EP3997329B1 - Verfahren zur errichtung eines pumpspeicherkraftwerks in einer bodenvertiefung, insbesondere in einer tagebaugrube - Google Patents

Verfahren zur errichtung eines pumpspeicherkraftwerks in einer bodenvertiefung, insbesondere in einer tagebaugrube Download PDF

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EP3997329B1
EP3997329B1 EP20740552.3A EP20740552A EP3997329B1 EP 3997329 B1 EP3997329 B1 EP 3997329B1 EP 20740552 A EP20740552 A EP 20740552A EP 3997329 B1 EP3997329 B1 EP 3997329B1
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Prior art keywords
pressure
water
pressure containers
power plant
ground depression
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3997329C0 (de
EP3997329A1 (de
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Horst Schmidt-Böcking
Gerhard Luther
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/06—Stations or aggregates of water-storage type, e.g. comprising a turbine and a pump
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/40—Use of a multiplicity of similar components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/42—Storage of energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/42—Storage of energy
    • F05B2260/422—Storage of energy in the form of potential energy, e.g. pressurized or pumped fluid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/50—Energy storage in industry with an added climate change mitigation effect

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the construction of an underwater pumped storage power plant in a dry but floodable ground depression, in particular in an abandoned or still operating opencast mine.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for the subsequent use of the Hambach opencast mine or other lignite mining areas and, if implemented in the Rhenish mining area, has the potential to provide all of the short-term storage capacity required after the energy transition in Germany (and possibly even in Europe).
  • the invention relates to construction and partial commissioning parallel to the expiring use, in particular of brown coal mining (until 2038), so that no significant number of previous jobs are lost.
  • the energy transition requires short- and long-term storage
  • the "energy transition” includes the almost complete coverage of the electrical power supply through renewable energies (RE), and especially through wind and photovoltaics (PV), while at the same time the use of electricity should also be expanded to include the heating sector and the transport sector (sector coupling). Because of the uneven supply of RE caused by weather and astronomy, where even short-term “dark lulls” can occur, the energy transition can only be carried out with the use of storage systems. In contrast to deterrent calculations that only rely on short-term storage (such as pumped storage power plants (PSKW)) and then warn of an “energy transition to nowhere” (/Sinn 2013/), the storage problem can only be solved through a combination of short- and long-term storage (in the form of P2G gas storage).
  • RE renewable energies
  • PV wind and photovoltaics
  • the authors' approach is to use a large and deep opencast mine as the lower basin and a smaller opencast mine as the upper basin. When energy is stored, all of the water from the lower basin is pumped up into the upper basin, which is initially largely emptied.
  • /LuSchmB 2011+13 -Bergei1+2/ also describes an application within a mine built for storage purposes, in which deep blind shafts are used as storage containers, large shafts as pressure lines with intermediate stations for the pump turbines and surface water as an upper basin.
  • /LuSchmB 2014 - LangeSaar/ a process is presented with which federal waterways can significantly increase their capacity as upper reservoirs of a large PSKW with underground mine storage facilities through proactive operation of their reservoirs.
  • Sanio and Mark examine a dome-shaped shallow storage subbasin supported by transverse walls or pillars and anchored to the subfloor by piles. (see page 151 from /Sanio-Mark2013/)
  • Perau and Korn /Perau-Korn 2013/ examine somewhat more general geotechnical issues in the construction of underground pumped storage plants. You want to prevent the resulting buoyancy forces of the storage structure by covering the entire storage structure with sediment. (see page 141 and page 144 of /Perau-Korn 2013/)
  • the document DE102013020984A1 concerns a pumped storage plant consisting of an upper basin as a lake or sea and a lower basin fixed to the lake bed.
  • the lower basin consists of communicating steel tubes as a hollow steel body system.
  • the invention is based on the object of enabling the construction of a large pumped storage power plant in order to provide the necessary short-term storage capacity for the energy transition and, despite the enormous storage capacity, to keep the ecological impact as low as possible.
  • the construction of the pumped storage power plant should be as simple, flexible and cost-effective as possible and the pumped storage power plant constructed should be as error-friendly and safe as possible.
  • One aspect of the task is to enable expandability of storage capacity.
  • Another aspect of the task is to be able to test or even use the pumped storage power plant during construction.
  • the invention relates to a method for setting up an underwater pumped storage power plant in a ground depression, in particular in an abandoned or still operating opencast mine.
  • the dry ground depression is a depression which is at least not essentially filled with water, but can in principle be flooded in such a way that an artificial lake can be formed therein.
  • a large number of pressure vessels are provided or built on site, in particular a large number of similar pressure vessels which, for cost reasons, are or will ideally be mass-produced.
  • the construction or mass production of the many pressure vessels takes place in particular in the dry ground depression, so that they are preferably available directly at the bottom of the ground depression.
  • the pressure vessels can be built, for example, on a lower level of the opencast mine or on the lowest level.
  • the many pressure vessels are arranged next to one another and/or one above the other in the dry ground depression in order to form a lower reservoir for the underwater pumped storage power plant to be built.
  • the pressure vessels are preferably arranged next to one another and/or one above the other on a lower level or on the lowest level.
  • the dry arrangement of the pressure vessels can be done in such a way that the pressure vessels are arranged next to one another, in particular directly adjacent to one another, i.e. that the pressure vessels are arranged next to one another in a row along one direction or also along two directions in a grid or a matrix be arranged next to each other.
  • the pressure vessels can also be arranged one above the other, for example in several layers, which in turn can in particular directly adjoin one another, so that the pressure vessels touch or support one another.
  • the pressure vessels are designed, will be built or will be processed in such a way that they each have at least one flow opening for the inlet and / or outlet of water so that they can serve as a lower reservoir for the underwater pumped storage power plant to be built.
  • the pressure containers are also designed, built or possibly processed in such a way that they are sufficiently pressure-resistant so that they can be pumped empty in a dimensionally stable manner against a hydrostatic water pressure that loads on them from the outside when the ground depression is flooded with water, i.e. in it an artificial lake is formed that covers the pressure vessels.
  • Arranging the pressure vessels in the ground depression while it is still dry has numerous advantages.
  • the pressure vessels can be built directly at the position at which they are to be arranged, i.e. the process steps of building and arranging can form a common step. But even if the pressure vessels are initially built elsewhere, the subsequent arrangement can be very precise as long as the ground depression is still dry.
  • dry-working machines can be used for the construction, processing and/or arrangement of the pressure vessels in the dry depression, in particular open-cast mining machines, which may already be on site anyway.
  • the arrangement in the dry also enables the pressure vessels to be conveniently linked or equipped with connecting pipes, turbines, pumps, pump turbines, shafts or other structural elements. It should also be noted that larger and more compact arrangements of pressure vessels can be built in the dry than could be subsequently submerged.
  • the arrangement of pressure vessels in the still dry ground depression is particularly cost-effective and flexible.
  • the use of a large number of pressure vessels has, among other things, the advantage that the pressure vessels can be built in mass production, which in turn saves costs and allows pressure vessels with the simplest or most geometrically simple shape to be used, which are less prone to errors and are very reliable in terms of their statics.
  • the lower reservoir of the pumped storage power plant to be built is made up of a large number of pressure vessels, a high degree of safety is achieved because in the event of a defect only individual pressure vessels are affected, which then temporarily or permanently no longer contribute to the lower reservoir.
  • the use of many, especially similar, pressure vessels allows a high degree of design flexibility and subsequent expandability.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels is preferably equipped with one or more turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines, so that when the dry ground depression is flooded with water, the underwater pumped storage power plant can be operated in such a way that electrical energy is generated when water comes out of the flooded ground depression is let into the pressure vessels, and electrical energy is stored when water is released from the pressure vessels into the flooded ground depression.
  • the pressure vessels are equipped with one or more turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines after these have already been arranged.
  • the equipment with turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines can also take place on a pressure vessel itself before it is arranged in its desired position.
  • a pressure vessel can be set up as an independent pressure vessel, e.g. by connecting one flow opening to a turbine and another flow opening to a pump.
  • the establishment of a pressure vessel as an independent pressure vessel is also referred to as a “self-sufficient case” in the context of this disclosure. It can be provided, for example, that at least one of the pressure vessels, at least some of the pressure vessels, the majority of the pressure vessels or even all pressure vessels are set up as independent pressure vessels.
  • several of the multitude of pressure vessels can be set up as a pressure vessel group by connecting these pressure vessels to one another via at least one pressure line or several pressure lines between respective flow openings and with a common turbine, pump and /or pump turbine can be equipped.
  • the several pressure vessels connected together to form a group can be, for example, two or more adjacent pressure vessels, in particular arranged directly next to one another and/or one above the other.
  • the establishment of several pressure vessels as a group is also referred to as an “oligostrong case” or “central case” in the context of this disclosure, as will be explained in more detail below. It can be particularly advantageous to set up several pressure vessel groups, for example by connecting a few neighboring pressure vessels to form a group.
  • the invention makes use of a variety, in particular a large variety, of pressure vessels.
  • at least 4 or at least 10 pressure vessels can be provided.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels includes at least 100 pressure vessels, preferably at least 1000 pressure vessels, more preferably at least 10,000 pressure vessels.
  • the pressure vessels Due to the large number of pressure vessels that contribute to the total volume of the lower reservoir, the pressure vessels can in particular have relatively small volumes. Accordingly, it is provided that the or at least one pressure vessel has a volume of less than 600,000 cubic meters, preferably of less than 100,000 cubic meters, particularly preferably of less than 15,000 cubic meters. On the other hand, the pressure vessels should not be too small. Because it is particularly advantageous in the case of spherical pressure vessels if bottlenecks of free spaces between the pressure vessels do not become too small. One reason is that turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines work better in the Open spaces can be arranged, operated or maintained, especially because the free spaces between the pressure vessels can be used for water flows or pump turbines remain easily accessible in the event of an overhaul.
  • a volume of at least 1000 cubic meters, preferably at least 5000 cubic meters, particularly preferably at least 10,000 cubic meters is intended.
  • the pressure vessels In order to be able to arrange the pressure vessels appropriately next to one another and/or one above the other, many different shapes can be considered.
  • tubular or toroidal pressure vessels can be provided.
  • pressure vessels with a spherical shape are particularly suitable.
  • the or at least some of the pressure vessels have a shape which fills the smallest possible (hypothetical) envelope sphere by volume to at least 25 percent, preferably at least 50 percent, particularly preferably at least 75 percent, and most preferably at least 90 percent.
  • the shape of the pressure vessels refers in particular to the outer shape of the components of the pressure vessels that ensure the pressure resistance.
  • the or at least some of the pressure vessels can be designed in particular as a pressure-resistant sphere, egg shape, ellipsoid or polyhedron.
  • Pressure vessels with spherical or spherical geometry are particularly advantageous because they are stabilized by the pressure from outside. Even if, for example, cracks already exist, the pressure vessels often remain functional because such cracks are compressed by the pressure from outside. This can lead to a very long service life of the pressure vessels, which can be over 100 or over 1000 years, for example.
  • the pressure vessels can be made of concrete without iron reinforcement, for example. By using concrete, e.g. for offshore assembly, which does not require iron reinforcement, there is no rust formation, which also promotes a long service life. Due to a service life of over 100 or over 1000 years, very long depreciation periods are possible for the concrete balls and thus an investment in the future energy supply from which many generations will benefit. The invention is therefore particularly characterized by great sustainability.
  • the wall thickness of the pressure vessels can be estimated based on various factors.
  • the pressure vessels each have a wall thickness of between 5% and 15%, preferably between 7.5% and 12.5%, for example 10% of the equivalent spherical diameter of the storage volume. In this way, the buoyancy of the empty pressure vessel can also be advantageously compensated for.
  • the method according to the invention provides that the pressure vessels are positioned next to one another and/or one above the other in the dry ground depression, for example on a lower floor of the opencast brewery pit.
  • the pressure vessels are preferably arranged regularly next to one another and/or one above the other.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels are arranged in the dry ground recess in such a way that a lower pressure vessel layer lying directly on the subsurface is formed with a regular arrangement of pressure vessels, which is preferably a base for a second pressure vessel lying above it -Layer with a regular arrangement is suitable, such that the pressure vessels of the second pressure vessel layer can be stably arranged in recesses in the lower pressure vessel layer underneath.
  • a regular arrangement of pressure vessels which is preferably a base for a second pressure vessel lying above it -Layer with a regular arrangement is suitable, such that the pressure vessels of the second pressure vessel layer can be stably arranged in recesses in the lower pressure vessel layer underneath.
  • a lower layer of pressure vessels preferably comprises at least 100, particularly preferably at least 500, even more preferably at least 1000 pressure vessels in a regular arrangement.
  • a second pressure vessel layer is arranged on the lower pressure vessel layer lying on the substrate and, particularly preferably, a third pressure vessel layer and, if necessary, further pressure vessel layers on top of it, the pressure vessel layers - as described above - in each case preferably suitable as a base with depressions for a pressure vessel layer located above it.
  • the many pressure vessels in the dry bottom recess are arranged next to one another and/or one above the other, in particular arranged as a lower, second and third pressure vessel layer, so that free spaces remain between the pressure vessels, which extend from above, preferably in a straight line above, extend to the ground, in particular through all layers, and preferably in such a way that the free spaces occur in a regularity defined by the arrangement of the pressure vessels.
  • Such free spaces can advantageously form water-carrying accesses to the flow openings or turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines.
  • one or more free spaces remaining between pressure vessels can be developed as shafts that are continuous upwards, if necessary protruding upwards.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels can be arranged in particular according to the structure of a densest, in particular hexagonally dense, spherical packing, preferably in the pressure vessel of the lower and optionally the second pressure vessel layer according to the structure of a densest Ball packing can be arranged and, if necessary, the pressure vessels of the third pressure vessel layer can be arranged according to the structure of a hexagonally dense ball packing (and thus again congruent with the lower layer).
  • a pressure vessel to be set up or set up as an independent pressure vessel can, for example, be arranged or processed in such a way that a flow opening for inlet and / or discharging water into the pressure vessel at the bottom or at the bottom of the pressure vessel, preferably in such a way that the flow opening inside the pressure vessel reaches the lowest point.
  • pressure vessels to be set up or set up as a pressure vessel group are arranged or processed in such a way that at least one flow opening of one or preferably each pressure vessel of the pressure vessel group is arranged at the bottom or laterally at the bottom of the pressure vessel, in particular in such a way that the flow opening inside the pressure vessel reaches the lowest point and preferably two pressure vessels arranged one above the other via pressure lines between one at the bottom or side a flow opening of the pressure vessel arranged further up and a flow opening of the pressure vessel arranged further down can be connected to one another.
  • free spaces between the pressure vessels can serve as water-carrying accesses
  • a common turbine, pump and / or pump turbine of a pressure vessel group is connected to a flow opening of a pressure vessel or to a pressure line connecting the pressure vessels and/or is arranged in a free space formed between pressure vessels in such a way that when the dry bottom recess is flooded with water, water that is let into the pressure vessel group is drawn in, preferably from above, particularly preferably in a straight line from above, via the free space and / or water that is discharged from the pressure vessel group, preferably upwards, particularly preferably straight upwards, is released over the free space, the common turbine, pump and / or pump turbine preferably being arranged on the ground or recessed in the ground.
  • the pressure vessels it can be advantageous if at least some of the pressure vessels, in particular the pressure vessels of the lower pressure vessel layer, are arranged in the dry ground recess, for example on a lower floor of the open-cast brewing pit, in such a way that adjacent pressure vessels are supported on each other laterally and/or peripheral pressure vessels are preferably supported laterally on a wall or part of the dry floor recess.
  • walls and/or a channel delimited by walls can be created in the dry ground depression, in particular the opencast mine, so that pressure vessels, in particular those of the lower layer, can be supported laterally thereon.
  • the ground depression is dry, i.e. the production of retaining walls can be done with normal construction machines or, in the case of an opencast mine, with opencast mining machines that are already on site.
  • supporting walls and/or a gutter are created in the bottom recess before the pressure vessels are placed therein.
  • the subsurface for the pressure vessels can also be leveled.
  • the pressure containers remain at the bottom of the ground depression without significant weighting or anchoring, or even completely without weighting or anchoring, when it is flooded with water. Therefore, at least some of the pressure vessels have a mass that is larger or at least not significantly smaller than the mass of the water displaced by the pressure vessel when the dry ground depression is flooded with water.
  • At least some of the pressure vessels are fixed or anchored to the substrate and/or that at least some of the pressure vessels, in particular the pressure vessels of an upper pressure vessel layer, are provided with ballast, in particular with Excavated from the ground depression, weighed down.
  • ballast in particular with Excavated from the ground depression
  • free spaces generally remain between the pressure vessels arranged next to one another and/or one above the other, particularly if the pressure vessels are designed to be spherical or spherical. While such open spaces - as described above - can serve as a connection between the later artificial lake and the turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines, not all open spaces are necessarily necessary or suitable for this.
  • Weighting of the pressure vessels and/or backfilling of free spaces between the pressure vessels should preferably be carried out in such a way that the weighting material or backfilling material remains stationary and is not washed away by flowing water, contaminating the water or damaging turbines, pumps/pump turbines.
  • the material can be attached with cement, for example.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels can also be set up as a pressure vessel ensemble in that these pressure vessels communicate with one another via respective flow openings and are closed off to the outside with a common casing, the common casing having at least one flow opening to the outside to be able to equip the pressure vessel entirety with a common turbine, pump and/or pump turbine.
  • the ground depression can be further deepened and/or widened in such a way that a depth (depth) of over 100 meters, preferably over 300 meters, more preferably over 400 meters, even more preferably over 500 meters, particularly preferably over 700 meters and possibly even of over 1000 meters is achieved.
  • the dry ground depression for the construction of the underwater pumped storage power plant is first created, in particular in such a way that a depth (depth) of over 100 meters, in particular over 200 meters, preferably over 300 meters, even more preferably over 400 meters, even more preferably over 500 meters, particularly preferably over 700 meters and possibly even over 1000 meters.
  • a cavity e.g. a shaft or a tunnel, for the installation of technical equipment such as cables, pressure lines, turbines, pumps and / or pump turbines can be created in the dry ground depression under a floor planned as a base for the arrangement of the pressure vessels. This will be described and illustrated in more detail below.
  • a walkable and / or drivable cavity e.g. a shaft or a tunnel is created, in particular for the supply and/or maintenance of technical facilities.
  • Such an accessible and/or accessible cavity can preferably be connected to an external access, which is created in particular in a slope or on a slope of the ground depression.
  • the lower reservoir created within the scope of the present invention can in particular be operated without connections to the outside air.
  • it is therefore not necessary to set up appropriate connections e.g. from towers to the surface of the artificial lake that will later be planned in the depression.
  • This has the particular advantage that greater depths of the ground depression can be taken into account.
  • Air in the cavities also has the disadvantage that it reduces the efficiency of energy storage because when the pressure in the cavities increases, it does not condense, but rather builds up a counterpressure and heats up in the process. This thermal energy can be a major loss factor in the type of energy storage proposed here.
  • the or at least some of the pressure vessels are therefore preferably designed in such a way, are arranged in such a way, are equipped with one or more turbines, pumps and / or pump turbines and / or are connected to one another via pressure lines between respective flow openings in such a way that when water is discharged from the pressure vessel Air flows into the pressure vessel, but preferably a vacuum is created in the pressure vessel that is limited only by the partial pressure of the water vapor.
  • a certain residual volume remains with a vacuum limited in particular only by the partial pressure of the water vapor.
  • a residual volume can be very small, for example a residual volume of less than 100 cubic meters, preferably less than 10 cubic meters or even a residual volume of less than 1 cubic meter can be provided.
  • the pressure vessels are arranged in several layers, a "sea-based deployment" of the pressure vessels may be suitable.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels are arranged in layers in the dry ground recess, for example on a lower floor of the opencast brewing pit, in such a way that a lower pressure vessel layer of pressure vessels lying directly on the ground is first formed in the dry ground recess and then the bottom recess is filled with water to such an extent that pressure vessels for a second pressure vessel layer can be transported floating to the respective designated positions above the lower pressure vessel layer, and the second pressure vessel layer is formed by floating the pressure vessels for this layer to the respective intended position Positions are transported, for example by making them buoyant, and lowered to the lower pressure vessel layer, for example by making them submersible or submersible again.
  • the bottom depression can of course then be gradually filled with water to such an extent that pressure vessels for a third pressure vessel layer and, if necessary, further pressure vessel layers can each be transported and lowered in a floating manner to designated positions.
  • Such a "sea-based deployment" of the pressure containers represents a special procedure in order to be able to deposit particularly very heavy pressure containers precisely and easily with specially selected water filling of the ground filling.
  • a method for setting up an underwater pumped storage power plant in which, after the plurality of pressure vessels have been arranged in the ground depression, the ground depression is flooded with water to form an artificial lake that serves as an upper reservoir for the pumped storage power plant to be built to form in the ground depression.
  • the ground depression can sometimes take a long time, possibly even years. It can therefore be advantageous to generate energy with the already existing turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines when flooding the ground depression. It may therefore be advisable for the ground depression to be flooded with water in such a way that the water is first let into one or more of the pressure containers via a pressure line provided for this purpose while releasing electrical energy, and then into the pressure container(s) while absorbing electrical energy The ground depression is pumped out in order to gradually flood the ground depression and thereby generate (net) electrical energy.
  • it can be provided to subsequently expand a lower reservoir made of pressure vessels that is already under water.
  • a lower reservoir made of pressure vessels that is already under water.
  • the ground depression has been at least partially flooded with water in such a way that an artificial lake serving as an upper reservoir is formed - one or more further pressure vessels can be moved from the surface of the lake to those already arranged Pressure vessel can be lowered.
  • the already arranged pressure vessels are arranged as one or more pressure vessel layers, so that the further lowered pressure vessels can be stably arranged in recesses in one of the pressure vessel layers.
  • the further lowered pressure vessels are set up in particular as independent pressure vessels with their own turbine, pump and/or pump turbine.
  • the invention relates - in addition to the methods described above - to a lower reservoir for an underwater pumped storage power plant, which is located in a dry but floodable ground depression, in particular in an abandoned or still operating opencast mine, and is preferably constructed according to a method as described above.
  • the lower reservoir according to the invention comprises a plurality of pressure vessels which are arranged next to one another and/or one above the other in the dry ground recess, for example on a lower floor of the opencast brewing pit, the pressure vessels being designed in such a way that they each have at least one flow opening for inlet and/or Have an outlet of water and are preferably so pressure-resistant that they can be pumped out in a dimensionally stable manner against a hydrostatic water pressure that loads on the pressure containers from the outside when the dry ground depression is flooded with water.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels are preferably equipped with one or more turbines, pumps and / or pump turbines, so that when the dry ground depression is flooded with water, the underwater pumped storage power plant can be operated in such a way that electrical energy can be released by water in the pressure vessels are let in, and water can be discharged from the pressure vessels by absorbing electrical energy.
  • some of the large number of pressure vessels can be set up as independent pressure vessels, in that these pressure vessels are each equipped with their own turbine, pump and/or pump turbine via their at least one flow opening.
  • several, in particular adjacent pressure vessels can also be set up as a pressure vessel group in that these pressure vessels are connected to one another via pressure lines between respective flow openings and are equipped with a common turbine, pump and/or pump turbine, with several pressure vessel groups also being provided. Groups can be provided.
  • the many pressure vessels are preferably arranged regularly next to one another and/or one above the other in the dry ground depression, for example on a lower floor of the open-cast brewery pit.
  • the pressure vessels can be arranged in such a way that a lower pressure vessel layer with a regular arrangement of pressure vessels is formed, which lies directly on the substrate, which is preferably suitable as a base for an overlying second pressure vessel layer with a regular arrangement, such that the pressure vessels the second pressure vessel layer can be stably arranged in recesses in the lower pressure vessel layer underneath.
  • a second pressure vessel layer can be arranged on the lower pressure vessel layer lying on the substrate and preferably a third pressure vessel layer on top of it and possibly further pressure vessel layers on top of it, the pressure vessel layers in turn preferably each being a base for one each pressure vessel layer above is suitable.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels is preferably arranged next to one another and/or one above the other in the dry bottom recess, in particular arranged as a lower, second and third pressure vessel layer, so that free spaces remain between the plurality of pressure vessels which extend from above, preferably in a straight line from above, to extend to the subsurface, in particular through all layers, and preferably in such a way that the free spaces occur in a regularity defined by the arrangement of the pressure vessels.
  • One or more free spaces remaining between pressure vessels can be developed as shafts that are continuous upwards, possibly protruding upwards.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels is arranged according to the structure of a densest, in particular hexagonally dense, spherical packing, preferably in that pressure vessels of the lower and optionally the second pressure vessel layer are arranged according to the structure of a dense spherical packing and optionally the pressure vessels of the third pressure vessel layer are arranged according to the structure of a hexagonally closest spherical packing.
  • a pressure vessel to be set up or set up as an independent pressure vessel can be arranged in such a way that a flow opening for inlet and / or outlet of water into the pressure vessel is arranged at the bottom or at the bottom of the side of the pressure vessel, preferably in such a way that the flow opening reached the lowest point inside the pressure vessel.
  • several pressure vessels to be set up or set up as a pressure vessel group can be arranged in such a way that at least one flow opening of one or preferably each pressure vessel of the pressure vessel group is arranged at the bottom or at the bottom of the side of the pressure vessel , in particular in such a way that the flow opening inside the pressure vessel reaches the lowest point.
  • at least two pressure vessels arranged one above the other are connected to one another via pressure lines between a flow opening arranged at the bottom or to the side of the pressure vessel arranged further up and a flow opening of the pressure vessel arranged further down.
  • a separate turbine, pump and/or pump turbine of an independent pressure vessel can be connected to a flow opening of the pressure vessel and/or arranged in a free space formed between pressure vessels in such a way that when the dry bottom depression is filled with water is flooded, water that is let into the pressure vessel, preferably from above, particularly preferably straight from above, is drawn over the free space and / or water that is let out of the pressure vessel, preferably upwards, particularly preferably straight up, over the free space is delivered.
  • a common turbine, pump and/or pump turbine of a pressure vessel group can be connected to a flow opening of a pressure vessel or to a pressure line connecting the pressure vessels and/or in an intermediate
  • the free space formed by pressure vessels can be arranged in such a way that when the dry bottom recess is flooded with water, water that is let into the pressure vessel group is drawn in, preferably from above, particularly preferably in a straight line from above, via the free space and / or water that comes from the Pressure vessel group is omitted, preferably upwards, particularly preferably straight upwards, via the free space.
  • a common turbine, pump and/or pump turbine can be arranged in particular on the ground or recessed in the ground.
  • At least some of the pressure vessels, in particular the pressure vessels of the lower pressure vessel layer, are in the dry ground recess, for example on a lower floor of the open-cast brewing pit, preferably arranged in such a way that adjacent pressure vessels each support one another laterally and/or edge pressure vessels are preferably positioned laterally on one Support the wall or part of the dry floor recess.
  • At least some of the pressure vessels have a mass that is larger or at least not significantly smaller than the mass of the water displaced by the pressure vessel when the dry bottom depression is flooded with water, so that the pressure vessels are without weighting or anchoring or at least without significant Weighting or anchoring remains at the bottom of the flooded ground depression.
  • the plurality of pressure vessels can be set up as a pressure vessel ensemble in that these pressure vessels communicate with one another via respective flow openings and are closed to the outside with a common casing, the common casing having at least one flow opening to the outside to surround the pressure vessels -To be able to equip the entirety with a common turbine, pump and/or pump turbine.
  • the lower reservoir is located in a ground depression with a depth of at least 100 meters, in particular at least 200 meters, preferably at least 300 meters, even more preferably at least 400 meters, even more preferably at least 500 meters, even more preferably at least 700 meters and possibly even at least 1000 meters.
  • the lower reservoir comprises a cavity, for example a shaft or a tunnel, for the installation of technical devices such as cables, pressure lines, turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines, under a floor that serves as a base for the arrangement of the pressure vessels.
  • an accessible and/or drivable cavity e.g. a shaft or a tunnel, in particular for the supply and/or maintenance of technical equipment
  • an accessible and/or drivable cavity can be located under a floor serving as a base for the arrangement of the pressure vessels, possibly again under a cavity for the installation of technical equipment be provided, wherein such an accessible and / or accessible cavity is preferably connected to an external access, which is included, for example, in a slope or on a slope of the ground depression.
  • the pressure containers are preferably designed in such a way, arranged in such a way, equipped with one or more turbines, pumps and/or pump turbines and/or connected to one another via pressure lines between respective flow openings in such a way that no air flows into the pressure container when water is released from the pressure container, but preferably a vacuum is created in the pressure vessel that is limited only by the partial pressure of the water vapor and/or that when water is admitted into the pressure vessel, the pressure vessel is not completely filled with water, but preferably a certain residual volume with a volume in particular only caused by the partial pressure of the water vapor limited vacuum remains.
  • the invention also relates to an underwater pumped storage power plant, which additionally comprises an upper reservoir in the form of a lake artificially formed in the ground depression.
  • the invention relates to a method, explained in more detail below as an "interim process", for the provisional use of a lower reservoir built in a dry ground depression for an underwater pumped storage power plant (e.g. as described above) as a provisional pumped storage power plant and preferably for later conversion into one Subsea pumped storage power (e.g. as described above).
  • the or some of the pressure vessels forming the lower reservoir arranged in the ground depression are connected via a (provisional) pressure line to a container or basin forming a provisional upper reservoir which is separated from the dry ground depression and arranged above the lower reservoir is.
  • a preliminary, delineated, upper reservoir is to be understood as not being identical to the ground depression. It can, for example, be arranged on the slope of the still dry ground depression, preferably as high up as possible.
  • an upper basin can be created by a dam that is flooded with water, while the actual deep opencast mine remains dry.
  • the spherical storage tanks that have already been installed can be connected to this upper basin by pipes, so that the spherical storage upper basin system can go into operation as a water pumped storage plant parallel to the brown coal mining in the opencast mining basin.
  • the temporary pumped storage power plant can be operated in such a way that electrical energy is generated when water from the temporary upper reservoir (via the temporary pressure line) is admitted into the pressure vessels and electrical energy is stored when water is discharged from the pressure vessels (via the preliminary pressure line) is pumped into the upper reservoir.
  • the dry ground depression is later flooded with water in order to replace the provisional upper reservoir with an upper reservoir designed as an artificial lake in the ground depression and thus convert the provisional pumped storage power into a final underwater pumped storage power plant so that it can be operated in such a way that electrical energy is obtained when water is admitted from the flooded soil depression into the pressure vessels, and electrical energy is stored when water is discharged from the pressure vessels into the flooded soil depression.
  • the temporary pressure line can then be removed.
  • the approach discussed below is to optimally and largely expand an existing opencast mine for energy storage as an "unconventional PSKW", whereby the lake intended for recultivation is used as the upper basin and a suitable cavity structure to be created at the bottom 1 of the lake is used as the lower basin.
  • the lower basin 200 has the gross volume V u , of which only the part characterized by the filling factor F She ll can be used as a usable net volume when storing energy. When pumped out, this net volume raises the water level of the upper basin 300, ie the free lake water 0 (without buildings), so that the displacement volume V ob is filled with water there.
  • connection level 66 As in Fig. 2 shown.
  • the lower reservoir 200 is built on the subsoil 110 of the ground depression 100.
  • the invention is based on one or more of the concepts listed below for using a large, abandoned opencast mine that has been recultivated into a lake as a pumped storage power plant. Still further refinements are given below.
  • a hollow spherical storage cell (here now called “SeeEi”), which is generally referred to as a pressure vessel, is preferably used as the basic storage cell.
  • the shell thickness only needs to be as thick as required. the water pressure is necessary because buoyancy safety can also be achieved by embedding (see (8.)); On the other hand, in some cases it can be more practical and easier to stick with an intrinsically buoyancy-compensated "standard ball” even at small depths.
  • the selection results for example, from the cost structure of the pump turbines depending on performance and from considerations regarding flow, safety and environmental impacts.
  • the water can reach the pump turbines from the lake quickly and with little resistance due to the geometric arrangement of the base cells (storage balls).
  • a channel is created at the bottom of the opencast mine, which can accommodate the primarily spherical basic storage cells in an orderly and symmetrical arrangement.
  • the channel can extend over the entire available lake bed. If necessary, it can also be “parceled” in sections, for example by an earth wall.
  • Fig. 3 shows the easy-to-understand principle according to which the pressure vessels 3 ("SeeEi"; elementary storage basic cell, primarily a hollow spherical storage cell) are regularly arranged in the floor recess 100 defined by the floor 1 on the base 110 and, if necessary, can be supported laterally by walls 120 . You can imagine this, for example, as if balls were arranged in a large box with sloping walls.
  • SeeEi elementary storage basic cell, primarily a hollow spherical storage cell
  • each upper ball sits on only two lower balls. It is more advantageous to use the optimal hexagonal closest spherical packing of the basic storage cells, as we will illustrate in the following figures. The difference lies in a more effective displacement of the horizontal ball planes, in which each upper ball sits in the hollow between 3 lower balls, and is shown in the following figures ( Fig. 4 and the following images) are taken into account.
  • Channels can be built below the channel that accommodates the storage elements to accommodate the power cables, which are then led laterally on the edge of the lower basin or upwards in a shaft.
  • these installation routes are developed as an access to oligopower pump turbine systems installed on the ground.
  • an access tube can be created along the slope of the upper and lower basin, which allows convenient access for personnel and material transport to the technical systems on or in the bottom of the lower basin.
  • the production sites are easily accessible, but the laborious underground excavation can be carried out in advance in the convenient dry opencast mine.
  • the sea eggs are preferably arranged in a hexagonal closest packing of spheres.
  • the balls on the following level are each fixed in half of the troughs on the level below.
  • Two successive horizontal planes are offset by a fraction of the spherical diameter determined by the symmetry, so that identical packages of two of the successive levels offset from one another result.
  • the balls are again exactly above the balls on the first level. This distinguishes the hexagonally closest spherical packing from the equally dense "cubic closest" spherical packing, in which only every fourth level lies exactly above the first level.
  • Fig. 4 is a top view of the bottom recess 100 or channel with embedded pressure vessels 3 designed as hollow ball accumulators in hexagonally dense packing, with free spaces 2 remaining between the pressure vessels 3.
  • Each sphere is represented here only two-dimensionally by its horizontal cross-sectional great circle. You can see the second top layer across the board and a portion of the top layer on the left side.
  • the hexagonally closest packing of spheres shown results in vertical access spaces 22 and 24 that run from bottom to top, the narrow areas of which remain visible in the top view.
  • Some of these open spaces can remain open and ensure access of the sea water to the pump turbines (open water access space 24) and can therefore also be used as access or connecting shafts in the event of maintenance, and they can also be used in another part as "filled access spaces” 22 as a buoyancy barrier filled with stones, gravel and sand.
  • the vertical volume element given by the geometry of the bottlenecks one above the other is marked as a “clear bottleneck shaft” 4.; This is therefore an imaginary subspace of the open water access space 24.
  • This "clear geometric bottleneck shaft” 4 results in this example from the hexagonal geometry of the spherical arrangement and is located in the part 24 of the open spaces 2, which is not filled.
  • each ball has direct access to three adjacent access rooms (22 or 24), and from one access room you can directly reach three adjacent balls in each level. Therefore you can access from the Select spheres for the access rooms so that some of the access rooms are not used as access to the lake at all and can therefore be filled, for example.
  • the Fig. 4 exactly half of the access rooms were selected as open water access room 24, which is also suggested for reasons of symmetry.
  • each ball is surrounded by three blind shaft spaces 27. It makes sense to fill these blind shafts with sand, gravel or stones during the installation of the system, as long as they are not yet covered by the spherical plane above and are therefore still accessible from above.
  • the small remaining side holes to open water access spaces 24 can be closed when filled with binding material (e.g. lightweight concrete) or with building textiles or simply beveled.
  • a hollow sphere It is possible to equip a hollow sphere with a balancing (bead) so that it fits well on the balls below it, in particular on the three balls below it ("three" - because of the hexagonal symmetry, see Fig. 4 ), on which it is placed, fits. If applicable.
  • the direct contact surfaces can also be provided with connecting materials or a mortar in order to compensate for small pressure points (otherwise see below for “embedding”).
  • balancing can be installed in such a way that the side access to the cavities that will later be filled is covered.
  • an open water access space 24 can be provided between the pressure vessels 3, a free space between the balls in which sufficient access to the sea water can be guaranteed.
  • this space can be kept open for lake water; then we refer to it as the “open water access space” 24.
  • it can also be partially filled, for example with stone materials, especially as long as a sufficiently large space is ensured for free access of the water to the openings of each ball.
  • maintenance work including the replacement of the pump turbine at some point.
  • a cross-sectional plane shifted by a spherical radius (see section line BB# in Fig. 4 ) equal (see Fig. 5b ), except that there may be no access to the balls here and therefore the entire space, which we now refer to as the filling space 22, could be filled with sand, gravel and stones.
  • One aspect of the entire storage system is, in particular, that it results, like building blocks, from the symmetrically ordered arrangement of stable and statically optimal, elementary hollow bodies (in particular hollow spheres).
  • elementary hollow bodies in particular hollow spheres.
  • the invention particularly envisages expanding an existing opencast mine optimally and largely for energy storage as an "unconventional PSKW", whereby the lake provided for by the recultivation is used as the upper basin and a suitable cavity structure to be created at the bottom of the lake is used as the lower basin (cf. Fig. 1 ).
  • the filling factor can be calculated from the wall thickness necessary for the stability of the containers and from the gaps between the containers. For the arrangement of hollow spheres in hexagonal dense packing, which we primarily consider (see below), there is a fill factor of the order of 0.45, depending on the wall thickness.
  • h u and h ob denote the heights of the centers of gravity of the storage water in the lower basin and the volume V ob in the upper basin, respectively.
  • the filling factor F fill i.e. the proportion of the usable storage volume in the total hole to be dug, is the product of two factors.
  • F fill x _ v ⁇ x _ pack
  • the first factor describes the ratio of the internal volume of the hollow sphere, i.e. the storage volume V_Sp available for storage, to the total volume of the hollow sphere V_a.
  • the second factor, the packing factor x_Pack takes into account that hollow spheres cannot be packed together as tightly as desired.
  • the lowest layers and the slope attachment are conveniently created using drywall.
  • the approved operating area for the Hambach opencast mine is 85 km 2 .
  • the remaining lake, which was previously planned to be 42 km 2 could easily be doubled in size.
  • the geology of the Lower Rhine Bay is characterized by a sediment package up to 1300 m thick (/Wikipedia #Tagebau Hambach/). The reservoir could therefore be dredged much deeper.
  • the Hambach opencast mine the largest and deepest opencast mine in Germany, already has a hole suitable for the construction of PSKW. But there is also a powerful and tried and tested mining installation available that can further enlarge, deepen and otherwise shape the hole at the lowest possible cost. Current efforts and models simply aim to reuse the hole that already exists in an optimal manner.
  • the memory content increases by a factor according to GI(6).
  • a storage hole delivers 1.24 kWh/m 3 _hollow .
  • the storage hole would have to store electricity for 1120 cycles until it has reached the unique combustion rate of the lignite. Depending on the number of annual full load cycles, this should be achieved in 5 to 10 years.
  • Fig. 6 shows a section Fig. 4 with the top layer of pressure vessels 3' and the second top layer 3".
  • the shape and size of the bottleneck is important: In a preferred embodiment, the horizontal great circles of neighboring spheres abut each other at 6 points in each spherical plane. If you look at a specific sphere (see Fig. 6 ) , then at each of these points of contact with the neighboring spheres a free equilateral triangle results, the sides of which are segments of a circle. If you look at the triangles of this type that follow one another along a horizontal line in the x or y direction, you can see that they exist in two orientations A and B, which are mirror-symmetrical with respect to the line.
  • the "clear" diamond is available as a limitation for transport when the movement is strictly vertical; But if you allow a small horizontal movement or rotation in front of the narrow areas, the spherical arrangement can transport all objects that fit through the clear triangles of the individual spherical levels. Already over Fig. 6 You can see that with a ball inner diameter of 30 m, objects with dimensions of 4 to 5 m can still fit through.
  • Fig. 8b different elements are combined to supply a pump turbine.
  • the pressure vessels 3 in the dry bottom recess 100 can be arranged regularly in layers next to one another and/or one above the other (e.g. in hexagonally dense spherical packing), with free spaces 2 remaining between the pressure vessels 3 (which are at least partially unfilled Free space 24 remains) which preferably extends in some areas from the top to the subsurface 110 through all layers (clear channels 4).
  • a pressure vessel 3 can be equipped, for example, with an independent turbine 7, pump 7 and/or pump turbine 7, which can be installed, for example, in the pressure vessel 3, for example at the bottom and/or side.
  • pressure vessel groups can be provided which include two or more pressure vessels 3 connected to one another via pressure lines 6, 61 and are equipped with a common turbine 77, common pump 77 and/or common pump turbine 77.
  • Immediately adjacent pressure vessels 3 can be connected via a direct pressure line 61 (short connecting pipe from ball to ball).
  • 110 bunkers with a shared turbine, pump and/or pump turbine 77 can be built on or underground and pressure lines 61, 6 from the storage balls 3 can be laid there.
  • the embedding of the spheres also serves, among other things, to distribute the pressure when stacking the hollow spheres. Since the embedding takes place in the (bordered) channel, you can use simple sand. Because of the walls of the channel it cannot drift away.
  • an opencast mine e.g. Hambacher opencast mine
  • some of the pump turbines can be used as an electricity generator.
  • the inflow water coming from the Rhine can be directed into the turbines.
  • the outflow from the hollow sphere can take place, for example, through an independent drain connection, which is then closed again later.
  • the existing large-caliber machines from the brown coal opencast mine, which is coming to an end, are preferably available for earthworks. These can be used to excavate the channel, further grade the lake bed, rearrange the later lake bed and fill the cavities between the balls.
  • the surface area of the opencast mine for example the Hambacher Rinne, can also be expanded towards the end of the opencast mine and before the lake is filled.
  • the entire channel can be covered up to its edge with storage balls and, as part of this installation, parts of it can be filled with excavated material. This ensures that the slope is secured against any type of slipping - even after the lake has been filled with water.
  • Lake Hambach will become the second largest lake in Germany in terms of volume after Lake Constance, but the potential of the PSKW is so great that there could be a significant increase in the water level on the lake surface. If you want to reduce this, you can consider:
  • a hydraulically connected lake district By integrating neighboring opencast mines, a hydraulically connected lake district can be created so that the water level of the lake district can be lowered or raised together.
  • the storage lift of the different lakes can be set to different heights using locks or controllable slides, so that different types of use of the individual lakes or even small differences in the levels of the different lakes can be taken into account.
  • Rhine lies approx. 40 m above sea level and therefore around 60 [m] below the level of the fully filled Hambacher See according to previous planning.
  • the depth of the SeeEi installation in the Hambacher Rinne of (currently) 400 m is still 340 m below the Rhine. It has already been proposed to use water from the Rhine to fill Lake Hambach. If one were to build a large tunnel to the Rhine and at the same time reduce the area of Lake Hambach and make it about 60 m deeper, then Lake Hambach and the Rhine would be permanently hydraulically connected and both could serve together as the upper basin of the PSKW.
  • a strong hydraulic connection between the two receiving waters would buffer the level fluctuations, so that the level range of Lake Hambach could be smaller or at least not have to be extremely low for a long period of time.
  • Lake bottom 1 is initially dry, is freely accessible and can be worked on with large and heavy equipment.
  • Fig. 10 We can therefore make the PT bunkers accessible through a suitable route network 67 and, if necessary, also dig a deep shaft 5 down to the later bottom of the lake (cf. Fig. 11 ). Then you can provide a pipe 44 from a PT station 77 to the open lake 0, which serves to transport water, but no longer necessarily serves as access for maintenance and repairs.
  • a connecting pipe or an intermediate space 2 designed as a shaft 44 can be provided between the common pump/turbine/pump turbine 77 and the open sea 0.
  • the routes contain the power lines and access for material and personnel and - like in a mine - have one (or several) shafts 5 connected to the outside world ( Fig. 11 ).
  • a passable route 67 can be provided, which runs in the lake bottom 1 and connects the PT stations 77 with a central supply and/or people shaft 5.
  • the shaft 5 provides an external connection to one or more routes 67; In addition to a supply and personnel shaft, this can also be achieved through a steep but still passable tunnel tube. Instead of a shaft 5, access to the route network 67 can also run as a drivable and waterproof mountain road on the slope of the lake and be built in the dry long before the lake is flooded. Then it can also be used during the construction period of the PSKW system.
  • a PSKW system for example as in Fig. 10 shown, is already in operation and will now be expanded when the lake is full. This can be accomplished by lowering additional pressure vessels 30 onto the pressure vessels 3 already arranged on the ground.
  • self-sufficient pressure vessels 30 can be placed on the existing system in the already existing troughs (so to speak "epitaxially") ( Fig. 12 ).
  • the self-sufficient storage elements can first be combined on the top of the lower basin and led down to the route 67 in one or more places - for example using connecting pipes 44 of the existing system. It is advisable to prepare or carry out the electrical connection to route 67 during the “dry” installation of the storage system.
  • German open-cast lignite mine would have the potential to accommodate more than 10,000 cavity storage tanks as a sub-basin for a combined large-scale PKW. You may not want to wait long until the opencast mining is completed, then install the substructure and install all the hollow spheres, then fill the lake and then only put the PSKW into operation after many years.
  • the complex, pressure-resistant lower basin with its built-in pump turbines does not necessarily have to be operated with the entire water body of the recultivation lake as the upper basin.
  • any other available large or small basin at the upper edge of the opencast mine can be used for this purpose, as long as the hydraulic connection that will later be intrinsically provided by the lake is replaced by temporary pressure pipes 86 ( Fig. 13 ).
  • FIG. 19 shows the Hambach 100 opencast mine in a dry state before construction of the PSKW began.
  • a lower reservoir 83 (with hollow bodies) was at least partially built in the ground depression 100 and connected to a provisional upper reservoir 80 (interim lake/assembly lake) via pressure lines 86 (pipe connections during the assembly period).
  • the provisional upper reservoir 80 which is higher than the lower reservoir 83, is also located in the ground depression 100, in particular at the edge of the ground depression 100, and is separated from the rest of the opencast mine by a boundary 84 (dam/separation dam/basin wall).
  • the dam 84 can preferably be built on a contour line of the ground depression through the ground depression 100 (here the Hambacher Loch) in order to securely establish it.
  • the interim lake 80 can have the desired concave shape in terms of pressure and adapt nicely to the landscape.
  • the partially constructed lower reservoir 83 can already be used and/or tested in order to gain experience for the further construction of the lower reservoir 83.
  • the provisional upper reservoir 80 experiences a level increase.
  • the ground depression 100 can be flooded so that the lower reservoir remains on the ground and is covered by the artificially formed lake, which forms the final upper reservoir 300 with a level rise.
  • the pressure lines 86 to the interim lake 80 can be detached.
  • the interim lake 80 can be transformed into a recreational lake, which no longer has a level increase.
  • the top of the dam can be transformed into a waterfront promenade between Saltade 80 and Häsee 300, which is also popular for cyclists.
  • Fig. 22 shows an embodiment in which the boundary 84 is built all around in the ground depression at its edge, so that the provisional upper reservoir 80 (or possibly later the recreational lake) runs in a ring around the part of the ground depression in which the lower reservoir is built.
  • step (2) As an alternative to step (2), the lowest hollow body level could be installed using the floating method analogous to steps 3 to 7 after suitable preparation of the subsoil.
  • the channel can be divided into construction sections using earth walls (and/or other suitable construction site facility measures).
  • the pump turbines of the systems already installed are available for emptying and filling (see above).
  • ball diameter The diameter of a hollow ball is limited by the dimensions of the manufacturing yard and by restrictions on transport from the yard to the docking point.
  • the Rhine water can first be pumped up to the level of the inlet of the pressure pipelines in the interim upper basin 80. It can also make sense to install an inlet to the pressure pipes 86 laid in an open construction method from the outset at the level of the Rhine, which would be around 60 [m] below the later level of the recultivation lake (see above). You could also design the interim upper basin from the outset so that it has the necessary depth at the appropriate point.
  • the hollow spheres are designed specifically for the external pressure of the water column of the (later) lake.
  • An analog internal pressure that is theoretically possible via the pressure pipe in interim operation cannot occur if - as intended - the hollow sphere is operated without an enclosed air cushion and when filling with water, the inlet valve of the turbine closes just before 100% filling; Then only the pressure of the local amount of water prevails in the sphere and there is no pressure shock.
  • the hollow sphere is therefore in interim operation In particular, it is not subjected to tension (inside to outside) by the uncompensated water pressure from the pipeline, but rather acts hydraulically more like an open basin.
  • the pressure vessels 3 arranged in the bottom recess 100 can also be designed as tubular pressure vessels 30 (storage tube elements).
  • the tubular pressure vessels 30 have a circular cross section and are arranged vertically next to one another in the bottom recess in such a way that they form a single plane in which the pressure vessels 30 are arranged in the closest spherical packing (see Fig. 17 ). No further levels are provided in this example.
  • the pressure vessels 30 are connected via pressure lines 6 to common pump turbines 77, which are connected (via a valve 78) to connecting pipes 44 ', 44 that lead to the sea.
  • connecting pipes 44 water-carrying pipes from Obersee to the turbine
  • the vertical connecting pipes 44 to the sea can in turn lead to the pump turbines 77 via horizontal connecting pipes 44 ', which may run underground.
  • the pump turbines can each be arranged in a walk-in and/or drive-in supply shaft 67 below the subsoil 110.
  • a concrete substructure 68 can be provided in which the supply shaft 67 or several such shafts 67 run (substructure with turbines, valves, cables, etc.).
  • Fig. 17 shows a top view of the tubular pressure vessels 30 and connecting pipes 44 arranged between them to the sea, in which the arrangement in the closest spherical packing can be clearly seen.
  • Several, in particular adjacent, vertically arranged tubular pressure vessels are operated as a pressure vessel group via a common pump turbine 77.
  • the pressure vessels 30' form a group
  • the pressure vessels 30" form a group
  • the pressure vessels 30' form a group, each of which is operated via a common pump turbine 77 and is connected to the sea via a common connecting pipe 44.
  • a pump turbine unit for supplying nine storage pipes 30', 30", 30".
  • Each storage pipe in the example is approximately 300m high (height h) and has an outer diameter of 30m and an inner diameter of 25m.
  • 600 turbines of 200 kW each can produce 120 gigaW of power over 13 hours, meaning such a system alone can supply the whole of Germany with electricity for a full day.
  • the amount of water per second would then be 60,000 m 3 per second. If the area of the flooded lake is 40 km 2 , the water area of the lake will sink approximately 1 mm per second or 50 m per day.
  • evaporation from the reservoir can be reduced by using a floating cover if no body of water is available for refilling.

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EP20740552.3A 2019-07-10 2020-07-06 Verfahren zur errichtung eines pumpspeicherkraftwerks in einer bodenvertiefung, insbesondere in einer tagebaugrube Active EP3997329B1 (de)

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DE102021004099A1 (de) 2020-04-30 2021-11-11 Gerhard Luther Pumpspeicherkraftwerk mit einem von einer Ringstaumauer umschlossenen Speicherbecken
DE102021002150A1 (de) 2021-04-23 2022-10-27 Gerhard Luther Pumpspeicherkraftwerk mit variabler Parallel-Serienschaltung von Pumpturbinen zur Ausschöpfung eines hohen Speicherbeckens
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AU2020312166B2 (en) 2023-12-07
EP3997329C0 (de) 2023-11-15
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DE102019118725A1 (de) 2021-01-14
WO2021005016A1 (de) 2021-01-14
PL3997329T3 (pl) 2024-05-06
EP3997329A1 (de) 2022-05-18
CA3147761A1 (en) 2021-01-14

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