 4(b) also indicates the installation of two new transmission pipelines.
- Pipeline route 410 is approximately 6 miles in length, connecting from central Oahu and optional airship terminal 405, to one of HawaiiGas’ eight letdown regulator sites 411 , where the company’s existing 16-inch main transmission line currently interconnects with its synthetic natural gas (SNG) distribution systems on the island of Oahu.
- SNG synthetic natural gas
- FIG 4(C) shows a map 413 of the major synthetic natural gas lines owned by HawaiiGas on the south side of the Island of Oahu.
- the company owns and operates a 22 mile-long, 16-inch diameter steel transmission pipeline 414 that in a preferred embodiment would serve as existing pipeline 301 for transport of hydrogen 101 to multiple strategically located distribution points in addition to interconnection point 411.
- Transmission pipeline 414 starts at HawaiiGas’ synthetic natural gas (SNG) plant 415(a), located at Campbell Industrial Park near the southwest tip of the island, and runs eastward along the southern part of Oahu, delivering SNG to interconnection point 411 and seven interconnected SNG distribution systems via letdown regulators.
- SNG synthetic natural gas
- SNG plant 415(a) currently produces SNG from naphtha, a liquid petroleum feedstock. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the company’s total daily demand for naphtha will be replaced with less than 20% of the green hydrogen 101 produced and transported daily from Oahu, and transported from terminal 405 either by tractor cabs 304 and transport trailers 303, or by using new pipeline 410 and existing pipeline 414 as pipe 301 in the disclosed technology.
- the technology can also be used to transport the remaining portion of green hydrogen 101 from interconnection point 411 to letdown regulator sites 415(b), near Pearl City; 415(c), near Honolulu’s International Airport; and 415(d), at the eastern end of transmission line 414 and serving the company’s largest SNG distribution system at Pier 38 in Honolulu Harbor, near downtown Honolulu.
- letdown regulator sites 415(b), near Pearl City; 415(c), near Honolulu’s International Airport; and 415(d) at the eastern end of transmission line 414 and serving the company’s largest SNG distribution system at Pier 38 in Honolulu Harbor, near downtown Honolulu.
- HawaiiGas’ 10, 8, 6 and 4-inch lines can be used to transport hydrogen 101 to other distribution points between downtown Honolulu and Hawaii Kai 416.
- FIG. 4(d) shows Honolulu area maps of water and sewer lines 417 and the storm drain lines 418 for the island’s most densely populated areas on the southeast tip of Oahu shown in highlighted section 419.
- the density of such existing pipelines in the area exemplify the breadth of potential distribution reach that is possible through using the disclosed technology. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand this is likely to be true for communities all around the globe where hydrogen distribution is needed.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US202063106148P | 2020-10-27 | 2020-10-27 | |
PCT/US2020/059786 WO2022093289A1 (en) | 2020-10-27 | 2020-11-10 | Hydrogen transport, distribution and storage system, method and apparatus |
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JP7422216B2 (en) * | 2020-04-01 | 2024-01-25 | 川崎重工業株式会社 | energy supply system |
US20230272883A1 (en) * | 2020-10-27 | 2023-08-31 | H2 Clipper, Inc. | Method and apparatus for delivering hydrogen |
US11680466B2 (en) | 2021-02-08 | 2023-06-20 | TerraH2 LLC | Hydrogen storage and recovery with fracture monitoring |
US20230073632A1 (en) * | 2021-09-03 | 2023-03-09 | Vsens Inc. | Method and system for transporting hydrogen gas via a pipeline |
EP4166831A1 (en) * | 2021-10-14 | 2023-04-19 | HABAU Hoch-u. Tiefbaugesellschaft m.b.H. | Pipeline system and pipeline for transporting hydrogen |
US20230167564A1 (en) * | 2021-12-01 | 2023-06-01 | Dante P. Bonaquist | System for producing and regulating the production and distribution of hydrogen from an electrolyzer and non-electrolyzer source |
US20230256848A1 (en) * | 2022-02-11 | 2023-08-17 | BWR Innovations LLC | System and Method for Renewable Energy Based EV Charging and Hydrogen Fueling |
WO2023245237A1 (en) * | 2022-06-21 | 2023-12-28 | Conexxion Pty Ltd | "modular energy storage and dispensing system" |
WO2024006249A1 (en) * | 2022-06-28 | 2024-01-04 | Watt Fuel Cell Corp. | Methods of accounting for hydrogen in natural gas supplied to residential and business facility fuel cell systems |
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US20240209535A1 (en) * | 2022-12-23 | 2024-06-27 | Polyflow Llc | Fluid storage |
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