EP3895249A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un résonateur supraconducteur de type lc et résonateur supraconducteur ainsi obtenu - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'un résonateur supraconducteur de type lc et résonateur supraconducteur ainsi obtenuInfo
- Publication number
- EP3895249A1 EP3895249A1 EP19813538.6A EP19813538A EP3895249A1 EP 3895249 A1 EP3895249 A1 EP 3895249A1 EP 19813538 A EP19813538 A EP 19813538A EP 3895249 A1 EP3895249 A1 EP 3895249A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- resonator according
- techniques
- manufacturing
- type superconductive
- type
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P7/00—Resonators of the waveguide type
- H01P7/08—Strip line resonators
- H01P7/086—Coplanar waveguide resonators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P7/00—Resonators of the waveguide type
- H01P7/08—Strip line resonators
- H01P7/082—Microstripline resonators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G4/33—Thin- or thick-film capacitors (thin- or thick-film circuits; capacitors without a potential-jump or surface barrier specially adapted for integrated circuits, details thereof, multistep manufacturing processes therefor)
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G4/40—Structural combinations of fixed capacitors with other electric elements, the structure mainly consisting of a capacitor, e.g. RC combinations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P11/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing waveguides or resonators, lines, or other devices of the waveguide type
- H01P11/008—Manufacturing resonators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/01—Frequency selective two-port networks
- H03H7/0115—Frequency selective two-port networks comprising only inductors and capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N69/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one superconducting element covered by group H10N60/00
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
- G01J1/44—Electric circuits
- G01J2001/4413—Type
- G01J2001/442—Single-photon detection or photon counting
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G13/00—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing capacitors; Processes specially adapted for manufacturing capacitors not provided for in groups H01G4/00 - H01G11/00
- H01G13/06—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing capacitors; Processes specially adapted for manufacturing capacitors not provided for in groups H01G4/00 - H01G11/00 with provision for removing metal surfaces
Definitions
- TITLE METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING AN LC-SUBSCONDUCTIVE RESONATOR AND SUCH-CONDUCTIVE RESONATOR THUS OBTAINED
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a superconductive resonator of the LC type and as well as the superconductive resonator thus obtained to, inter alia, function as an electromagnetic wave detector.
- LC type superconducting resonators seem to be very efficient in detecting the primordial light emitted at the start of the expansion of the universe, probe the interstellar medium which is the seat of star formation, or study the physicochemical processes of planetary atmospheres including that of the Earth.
- millimeter photons that is to say having energies of the order of a milli-electronvolt
- superconductive materials having an excitation energy of the same order of magnitude, the latter, when they are used as microwave wave kinetic inductors (MKIDs)
- MKIDs microwave wave kinetic inductors
- MKIDs detectors are for example currently used in the NIKA project resulting from a collaboration between the Néel Institute and IRAM of Grenoble to probe the interstellar medium in the millimeter.
- MKIDs detectors consist of an inductive meander which plays the role of absorber of electromagnetic radiation, in parallel with an inter-digital capacity.
- the electrodes are made of aluminum, therefore subject to oxidation, which generates noise.
- inductive meander therefore means any inductance taking the form of a wire or ribbon unwound in a sinuous manner.
- the LC circuit thus obtained is coupled to a planar read line through which it is excited by the application of a microwave signal.
- the line is also used to measure the frequency and phase of the resonance.
- MKIDs detector describes such a MKIDs detector equipped with a planar inter digitized capacity (2D and not 3D).
- the operating principle of an MKID detector is as follows.
- the invention proposes to manufacture LC type superconductive resonators with a capacity without dielectric, and whose parallel electrodes are separated by vacuum .
- the empty space between the two electrodes must be sufficiently small, typically a few hundred, even a few tens, of
- the invention proposes for this purpose a method of manufacturing a superconductive resonator of the LC type and of the type comprising at least one high resistivity substrate on which an inductive meander is printed, a first so-called lower electrode and a second so-called upper electrode arranged opposite the first so as to form together a capacitor connected in parallel with the inductive meander, as well as inductive coupling means dedicated to said resonator, in which the following steps are carried out successively at least:
- the printing step E3 can lead to an aluminum layer of thickness varying from a few tens to a few hundred nanometers.
- the printing step E3 can lead to an aluminum layer of thickness less than 400 nm
- the simultaneous printing step E1 of the inductive meander and the lower electrode can be carried out by lithography techniques, preferably optical lithography followed by reactive ion etching, from a layer of titanium nitride (TiN) of the order of 60 nm in thickness previously deposited by PVD techniques, preferably sputtering techniques.
- lithography techniques preferably optical lithography followed by reactive ion etching
- TiN titanium nitride
- the printing step E2 can consist in producing a coplanar reading line of the order of 50 Ohms in niobium and of the order of 100 nm in thickness, by techniques. lithography, preferably optical lithography, followed by PVD deposition, preferably sputtering deposition, then definition by lift-off techniques.
- the printing step E3 of the aluminum layer can be carried out by lithography techniques, preferably optical lithography, followed by PVD deposits, preferably by sputtering deposits, then by definition by lift-off techniques.
- the printing step E4 can lead to the production of the upper electrode in a material chosen from the list defined by (TiN, TaN, NbN) by the techniques of
- the printing step E4 can lead to the production of the upper TiN electrode by the
- the dissolution step E5 can be carried out by immersion of the resonator in a developer consisting of a basic solution of pH greater than 10.5 containing, preferably, ammonia or else tetra-methyl-ammonium hydroxide, for a period of between 20 and 60 minutes.
- the step E4 of printing the upper electrode can lead to the formation of an upper electrode constituted by N micro-bridges in parallel and connected at their respective ends by two ribbons. According to still other characteristics, during steps E1, E3, E4, it is possible to print a plurality of lower electrodes and of electrodes.
- the invention also relates to a superconductive resonator of the LC type and of the type comprising at least one high resistivity substrate on which an inductive meander is printed, a first so-called lower electrode and a second so-called upper electrode arranged opposite the first of so as to form together a capacitance connected in parallel with the inductive meander, as well as RF coupling means dedicated to said resonator, in which the first so-called lower electrode and the second so-called upper electrode are substantially parallel and separated by an empty space according to a distance varying from a few tens to a few hundred nanometers.
- the first so-called lower electrode and the second so-called upper electrode may be substantially parallel and separated by an empty space over a distance less than 400 nm, preferably less than 150 nm, even more preferably between 40 and 70 nm.
- the substrate can be chosen from the list defined by high resistivity silicon substrates and sapphires 2 inches in diameter and 330 ⁇ m thick, quartz, silicas, silicon carbides.
- the inductive meander and the lower electrode can be engravings of titanium nitrides (TiN) with a thickness of between 40 and 80 nm, preferably of the order of 60 nm.
- the coupling means can constitute a coplanar reading line etched on the substrate, of 50 Ohm and made of niobium (Nb), with a thickness of between 80 and 150 nm, preferably of the order of 100 nm.
- the upper electrode can consist mainly of a material chosen from the list defined by (TiN, TaN, NbN) by lithography techniques, preferably optical lithography, followed by PVD deposits, preferably deposits by sputtering, then by definition by lift-off techniques with a thickness between 350 and 550 nm.
- the upper electrode can consist of N micro-bridges in parallel and connected at their respective ends by two strips.
- the resonator can comprise a plurality of lower electrodes and upper electrodes, arranged to form a plurality of capacitors in parallel, so that said resonator demonstrates a resonance of between 0.1 and 8 GHz as well than an intrinsic quality factor Qi greater than 700,000.
- the invention also relates to the application of a superconductive resonator of the LC type according to the invention, to the detection of the
- FIG.l is a graph illustrating the modification of the properties of a superconductive substrate after absorption of a photon.
- FIG.2 is a block diagram of an LC type superconductive resonator.
- FIG.3 is a block diagram of an LC type superconductive resonator according to the invention.
- FIG.4 is a detail of the block diagram of a resonator
- FIG.5 is a graph illustrating the resonances obtained with MKIDs based on capacitors with suspended upper electrodes without dielectric according to the invention.
- FIG.6 is a comparative graph illustrating the fluctuations of the dielectric constant observed in MKIDs according to the invention, and in MKIDs with inter-digested capacities.
- FIG. 2 recalls the operating principle of an MKID detector consisting of an inductive meander 3 of inductance L which plays the role of absorber of electromagnetic radiation, in parallel with an inter-digital capacitance 4.
- the LC circuit thus obtained is coupled to a planar read line, which acts as coupling means 2, and through which it is excited by the application of a microwave signal.
- the line is also used to measure the frequency and phase of the resonance.
- MKIDs kinetic inductance detectors
- microwave kinetic inductance detectors are LC type superconducting photon detectors developed for the first time by scientists from the California Institute of Technology and Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 2003.
- cryogenic temperatures generally below 1 Kelvin (for example -0.1 K) and are used for high astronomical detection sensitivity for frequencies ranging from far infrared to X-rays.
- the operating principle is as follows. Incident photons on a strip of superconductive material break the Cooper pairs and create an excess of quasi-particles.
- a Cooper pair or a BCS pair is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bonded together at low temperatures.
- the state of the Cooper couple is responsible for superconductivity.
- superconductivity is a phenomenon of absolutely zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called
- a resonator is a device that exhibits resonance or resonant behavior, oscillating at frequencies, called its resonant frequencies, with greater amplitude than the others.
- the oscillations in a resonator can be either electromagnetic or mechanical (including acoustic).
- Resonators are used to generate waves of specific frequencies or to select specific frequencies from a signal.
- the kinetic inductance of the superconducting strip is inversely proportional to the density of the Cooper pairs, so that
- This inductance is combined with a capacitor to form a microwave resonator whose resonant frequency varies with the absorption of photons.
- This resonator-based reading is useful for developing large format detector networks, as each MKID can be addressed by a single microwave tone and many detectors can be measured using a single broadband microwave channel, technical known as frequency division multiplexing.
- electrical resonance takes place when the impedance between the input and the output of the circuit is close to zero and the transfer function is close to the unit.
- Resonant circuits have repercussions and can generate higher voltages and currents than those which they receive, which makes them useful for wireless transmission.
- Figure 1 also recalls that when a photon is absorbed by the superconductive thin layer of the inductive part 3, its energy breaks the Cooper pairs and modifies the surface inductance of the thin layer, consequently inducing the modification of the frequency clean as well as the phase of the LC circuit.
- the present invention therefore relates to the production of a capacitor 4 without dielectric, the upper electrode of which is suspended a few hundred nanometers from the lower electrode thanks to the use of an aluminum layer.
- electrodes separated by an empty space at a distance less than 400 nm, preferably less than 150 nm, even more preferably between 40 and 70 nm, are thus produced.
- the method of manufacturing an LC type superconductive resonator according to the invention comprises an initial step E0 which consists in providing a substrate of high resistivity.
- the substrate must be a high resistivity substrate which can be chosen from high resistivity silicon substrates, sapphires two inches in diameter and 330 ⁇ m thick, quartz, silicas, silicon carbides.
- the invention therefore makes it possible to obtain a superconductive resonator of LC type whose capacitance 4 is devoid of dielectric.
- the electrodes are separated by an empty space at a distance varying from a few tens to a few hundred nanometers.
- the printing step E3 results in an aluminum layer of thickness less than 400 nm, preferably less than 150 nm, even more preferably between 40 and 70 nm.
- the empty space between the two electrodes must in fact be sufficiently small, in order to maintain a sufficiently low resonance frequency, typically of the order of a few GHz, so that it is easily measurable with inexpensive and simple reading electronics. to implement.
- the simultaneous printing step E1 of the inductive meander 3 and of the lower electrode 41 is carried out by the technique of optical lithography followed by reactive ion etching, from a layer of titanium nitride ( TiN) of the order of 60 nm thick previously deposited by sputtering.
- the printing step E2 consists in producing a coplanar reading line of the order of 50 Ohms in niobium and of the order of 100 nm in thickness, by optical lithography techniques. , sputtering and lift-off.
- the printing step E3 of the aluminum layer is carried out by the techniques of optical lithography, sputtering deposition and lift-off.
- aluminum layers of very small thicknesses up to 10 nm, can thus be deposited with very high precision ( ⁇ 1 nm) over a large surface.
- the printing step E4 leads to the production of the upper electrode 40 mainly consisting of a material chosen from the list defined by (TiN, TaN, NbN) with a Gap band greater than or equal to 2 electrons Volt, by optical lithography, sputtering and lift-off techniques. Titanium Nitride may be preferred.
- the main equipment used is a mask aligner equipped with a 365 nm UV lamp and a sputtering bench equipped with Nb, Al and Ti targets.
- the dissolution step E5 is carried out by immersion of the resonator in a developer containing tetra-methyl-ammonium hydroxide, over a period of between 20 and 60 minutes.
- the aluminum layer is thus slowly dissolved (25 to 30 min for a thickness of 150 nm) thanks to the interaction with the tetramethylammonium hydroxide contained in the developer, which makes it possible to gently release the upper electrode.
- photosensitive commonly used in the field of nano and micro-technologies such as the MF319 or the MF26 marketed by the company SHIPLEY.
- the step E4 of printing the upper electrode 40 results in the formation of an electrode
- the comb shape of the upper electrode 40 allows, on the one hand, better penetration and diffusion of the developer between the electrodes and, on the other hand, reduces the risks of collapse or rupture of the upper electrode if it was larger and full.
- the upper electrode 40 thus obtained with TiN represents a building in three dimensions, and not planar. This building, which does not require retaining pillars, has concentrations of suitable stresses which prevent it from collapsing.
- the invention comprises at least one substrate 1 of high resistivity on which an inductive meander 3 is printed, a first so-called lower electrode 41 and a second so-called upper electrode 40 arranged opposite the first so as to together form a capacitor 4 connected in parallel with the inductive meander 3.
- the first so-called lower electrode 41 and the second so-called upper electrode 40 are substantially parallel and separated by an empty space at a distance varying from a few tens to a few hundred nanometers.
- the first so-called lower electrode 41 and the second so-called upper electrode 40 are substantially parallel and separated by an empty space at a distance less than 400 nm,
- the substrate can be a silicon substrate with high resistivity, or else chosen from sapphires of 2 inches in diameter and 330 ⁇ m
- the inductive meander 3 and the lower electrode 41 are preferably etchings of titanium nitrides TiN with a thickness of between 40 and 80 nm, preferably of the order of 60 nm.
- the coupling means 2 constitute a coplanar reading line etched on the substrate, of the order of 50 Ohms. They are preferably made of niobium with a thickness of between 80 and 150 nm, preferably of the order of 100 nm.
- the coplanar read line ensures optimal RF coupling with the LC resonator.
- the upper electrode 40 can be an etching of a material chosen from the list defined by (TiN, TaN, NbN) with a Gap band greater than or equal to 2 electron Volts with a thickness between 350 and 550 nm.
- the upper electrode 40 preferably obtained with TiN makes it possible to obtain a building in three dimensions, and not planar.
- This building which does not require supporting pillars, has particularly suitable stress concentrations which prevent it from collapsing.
- the upper electrode 40 is composed of a plate 401 and a connector 400 to the LC circuit.
- the lower electrode 41 is composed of a plate 411 and a connector 410 to the LC circuit.
- the plate 401 of the upper electrode 40 consists of N micro-bridges 4010 connected in parallel at their respective ends by two perpendicular tapes 4011 resting directly on the substrate. These ribbons also serve as support points for micro-bridges on the substrate.
- nano-bridges have been defined varying between 32 and 35 ⁇ m in length Ip and between 9 and 18 ⁇ m in width Wp.
- Wp width of a nano-bridge
- Gp distance between two bridges.
- the value of the capacitance can vary from a few hundred fF to several tens of pF for a space between the electrodes of the order of 150nm.
- two capacitors 4 have been shown in parallel with respective values C and C '.
- the resonator comprises a plurality of lower electrodes and upper electrodes, arranged to form a plurality of capacitors in parallel, so that said resonator demonstrates a resonant frequency between 0.1 and 8 GHz as well as an intrinsic quality factor Qi greater than 700,000.
- the method according to the invention thus makes it possible to dispense with the dielectrics which are sources of intrinsic noise in several superconductive components such as detectors and
- the method according to the invention is in particular dedicated to the manufacture of LC type superconductive resonators dedicated to the detection of millimeter / submillimetric electromagnetic radiation up to X-rays.
- the capacity implemented in the invention makes it possible to reduce the intrinsic noise up to five times, compared to the inter-digested capacities known from the state of the art.
- TLS noise causes fluctuations in the dielectric constant and, consequently, in the value of the capacitance.
- One of the experimental methods for quantifying this noise consists in measuring the fluctuations of the resonant frequency when an RF signal of frequency fsig excites the resonator.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Superconductor Devices And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1872871A FR3090205B1 (fr) | 2018-12-13 | 2018-12-13 | Procede de fabrication d’un resonateur supraconducteur de type lc et resonateur supraconducteur ainsi obtenu |
| PCT/EP2019/083740 WO2020120266A1 (fr) | 2018-12-13 | 2019-12-04 | Procede de fabrication d'un resonateur supraconducteur de type lc et resonateur supraconducteur ainsi obtenu |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3895249A1 true EP3895249A1 (fr) | 2021-10-20 |
Family
ID=67107529
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19813538.6A Pending EP3895249A1 (fr) | 2018-12-13 | 2019-12-04 | Procédé de fabrication d'un résonateur supraconducteur de type lc et résonateur supraconducteur ainsi obtenu |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US11757168B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3895249A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN113498564B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3090205B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2020120266A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116222763B (zh) * | 2022-12-12 | 2025-08-05 | 北京中科太赫兹科技有限公司 | 一种电容电感分层排布的kid芯片及其制备方法 |
| CN118190231B (zh) * | 2024-05-20 | 2024-07-16 | 北京量子信息科学研究院 | 一种基于半导体薄膜的气体压力传感器芯片及其制备方法 |
| CN119962445B (zh) * | 2025-04-10 | 2025-06-06 | 之江实验室 | 阵列式谐振电路的参数设计方法 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013106102A1 (fr) * | 2011-10-06 | 2013-07-18 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Détecteurs de photons à nanofils supraconducteurs à multiplexage en fréquence |
| US9523777B2 (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2016-12-20 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Thermal kinetic inductance detector |
-
2018
- 2018-12-13 FR FR1872871A patent/FR3090205B1/fr active Active
-
2019
- 2019-12-04 EP EP19813538.6A patent/EP3895249A1/fr active Pending
- 2019-12-04 CN CN201980081874.5A patent/CN113498564B/zh active Active
- 2019-12-04 WO PCT/EP2019/083740 patent/WO2020120266A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2019-12-04 US US17/312,842 patent/US11757168B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN113498564A (zh) | 2021-10-12 |
| FR3090205B1 (fr) | 2021-01-01 |
| FR3090205A1 (fr) | 2020-06-19 |
| US20220037757A1 (en) | 2022-02-03 |
| CN113498564B (zh) | 2022-12-16 |
| US11757168B2 (en) | 2023-09-12 |
| WO2020120266A1 (fr) | 2020-06-18 |
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