EP3994283A2 - Method of testing for specific organisms in an individual - Google Patents
Method of testing for specific organisms in an individualInfo
- Publication number
- EP3994283A2 EP3994283A2 EP20849772.7A EP20849772A EP3994283A2 EP 3994283 A2 EP3994283 A2 EP 3994283A2 EP 20849772 A EP20849772 A EP 20849772A EP 3994283 A2 EP3994283 A2 EP 3994283A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- individual
- microbiome
- stool sample
- patient
- dna
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6888—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms
- C12Q1/689—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms for bacteria
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/70—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving virus or bacteriophage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Definitions
- the human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome is a complex, interconnected web of microbes, living in a symbiotic relationship with their host. There are greater than ten times more bacteria in our bodies than there are human cells, all in a delicate and ever-changing balance to maintain a healthy GI tract. When this balance is disrupted, a condition known as dysbiosis, or disease, can occur. There is still a debate over whether dysbiosis is a cause of disease or a symptom of it. Naturally, since the microbiome has such a profound impact on human health, including helping us digest food, make vitamins, and teach our immune cells to recognize pathogens, there is a desire study and learn as much about the microbiome as possible.
- the present invention is directed to my method of testing for specific organisms in an individual.
- the method comprises the steps of: a) screening the individual; b) acquiring a stool sample from the individual; c) processing the stool sample to obtain the individual’s microbiome; d) sequencing the microbiome of the individual; and e) analyzing the microbiome of the individual to determine whether one or more specific organisms are present in the individual, whereby a health condition of the individual is determined.
- step b) comprises providing the individual with a stool sample collection kit.
- the stool sample collection kit can comprise a) at least one stool sample collection vial; b) at least one toilet accessory; c) at least one specimen bag; d) at least one pair of gloves; e) an authorization form; f) a patient information card; g) a questionnaire; and h) stool sample collection instructions.
- step b) comprises acquiring the stool sample from the individual via colonoscopy.
- the one or more specific organisms of step e) can comprise one or more of the following: Acinetobacter baumannii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteriodes fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bifidobacterium adolescent, Blastocystis hominis, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, Campylobacter jejuni,
- Candida albicans Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium sporgesse, Crptococcus neoformans,
- Escherichia coli Fusobacterium nucleatum, Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter pylori,
- Klebsiella pneumoniae Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Neisseria meningitides, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
- Rhodobacter sphaeroides Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus mutano,
- Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes, Toxoplasma gondii, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Bacteria X.
- step e) is an assay that tests for the following organisms:
- Acinetobacter baumannii Actinomyces odontolyticus, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteriodes fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bifidobacterium adolescent, Blastocystis hominis, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, Campylobacter jejuni,
- Candida albicans Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium sporgesse, Crptococcus neoformans,
- Escherichia coli Fusobacterium nucleatum, Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter pylori,
- Klebsiella pneumoniae Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Neisseria meningitides, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
- Rhodobacter sphaeroides Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus mutano,
- Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes, Toxoplasma gondii, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Bacteria X.
- step e) comprises comparing the microbiome of the individual to a microbiome of a mother of the individual.
- step e) comprises comparing the microbiome of the individual to a microbiome of a sibling of the individual.
- step e) comprises comparing the microbiome of the individual with a health condition to a microbiome of another individual with the same health condition.
- step e) comprises comparing the microbiome of the individual with a health condition to a microbiome of the individual before the individual had the health condition.
- the method can further comprise step f) after step e), storing the processed stool sample in a freezer.
- the present invention is directed to a method of determining whether an individual has a health condition.
- the method comprises the steps of: a) acquiring a stool sample from the individual; b) processing the stool sample to obtain the individual’s microbiome; c) sequencing the microbiome of the individual; and d) analyzing the microbiome of the individual to determine whether one or more specific organisms are present in the individual, whereby the health condition of the individual is determined.
- the health condition is selected from the group comprising: C. difficile infection,
- ME/CFS Fatigue Syndrome
- Psoriasis Chronic Urinary tract infection
- Ulcerative Colitis Ulcerative Colitis
- Diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome Constipation, Eczema, Acne, Fatty liver, Myasthenia gravis, and Gout.
- Step b) can comprise the steps of:
- the one or more specific organisms of step d) can be selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter baumannii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteriodes fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus,
- Clostridium beijerinckii Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium sporgesse, Crptococcus neoformans, Cutibacterium acnes, Deinococcus radiodurans, Enterobacter cloacae,
- Lactobacillus plantarum Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Neisseria meningitides, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Proteus mirabilis,
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus mutano, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Toxoplasma gondii, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Bacteria X.
- FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method of testing an individual for specific organisms having features of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a stool collection kit having features of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is top plan view of the stool collection kit of FIG. 2, wherein the contents have been removed from the box;
- FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the number of various mycobacterium found in the samples.
- FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the biodiversity of mycobacterium in healthy patients versus patients with Crohn’s Disease of Example 1 ;
- FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of the mycobacterium of patient 12 compared to patient 12’s biological mother (patient 11) of Example 1;
- FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of mycobacterium of patient 2 compared to patient 2’s biological mother (patient 1) of Example 1;
- FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the mycobacterium of patient 10 versus patient 10’s biological mother (patient 9) of Example 1;
- FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 12 and patient 12’s biological mother (patient 11) of Example 1;
- FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 12 and patient 12’s biological mother (patient 11) of Example 1;
- FIG. 11 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 2 and patient 2’s biological mother (patient 1) of Example 1;
- FIG. 12 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 2 and patient 2’s biological mother (patient 1) of Example 1;
- FIG. 13 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 14 and patient 14’s biological brother (patient 6) of Example 1;
- FIG. 14 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 10 and patient 10’s biological mother (patient 9) of Example 1 ;
- FIG. 15 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 16 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 17 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 18 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 19 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 20 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 21 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 22 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 1 and patient 1's biological mother of Example 1;
- FIG. 23 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 12 and patient 12’s biological mother (patient 11) of Example 1;
- FIG. 24 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 2 and patient 2’s biological mother of Example 1;
- FIG. 25 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 14 and patient 14’s biological brother of Example 1;
- FIG. 26 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 12 and patient 12’s biological mother of Example 1;
- FIG. 27 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 28 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 29 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease of Example 1;
- FIG. 30 is a flow chart of a method of testing an individual that was infected with
- FIG. 31 is a series of graphs depicting whole genome alignment of SARS-CoV-2 in patients of Example 12.
- the present invention is a method of testing an individual for specific organisms.
- the method comprises five main steps: screening 100 the individual, acquiring 102 a stool sample from the individual, processing 104 the stool sample to obtain the individual’s microbiome, sequencing 106 the microbiome of the individual, and analyzing 108 the microbiome of the individual to determine whether specific organisms are present in the individual.
- the individual typically undergoes the following: signing of the consent form, providing their medical history and demographics, having their vital signs taken/read, providing their height and weight, and providing the staff with a list of their prior and concomitant medications.
- Concomitant medications include any form of antibiotics, probiotics, or opiates.
- the step of acquiring a stool sample can either involve the stool sample collection kit 200 or a colonoscopy.
- the stool sample collection kit 200 is shown in
- Figures 2 and 3 and comprises: at least one stool sample collection vial 202, optionally the vial 200 contains a spoon, at least one toilet accessory or seat cover 204, at least one specimen bag 206, at least one pair of gloves 208, an authorization form 210, a patient information card 212, a questionnaire 214, and stool sample collection instructions 216.
- the toilet accessory 204 is in the form of a circular strip of paper that slips over the toilet seat and creates a raised platform on which to provide the voided stool sample.
- the stool sample collection instructions 216 are as follows: (1) Correctly position the toilet accessory (i.e. toilet cover) over the toilet seat and put on disposable latex gloves.
- the stool sample is then processed and the microbiome analyzed.
- the following equipment is utilized: centrifuges, pipettes, thermocycler, fluorometers, vortexers, refrigerators/freezers, and a sequencing system (for example, an IlluminaNextSeq 550 Sequencing System).
- the step of processing the sample includes extracting and purifying patient DNA from the sample. Individual patient DNA is extracted and purified with a DNA extraction kit.
- a DNA extraction kit can be used.
- the DNA extraction kit isolates both microbial and host genomic DNA from stool and gut samples.
- the stool samples are added to a bead beating tube for rapid and thorough homogenization
- Cell lysis occurs by mechanical and chemical methods.
- Total genomic DNA is captwed on a silica membrane in a spin-column format. DNA is then washed and eluted from the membrane and ready for NGS, PCR and other downstream application.
- the fluorometer can be a dual-channel fluorometer for nucleic acid quantitation.
- the assay of the present invention is designed to detect all bacteria, viruses, and fungi that reside in the microbiome of the stool samples being evaluated.
- the assay utilizes an enzymatic reaction to fragment the DNA and to add adapter sequences.
- Library fabrication includes tagmentation, tagmentation clean-up, and an amplification step followed by another clean-up prior to pooling and sequencing.
- DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- the BLT and TB1 are brought up to room temperature. Then, the BLT and TB1 are brought up to room temperature. Then, the BLT and
- TB1 are vortexed to mix.
- DNA input can be utilized. [0077] Next, the appropriate volume of nuclease-free water is added to the DNA samples to bring the total volume to 30 microliters.
- the BLT is vortexed vigorously for 10 seconds.
- 11 microliters of BLT and 11 microliters of TB1 are combined for each sample, creating a tagmentation mastermix.
- the tagmentation master mix is vortexed and the volume is equally divided into an 8-tube strip.
- the plate is sealed with Microseal 'B' and placed on a thermo cycler preprogrammed with the TAG program.
- the thermo cycler has a heated lid at 100°C and reaction volume set to 50 microliters.
- thermo cycler has a heated lid at 100°C.
- the PTC program is shown in Table 2: [0087]
- the plate is removed from the thermo cycler and placed on a magnetic stand. The plate is left on the magnetic stand for about 3 minutes (as long as it takes for the solution to clear).
- TWB TWB is added.
- the sample should be pipetted slowly until the beads are fully re-suspended.
- TWB TWB is added.
- the sample should be pipetted slowly until the beads are fully re-suspended.
- PCR mastermix is vortexed and centrifuged.
- the plate is removed from the magnetic stand and 40 microliters of PCR mastermix are immediately added directly onto the beads in each sample well.
- the mastermix is immediately pipetted until the beads are fully re-suspended.
- the plate is sealed and a plate shaker is used at 1600 rpm for 1 minute.
- the plate is sealed with a Microseal 'B' and centrifuged at 280 x g for 3 seconds.
- 10 microliters of index adapters are added to each sample in the plate. The plate is then centrifuged at 280 x g for 30 seconds.
- the midi plate is vortexed and the SPB is inverted multiple times to re- suspend.
- the plate is then sealed and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.
- the second midi plate is sealed and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.
- the second midi plate is placed on the magnetic stand and it takes about 5 minutes for the solution to dear.
- EtOH are added to the plate, without mixing. The plate is then incubated for 30 seconds.
- the second midi plate is removed from the magnetic stand and about 32 microliters of RSB is added to the beads. [00121] The second midi plate is then re-suspended and incubated for about 2 minutes at room temperature.
- DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- the bioinformatics pipeline utilizes a computational tool that profiles the microbial communities from metagenomic sequencing data with species level resolution
- Patient microbiome profiles are analyzed to ascertain not only the profile of microbes in patient samples but also to identify specific strains, and provide accurate estimation of organismal abundance relative to the overall diversity
- the microbiome the individual patient is screened using the assay of the present invention, as noted above.
- Clostridium sporgesse [00150] 18.Crptococcus neoformans *(fungi)
- the step of analyzing the microbiome of the individual can include the following: comparing the microbiome of the individual to the microbiome of the individual’s mother, comparing the microbiome of the individual to the microbiome of a sibling of the individual, comparing the microbiome of the individual with a health condition to the microbiome of another individual with same health condition, and comparing the microbiome of the individual with a health condition to the microbiome of the individual before they acquired the health condition (otherwise referred to as baseline versus non- baseline).
- the above recited steps of acquiring a stool sample, processing the stool sample, and sequencing the microbiome of the individual are performed at least twice - once before the individual acquires a health condition (known as a baseline) and at least once after the individual acquired the health condition. This is necessary so that the baseline microbiome can be compared to the microbiome when the individual is suffering from a health condition.
- the steps of acquiring a stool sample, processing the stool sample, and sequencing the microbiome of the individual are performed for a third time, after the individual has overcome the health condition, to confirm that the individual is healthy again.
- the assay shown above was tested on multiple individuals, the following organisms were detected as part of the assay: Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridioides difficile,
- Escherichia coli The most abundant organism was Bacteroides fragilis (8.10%), and the mean abundance of the detected organisms was 2.87%. The total number of reads in the sample was 26,012,172.
- Verrucomicrobia at 0.00%, Ascomycota at 0.00%, Candidatus Saccharibacteria at 0.00 %,
- Bacteriodes uniformis at 56.89% Bacteriodes fragilis at 8.10%
- Bacteriodes stercoris at 5.35% Bacteroides stercoris C AG: 120 at 4%
- Clostridiales bacterium at between 4% and 3.3%
- Parabacteriodes merdea at 3.32%
- Faecalibacterium prausnitzil at 2.58%
- Alistipes putredinis at 1.32%
- the present invention also comprises a screening kit or assay that screens for the above listed 48 organisms.
- a screening kit or assay that screens for the above listed 48 organisms.
- different diseases and conditions can be determined, such as: Autism, Crohn’s disease, Chronic Urinary Tract Infections,
- Clostridoides difficile infection Obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, Psoriasis, Dietary Impact,
- a biological child of a mother is initially bom with the same microbiome of the mother;
- Toxoplasma gondii is a commonality found within patients with Crohn’s
- Clostridium difficile is present in everyone and Clostridium difficile generic testing is better than what is currently being utilized to test for Clostridium difficile;
- High clostridiums bacteroides and staphylococcus are a marker of Celiac sprue.
- CD Crohn’s Disease
- Shotgun Sequencing is a laboratory technique for determining the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. The method involves breaking the genome into a collection of small DNA fragments that are sequenced individually. A computer program looks for overlaps in the DNA sequences and uses them to place the individual fragments in their correct order to reconstitute the genome.
- patient stool samples were collected utilizing collection vials.
- DNA quantification the DNA was normalized and the library was prepared. This process utilized the shotgun workflow wherein the samples underwent tagmentation, purification, amplification and indexing, followed by a final purification step.
- Samples libraries were then normalized and combined to create a library pool which was quantified and appropriately diluted to the final loading concentration to be sequenced on the appropriate DNA sequencing system/machine.
- FASTQ files were then pushed through the bioinformatics metagenomics pipeline with patient specific endpoint readouts profiling each individual’s unique microbiome.
- the bioinformatics pipeline utilized a computational tool that profiled the microbial communities from metagenomic sequencing data with species level resolution. Patient microbiome profiles were then analyzed to ascertain not only the profile of microbes in the patient samples but also to identify specific strains, and provide accurate estimation of organismal abundance relative to the overall diversity.
- patient specific microbiome profiles were aligned and compared to their medical records and other patient provided information for further analysis and interpretation.
- Table 4 documents organisms that were discovered in each of the 19 patient samples.
- the first row of Table 4 contains the Patient ID numbers, which are represented throughout the Figures and Tables.
- Table 5 shown below, documents the total numbers of the different species of bacteria/organisms present in all 19 patient samples combined. The data documented in Table
- Table 6 documents the mycobacterium found in the samples.
- Figure 5 is a graphical representation of the biodiversity of mycobacterium in healthy patients versus patients with Crohn’s Disease.
- Figure 6 is a graphical representation of the mycobacterium of patient 12 compared to patient 12’s biological mother (patient 11).
- Figure 7 is a graphical representation of mycobacterium of patient 2 compared to patient 2’s biological mother (patient 1).
- Figure 8 is a graphical representation of the mycobacterium of patient 10 versus patient 10’s biological mother (patient 9).
- Figure 9 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 12 and patient 12’s biological mother (patient 11).
- Figure 10 shows a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 12 and patient 12’s biological mother (patient 11).
- Figure 11 shows a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 2 and patient 2’s biological mother (patient 1).
- Figure 12 shows a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 2 and patient 2’s biological mother (patient 1).
- Figure 13 shows a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 14 and patient 14’s biological brother (patient 6).
- Figure 14 shows a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 10 and patient 10’s biological mother (patient 9).
- Figures 15, 16 and 17 are graphical representations of common microbes found in patients with Crohn’s disease.
- Figure 18 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease.
- Figure 19 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease.
- Figure 20 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease. [00245] Table 17, shown below, documents common organisms found in patients with
- Figure 21 is a graphical representation showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease.
- Figure 22 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 1 and patient l’s biological mother.
- Figure 23 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 12 and patient 12’s biological mother (patient 11).
- Figure 24 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 2 and patient 2’s biological mother.
- Figure 25 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 14 and patient 14’s biological brother.
- Figure 26 is a graphical representation of a comparison of the microbiome between patient 12 and patient 12’s biological mother
- Figure 27-29 are graphical representations showing common organisms found in patients with Crohn’s disease.
- Example 2 Chronic Urinary Tract Infection
- UMIs urinary tract infections
- the symptoms of a lower urinary tract include frequent and/or urgent need to urinate, dysuria, soreness in the lower abdomen, back, or sides, pain on urination, need to urinate at night, and urine that is discolored potentially with a foul odor. If the infection is in the kidneys it can be life threatening.
- There are many proposed causes of chronic UTIs however some studies have indicated that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome may play a role.
- the objective of this example is to analyze the microbiome of patients with chronic UTIs to look for similarities in relative abundance of microbes and groups of microbes.
- Example 1 The same procedure noted above for Example 1 was performed on 30 individuals suffering from chronic urinary tract infection.
- Clostridoides difficile is a gram-positive spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium which can cause severe illness. Infection with C. difficile frequently occurs following antibiotic use, suggesting that dysbiosis, or an imbalance of the microbiome of the gut, could play a major role in the development of infection.
- the obectvie of this example is to correlate conditions in the microbiome which could contribute to, or be the result of, infection with C. difficile.
- Example 2 The same procedure noted above for Example 1 was performed on 30 individuals suffering from Clostridoides difficile infection. The following are criteria for moderate to severe Clostridoides difficile infection:
- Obesity is associated with myriad sequelae including type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and many others. These frequently lead to a shortened lifespan. There is a strong positive correlation between weight loss and reduction of risk for these conditions.
- BMI Body Mass Index
- Example 1 The same procedure noted above for Example 1 was performed on 30 individuals suffering from obesity.
- AD Alzheimer’s disease
- Alzheimer’s disease The characteristic brain lesions, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, cause progressive loss of cognitive function.
- the gut may play a major roll in this process. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome can lead to systemic inflammation, which may in turn compromise the blood brain barrier, and lead to neuroinflammation and damage to neurons.
- the objective of this example to determine whether a specific microbe is present in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. [00277] The same procedure noted above for Example 1 was performed on individuals suffering from Alzheimer’s disease.
- Psoriasis is a long-term skin autoimmune disease which causes patches of red, itchy, scaly skin. These patches can be small and localized or widespread. Plaque Psoriasis is the most common type, accounting for 90% of cases. The most commonly affected areas are the forearms, skins, naval area, and scalp. While it is thought that genetics may play a role in the development of Psoriasis, early sequencing studies of the gut microbiome of Psoriasis patients have found the relative abundance of certain microbes to be altered in Psoriasis patients. Thus, the balance of the microbiome may play an important role in Psoriasis development and treatment. The objective of this example to evaluate the similarities in the gut flora of different individuals with psoriasis and difference when compared to healthy individuals.
- Example 1 The same procedure noted above for Example 1 was performed on 30 individuals suffering from psoriasis.
- ASD Autism spectrum disorders
- ASDs include verbal and nonverbal communication impairments, qualitative impairments in social interaction and the presence of maladaptive routines, repetitive behaviors and atypical interests or fixations. Comorbidity with at least one gastrointestinal symptom occurs in almost half of all children with ASD. The degree of severity of gastrointestinal symptoms strongly correlates to the degree of autism symptom severity. While some studies have identified specific microbes or families of microbes found to be perturbed in patients with
- ASD evidence supporting positive impacts of altering the microbiome of individuals with
- ASD is in the very early stages. In one small study of oral vancomycin, short term improvement was seen with the majority of subjects, hinting at the strength of the gut-brain axis in the severity of ASD symptoms.
- the objective of this example is to evaluate the similarities in the gut flora of different individuals with autism and differences when compared to healthy individuals.
- Example 1 The same procedure noted above for Example 1 was performed on 30 individuals suffering from autism.
- Example 8 Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- CFS Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Encephalomyelitis or ME/CFS
- ME/CFS Encephalomyelitis
- the objective of this example is to evaluate the similarities in the gut flora of different individuals with ME/CFS and differences when compared to healthy individuals.
- Example 9 The Role of Diet
- the human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome is a complex, interconnected web of microbes, living in a symbiotic relationship with their host. There are greater than ten times more bacteria in the human body than there are human cells, all in a delicate and ever- changing balance to maintain a healthy GI tract. When this balance is disrupted, a condition known as dysbiosis, disease can occur. There is still a debate over whether dysbiosis is a cause of disease or a symptom of it. Naturally, since the microbiome has such a profound impact on human health, including helping humans digest food, make vitamins, and teach their immune cells to recognize pathogens, there is a desire to study and learn as much about the microbiome as possible.
- connections may begin to be drawn between organisms present in the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract, and disease. This is accomplished by comparing the answers of survey questions to disease states in participants. For example, if there is one particular microbe in patients with Crohn’s disease, the data suggest that this microbe could play a role in the cause or progression of this disease. More importantly, only microbial activity within a family can be compared. The microbiome is passed on from mother to child therefore it makes sense to compare microbiome of mother and child to understand better the microbiome.
- microbiome Much like fingerprints, no microbiome is identical therefore, in order to understand a disease, it is preferred to look at the microbiome of a parent compared to a child or in an individual at baseline of healthy compared to a disease state.
- the objective of this example is to evaluate the similarities in the gut flora of different individuals with similar diet.
- Example 1 The same procedure noted above for Example 1 was performed on 30 individuals with similar diet.
- COVID-19 is caused by a novel betacoronavims (SARS-CoV-2) that is thought to have originated in bats in the city of Wuhan, China. This disease has rapidly spread to become a worldwide pandemic.
- SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavims
- This disease has rapidly spread to become a worldwide pandemic.
- scientists have identified the molecular structure of the spike glycoproteins on the surface of the virus, which are what allow the virus to “stick” to its target, in this case the human lung.
- the virus has a very similar sequence and structure to the
- SARS coronaviruses with the exception of the receptor binding domain Within a specific loop domain of the binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2, there is a change which replaces two proline residues with two flexible glycine residues, converting a rigid structure to something much more flexible, which is thought to facilitate stronger binding to the human host cell
- the ACE2 receptor is present in the lungs, however, it is also present in the intestine, kidneys, and testis. Thus, there is concern that the intestines could be a reservoir for the virus, and that the virus could be transmitted by the fecal oral route, in addition to transmission by aerosols. It is critically important that patient stools be tested to determine if this is happening.
- the procedure for this example is as follows.
- the first step was collection of a
- NP and OP oropharyngeal swabs were collected according to CDC protocol. Synthetic fiber swabs with plastic shafts were used. NP swabs were collected by insertion of a swab into the patient’s nostril parallel to the palate. The swab is left in place a few seconds to allow it to absorb secretions. OP swabs were collected by inserting the swab into the mouth without touching the tongue, cheek, or uvula. The tip of the swab was touched to the area around the tonsils and twisted five times to collect sufficient secretions for testing.
- RNA quantification After RNA quantification, the RNA was normalized and library fabrication was executed. This workflow included RNA fragmentation, first and second strand cDNA synthesis, adenylation, adapter ligation, and amplification
- Samples libraries were normalized to create a library pool which is quantified and appropriately diluted to the final loading concentration to be sequenced on the appropriate sequencing system/machine.
- bioinformatics pipeline utilized computational tools that profiled the microbial communities from metagenomic sequencing data with species level resolution. Patient microbiome profiles were analyzed to ascertain not only the profile of microbes in patient samples but also to identify specific strains, and provide accurate estimation of organismal abundance relative to the overall diversity.
- Figure 30 is a flow chart of the method of sequencing the microbiome of an individual recovering from COVID-19 infection.
- the method comprises the basic steps of providing an individual that had been infected with COVID-19300; providing a stool sample from the individual 302; analyzing the microbiome of the individual 304; and freezing the stool sample from the individual for future use 306.
- the objective of this example is to investigate the microbiome of individuals suffering from the following diseases or health conditions: C. difficile infection, Obesity,
- ME/CFS Mems syndrome
- MS Multiple Sclerosis
- ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Parkinson Parkinson’s disease
- Depression depression
- Anxiety Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Migraine headaches, Diabetes mellitus, Lupus, Epidermolysis, Metastatic mesothelioma, irritable bowl syndrome (IBS)
- Example 1 The same procedure noted above for Example 1 was performed on at least 100 individuals suffering from each disease or health condition listed above.
- SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 MN90847.3
- SARS-CoV-2 positive samples were further analyzed for mutational variants that differed from the reference genome.
- 12 also had their nasopharyngeal swabs tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR.
- Table 24 documents the symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 testing results.
- the mean read depths of SARS-CoV-2 for patients 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, and 12 were 1129.8x, 31.7x, 318.6x, 1924.6x, 1206.7x, 15.5x,
- CoV-2 genome for each patient are captured in Figure 31.
- Table 25 documents the enrichment NGS metrics.
- Codex s bioinformatics pipeline to identify mutational variations. This analysis identified nucleotide variants at positions nt241 (C ® T) and nt23403 (A ® G) across all positive patients, and variants at positions nt3037 (C ® T) and nt25563 (G ® T) in seven of the eight patients (Table 3). Interestingly, patients 8, 11, and 12 harbored the same set of variants, as did patients 4 and 6 (who were kindreds). Unique variants not identified in any of the other individuals were detected in patients 1, 3, 6, and 10, with patient 3 harboring the most distinct
- CoV-2 was detected by whole genome enrichment NGS.
- Table 26 documents the SARS-CoV-2 genomic positions, variant changes, and frequencies across the positive patient cohort.
- Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive- sense RNA viruses.
- the total length of the genome is 30 Kb, consisting of a 5 ’-terminal noncoding region, an open reading frame (ORF) la/b-coding region, an S region encoding the spike glycoprotein (S protein), an E region encoding the envelope protein (E protein), an M region encoding the membrane protein (M protein), an N region encoding the nucleocapsid protein (N protein), and a -3 ’-terminal noncoding region.
- ORF open reading frame
- the poly protein encoded in the ORFla/b region of the nonstructural protein can be cut by 3CLpro and PLpro of the virus to form RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and helicase, which guides the replication, transcription, and translation of the virus genome.
- the M and E proteins are involved in the formation of the envelope, while the N protein is involved in assembly.
- the spike protein binds to the receptor of the host cell and confers specificity for viral invasion into susceptible cells.
- Figure 31 is a series of graphs depicting whole genome alignment of SARS-CoV-
- the x-axis depicts the genomic coordinates as aligned to the MN908947.3 reference genome, and the y-axis represents the read depth at specific loci.
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