EP4005092A1 - Modulationsvorrichtung, ansteuervorrichtung, optisches system, lithographieanlage und verfahren - Google Patents
Modulationsvorrichtung, ansteuervorrichtung, optisches system, lithographieanlage und verfahrenInfo
- Publication number
- EP4005092A1 EP4005092A1 EP20743618.9A EP20743618A EP4005092A1 EP 4005092 A1 EP4005092 A1 EP 4005092A1 EP 20743618 A EP20743618 A EP 20743618A EP 4005092 A1 EP4005092 A1 EP 4005092A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- modulation
- generating
- bit wide
- unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/524—Pulse modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K11/00—Transforming types of modulations, e.g. position-modulated pulses into duration-modulated pulses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
- G02B26/0816—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
- G02B27/283—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising used for beam splitting or combining
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70008—Production of exposure light, i.e. light sources
- G03F7/70033—Production of exposure light, i.e. light sources by plasma extreme ultraviolet [EUV] sources
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70483—Information management; Active and passive control; Testing; Wafer monitoring, e.g. pattern monitoring
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K7/00—Modulating pulses with a continuously-variable modulating signal
- H03K7/08—Duration or width modulation ; Duty cycle modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
- H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
- H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using DC to AC converters or inverters
- H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using DC to AC converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a modulation device, a control device with such a modulation device, an optical system, a lithography system with such an optical system and a method for generating a modulation signal and a method for controlling an optical system.
- Microlithography systems which have actuatable optical elements, such as, for example, microlens arrays or micromirror arrays.
- Microlithography is used to manufacture microstructured components, such as integrated circuits.
- the microlithography process is carried out with a lithography system which has an illumination system and a projection system.
- the image of a mask (reticle) illuminated by means of the lighting system is projected by means of the projection system onto a substrate, for example a silicon wafer, coated with a light-sensitive layer (photoresist) and arranged in the image plane of the projection system, in order to place the mask structure on the light-temp sensitive coating of the substrate to transfer.
- the image of the mask on the substrate can be improved with actuatable optical elements. For example, wavefront errors during exposure that lead to enlarged and / or blurred images can be compensated for.
- Such a correction by means of the optical element requires a detection of the wavefront and a signal processing to determine a respective position of an optical element, by means of which the wavefront can be corrected as desired.
- the control signal for a respective optical element must be amplified and output to the actuator of the optical element.
- the control signal is present as a digi tal-coded deflection of the actuator, the deflection being proportional to the control voltage, for example.
- switching amplifiers are used, for example, which are controlled internally with a modulation of the control signal.
- No. 7,746,935 B2 describes a device which is set up to control a capacitive load by means of a switching amplifier as a function of a digital input signal.
- Pulse width modulation has the disadvantage that with fixed internal clocking, improved resolution can only be achieved at the expense of a period of the modulation signal. Then very sluggish filters are necessary in order to obtain an output signal that is constant over a period.
- pulse density modulation however, the switching processes are maximized, which leads to a higher power loss in the amplifier and to the emission of electromagnetic interference radiation when the frequency is very high. In addition, the switching times are not specified.
- a modulation device for generating a 1-bit wide modulation signal as a function of an N-bit wide input signal.
- This modulation device has several advantages. Firstly, by dividing the input signal into more significant and less significant bits, it is possible, please include, to generate a pulse width modulation with the same resolution with a shorter period or, with the same period, with improved resolution. Secondly, by processing the significant bits in a pulse density modulation only in the case that the more significant bits have a duty cycle of 100%, the information of the less significant bits of the input signal is lost, which results in a relative loss of information of (L / 2 M ) / 2 M corresponds. The information contained in the lower-order bits is modulated onto a pulse-width modulation duty cycle.
- the modulation device generates a hybrid pulse width modulation in which a rough adjustment of the signal is achieved with a pulse width modulation, fine adjustment is achieved by changing the pulse duty factor of the pulse width modulation in successive periods.
- the hybrid pulse width modulation has several advantages that result from embodiments.
- the modulation device can be implemented in terms of hardware and / or software.
- the modulation device can be designed, for example, as a computer or as a microprocessor.
- the modulation device can be designed as a computer program product, as a function, as a routine, as part of a program code or as an executable object.
- the individual units of the modulation device for example the signal splitter, the first modulation unit, the adding unit and / or the second modulation unit can each be implemented in terms of hardware and / or software.
- the N-bit input signal is, in particular, a digital input signal which can be fed to the modulation device both as a serial data signal, for example as a bit stream, and as a parallel data signal.
- the input signal is preferably a pulse code modulation signal (PCM).
- PCM pulse code modulation signal
- the input signal corresponds in particular to a sampled analog signal, with a resolution of the input signal being selected both in terms of time and dynamics as a function of the respective application. According to the Nyquist theorem, a sampling frequency should be selected to be at least twice as high as a highest frequency in the signal to be sampled in order to be able to reconstruct the original signal from the input signal.
- the N-bit wide input signal encodes 2 N states, for example 256 states can be differentiated with an 8-bit signal.
- the modulation device preferably generates the modulation signal with a frequency which is so high that the input signal is constant or essentially constant during a period of the modulation signal.
- the modulation signal is generated with a frequency of 1 MHz, the input signal changing at most with 100 kHz, preferably with a maximum of 10 kHz.
- the signal divider provides a first partial signal comprising the M high order bits and a second partial signal comprising the L low order bits.
- the second partial signal is fed to the first modulation unit.
- the first modulation unit is set up to generate a pulse density modulation signal as a function of the second partial signal.
- the pulse density modulation signal has a width of one bit, it is therefore either "high” or “low”, or also "1” or “0” at a time.
- the second modulation unit can be implemented as a sigma-delta modulator, for example.
- pulse density modulation a switching frequency, that is, switching from "high” to "low” and vice versa, is maximized. For example, given an input signal with a level of 50% of the maximum level, the pulse density modulation signal is switched over in each cycle of the first modulation unit. At a level of 75%, for example, the signal is "high” in the first three cycles and "low” in the fourth cycle.
- the first modulation unit can have a table, for example a look-up table (LUT), in which a signal form to be output for the pulse density modulation signal is stored for a respective value of the second partial signal.
- LUT look-up table
- the table can be different for different values of L, that is to say second partial signals of different widths, such as 4 bits or 5 bits, for example.
- the stored pulse density modulation signal can also differ from a pulse density modulation signal generated by means of a sigma-delta modulator.
- a maximum switching frequency of the pulse density modulation signal can preferably be set by means of such a table.
- the adding unit outputs the added signal, which is an M-bit wide signal, as an addition signal to the second modulation unit.
- the second modulation unit Depending on the addition signal, the second modulation unit generates a modulation signal which corresponds to a pulse width modulation.
- the pulse width In comparison to the N bit wide input signal, modulation is generated with an M bit wide signal L bit shorter. The period of the pulse width modulation is therefore reduced accordingly, with the internal clock rate remaining the same.
- the modulation device is therefore advantageously suitable for reducing the period of the pulse width modulation without loss of resolution.
- the modulation device can be simplified so that the period remains the same, but an internal structure of the modulation device is simpler. For example, an internal clock frequency of the modulation device can be reduced.
- the clock generator is set up to generate the internal clock frequency fl, where in the clock generator the internal clock frequency fl can also generate, for example, as a function of an externally predetermined clock pulse.
- the internal clock fl is preferably determined as a function of a maximum frequency of the input signal taking into account the Nyquist theorem. In this way, the input signal can be reconstructed from the modulation signal without any loss of information.
- P * P / 2 NM .
- a minimum period of the pulse density modulation signal is preferably exactly P *. This means that an interval between two switching times of the pulse density modulation signal comprises a shortened period P *. This ensures that the pulse density modulation signal modulates the pulse duty factor of the modulation signal.
- the second modulation unit generates the pulse width modulation as follows, for example.
- the counter counts to a predetermined number, which defines the resolution of the modulation signal, for example from 0 to 1023, which corresponds to 1024 levels or a resolution of 10 bits.
- the counter outputs a counter signal that corresponds to the current counter value.
- the addition signal is applied to a first input of a comparison unit of the second modulation unit, and the counter signal is applied to a second input.
- the adding unit preferably provides the addition signal with the internal clock frequency fl.
- the input signal has a width N of 4-64 bits, preferably 6-32 bits, more preferably 8-16 bits.
- a control device for controlling an actuator as a function of an input signal.
- the control device comprises a modulation device according to the first aspect for generating a modulation signal as a function of the input signal, an amplifier unit for generating an amplified signal as a function of the modulation signal, and a filter unit for filtering the amplified signal and outputting the filtered one Signal to control the actuator.
- This control device has the advantage that due to the generation of the modulation signal with the modulation device according to the first aspect, the filter unit can be designed in a simplified manner, compared to a conventional device that modulates the input signal into a pulse width modulation. Compared to a device that uses pure pulse density modulation, the advantage is that the switch-on time is known and the switching frequency is constant. In this way, power loss in the amplifier can be reduced and the emission of electromagnetic radiation due to very high switching frequencies that can occur with pulse density modulation can be avoided or suppressed through targeted measures. By using hybrid pulse width modulation, the advantages of pulse width modulation and pulse density modulation can be combined and their respective disadvantages can be at least partially avoided.
- control device comprises a first unit for generating the N-bit wide input signal as a function of a Control signal, the first unit preferably being set up to generate the input signal as a function of a high-voltage feedback of a voltage supply of the amplifier unit and / or a control voltage feedback of the filtered signal.
- the first unit is designed, for example, as an analog-to-digital converter (A / D converter) and is set up to sample an analog control signal and to generate the input signal therefrom.
- the analog control signal can, for example, be a control signal, for example from a tracking device.
- the control signal can, however, also already be a digital signal which is converted by the first unit into the N-bit input signal.
- the first unit can be set up to determine the input signal as a function of the control signal.
- the first unit is designed as an FPGA, a microcontroller, and / or a signal processor.
- the first unit is set up to apply a mathematical operation to generate the input signal.
- the mathematical operation corresponds in particular to a conversion, a transformation and / or a function, the result of which is the input signal.
- the first unit can be set up to take into account, for example, fluctuations in the voltage supply when generating the input signal.
- high voltage is understood to mean any voltage that is higher than the voltage with which the modulation device is operated, for example 0-5 V.
- a high voltage is therefore, for example, any voltage above 10 V, in particular 24 V, 48 V, 100 V , 240 V.
- the first unit can be set up to generate the input signal as a function of properties of the filter unit, such as its inertia, and / or as a function of properties of the activated actuator.
- the first unit can generate the input signal by means of an overdrive, so that the filtered signal reaches the target level more quickly.
- a clock frequency of the first unit is greater than or equal to the internal clock frequency fl of the modulation signal.
- the amplifier unit comprises a switching amplifier, in particular half an H-bridge.
- a switching amplifier can also be referred to as a Class-D or Class-D amplifier.
- Such amplifiers have discrete voltage levels or voltage levels that can be output.
- Such amplifiers have exactly two levels, for example 0 V and 48 V, or -24 V and +24 V.
- the respective voltage levels that can be output by the switching amplifier depend in particular on the voltage sources with which the Switching amplifier is operated.
- the voltage levels can therefore be freely selected depending on the specific application by selecting the voltage sources accordingly.
- one of the voltage levels is ground potential.
- Voltage values lying between the voltage levels are output as a square-wave signal with a corresponding effective value, that is to say by means of rapid switching, in particular by means of hybrid pulse width modulation. Subsequent filtering results in a DC voltage signal with the effective value, with smaller fluctuations depending on the filter quality in the filtered signal.
- Half an H-bridge corresponds to half of an H-bridge circuit.
- it comprises two switching transistors, one of which is set up to switch a first voltage level and the second is set up to switch a second voltage level, the switching transistors being switched alternately so that only one is switched on at a time.
- the switching transistors are switched in particular as a function of the pulse width modulation signal of the modulation device.
- the amplifier unit can also have a full bridge circuit or H-bridge.
- the filter unit comprises at least one inductance, one resistor and / or one capacitance.
- the filter unit forms a low-pass filter which smooths the amplified signal over time.
- the filtered signal preferably corresponds to a temporal mean value of the amplified signal.
- the filter unit can in particular be designed as a multi-stage filter and have both inductances and capacitances.
- the filter unit is preferably set up to the reinforced To filter the signal so that a remaining AC component in the filtered signal is less than 0.1% of the amplitude.
- the filter unit can also be referred to as a demodulator.
- the filter unit is preferably designed at least as a second-order filter.
- the filter unit is more preferably designed as a filter of a higher order, in particular a fourth order. Higher filter orders can be implemented, for example, by a cascade of lower order filters.
- the filter unit is designed in particular as a passive filter.
- the filter unit has, for example, a cutoff frequency from a range from 1 kHz to 10 kHz.
- a steepness of the filter unit and a type of filter unit, in particular whether the filter unit is designed as a Butterworth filter, a Chebyshev filter, a Bessel filter, a Sallen-Key filter or other type of filter, is specifically selected for a particular application .
- an optical system with a number of actuatable optical elements is proposed.
- Each of the actuatable optical elements of the number is assigned an actuator and each actuator is assigned a control device for controlling the actuator according to the second aspect.
- This optical system has the advantage that the actuatable optical elements are controlled with the advantageous hybrid pulse width modulation.
- the optical system comprises in particular a micromirror array and / or a microlens array with a large number of optical elements that can be actuated independently of one another.
- this comprises a plurality of actuatable optical elements, a switching time of a respective amplifier unit of at least two control devices, preferably each pair of control devices, being different.
- the optical system has many actuatable optical elements.
- a control device according to the second aspect is assigned to each actuator.
- Each of the control devices thus generates a filtered signal for controlling the respective actuator as a function of the respective input signal. Since the modulation device for controlling the amplifier unit generates a pulse width modulation signal, one of two switching times of the pulse width modulation signal is known, namely when the pulse width modulation signal is set to "high" at the beginning of each period. Therefore, the control devices of the actuators can preferably be synchronized in such a way that no two control devices begin with the same period.
- a period in the example mentioned can be subdivided into 1024 intervals, and then the start of the period of a control device can be placed in one of the intervals.
- the voltage level that provides the upper level can be relieved, since it only has to cope with one switch-on process at a time.
- a power loss due to the switching is temporally distributed over an entire period, whereby cooling of the control device can be simplified.
- groups of control devices can be defined, with all control devices in a group having the same switching time, but different groups each having different switching times.
- a respective one of the actuators comprises a capacitive and / or an inductive load.
- a power loss that is generated in a respective actuator can be reduced, which can bring advantages in cooling the optical system. This can be achieved in particular if the filter unit has a capacitor connected in parallel with the actuator.
- a lithography system with an optical system according to the third aspect is proposed.
- a lithography system includes, for example, an illumination system and an imaging system.
- the lighting system includes in particular a light source and beam shaping optics.
- the imaging system comprises in particular imaging optics for imaging the mask onto the substrate.
- the optical system can be used both in the lighting system, in the beam formation optics, and in the imaging system.
- the optical system is designed as a microlens array or a micromirror array and is used, for example, for wavefront correction in the imaging system.
- the lithography system is, for example, an EUV lithography system whose working light is in a wavelength range from 0.1 nm to 30 nm, or a DUV lithography system whose working light is in a wavelength range from 30 nm to 250 nm.
- the lithography system preferably additionally comprises a measuring system which is set up to detect a wavefront and which is set up to output a correction signal for correcting the wavefront by means of the optical system.
- the correction signal can in particular serve as the input signal for the control device.
- a method for generating a 1 bit wide modulation signal as a function of an N bit wide input signal is proposed.
- an M-bit wide first partial signal comprising M high-order bits of the input signal is generated.
- a 1-bit wide pulse density modulation signal is generated as a function of the second partial signal.
- an M-bit wide addition signal is generated as a function of the first partial signal and the pulse density modulation signal.
- the 1-bit wide modulation signal is generated as a function of the addition signal.
- the method is particularly suitable for operating the modulation device according to the first aspect and it has the same advantages as described there.
- a computer program product which causes a program-controlled device to carry out the proposed method.
- a method for controlling an optical system's preferably according to the third aspect, comprising a plurality of actuatable optical elements is proposed. Each of the actuatable optical elements of the plurality is controlled by means of an amplified, filtered and, according to the fifth aspect, generated modulation signal.
- the modulation signal of different actuatable optical elements is generated in such a way that a point in time of a period start of two modulation signals is different.
- A is not necessarily to be understood as restricting to exactly one element in the present case. Rather, several elements, such as two, three or more, can also be provided. Any other counting word used here is also not to be understood to mean that there is a restriction to precisely the specified number of elements. Rather, numerical deviations upwards and downwards are possible, unless otherwise stated.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a first embodiment of a modulation device
- FIG. 2 shows four diagrams with different signals to explain the mode of operation of the modulation device
- Fig. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of a second embodiment of a modulation device
- Fig. 4 shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a control device
- Fig. 5 shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an optical system
- FIG. 6A shows a schematic view of an embodiment of an EUV lithography system
- FIG. 6B shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a DUV lithography system
- FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method for generating a modulation signal.
- the modulation device 100 comprises a signal divider 110, a first modulation unit 120, an adding unit 130 and a second modulation unit 140.
- the modulation device 100 generates a 1 from an N-bit input signal I Bit wide pulse width modulation signal PWM.
- a time mean value of the pulse width modulation signal PWM corresponds in particular to a value of the input signal I.
- the modulation device 100 works with an internal clock frequency fl, which is generated for example by an internal clock, is specified or supplied from the outside, and / or as a function of a externally predetermined clock frequency is generated.
- the internal clock frequency fl is preferably selected as a function of a maximum frequency of the input signal I, for example at least twice as high, preferably ten times as high.
- a maximum frequency of the input signal I is 1 kHz - 100, for example kHz, preferably 1 kHz to 20 kHz, more preferably 1 kHz to 10 kHz, more preferably 5 kHz to 10 kHz.
- a serial input signal I for example, the first M bits of a word that are received in the first M cycles of a transmission cycle form the first partial signal Xh, and the remaining L bits of the word form the second partial signal XI.
- the first modulation unit 120 generates a pulse density modulation signal PDM from the second partial signal XI.
- the pulse density modulation signal PDM corresponds to a signal that maximizes the switching frequency as a function of the values of N, M and L. This is described in detail below with reference to FIG.
- the adding unit 130 adds the 1-bit wide pulse density modulation signal PDM to the M-bit wide first partial signal Xh, and outputs an M-bit wide addition signal Xs.
- the adding unit generates the addition signal Xs in particular with the internal clock frequency fl.
- the second modulation unit 140 generates a modulation signal PWM as a function of the addition signal Xs, which modulation signal corresponds to a pulse width modulation of the addition signal Xs.
- FIG. 2 shows four diagrams arranged one above the other with different signals to explain the mode of operation of the modulation device 100 of FIG. All four diagrams have a common horizontal time axis t (abscissa).
- the vertical axis (ordinate) corresponds to a signal level, the top diagram having a range of values between 0 and 63 (corresponding to the 64 levels of a 6-bit signal) and the bottom three diagrams only "0" or "1" as a value have (corresponding to a 1 bit signal).
- the top diagram shows a digital, 6-bit wide input signal I with the value 011101, which corresponds to a value of 29 in decimal notation and a duty cycle of a pulse width modulation of 45.3%.
- the input signal I is constant over the period shown.
- the second diagram from the top shows an example of a pulse width modulation signal PWM1 that would be generated with direct conversion of the 6-bit wide input signal I by means of a pulse width modulator with a resolution of exactly 6 bits.
- a period P of the exemplary pulse width modulation signal PWM1 lasts 64 clock periods of the internal clock frequency fl.
- the pulse width modulation signal PWM1 is the first 29 clocks at "1" and the remaining 35 clocks at "0", which increases the duty cycle of 45.3% is achieved.
- the third diagram from the top shows, on the one hand, a pulse density modulation signal PDM (dashed line) and, on the other hand, a pulse width modulation signal PWM2.
- the pulse width modulation signal PWM2 corresponds to the result of a pulse width modulation if the first partial signal Xh including the 4 higher-value bits (here 0111) of the input signal I is used and the resolution of the pulse width modulator to 4 bits, corresponding to 16 levels, with the same internal Clock frequency fl is adjusted.
- a period P * of the pulse width modulation signal PWM2 thus lasts 16 clocks and thus only a quarter of the period P.
- the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal PWM2 is thus 43.8%.
- the pulse density modulation signal PDM is generated as a function of the second partial signal XI comprising the 2 lower-order bits (here 01) of the input signal I and with a minimum period P *.
- the pulse density modulation signal PDM is in an interval, in the first interval, a period P at "1", otherwise at "0".
- the second, third or fourth interval can also be "1".
- the pulse density modulation signal PDM is repeated, since the input signal I is unchanged.
- the modulation device 100 is preferably designed such that the pulse density modulation signal PDM cannot change within a period P. This can in particular be achieved in that a sample-and-hold element is the holds the second partial signal XI constant for a period P and outputs it to the first modulation unit 120.
- the bottom diagram (the fourth diagram from the top) shows a modulation signal PWM, as it is generated by the modulation device 100, for example.
- the modulation signal PWM corresponds to a pulse width modulation signal that is generated as Xs as a function of the addition sign.
- the addition signal Xs is generated in particular in each internal clock cycle as a function of the current values of the first partial signal Xh and the pulse density modulation signal PDM.
- a filter unit 230 which, for example, forms a direct current signal with constant amplitude from the pulse width modulation signal PWM1 and the modulation signal PWM, can be constructed much more simply in the case of the modulation signal PWM.
- Fig. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of a second embodiment of a modulation device 100.
- the modulation device 100 has the same structure as the modulation device 100 that was described with reference to FIG. 3 also shows a possible implementation of the first modulation unit 120 as a delta-sigma modulator and the second modulation unit 140 with an integrated counter 142.
- the first modulation unit 120 is designed as a delta-sigma modulator and comprises six functional elements with two feedback loops.
- the second partial signal XI is fed to a first delay element 124 via a first adding node 122.
- the delay element 124 delays the supplied signal by one clock cycle.
- the delayed signal is fed to a comparator 126 via a second adding node 123.
- a first feedback loop is provided, which feeds the signal fed to the comparator 126 to the second adding node 123 via a further delay element 124.
- the comparator 126 is set up to compare the supplied signal with a given threshold value.
- the predetermined threshold value can correspond to the value of the second partial signal XI, for example.
- the comparator 126 generates a 1 bit wide output signal which is the pulse density modulation signal PDM.
- the output of the comparator 126 is at “1” or “high” if the value of the signal fed to the comparator 126 is greater than or equal to the threshold value, and otherwise “0” or “low”.
- the output of the comparator 126 is fed back to the first adding node 122 negatively by means of a second feedback loop.
- a multiplier 128 is arranged in the second feedback loop, which multiplier multiplies the output signal by a predetermined factor.
- the multiplier 128 has an output signal which has a bit width which corresponds to the factor +1. If, for example, the factor is 2, then the signal after the multiplier 128 is exactly 3 bits wide. This is due to the fact that the input signal of the multiplier 128 is always 1 bit wide. If the input signal of the multiplier 128 is “1” or “high”, then the output signal of the multiplier 128 has a leading “1”, that is, for example, 100 with a width of 3 bits.
- the output signal of the multipli cation element 128 is supplied to the first adding node 122 with a negative sign, so it is subtracted from the second partial signal XI by the adding node 122.
- the embodiment of the delta-sigma modulator 120 described here is only an example, and that the first modulation unit 120 can also be designed in any other way as long as it has the properties described.
- the pulse density modulation signal PDM generated by the delta-sigma modulator 120 is fed, as described above, to the adding unit 130, which provides the addition signal Xs and feeds it to the second modulation unit 140.
- the second modulation unit 140 includes a counter 142 which counts the inter fl NEN clock frequency to 2 N.
- the counter signal is compared in a comparator 144 with the addition signal Xs carried by the train.
- the comparator 144 accordingly outputs the modulation signal PWM as a 1-bit wide signal.
- the control device 200 comprises a first unit 210, a modulation device 100, both For example, as described for FIGS. 1 or 3, an amplifier unit 220 and a filter unit 230.
- the first unit 210 is set up to generate the N-bit wide input signal I as a function of the control signal A.
- the control signal A can be a digital or an analog signal.
- the Anêtsig nal A is a control signal of a servo motor, which is continuous in time and value.
- the first unit 210 can also have inputs for a high-voltage feedback HV or a control voltage feedback AV, and take a respective feedback level into account when generating the input signal I. It should be noted that the first unit 210 is optional, in particular when the drive signal A already has a form that corresponds to the form desired for the input signal I.
- the input signal I is processed, for example, as described above with reference to FIGS. 1-3, by the modulation device 100 to generate a modulation signal PWM.
- the modulation signal PWM is fed to the amplifier unit 220, which amplifies it and outputs it as an amplified signal aPWM.
- the amplifier unit 220 has, for example, a gate driver 221 which is set up to switch the two transistors 222, 223.
- the gate driver 221 switches the upper transistor 222 to conductive and the lower transistor 223 to blocking rend when the modulation signal PWM is "1" or "high".
- the middle between the two transistors 222, 223, which forms the output of the amplifier unit 220 is at the potential of the voltage source Vcc.
- the potential Vcc is, for example, 12 V - 480 V, preferably 48 V - 240 V, and is selected as a function of the actuator 300 to be controlled.
- the gate driver 221 switches the upper transistor 222 to blocking and the lower transistor 223 to conductive when the modulation signal PWM is "0" or "low”. Then the middle between the two transistors 222, 223 is at the ground potential GND.
- the amplifier unit 220 also has a Dio de 224 each.
- the transistors 222, 223 are designed as n-channel MOSFETs.
- the transistors 222, 223 can also be embodied as p-channel MOSFETs, as a p-channel and an n-channel MOSFET, silicon MOSFETs, GaN FETs, IGBTs and / or bipolar transistors.
- the filter unit 230 comprises in particular an inductance 231 connected in series with the actuator 300, for example a coil, as well as a resistor 232, in particular an ohmic resistor, and a capacitance 233 connected in parallel with the actuator 300, in particular a capacitor.
- the specific selection of values for the inductance 231, the resistor 232 or the capacitor 233 depends on the actuator 300 to be controlled and the desired properties of the filtered signal fPWM.
- the filtered signal fPWM preferably has a level which in percentage terms corresponds to the level of the input signal I at the point in time.
- the level of the filtered signal fPWM is constant over a period of a period P * and a period P, provided the level of the input signal I has not just changed.
- a filter unit 230 does not necessarily have to have all of the components shown, but also has only one inductance 231 and one resistor 232, but no capacitor 233, for example. Further arrangements of the individual components are also possible and are preferably selected as a function of the actuator 300 to be controlled and the desired properties of the filtered signal fPWM.
- the frequency of the input signal I can be 12 kHz
- the internal clock frequency fl of the modulation device 100 is 200 MHz
- the voltage source Vcc of the amplifier unit 220 is 100 V
- the filter unit 230 comprises an inductance 231 with 3.3 mH and a capacitor 233 of 2 pF.
- the output of the filter unit 230 is connected to the actuator 300 to be controlled, so that the filtered signal fPWM serves as an input signal for this.
- the actuator 300 can be designed, for example, as a piezo actuator, the linear deflection of which is proportional to an applied voltage. Further possible actuators 300 are electrical actuators, magnetic actuators, electro-magnetic actuators, thermal actuators and the like.
- Fig. 5 shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an optical system's 400 with a plurality of actuatable optical elements 410.
- the optical system 400 is designed here as a micromirror array, where the optical elements 410 are micromirrors.
- Each micromirror 410 can be actuated by means of an associated actuator 300.
- a respective micromirror 410 can be tilted about two axes by means of the assigned actuator 300 and / or shifted in one, two or three spatial axes. For the sake of clarity, only the top row of these elements is given the reference symbols.
- the optical system 400 comprises a correction unit 420 which is set up to generate a control signal A or an input signal I for each of the micromirrors 410.
- the optical system 400 is set up to correct a wavefront of light in a lithography system 600A, 600B (see FIGS. 6A, 6B), the correction unit 420, for example, depending on a measured shape of the wavefront and a desired shape of the wavefront
- the desired position of each of the micromirrors 410 is determined and a corresponding control signal A or input signal I is output.
- the respective control signal A or input signal I is fed to a control device 200 assigned to a respective actuator 300.
- the control device 200 controls the respective actuator 300 with a filtered, amplified modulation signal fPWM.
- the filtered signal fPWM is generated in particular as described with reference to FIG. A position of the respective micromirror 410 is thus set.
- the control devices 200 can be synchronized with one another in such a way that at a given point in time only exactly one modulation signal PWM changes into the next period P, the respective modulation signal PWM switches from "low” to "high".
- a voltage source Vcc (see FIG. 4), which can operate a plurality of the control devices 200, is thus relieved.
- the voltage source Vcc can therefore be made simpler.
- EUV stands for "extreme ultraviolet” (Engl4 extreme ultraviolet, EUV) and denotes a wavelength of the work light between 0.1 nm and 30 nm.
- the beam shaping and lighting system 602 and the projection system 604 are each in a vacuum housing, not shown before seen, each vacuum housing with the help of an evacuation, not shown ku michs device is evacuated.
- the vacuum housings are surrounded by a machine room, not shown, in which drive devices for mechanical movement or setting of optical elements are provided. Furthermore, electrical controls and the like can also be provided in this machine room.
- the EUV lithography system 600A has an EUV light source 606A.
- a plasma source (or a synchrotron) can be provided as the EUV light source 606A, which emits radiation 608A in the EUV range (extreme ultra-violet range), for example in the wavelength range from 5 nm to 20 nm.
- the EUV radiation 608A is bundled in the beam shaping and lighting system 602 and the desired operating wavelength is filtered out of the EUV radiation 608A.
- the EUV radiation 608A generated by the EUV light source 606A has a relatively low transmissivity through air, which is why the beam guide spaces in the beam shaping and lighting system 602 and in the projection system 604 are evacuated.
- the beam shaping and illumination system 602 shown in FIG. 6A has five mirrors 610, 612, 614, 616, 618. After passing through the beam shaping and illumination system 602, the EUV radiation 608A is directed onto a photomask (Engl4 reticle) 620.
- the photo mask 620 is also designed as a reflective optical element and can be arranged outside the systems 602, 604. Furthermore, the EUV radiation 608A can be directed onto the photomask 620 by means of a mirror 622.
- the photomask 620 has a structure which is imaged on a wafer 624 or the like in a reduced size by means of the projection system 604.
- the projection system 604 (also referred to as a projection objective) has five mirrors M1 to M5 for imaging the photomask 620 on the wafer 624.
- Individual mirrors Ml to M5 of the projection system 604 can be arranged symmetrically to an optical axis 526 of the projection system 504.
- the number of mirrors M1 to M6 of the EUV lithography system 600A is not limited to the number shown. More or fewer mirrors M1 to M5 can also be provided.
- the mirrors Ml to M5 are usually curved on their front side to form the beam.
- the projection system 604 comprises an optical system 400 with a plurality of actuatable optical elements 410, for example the micromirror array described with reference to FIG. 5.
- the optical system 400 is in particular specially set up to correct dynamic imaging errors.
- the projection system 604 with the optical system 400 can be referred to as adaptive optics.
- a resolution of the lithography system 600A can thus be increased.
- a correction unit 420 depending on measured values of the wavefront of the projection light, generates an input signal I, which can include an individual signal in particular for a respective micromirror 410.
- the input signal I is converted by the drive unit 200 for a respective optical element 410 into an amplified, filtered modulation signal fPWM and output to the respective actuator 300 for actuating the optical element 410.
- the respective actuator 300 actuates the assigned micromirror 410 accordingly. It should be pointed out that the arrangement of the control unit 200 within the projection system 604 is optional.
- FIG. 6B shows a schematic view of a DUV lithography system 600B, which comprises a beam shaping and illumination system 602 and a projection system 604.
- DUV stands for "deep ultraviolet” (deep ultraviolet, DUV) and designates a wavelength of the work light between 30 nm and 250 nm.
- the beam shaping and lighting system 602 and the projection system 604 can - as already referred to Fig. 6A described - be arranged in a vacuum housing and / or surrounded by a machine room with corre sponding drive devices.
- the DUV lithography system 600B has a DUV light source 606B.
- An ArF excimer laser for example, which emits radiation 608B in the DUV range at 193 nm, for example, can be provided as the DUV light source 606B.
- the beam shaping and illumination system 602 shown in FIG. 6B guides the DUV radiation 608B onto a photo mask 620.
- the photo mask 620 is designed as a transmissive optical element and can be arranged outside the systems 602, 604.
- the photomask 620 has a structure which is reduced by means of the projection system 604 onto a wafer 624 or the like.
- the projection system 604 has a plurality of lenses 628 and / or mirrors 630 for imaging the photomask 620 on the wafer 624.
- Individual lenses 628 and / or mirrors 630 of projection system 604 can be arranged symmetrically to an optical axis 626 of projection system 604.
- the number of lenses 628 and mirrors 630 of the DUV- Lithography system 600B is not limited to the number shown. More or fewer lenses 628 and / or mirrors 630 can also be provided.
- the mirrors 630 are generally curved on their front side for beam shaping.
- the projection system 604 comprises an optical system 400 with a plurality of actuatable optical elements 410, for example a microlens array, which can be constructed in particular according to the micromirror array described with reference to FIG. 5, microlenses being used instead of the micromirrors.
- the optical system 400 is set up in particular to correct dynamic imaging errors.
- the projection system 604 with the optical system 400 can be referred to as adaptive optics. A resolution of the lithography system 600B can thus be increased.
- a control signal A is specified from the outside in the present case.
- the control signal A includes, in particular, an individual signal for each of the microlenses 410 of the optical system 400.
- the control signal A can for example be generated by an external computing device.
- the control unit 200 converts the signal contained in the control signal A for a respective microlens 410 into an amplified, filtered modulation signal fPWM and outputs this to the respective actuator 300.
- the respective actuator 300 actuates the assigned microlens 410 accordingly.
- An air gap between the last lens 628 and the wafer 624 can be replaced by a liquid medium 632 which has a refractive index> 1.
- the liquid medium 632 can be ultrapure water, for example.
- Such a structure is also referred to as immersion lithography and has an increased photolithographic resolution.
- the medium 632 can also be referred to as an immersion liquid.
- Fig. 7 shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a method for generating a 1-bit wide modulation signal PWM from an N-bit wide input signal I.
- a first step S1 an M-bit wide first partial signal Xh comprising M high-order bits of the input signal I is generated.
- a 1-bit wide pulse density modulation signal PDM is generated as a function of the second partial signal XI.
- an M-bit wide addition signal Xs is generated as a function of the first partial signal Xh and the pulse density Modulation signal PDM generated.
- the 1-bit wide modulation signal PWM is generated as a function of the addition signal Xs.
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Abstract
Description
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019211477.6A DE102019211477A1 (de) | 2019-07-31 | 2019-07-31 | Modulationsvorrichtung, ansteuervorrichtung, optisches system, lithographieanlage und verfahren |
| PCT/EP2020/069899 WO2021018573A1 (de) | 2019-07-31 | 2020-07-14 | Modulationsvorrichtung, ansteuervorrichtung, optisches system, lithographieanlage und verfahren |
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| EP4005092A1 true EP4005092A1 (de) | 2022-06-01 |
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| EP20743618.9A Pending EP4005092A1 (de) | 2019-07-31 | 2020-07-14 | Modulationsvorrichtung, ansteuervorrichtung, optisches system, lithographieanlage und verfahren |
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| US (1) | US11901948B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4005092A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN114223134A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102019211477A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2021018573A1 (de) |
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| DE102020205044A1 (de) | 2020-04-21 | 2021-10-21 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Ansteuervorrichtung, optisches system und lithographieanlage |
| CN115426761B (zh) * | 2022-09-14 | 2025-01-28 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | 一种回旋加速器优化启动装置 |
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| DE102018126932A1 (de) * | 2017-11-28 | 2019-05-29 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Impulsdichtenmodulationsverstellung |
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| JP2798047B2 (ja) * | 1996-03-28 | 1998-09-17 | 日本電気株式会社 | ディジタル光パワー制御回路 |
| US6172781B1 (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 2001-01-09 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Wave division multiplexed optical network |
| US6424076B1 (en) * | 1998-10-07 | 2002-07-23 | The B. F. Goodrich Company | Incremental switched deformable mirror |
| US6735398B1 (en) * | 2000-03-15 | 2004-05-11 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Generating methods for single and multi-channel wideband optical analog pulse positioned waveforms |
| AU2001242576A1 (en) * | 2000-03-23 | 2001-10-03 | Marconi Communications Limited | Method and apparatus for generating a pulse width modulated signal and optical attenuator controlled by a pulse width modulated signal |
| US7181146B1 (en) * | 2001-01-17 | 2007-02-20 | Optical Communication Products, Inc. | Self-adjusting data transmitter |
| US6940889B2 (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2005-09-06 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Optical pulse source for long haul optical communication systems |
| US6993459B2 (en) * | 2001-07-17 | 2006-01-31 | Tellabs Operations, Inc. | Extinction ratio calculation and control of a laser |
| US7809280B2 (en) * | 2002-12-03 | 2010-10-05 | Finisar Corporation | Chirp-managed, electroabsorption-modulated laser |
| US7078964B2 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2006-07-18 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Detection of DC output levels from a class D amplifier |
| TWI264179B (en) * | 2004-02-17 | 2006-10-11 | Sunplus Technology Co Ltd | Circuit and method for pulse width modulation |
| US7230637B2 (en) * | 2004-12-02 | 2007-06-12 | Lexmark International, Inc. | Torsion oscillator current control driver |
| US7746935B2 (en) * | 2005-05-13 | 2010-06-29 | Xienetics, Inc. | Digital amplifier system for driving a capacitive load |
| US8229303B1 (en) * | 2006-08-07 | 2012-07-24 | Clariphy Communications, Inc. | Reducing pulse narrowing in the transmitter signal that drives a limiting E/O converter for optical fiber channels |
| US8548336B2 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2013-10-01 | Semtech Corporation | Closed loop optical modulation amplitude control |
| US9300405B2 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2016-03-29 | Semtech Corporation | Closed loop optical modulation amplitude control |
| CN103701465B (zh) * | 2013-12-02 | 2016-09-21 | 苏州上声电子有限公司 | 一种基于多比特△—σ调制的数字扬声器系统实现方法和装置 |
| US9362888B2 (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2016-06-07 | Qualcomm Technologies International, Ltd. | Devices and methods for converting digital signals |
| US20160073465A1 (en) * | 2014-09-04 | 2016-03-10 | Avago Technologies General Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Driver circuit with adaptive peaking control |
| US10256934B2 (en) * | 2016-10-11 | 2019-04-09 | Zte Corporation | Chirp managed laser generation for next generation passive optical networks |
| DE102016225899A1 (de) | 2016-12-21 | 2018-06-21 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Modifizieren von Abbildungseigenschaften eines optischen Systems für die Mikrolithographie |
| US11777610B2 (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2023-10-03 | Attochron, Llc | Method and apparatus for ultra-short pulsed laser communication through a lossy medium |
| CN115549442A (zh) * | 2021-06-30 | 2022-12-30 | 意法半导体股份有限公司 | 电力系统的隔离栅极驱动器设备及对应的电力系统 |
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| DE102018126932A1 (de) * | 2017-11-28 | 2019-05-29 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Impulsdichtenmodulationsverstellung |
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| CN114223134A (zh) | 2022-03-22 |
| WO2021018573A1 (de) | 2021-02-04 |
| US11901948B2 (en) | 2024-02-13 |
| US20220149950A1 (en) | 2022-05-12 |
| DE102019211477A1 (de) | 2021-02-04 |
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