EP3908742A1 - Vanne hydraulique - Google Patents
Vanne hydrauliqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3908742A1 EP3908742A1 EP19700460.9A EP19700460A EP3908742A1 EP 3908742 A1 EP3908742 A1 EP 3908742A1 EP 19700460 A EP19700460 A EP 19700460A EP 3908742 A1 EP3908742 A1 EP 3908742A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- rod
- zone
- sleeve
- valve
- socket
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M47/00—Fuel-injection apparatus operated cyclically with fuel-injection valves actuated by fluid pressure
- F02M47/02—Fuel-injection apparatus operated cyclically with fuel-injection valves actuated by fluid pressure of accumulator-injector type, i.e. having fuel pressure of accumulator tending to open, and fuel pressure in other chamber tending to close, injection valves and having means for periodically releasing that closing pressure
- F02M47/027—Electrically actuated valves draining the chamber to release the closing pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/0014—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means
- F02M63/0015—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means electrical, e.g. using solenoid
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/0014—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means
- F02M63/0028—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means hydraulic
- F02M63/0029—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means hydraulic using a pilot valve controlling a hydraulic chamber
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/0031—Valves characterized by the type of valves, e.g. special valve member details, valve seat details, valve housing details
- F02M63/0043—Two-way valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/007—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of the groups F02M63/0014 - F02M63/0059
- F02M63/0073—Pressure balanced valves
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hydraulic valve and more particularly to the valve of a diesel fuel injector.
- a solenoid valve which opens or closes a leakage channel, thereby enabling pressure to be controlled in a control chamber.
- Said solenoid valve comprises a rod sliding in a socket mounted tight in a bore provided in the body of the valve, a magnetic armature being fixed at one end of the rod.
- Said leakage channel opens into an annular groove surrounding the sleeve limiting the tightening of the latter to the end zones of the bore situated on either side of this annular groove.
- the sleeve is drilled radially so that a hole allows pressurized fuel to pass from the groove inside the sleeve.
- the rod In the sleeve, the rod is guided along a guide zone extending between said radial hole and the end of the sleeve opposite to the magnetic frame.
- the pressurized fuel deforms the bushing and the rod and moves it radially so that the latter approaches the bushing or even comes into frank contact and thus prevents correct operation of the valve and injector.
- DE 10 2016 000 350 describes an injector control valve with a socket in which slides a rod at one end of which is fixed a magnetic armature. The opposite end of the rod comes out of the sleeve and slides into an annular base spaced axially from the sleeve, forming an axial fuel supply space.
- the rod includes an annular groove which, in the closed state, is located in the annular base: the valve is closed.
- the armature is attracted by the solenoid
- the rod moves and the annular groove is positioned in the axial space, this is the open position.
- An internal channel extends in the rod from the annular groove to the free end face of the rod (opposite the frame). In the open position, the fuel therefore enters the rod or level of the annular groove which is in the axial space, and is discharged through the end face of the rod.
- EP 2 620 632 discloses an injector control valve comprising a socket in which slides a rod at one end of which is fixed a magnetic armature.
- the sleeve is mounted tight in a bore provided in the valve body.
- the socket has two projecting end bearings, thus forming an annular space with the bore between two clamping zones.
- a radial hole is provided in the bushing to allow pressurized fuel to pass from the annular space inside the bushing.
- the rod extends over only part of the so-called guide zone extending between the radial hole and the end of the sleeve opposite the magnetic frame.
- the rod comprises on its guide part two annular grooves.
- the present invention aims to remedy the drawbacks mentioned above by proposing a hydraulic valve for controlling a fuel injector, the valve comprising a body provided with a bore in which a tubular sleeve is clamped, a valve stem being guided slidingly in the socket.
- the sleeve extends between a first end and a second end and is clamped in the bore in a first clamping zone and a second clamping zone, said zones being located at opposite ends of the sleeve. Said zones are separated by an annular space provided in the bore and surrounding the socket in which, in use, high pressure fuel arrives and passes inside the socket through a hole passing through the socket, said through hole being arranged in the vicinity of the first clamping zone.
- the valve stem extends between a first end opening out from the first clamping area and a second end opening out from the second clamping area, and is guided in the sleeve along a guide area extending between the second end of the sleeve and said through hole.
- the pressurized fluid deforms the bush and moves the rod radially so that said guide zone comprises a convergence zone of length LC in which the forces acting on the rod tend to refocus it in the socket, this convergence zone being proximal to the through hole and, a divergence zone of length LD in which the forces acting on the rod tend to offset it, this divergence zone being proximal to the second end of the socket .
- the two zones meet along a separation line located in the second clamping zone.
- the bush and the rod are configured so that the functional sliding clearance defined between them is increased in the divergence zone, the increase in clearance being at a distance between LD / 3 and 2LD / 3 from said line of separation.
- This annular groove provided in the convergence zone is advantageously positioned at a distance greater than LC / 2 from the separation line, for example in certain variants at a distance greater than or equal to 3LC / 4.
- this annular groove makes it possible to minimize the friction linked to the formation of a deposit on the rod, while retaining the maximum recentering force.
- the increase in the functional clearance is achieved by a reduction in the cross section of the rod or / and by an increase in the cross section of the bush.
- the rod and / or the sleeve is provided with an annular groove defining said increase.
- the rod and / or the sleeve is provided with a shoulder marking the start of said increase.
- the rod and / or the sleeve is provided with a truncated cone defining said increase.
- the invention also covers a fuel injector in which a control valve produced according to the preceding lines is arranged between an actuator holder and an injection nozzle.
- Figure 1 is an axial section of a fuel injector, as well as a zoom on the injector control valve.
- Figure 2 (A, B, C, D, E) is an axial section of a prior art control valve, similar to that of Figure 1, along with test and modeling results.
- FIG. 3 presents a modeling and a 3D view of a valve stem according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 4 presents a 3D model and view of a valve stem according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 5 presents a modeling and a 3D view of a valve stem according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 presents a modeling and a 3D view of a valve stem according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1A A fuel injector 10 forming part of the injection system of an internal combustion engine is shown in FIG. 1A in axial section along a longitudinal axis X.
- the injector 10 comprises a control valve 12 held tight by a nut d injector 14 between an actuator holder 16 and an injection nozzle 18.
- the injector includes a high pressure (HP) circuit 20 and a return circuit 22.
- HP high pressure
- the HP circuit 20 has a main channel running through the injector from an inlet mouth to injection holes and, a branch branch allowing the supply of a control chamber 24.
- a passage restriction known by its English acronym NPO, creating a pressure drop between the upstream and downstream, the branch branch extending from the upstream of the NPO towards the control chamber 24.
- the return circuit 22 departs from said control chamber 24 to extend to an outlet.
- this return circuit 24 are arranged another restriction, known by the acronym SPO, and the control valve 12 which opens or closes said circuit.
- control valve 12 more easily detailed by FIGS. 1B and
- FIG. 2 A comprises a cylindrical body 26 extending along the longitudinal axis X between a first transverse face 28, or upper face, arranged against the injector holder and, a second transverse face 30, or lower face, arranged against the nozzle injection, the HP circuit 20 extending in an eccentric zone of the body 26 and comprising the NPO arranged in the vicinity of the lower face 30.
- the return circuit 22 comprises a hydraulic bore 32 extending along the longitudinal axis X from a blind bottom 34, close to the underside 30, to an opening 36 located in the center of the bottom 38 of a recess 40 s opening more widely in the upper face 28.
- an annular groove 42 surrounding said bore 32 is provided in the body, the groove 42 separating a first clamping zone ZS1 situated between the groove 42 and the opening 36 and, a second clamping zone ZS2 situated on the other side of the groove, at the bottom of the bore, between the groove 42 and a lower limit 48 situated before said blind bottom 34.
- a bushing 50 having a cylindrical tubular wall kept clamped in the two clamping zones ZS1, ZS2, the groove 42 then defining an annular space surrounding the bushing, space into which the said return channel opens.
- the sleeve 50 extends into the bore from a first end 52 flush with the bottom 38 of the recess to a second end 54 located at the lower limit 48 of the second clamping zone.
- the sleeve is provided with holes 56 passing through the wall and creating a permanent fluid connection between the annular space of the groove and the interior of the sleeve.
- the valve 12 further comprises a rod-armature assembly comprising a generally cylindrical rod 58 inserted and crimped in the center of a magnetic armature 60 in the form of a disc.
- the rod 58 is slidably mounted in the socket 50 and extends from a first end 62 emerging in the recess and to which the magnetic armature 60 is fixed to a second end 64 flush with the second end 54 of the socket .
- the rod 58 is guided against the inner face of the sleeve along a guide zone ZG located towards the bottom of the bore between the opening of the through holes 56 and the second end 54 of the sleeve.
- the rod 58 and the sleeve 50 cooperate to define a hydraulic seat 68 and, between this seat 68 and the guide zone ZG, in the part facing the through holes 56, the rod 58 is thinned.
- Step 1 A coil arranged in the actuator holder 16 is not supplied and, a valve spring arranged in the heart of the coil pushes the rod 58 into the closed position of the seat 68 and closes the return circuit 22.
- the HP fuel enters the control chamber where the pressure increases pushing the needle to a position preventing fuel injection.
- Step 2 The coil is powered and generates a magnetic field which attracts and moves the armature 60 and thereby opens the seat 68.
- the fuel can then leave the control chamber successively passing through the hollow hemisphere, the SPO, the return channel, the groove 42, the hole (s) 56 to exit through the seat 68 in the recess 40 before flowing in the return circuit as far as an outlet mouth.
- FIG. 2B, 2C illustrate a particular case of a valve whose guide zone is 3 mm long. This valve is representative and lessons can be applied to other valves with other dimensions.
- FIG. 2B is a graph of the guide zone ZG marked on the abscissa from an origin "0" located in the vicinity of holes 56 to an end of zone ZG "3 mm" located at the second end 54 of the sleeve .
- On the ordinate are reported the profile of the rod 58 and, the conical profile of the inner face 51 of the sleeve.
- FIG. 2B represents the situation without pressure.
- Figure 2C illustrates the same abscissa and ordered these deformed during operation.
- the functional clearance J passes through a minimum identified by a line M around the abscissa 2 mm, this minimum separating a zone of convergence ZC situated between the origin and this minimum clearance and a zone of divergence ZD situated beyond between this minimum M and the end of the zone.
- Figure 2D is a modeling of the rod in use, deformed by the fuel pressure but also radially displaced, an edge of the rod therefore being closer to the internal face of the sleeve than the diametrically opposite edge.
- the radial displacement is made in the direction indicated by the arrow L so that the upper edge AS (in the direction of the figure) is closer to the sleeve than the opposite lower edge AI.
- This deformation-and-displacement of the rod generates an unequal distribution of pressures along but also around the rod, said pressures generating on the rod non-axisymmetric radial forces generating a torque tending to deform the rod. From the origin (on the left in figure 2D) at the end of the rod (on the right) the pressure undergone by the rod decreases constantly, the extreme zones being both dark.
- the darkest zone (high pressure) is greater on the upper edge AS than on the lower edge AI, this difference in size of the zones of high pressures resulting in forces which tend to push back the rod of the sleeve and therefore to refocus this zone of convergence ZC in the sleeve.
- the dark zone is larger (this time the dark zone indicates a zone of low pressure) on the upper edge AS than on the lower edge AI, this difference in size of the zones of low pressures resulting in forces which tend to decenter this zone of divergence ZD when approaching it from the socket.
- the opposing forces applied to the rod create a torque that deforms the rod or displaces it so that it is biased.
- FIG. 2E illustrates on a graph having the same abscissa from 0 to 3mm the variation of the pressures P, measured in bar on the ordinate.
- the curves of the upper edge AS and of the lower edge AI evolving from a high value equal to the origin until canceling out together at the end of the zone ZG, but between these extreme points the curves separate so that, on the upper edge AS, the pressure is higher in the zone of convergence ZC and is lower in the zone of divergence ZD which generates these forces of recentering or offsetting.
- the functional clearance J is artificially increased in the ZD divergence zone.
- this increase in functional clearance J is achieved by means of an annular groove 70 produced in the zone of divergence ZD of the rod.
- FIG. 4 A second embodiment is shown and analyzed in FIG. 4 (A, B, C), the increase in functional clearance J being achieved by clearly reducing the diameter of the end of the rod 58 from a shoulder 72 located, as in the first embodiment at a distance from the limit M of between LD / 3 and 2LD / 3, the final part 74 of the rod located beyond this shoulder 72 being too far from the sleeve to be significantly influenced by the pressure differences.
- FIG. 4B clearly indicates that in the zone of divergence ZD the forces balance and decrease until they cancel out more quickly than in the case of the groove in FIG. 3.
- An isometric view of the rod and reinforcement is presented in FIG. 4C making it possible to see the shoulder 72 and the stepped diameter of the part 74 at the end of the rod.
- FIG. 5 A third embodiment is shown and analyzed in FIG. 5 (A, B, C), the increase in functional clearance J being achieved by decreasing
- FIG. 5B clearly indicates that in the zone of divergence ZD the forces cancel each other from the start of the zone ZD.
- An isometric view of the rod and frame is presented in FIG. 5C allowing the conical part 76 to be seen at the end of the rod. It has been noted that for good alignment of the rod, it is advantageous to also modify the configuration of the convergence zone. Two scenarios are described below: they relate to compensation for the offset due to the mechanical force of the spring (variant 1); and the appearance of a deposit (variant 2).
- FIG. 6 A fourth embodiment of the invention is presented in FIG. 6 (A to E) and in which the rod 58 provided at its second end 64 with a reduced stepped diameter 74, similar to the second embodiment previously presented and shown in FIG. 4 is further provided in the convergence zone ZC with an annular groove 78.
- the forces applied to the rod are not exclusively due to pressure differences in the functional clearance J between opposite edges AS, AI.
- the valve spring for example, which is compressed at the heart of the coil and which constantly pushes the rod towards the closed position of the seat 68, does not push exactly along the longitudinal axis X.
- the direction and intensity of the offset thrust force varies during operation. While the two steps 1 and 2 previously presented succeed and repeat the spring compresses and relaxes at high frequency which varies the direction of the force it applies to the rod and the latter tends to set at an angle in the socket. It then appeared that the forces generated in the ZC convergence zone were reversed and, rather than creating a torque of centering / decentering force between the ZC zones,
- the rod was only subjected to the influence of diverging forces which tended to press the rod against the bushing and then to block the operation of the valve 12.
- the arrangement of the annular groove 78 in the area of convergence ZC, close to the line M has the effect of moving the rod away from the wall of the bushing and therefore equalizing the pressures around the rod and therefore the forces applied to it.
- FIG. 6A This equalization of pressures and forces is clearly shown in FIG. 6A where the different pressures are marked indicated by symmetrical gray areas of equal width at the level of the upper edge AS and at the level of the lower edge AI. This is also reflected in the pressure graph in FIG. 6B where the curves representing the pressures on the edges opposite AS, AI, are almost confused resulting in zero radial forces.
- the length LC is approximately 2 mm and therefore LC / 3 is a distance of approximately 0.66 mm.
- Figures 6C and 6D show the profiles of the sleeve and the rod according to the fourth embodiment without pressure (6C) and under pressure (6D). Under pressure, the sleeve and the rod always deform but always remain at a distance from each other.
- annular groove of the annular groove type 78 of FIG. 6A
- the annular groove is placed at a distance greater than LC / 2 from the separation line (M).
- Such an annular groove has the effect of minimizing friction and while retaining the maximum recentering force.
- a particularly desirable position of the groove is greater than or equal to 3LC / 4.
- valve stem which comprises, in the guide zone, two increases in functional clearance:
- the annular groove in the convergence zone is placed according to the indications of variant 1 or of variant 2. It is also possible to envisage a combination of the two grooves, variants 1 and 2) in the convergence zone.
- the symmetrical arrangements in which the groove 70 of the first mode, or the shoulder 72 and the stepped diameter 74 of the second mode or the conical part 76 of the third mode, is produced in the socket, and no longer in the rod, has a similar effect of increasing the functional clearance J and equalizing the radial forces in the zone of divergence ZD.
- the combination of the embodiments is also possible, in which part of the increase in clearance J is produced in the rod via a groove, a cone or a stepped diameter and, a complementary part is produced, opposite, in the socket. via another groove, another cone or another stepped diameter, a groove capable of facing another groove or a cone or a stepped diameter.
- FIGS. 6C and 6D also give dimensions, to be noted by way of example, for the valve presented in which the convergence zone ZC has a length LC of 2 mm and, the zone of divergence ZD has a length LD of 1 mm.
- the groove 78 has a width of 0.5 mm and is 0.5 mm, ie LC / 4 of the limit M and, in the divergence zone ZC the shoulder 72 being 0.5 mm from the limit M, i.e. LD / 2.
- FIG. 6E presents an isometric view of the armature and rod assembly produced according to the fourth embodiment.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/050464 WO2020143914A1 (fr) | 2019-01-09 | 2019-01-09 | Vanne hydraulique |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3908742A1 true EP3908742A1 (fr) | 2021-11-17 |
| EP3908742B1 EP3908742B1 (fr) | 2026-03-11 |
Family
ID=65019498
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19700460.9A Active EP3908742B1 (fr) | 2019-01-09 | 2019-01-09 | Vanne hydraulique |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3908742B1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR102679467B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN113498452B (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2020143914A1 (fr) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2620632A1 (fr) * | 2012-01-26 | 2013-07-31 | Delphi Technologies Holding S.à.r.l. | Vanne de contrôle |
| EP2960485A1 (fr) * | 2014-06-24 | 2015-12-30 | Delphi International Operations Luxembourg S.à r.l. | Vanne de controle |
| WO2016062639A1 (fr) * | 2014-10-20 | 2016-04-28 | Delphi International Operations Luxembourg S.À R.L. | Injecteur de carburant |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011004186A1 (de) * | 2011-02-16 | 2012-08-16 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Kraftstoffeinspritzkomponente |
| DE102016000350A1 (de) * | 2016-01-15 | 2017-03-02 | L'orange Gmbh | Kraftstoffinjektor |
-
2019
- 2019-01-09 CN CN201980093399.3A patent/CN113498452B/zh active Active
- 2019-01-09 EP EP19700460.9A patent/EP3908742B1/fr active Active
- 2019-01-09 WO PCT/EP2019/050464 patent/WO2020143914A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2019-01-09 KR KR1020217024943A patent/KR102679467B1/ko active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2620632A1 (fr) * | 2012-01-26 | 2013-07-31 | Delphi Technologies Holding S.à.r.l. | Vanne de contrôle |
| EP2960485A1 (fr) * | 2014-06-24 | 2015-12-30 | Delphi International Operations Luxembourg S.à r.l. | Vanne de controle |
| WO2016062639A1 (fr) * | 2014-10-20 | 2016-04-28 | Delphi International Operations Luxembourg S.À R.L. | Injecteur de carburant |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of WO2020143914A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN113498452A (zh) | 2021-10-12 |
| EP3908742B1 (fr) | 2026-03-11 |
| KR20210110873A (ko) | 2021-09-09 |
| CN113498452B (zh) | 2023-08-08 |
| WO2020143914A1 (fr) | 2020-07-16 |
| KR102679467B1 (ko) | 2024-07-01 |
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