EP3953083A1 - Procede de stereolithographie pour fabriquer une piece en cuivre presentant une faible resistivite - Google Patents
Procede de stereolithographie pour fabriquer une piece en cuivre presentant une faible resistiviteInfo
- Publication number
- EP3953083A1 EP3953083A1 EP20716527.5A EP20716527A EP3953083A1 EP 3953083 A1 EP3953083 A1 EP 3953083A1 EP 20716527 A EP20716527 A EP 20716527A EP 3953083 A1 EP3953083 A1 EP 3953083A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- resin
- copper
- acrylate
- atmosphere
- heat treatment
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/0037—Production of three-dimensional images
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
- B22F1/103—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing an organic binding agent comprising a mixture of, or obtained by reaction of, two or more components other than a solvent or a lubricating agent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/10—Formation of a green body
- B22F10/12—Formation of a green body by photopolymerisation, e.g. stereolithography [SLA] or digital light processing [DLP]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/1017—Multiple heating or additional steps
- B22F3/1021—Removal of binder or filler
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
- B29C64/124—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/165—Processes of additive manufacturing using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/20—Post-treatment, e.g. curing, coating or polishing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
- B33Y70/10—Composites of different types of material, e.g. mixtures of ceramics and polymers or mixtures of metals and biomaterials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D135/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical, and containing at least another carboxyl radical in the molecule, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D135/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D4/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond ; Coating compositions, based on monomers of macromolecular compounds of groups C09D183/00 - C09D183/16
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
- G03F7/0047—Photosensitive materials characterised by additives for obtaining a metallic or ceramic pattern, e.g. by firing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
- G03F7/027—Non-macromolecular photopolymerisable compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds, e.g. ethylenic compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/62—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by chemical means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2201/00—Treatment under specific atmosphere
- B22F2201/01—Reducing atmosphere
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2201/00—Treatment under specific atmosphere
- B22F2201/50—Treatment under specific atmosphere air
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2505/00—Use of metals, their alloys or their compounds, as filler
- B29K2505/08—Transition metals
- B29K2505/10—Copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/08—Metals
- C08K2003/085—Copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/001—Conductive additives
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the invention relates to a BD printing method, and in particular to a stereolithography method, for manufacturing a copper part.
- the invention is particularly advantageous since it makes it possible to obtain dense parts, of complex and / or structured shape, with a very high degree of purity and therefore low resistivity without increasing the production costs.
- the invention finds applications in many industrial fields, and in particular in the field of energy since copper has high thermal (385 W / mK) and electrical (59.6 x 106 S.nr 1 ) properties. With such a method, it is possible to design new geometries, for example, to manufacture heat exchangers, or electrical converters.
- the invention also relates to a paste for making copper parts by stereolithography.
- the paste makes it possible, in particular, to obtain parts free from cracks, which is particularly advantageous in the context of the manufacture of massive copper parts.
- Metal additive manufacturing is mainly represented by powder bed fusion technologies: powder bed laser fusion (or LBM for "Laser Beam Melting") or powder bed electron beam fusion (or EBM for “Electron Beam Melting”).
- powder bed laser fusion or LBM for "Laser Beam Melting”
- powder bed electron beam fusion or EBM for “Electron Beam Melting”.
- the laser / material interactions are not effective to manufacture dense parts in particular for copper, a very good thermal conductor and reflective material, it is therefore necessary to develop specific machines (laser emitting in the green 520 nm at instead of 1064 nm).
- SLA stereolithography
- the polymer confers sufficient mechanical strength on the part during its manufacture. This polymer is then removed thermally, los of a debinding step, then the part is consolidated by sintering.
- the thermal cycles of debinding and sintering of metals are carried out mainly under vacuum, or under argon, to avoid the oxidation of copper.
- the formulation may, for example, contain as precursor of an acrylate resin 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), as reactive diluent of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) and as photoinitiator dimethoxy phenylacetophenone (DMPA).
- HDDA 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate
- TMPTA trimethylolpropane triacrylate
- NNP N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
- DMPA photoinitiator dimethoxy phenylacetophenone
- a first heat treatment for debinding is carried out under vacuum at 600 ° C.
- the electrical resistivity of the sintered part is 200-300 nOhm.m (i.e. more than 10 times that of pure copper), which may result from carbon contamination and / or the presence of high porosity.
- paste compositions containing the precursors of an acrylate resin and a metal powder are studied. It is indicated that it is preferable to carry out the debinding step under vacuum to limit the stresses causing swelling and cracks. This step can be carried out under a reducing gas sweep to remove carbon residues. It is possible to provide for an additional treatment of dosage of carbonaceous residues in the presence of an atmosphere containing oxygen, carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide in a controlled manner to avoid oxidation of the metal particles because the oxidation of particles can induce differential shrinkages and therefore stresses and strains. It is also indicated that the sintering step can be carried out under a neutral atmosphere (argon or nitrogen), in a reducing atmosphere or even under vacuum.
- argon or nitrogen argon or nitrogen
- the debinding step is carried out under a primary vacuum (from 10 2 to lOmbar) for 40 hours and the sintering step is carried out in the presence of argon or under secondary vacuum (10 6 to 10 4 mbar ).
- a primary vacuum from 10 2 to lOmbar
- secondary vacuum 10 6 to 10 4 mbar
- This object is achieved by a method of manufacturing a copper part by BD printing, in particular by stereolithography, comprising the following successive steps:
- a paste layer comprising a powder of copper particles, one or more photopolymerizable precursors of a first resin, a photoinitiator and, optionally, an optical additive,
- the first atmosphere being an oxidizing atmosphere containing at least 10% by volume of an oxidant, such as dioxygen, and the second atmosphere being a reducing atmosphere.
- the invention differs fundamentally from the prior art by the implementation of a debinding step under an oxidizing atmosphere associated with the implementation of a sintering step under a reducing atmosphere.
- low carbon content is meant a carbon content of less than 0.1% by mass, and preferably less than 0.05% by mass, and even more preferably less than 0.02% by mass.
- low oxygen level is meant an oxygen level less than
- the quantity of dioxygen is zero or controlled so as to avoid oxidation of the metal particles. Unburnt carbon residues of resin therefore remain in the part.
- the material obtained with such processes is therefore not a pure metal but a metal / ceramic or metal / C composite. They do not have both low carbon and low oxygen levels.
- the debinding step is carried out in an atmosphere rich in oxidant (greater than 10% by volume).
- oxidant greater than 10% by volume
- the part obtained has obtained a low resistivity and very good mechanical strength.
- the organic matrix (resin, photopolymerizable precursor) present in the paste decomposes strongly or completely during the first heat treatment, by formation and degassing of CO or CO2.
- the level of oxygen present in the room, obtained at the end of the first heat treatment, is lowered by the second heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere.
- reducing atmosphere an atmosphere containing dihydrogen.
- Dihydrogen can be used alone or as a mixture with a so-called neutral gas, such as argon or nitrogen.
- copper is meant that the particles consist of copper. Impurities may optionally be present (typically the impurities represent less than 0.2% by mass).
- the process for manufacturing a copper part is simple to implement, and does not require precise control of the quantity of oxygen. The part obtained is more homogeneous.
- the stereolithography-type elaboration process makes it possible to develop parts of varied and complex shapes.
- the manufacture of copper parts by SLA does not involve a step of mixing different powders.
- the first atmosphere contains at least 15% by volume, and preferably at least 20% by volume of dioxygen.
- the first heat treatment is advantageously carried out in air, which considerably simplifies the process.
- the first heat treatment is carried out at a temperature ranging from 300 ° C to 800 ° C.
- the debinding temperature T d depends on the binders used.
- the first heat treatment is carried out for a period ranging from 2 hours to 7 hours.
- the second heat treatment is carried out at a temperature ranging from 980 ° C to 1080 ° C, and advantageously, from 980 ° C to 1075 ° C.
- the copper sintering temperature is specific, it depends on the powder preparation method, the particle size and the adjuvants that can be added.
- the second heat treatment is carried out for a period ranging from 1 hour to 7 hours, and preferably for a period ranging from 1 hour to 4 hours.
- the lengthening of the duration of the sintering and / or the increase of the sintering temperature not only makes it possible to reduce the quantity of oxygen present in the part but also to obtain a more dense part.
- step a2) is carried out with a laser or by digital light processing (DLP).
- DLP digital light processing
- the paste comprises a tetrafunctional acrylate, a bifunctional acrylate, and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone.
- the tetrafunctional acrylate is ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate and the bifunctional acrylate is ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate.
- the copper powder represents at least 35% by volume of the paste, and preferably from 35% to 65% by volume.
- the proportion of powder of copper particles relative to the resin will be adjusted as a function of the desired mechanical properties of the composite material.
- the volume percentages are understood here and below relative to the total volume of the dough.
- the copper particles have a larger dimension less than 45 ⁇ m, and preferably less than 25 ⁇ m.
- the optical additive is chosen from silica, a polythiophene, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polypropylene, and a second resin, previously crosslinked and ground.
- the addition of one of these additives to the paste makes it possible to obtain pastes with good reactivity (ie a reactivity of less than 30 s, or even less than 2 s depending on the nature of the optical additive), which makes it possible to compete, in terms of rate, the SLM type processes, while avoiding the aforementioned drawbacks of the SLM process.
- the invention also relates to a paste, for use in a stereolithography process for making a copper part, comprising:
- an optical additive chosen from silica, a polythiophene, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polypropylene, and a second resin, previously crosslinked and ground, the photopolymerizable precursors being a tetrafunctional acrylate and a bifunctional acrylate and the photoinitiator being 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone.
- the tetrafunctional acrylate is ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate and the bifunctional acrylate is ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate.
- Such a paste is particularly advantageous for the production of parts, in particular solid parts, since the parts obtained do not have or very few cracks.
- the paste is obtained by mixing in particular the photopolymerizable precursors of the resin, which are viscous, or liquid, and the copper powder, which ensures perfect homogeneity of the mixture.
- the powders handling steps are reduced and the ecological and health risks associated with their handling are limited.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the thickness of different layers of paste, loaded with copper particles, crosslinked at 365nm as a function of the exposure time for different paste compositions, according to particular embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 2 represents a part in flood of copper 30 * 30mm 2 produced by SLA, according to a particular embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3a and 3b represent a green copper part (with photocrosslinked resin), respectively, before debinding, and after debinding in air and sintering under hydrogen, according to another particular embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 represents an optical image in section of a part after debinding in air and sintering under H2 with a density of 94.5%, according to another particular embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d are photographic images of parts obtained according to different embodiments of the method of the invention.
- Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a copper part by three-dimensional printing.
- the method comprises at least the following successive steps:
- Shaping of a part by stereolithography the shaping being carried out by:
- a paste layer comprising a copper powder, a photopolymerizable resin, a photoinitiator, and optionally, an optical additive and / or a reactive diluent,
- steps a1) and a2) photopolymerizing the photopolymerizable precursor (s) of the first resin so as to form the first resin, steps a1) and a2) forming a cycle which can be repeated several times,
- the part is shaped, in step a), by stereolithography, that is to say it is obtained by successive polymerization of several layers of paste.
- the paste comprises the copper powder, one or more photopolymerizable precursors of a first resin (also called polymeric binder or organic binder), one or more photoinitiators (or photoinitiators) and, optionally, an optical additive.
- the paste is viscous, or even possibly liquid, and its constituents are advantageously distributed in a homogeneous manner.
- the copper powder represents at least 35% by volume to obtain a dense part after heat treatment.
- the powder represents from 35% to 65% by volume, and more preferably from 40% to 65% by volume, and even more preferably from 45% to 65% by volume of the paste. This percentage is also called the charge rate.
- charge rates lead to good distribution of the powder within the polymer, and to a sufficient quantity of precipitate, distributed homogeneously within the copper matrix.
- the particles forming the copper powder preferably have a diameter of less than 50 ⁇ m, for example 49 ⁇ m, even more preferably less than 45 ⁇ m, and even more preferably less than 30 ⁇ m.
- the particles have a diameter of less than 25 ⁇ m.
- the copper particles advantageously have a diameter greater than 5 ⁇ m, for example greater than or equal to 8 ⁇ m.
- the diameter of the particles ranges, for example, from 5 pm to 25 pm or even from 8 pm to 25 pm.
- the particles have, for example, a diameter of 8 pm, 14 pm or 24 pm.
- the size of the particles is smaller than the thickness of the layer formed during step a1).
- the particles are spherical in order, on the one hand, to give the resin better reactivity and, on the other hand, to have a final part having better compactness and a higher density.
- the copper particles are advantageously stored in a non-oxidizing atmosphere before being used.
- a chemical treatment can be implemented in order to remove the oxide layer which may form on the surface of the copper particles.
- Copper oxide has a high refractive index (2.6) compared to that of acrylate type resins (1.5). This difference in refractive index leads to competition between the absorption of UV light by the powder and the activation of the photoinitiators present in the formulation (and therefore the crosslinking of the acrylates). These phenomena therefore lead to a low reactivity of these charged resins. Copper, not oxidized, has a refractive index around 1.3621, close to resin.
- the paste comprises one or more precursors of the first resin.
- precursor is understood to mean monomers and / or oligomers and / or prepolymers leading to the formation of the polymer.
- monomers and oligomers of epoxy type also called “epoxy”
- epoxy type also called “epoxy”
- acrylate urethane acrylate
- polyether acrylate polyether acrylate modified with an amine
- epoxy acrylate or even polyester acrylate.
- a functional acrylate will be chosen, for example a urethane acrylate, a polyetheracrylate modified with an amine, an epoxyacrylate or else a polyesteracrylate, or a mixture of these. They contribute to the wetting of the resin on the particles.
- the paste comprises a tetrafunctional acrylate such as ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, and a bifunctional acrylate such as ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate.
- a tetrafunctional acrylate such as ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate
- a bifunctional acrylate such as ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate
- a tetrafunctional acrylate / bifunctional acrylate mass ratio ranging from 1 to 5 and, preferably, 2 to 4, for example 3.
- the addition of a bifunctional acrylate to a tetrafunctional acrylate makes it possible to lengthen the length of the crosslinked chains, to limit shrinkage and therefore obtain parts without cracks. With such proportions, it is possible to obtain so-called massive parts (typically having a thickness greater than 3 mm), perforated or not, such as, for example, cylinders.
- the paste also comprises a reactive acrylic-type diluent to adjust the viscosity and the degree of crosslinking.
- the reactive acrylic diluent can be a compound as defined in the following formula:
- R a polyvalent group, for example, of the hydrocarbon, polyalkylether, or alkoxylated polyol type
- M an integer, depending on the group R.
- the reactive diluent can be chosen from 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylglycoltriacrylate (TPGDA), propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate (GPTA).
- HDDA 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate
- TMPTA trimethylolpropane triacrylate
- TPGDA tripropylglycoltriacrylate
- GPTA propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate
- the paste further comprises one or more polymerization initiators (also called photoinitiators or photoinitiators).
- polymerization initiators also called photoinitiators or photoinitiators.
- the initiation of the polymerization of acrylates is obtained by the absorption of ultraviolet light.
- the initiators of acrylates are of the radical type and their choice is guided mainly by the wavelength of the light source which they must absorb.
- the UV range goes from a wavelength of 100nm to 450nm.
- UVCs make it possible to crosslink at the surface of materials
- UVB penetrates into the layer
- UVAs between 315nm and 400nm make it possible to crosslink a thick layer having, for example, a thickness greater than 20 ⁇ m and less than 20 mm.
- the light source has, advantageously, a wavelength fixed at 365nm.
- Photoinitiators suitable for acrylate-type precursors are of the family of acetophenones, alkoxyacetophenones or phenylacetophenones, such as 2,2'-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, also called DMPA (for example, Nrgacure 651 from IGM); from the family of alkylaminoacetophenones or morpholinobutyrophenones such as 2-Benzyl-2- (dimethylamino) -4'- morpholinobutyrophenone (eg, Irgacure 369 from IGM) or 2-Methyl-4'- (methylthio) -2-morpholinopropiophenone (eg, Irgacure 907 from IGM); or from the hydroxyalkylphenone family such as 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one (for example, Darocure 1173 from IGM). It can also be a phosphine-oxide derivative such as Ph
- the photoinitiator is 2,2'-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone.
- This photoinitiator leads to a more homogeneous crosslinking in the layer and to a lower crosslinking rate.
- the crosslinking continues with the temperature at the start of debinding, in a homogeneous manner and without forming a crack.
- the optical additive makes it possible to diffuse and / or reflect the light within the paste layer and therefore improve the reactivity of the resin.
- the optical additive is, for example, chosen from silica (S1O2), polysiloxanes, polythiophenes, a resin crosslinked and ground beforehand, polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol.
- the optical additive is polypropylene or a crosslinked and ground resin.
- the polypropylene can be chosen from the polypropylenes conventionally used for plastics processing techniques, such as injection.
- a polypropylene marketed under the name HP500N by the company Basel a polypropylene marketed by the company Borealis or even Propylmatte 31 from the company Micro Powders.
- Polypropylene can be functionalized. For example, it is functionalized with groups allowing better diffusion of the incident radiation.
- the optical additive when the optical additive is a polymer or a resin, it will be removed during the debinding step, which will improve the compactness, density and quality of the final part.
- polypropylene will be chosen which leaves very little carbonaceous residue after the debinding step.
- the polysiloxane is advantageously a wetting agent.
- the second resin is of the acrylate type. The second resin is easily removed during heat treatments.
- the optical additive represents from 0.1% to 20% by weight relative to the copper particles to have a dense part. Beyond 20%, after debinding and sintering, a porous part is obtained. With such proportions, the quantity of optical additive is sufficient to diffuse the light and the part obtained has a low porosity.
- the additive when the additive is in the form of particles, the latter preferably have dimensions smaller than that of the particles of the powder in order to limit the porosity in the final pieces in order to have dense pieces.
- the additive particles have a larger dimension at least two times smaller, and preferably at least ten times smaller, than the larger particle size of the copper powder.
- the optical additive particles have dimensions less than or equal to lOpm, for example of the order of l-2pm to limit the porosity of the final part or, for example, of the order of 8pm to have a slightly porous material.
- the optical additive particles Preferably, the optical additive particles have a larger dimension less than or equal to 2 ⁇ m. The final part obtained exhibits low porosity.
- Other elements can be added to the dough, such as a wetting agent, a rheology agent, etc.
- the different constituents are mixed to obtain a homogeneous loaded paste.
- the dough can be homogenized with a paddle mixer.
- the threshold behavior of the paste is advantageously of the Herschel Bulkley shear-thinning (n ⁇ l) or Bingham fluid type.
- the dough is easy to spread and viscous enough to form an even layer.
- the viscosity of the paste can be measured with a device of the plane-plane or cone-plane type.
- the viscosity is, for example, measured with an MCR300 rheometer.
- the viscosity can be adapted depending on the machine, for example by adding rheological agents and dispersants.
- the viscosity of the dough can be measured with a cone / plane head device CP50 / 1, having a distance between the plates of 100 pm, and by carrying out a pre-shearing of 3min to 2s 1 , then a rise in 5min with shear rates of 2 -200s 1 and return in 5min up to 2s 1 .
- the dough is prepared at room temperature (20-
- the dough includes for example:
- optical additive optionally, from 0.1% to 10% and preferably from 0.5% to 1% by weight of optical additive
- the part is produced by forming a succession of layers of paste ranging from 10 pm to 200 pm, and preferably from 25 pm to 200 pm in thickness (step a1), photopolymerized for example with a laser or by digital light processing (or DLP for “Digital light Processing”) (step a2).
- step a2) is carried out under UV irradiation for a period of less than 30 s, preferably less than 10 s, and even more preferably less than 2 s.
- the layer of paste has a thickness ranging from 30 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m and the UV irradiation is carried out for a period of 0.5 s to 1 s.
- Parts formed by SLA can have complex shapes, with cavities of various sizes and shapes.
- the part can be shaped, by stereolithography, at room temperature.
- the part obtained, at the end of the shaping by stereolithography, is solid, it comprises a first resin in which the copper powder is dispersed.
- the resin serves as a binder for the green part (also called green part) and ensures cohesion.
- This binder is then removed during the debinding step (step b), to obtain a debinding part, called a brown part, in the form of a copper skeleton.
- the part is sintered to obtain the final part.
- the first so-called debinding heat treatment is carried out in an oxidizing atmosphere containing at least 10% by volume, preferably at least 15% by volume and even more preferably at least 20% by volume, of an oxidizing element.
- the oxidizing element is preferably in gaseous form.
- the oxidizing element can be dioxygen, carbon monoxide or even carbon dioxide. These molecules are introduced in sufficient quantities to be able to eliminate the carbonaceous residues.
- the oxidizing atmosphere is, for example, a gas mixture containing the oxidant and one or more other gases, for example argon and / or nitrogen.
- the oxidizing atmosphere can contain several oxidants, for example, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- the oxidizing atmosphere is air.
- the first heat treatment is advantageously carried out at atmospheric pressure (approximately 1 bar).
- the first heat treatment applied to the part formed of copper particles dispersed in the resin is advantageously carried out with low temperature ramps (less than or equal to 3 ° C / min, for example of the order of 1 ° C / min. min, or even less than 0.1 ° C / min) to prevent any damage to the part and the appearance of cracks.
- Such a rise in temperature is advantageously carried out over a range of 50 ° C. before the debinding temperature Td. It can also be carried out over a larger range, for example over a range, of 100 ° C, 200 ° C or even from room temperature (20-25 ° C) to debinding temperature.
- the debinding temperature is 400 ° C
- a slight rise in temperature such as for example a rise in temperature of 1 ° C / min, will be carried out from 350 ° C to 400 ° C. It is also possible to achieve a very low rise in temperature (for example 0.1 ° C./min) from ambient temperature (25 ° C.) to the debinding temperature.
- One or more temperature stages will advantageously be carried out before the debinding temperature T d .
- the duration of the stages is at least 30 minutes, preferably at least one hour, and even more preferably at least two hours.
- the stages can have different durations. For example, for a debinding temperature of 450 ° C., a first level can be carried out at 350 ° C. for 30 minutes and a second level can be carried out at 400 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the second heat treatment known as sintering is carried out under a reducing atmosphere, such as an atmosphere containing dihydrogen.
- a reducing atmosphere such as an atmosphere containing dihydrogen. This atmosphere makes it possible to reduce the quantity of oxygen present in the part at the end of the debinding step.
- the second heat treatment can be carried out at a partial pressure ranging from 50 to 800mbar.
- a temperature plateau is advantageously carried out at the sintering temperature Tf for a period of at least 30 minutes, and preferably at least one hour, and even more preferably for a period of at least two hours.
- debinding temperatures Td and sintering Tf will be defined by those skilled in the art as a function of the resins.
- the debinding temperature T d is in the range from 300 ° C to 800 ° C, preferably from 400 ° C to 700 ° C.
- the debinding temperature is generally determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) then the ramp cycle and time to mitigate is adjusted to limit cracking due to gas evolution of the binders.
- the sintering temperature T f is, for example, in the range going from 980 ° C to 1080 ° C, and advantageously from 980 ° C to 1075 ° C. Conventionally, the sintering temperature is evaluated by dilatometry.
- a downward temperature ramp is also produced.
- it is a temperature ramp of less than 5 ° C / min or according to a variant of a temperature ramp of 5 to 10 ° C / min.
- the copper particles used are sold by the company Ecka and have a particle size ⁇ 45 ⁇ m.
- the formulations developed exhibit a viscosity greater than 5 Pa.s at 100 s 1 with a threshold behavior.
- the manufacture of various copper parts was carried out by stereolithography, DLP (“digital light Processing”) type, by depositing a first thin layer of paste on a support and by polymerizing this layer in one or more zones. chosen by the action of an appropriate radiation generally UV radiation. On this first layer is then deposited a second layer, also partially or totally polymerized. These paste deposition / polymerization cycles are repeated until all of the polymerized parts form the desired part in the green state.
- DLP digital light Processing
- FIG. 2 represents a piece of copper of 30 * 30mm 2 produced by SLA, by depositing layers of paste of formulation 1 of 45 ⁇ m in thickness for a crosslinking time per layer of 0.6 s.
- Parts were manufactured by carrying out a debinding heat treatment at 400 ° C for 4 hours under different atmospheres (under vacuum, under hydrogen, under argon, with Ar / C> 2 mixtures and under air), then by carrying out a step of sintering under hydrogen at 980 ° C. for 4 h.
- the copper particles represent 60% by volume of the paste.
- the carbon and oxygen content of the different parts was measured by elemental analysis (Instrumental Analysis of IGA Gases). The results are given in the following Table I:
- the debinding atmosphere plays a key role in the carbon content in the final part. In air, this rate is very low (0.019% by mass) whereas, for other conditions, it is on average 0.385% by mass, which is 20 times higher.
- the carbon content for a part debonded in air approximates the carbon content of the starting copper powder.
- Table II lists the carbon content and the oxygen content measured for parts obtained with a first heat treatment of debinding in air and a step of sintering under dihydrogen at 400 mbar for different times and different temperatures.
- FIG. 3A represents a piece of green copper, before sintering.
- FIG. 3B represents the same part after debinding in air and sintering under hydrogen.
- Table III lists the carbon and oxygen levels measured for parts obtained with a first heat treatment of debinding, in air at 400 ° C for 4 hours, and a sintering step, under hydrogen at 980 ° C for 4 hours for them. 4 formulations previously described.
- Parts made from the different formulations have low levels of lightweight elements.
- the carbon content is similar to that of the initial copper powder.
- Parts made with this process using formulations 1, 2, B and 4 are shown, respectively, in Figures 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d.
- the parts have good mechanical strength. More particularly, formulation 4 results in a part having good mechanical strength and free of cracks. In addition, formulation 4 does not provide phosphorus, which results in a part having good thermal and electrical properties. In particular, the thermal conductivity of the part is identical to that of the initial pressed and sintered powder.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1903937A FR3094903B1 (fr) | 2019-04-12 | 2019-04-12 | Procede de stereolithographie pour fabriquer une piece en cuivre presentant une faible resistivite |
| PCT/EP2020/060326 WO2020208231A1 (fr) | 2019-04-12 | 2020-04-10 | Procede de stereolithographie pour fabriquer une piece en cuivre presentant une faible resistivite |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP3953083A1 true EP3953083A1 (fr) | 2022-02-16 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20716527.5A Withdrawn EP3953083A1 (fr) | 2019-04-12 | 2020-04-10 | Procede de stereolithographie pour fabriquer une piece en cuivre presentant une faible resistivite |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20220193765A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3953083A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP7553463B2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3094903B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2020208231A1 (fr) |
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| CN116550998B (zh) * | 2023-04-23 | 2025-08-05 | 北京科技大学 | 光固化间接增材制造金属铜异形件的方法及金属铜异形件 |
| EP4523816A1 (fr) * | 2023-09-12 | 2025-03-19 | Linde GmbH | Procédé de déliantage dans la fabrication additive par projection de liant |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| FR2811922B1 (fr) | 2000-07-20 | 2003-01-10 | Optoform Sarl Procedes De Prot | Composition de pate chargee de poudre metallique, procede d'obtention de produits metalliques a partir de ladite composition, et produit metallique obtenu selon ledit procede |
| DE102005058118A1 (de) * | 2005-11-29 | 2007-06-06 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen keramischer Bauteile, insbesondere Gussformen |
| JP2009075307A (ja) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-04-09 | Toray Ind Inc | 感光性導電ペースト |
| JP5288758B2 (ja) | 2007-09-28 | 2013-09-11 | Jsr株式会社 | 光造形用光硬化性組成物、金属造形物及びその製造方法 |
| US20180318922A1 (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2018-11-08 | Innomaq 21, S.L. | Method for the economic manufacturing of metallic parts |
| CN109535330A (zh) | 2018-11-21 | 2019-03-29 | 华南农业大学 | 一种dlp 3d打印用光敏树脂 |
-
2019
- 2019-04-12 FR FR1903937A patent/FR3094903B1/fr active Active
-
2020
- 2020-04-10 JP JP2021559867A patent/JP7553463B2/ja active Active
- 2020-04-10 US US17/602,968 patent/US20220193765A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2020-04-10 EP EP20716527.5A patent/EP3953083A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2020-04-10 WO PCT/EP2020/060326 patent/WO2020208231A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2022528719A (ja) | 2022-06-15 |
| FR3094903A1 (fr) | 2020-10-16 |
| WO2020208231A1 (fr) | 2020-10-15 |
| US20220193765A1 (en) | 2022-06-23 |
| FR3094903B1 (fr) | 2021-05-14 |
| JP7553463B2 (ja) | 2024-09-18 |
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