EP3894419A1 - Lithium alkyl aluminate als alkyl transfer reagenzien - Google Patents
Lithium alkyl aluminate als alkyl transfer reagenzienInfo
- Publication number
- EP3894419A1 EP3894419A1 EP19808615.9A EP19808615A EP3894419A1 EP 3894419 A1 EP3894419 A1 EP 3894419A1 EP 19808615 A EP19808615 A EP 19808615A EP 3894419 A1 EP3894419 A1 EP 3894419A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- partially
- radical
- mononuclear
- multinuclear
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- -1 Lithium alkyl aluminates Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 339
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 title description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 192
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 190
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical group [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical group [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical group [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052698 phosphorus Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011574 phosphorus Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011701 zinc Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical group [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical group [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical group [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical group [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical group [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical group [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical group [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical group [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 157
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 135
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 108
- SLRMQYXOBQWXCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2154-56-5 Chemical compound [CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 SLRMQYXOBQWXCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 105
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 105
- 150000002390 heteroarenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 104
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 99
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 66
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 101100378709 Arabidopsis thaliana AIR3 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004665 trialkylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hydroxypropoxy)propoxy]propan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(O)COC(C)COC(C)CO LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001120493 Arene Species 0.000 claims description 3
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 19
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 19
- JNGZXGGOCLZBFB-IVCQMTBJSA-N compound E Chemical compound N([C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(N(C)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=N1)=O)C(=O)CC1=CC(F)=CC(F)=C1 JNGZXGGOCLZBFB-IVCQMTBJSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical class CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 84
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 70
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 63
- DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane Chemical class CCCCCCCCCC DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 62
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 52
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 28
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 28
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 19
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 14
- PPJXIHLNYDVTDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicloralurea Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)C(O)NC(=O)NC(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl PPJXIHLNYDVTDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 13
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Heptene Chemical compound CCCCCC=C ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- DCTOHCCUXLBQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-undecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC=C DCTOHCCUXLBQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 12
- HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexene Chemical compound C1CCC=CC1 HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 12
- BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nonene Chemical compound CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000005580 one pot reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one Chemical compound C=1C(OC)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229940069096 dodecene Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 238000004508 fractional distillation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940094933 n-dodecane Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 6
- RSJKGSCJYJTIGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC RSJKGSCJYJTIGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JEDZLBFUGJTJGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].COCCO[AlH]OCCOC Chemical group [Na].COCCO[AlH]OCCOC JEDZLBFUGJTJGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001460 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000407 epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004679 31P NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002152 alkylating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007700 distillative separation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000004795 grignard reagents Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001394 phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005019 vapor deposition process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCO POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910006111 GeCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GPXJNWSHGFTCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indium phosphide Chemical compound [In]#P GPXJNWSHGFTCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005684 Liebig rearrangement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSKBCRUQHHGABO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Al].[H][H].[H][H].[H][H] Chemical compound [Al].[H][H].[H][H].[H][H] VSKBCRUQHHGABO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000277 atomic layer chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940028356 diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 2
- QHGIKMVOLGCZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ge]Cl QHGIKMVOLGCZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012280 lithium aluminium hydride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolane-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1COC(=O)C1 JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCO OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100035094 Enamelin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101000877410 Homo sapiens Enamelin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910010199 LiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101150050048 SNCB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000004639 Schlenk technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002168 alkylating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940100198 alkylating agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009838 combustion analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014510 cooky Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010908 decantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005661 deetherification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002274 desiccant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000260 fractional sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011150 stannous chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(II) chloride (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Sn+2] AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
- C07F9/505—Preparation; Separation; Purification; Stabilisation
- C07F9/5063—Preparation; Separation; Purification; Stabilisation from compounds having the structure P-H or P-Heteroatom, in which one or more of such bonds are converted into P-C bonds
- C07F9/5068—Preparation; Separation; Purification; Stabilisation from compounds having the structure P-H or P-Heteroatom, in which one or more of such bonds are converted into P-C bonds from starting materials having the structure >P-Hal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/06—Aluminium compounds
- C07F5/061—Aluminium compounds with C-aluminium linkage
- C07F5/062—Al linked exclusively to C
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F19/00—Metal compounds according to more than one of main groups C07F1/00 - C07F17/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/0803—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages
- C07F7/0805—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising only Si, C or H atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
- C07F9/5004—Acyclic saturated phosphines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
- C07F9/52—Halophosphines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/06—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material
- C23C16/18—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material from metallo-organic compounds
- C23C16/20—Deposition of aluminium only
Definitions
- the invention relates to lithium alkyl aluminates according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ].
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (t rialkyls ilyl) alkyl radical R A Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- the invention further relates to the use of a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] as
- the invention relates to compounds obtainable by such a process, their use and a substrate which has an aluminum layer or an aluminum-containing layer on one surface.
- the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of lithium alkylaluminates of the general formula Li [AIR 4 ], compounds obtainable by the claimed process, and their use.
- lithium organyls When using lithium organyls, the formation of LiX as a by-product is the driving force of the reaction.
- lithium organyls are readily soluble in aliphatic, non-polar solvents. Because of your However, they are not universally applicable to all reaction systems. Disadvantages of lithium organyls are, in particular, their high reducing power, which they possess due to their high electropositive character and their nucleophilicity, the strong exothermic nature of the reactions in which they are involved, and the associated loss of selectivity. In addition, the quantitative
- Grignard reagents are comparatively inexpensive to access. Syntheses in which they are used generally show good reproducibility. However, the use of ethereal solvents is absolutely necessary. This can lead to problems when the respective target connection is used later.
- Grignard reagents namely, for example, in the context of the representation of precursors for a vapor deposition process or a
- alkylation reagents known from the literature can be classified as unsatisfactory; on the one hand due to their comparatively low selectivity and the difficult to separate LiX cargo, on the other hand because of the inevitable use of an ethereal solvent and the associated problems that may arise.
- Transfer reagents are suitable for transferring at least one alkyl radical.
- the compounds to be used should be distinguished by the fact that they enable selective transfer of one or more alkyl radicals in which only by-products are obtained which are comparatively easy to separate.
- a simple and inexpensive method for transferring at least one alkyl radical is to be made available, as well as compounds which are relatively simple, inexpensive, selective and of high purity by means of such a method.
- a substrate is to be provided which has an aluminum layer or an aluminum layer on one surface Has layer which can be produced using a compound obtainable or obtained by the claimed process - for the transfer of at least one alkyl radical.
- a process for the preparation of the compounds to be used is to be made available, by means of which they can be produced simply, inexpensively and reproducibly in good yield and high purity. In particular, ethereal solvents should be avoided.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (t rialkyls ilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical , a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- the claimed lithium alkylaluminates of the type Li [Al R4] (I), which are present as solids or liquids, can be produced selectively, simply, inexpensively and reproducibly in good yields and purities, in particular starting from the commercially available compounds L1AIH4 and RLi. They can therefore also be manufactured on an industrial scale. It is particularly advantageous to use Li [AIR 4 ] (I) as a transfer reagent for transferring at least one of the four radicals R to an element or metal halide. Because with Li [AIR4] (I) as the transfer reagent, one, two, three or four radicals R can advantageously be selectively transferred. Hence, the use of Li [AI R4] (I) also enables the preparation of heteroleptic complexes.
- Mol equivalent Li [AIR 4 ] (I) the resulting salt load - compared to the use of an alkylation reagent, by which only one residue R per mol equivalent can be transferred - is significantly reduced.
- L1AIX4 is obtained as a comparatively simple, quantitatively separable by-product.
- compounds according to the general formula Li [AIR4] (I) are in various non-ethereal organic
- Solvents can be produced and show good solubility in them, especially in nonpolar
- Solvents such as B the different isomers of pentane, hexane and decane.
- this precludes from the outset that the respective secondary product, in particular an alkylation product or its secondary products, may be contaminated with ether or traces of oxygen.
- the use of Li [AIR 4 ] (I) as the transfer reagent is advantageous compared to the reactions with conventional alkylation reagents - the lower heat generation. This not only saves energy costs for cooling, it also enables a more cost-effective procedure from a safety point of view.
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) can be reacted and / or stored immediately after their isolation.
- the respective compound L i [Al R4] (I) can be used to prepare a defined stock solution in a non-polar solvent.
- the claimed lithium alkyl aluminates according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) are from
- the object is also achieved by using a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [Al R4] (I) as a transfer reagent for transferring at least one radical R, in particular to a compound according to the general formula E (X) q .
- a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [Al R4] (I) as a transfer reagent for transferring at least one radical R, in particular to a compound according to the general formula E (X) q .
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (trialkylsilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partial or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arenes, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- E is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, cadmium, mercury and phosphorus.
- X F, CI or Br, in particular CI, is preferred.
- Transfer reagent is a process for transferring at least one radical R to a compound of the general formula E (X) q to prepare a compound of the general formula E (X) qP R P (II) using a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general Formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I).
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (T rial ky isilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, one Benzyl radical, a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- E is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, cadmium, mercury and phosphorus.
- X halogen
- q 2, 3 or 4
- p 1, 2, 3 or 4.
- the aprotic solvent can also be a mixed solvent.
- the aprotic solvent can comprise, for example, two or more aprotic solvents.
- reaction vessel is not limited to a volume, a material quality, an equipment or a shape.
- Li [AI R4] (I) as a transfer reagent that, in particular in the case of the transfer of four radicals R, the resulting salt load starting from one molar equivalent of transfer reagent - compared to the use of an alkylation reagent, by which pro
- L1AIX4 is obtained as a comparatively simple, quantitatively separable by-product.
- the separation can e.g. B. by means of a filtration step and / or a distillative separation or condensation of a volatile target compound and / or a solvent or solvent mixture. The condensation is followed, if appropriate, by purification by distillation. In some cases, the salt load consists of LiX instead. By choosing the aprotic solvent, the separation of LiX is also comparatively simple and quantitative.
- Solvent mixture can be provided by distillation or condensation. The latter may be followed by purification by distillation. Thus, the purification of each
- Alkylation product usually particularly simple and inexpensive to implement. This is advantageous in view of its production on an industrial scale and its further use. Another advantage is that when using Li [Al R4] (I) as a transfer reagent completely on ethereal
- Li [AI R4] (I) can be prepared in various non-ethereal organic solvents and shows good solubility in them, especially in non-polar ones
- Solvents such as B the different isomers of pentane, hexane and decane. This precludes from the outset that the respective alkylation product or its secondary products may be contaminated with ether or traces of oxygen.
- the lower heat shade is advantageous compared to reactions with common alkylation reagents. This not only saves energy costs for cooling, it also enables a more cost-effective procedure from a safety point of view.
- the claimed method provides the simplest case, namely an in s / 'fi / generation of the respective alkylated product for a directly subsequent further reaction, advantageously only one implementation step forward.
- the desired end product can therefore advantageously be represented by a one-pot synthesis.
- the claimed use of a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) as a transfer reagent or the claimed process for transferring at least one radical R to a compound according to the general formula E (X) q for the preparation of a compound according to the general formula E (X) qP R P (II) using a compound of the type Li [AIR 4 ] (I) overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.
- the claimed process can be evaluated from a (nuclear) economic and ecological point of view as satisfactory.
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) or the claimed method provides that R is selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, nPr, / ' Pr, r? Bu, fBu, sBu, / ' Bu , CH (Me) (/ Pr), CH (Me) (/?
- the first solvent can also be a solvent mixture.
- the claimed process is a molar ratio E (X) q : Li [AIR 4 ] (I)> 1: 3.
- the molar ratio E (X) q : Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is therefore at least 1/3, ie one third.
- radicals R selected on the other hand taking into account the element or metal halide E (X) q used as the starting material. If a molar equivalent of lithium alkylaluminate Li [Al R4] (I) is present, all four radicals R can in principle be transferred selectively. Depending on the procedure and the stoichiometry of the starting materials E (X) q and L i [Al R4] (I), one, two, three or four radicals R can advantageously be transferred selectively. For example, the reaction of PCL with Li [AlfBu 4 ] takes place and is molar
- Ratio of these two educts 4 1, i.e. four, four moles of PCEfBu are obtained.
- a simple alkylation therefore takes place.
- the situation is different when ZnCL is reacted with Li [Al / Bu 4 ] and the molar ratio of the starting materials is 1: 0.5, ie two. In this case a double alkylation takes place, so that one mole of Zn / Bu2 is obtained.
- Yet another example is the reaction of AICI3 with Li [AlfBu 4 ] in a molar ratio of 1: 3, ie a third.
- Four moles of AI / BU3 are synthesized in this way, with three moles of LiCI failing.
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is suspended in a second solvent or solved added.
- this can be advantageous for better control of the course of the reaction or of the exothermic reaction.
- Lithium alkylaluminate L i [Al R4] (I) as a solution or suspension in the second solvent is carried out, for example, using a metering device, in particular by dropping or spraying.
- a shut-off valve and / or a shut-off valve can be provided in a feed line to the reaction container.
- the second solvent is miscible or identical to the first solvent.
- two solvents are referred to as miscible if they are miscible at least during the respective reaction, that is, they are not present as two phases.
- Li [AIR4] (I) In yet another embodiment of the claimed use of Li [AIR4] (I) or the claimed method, E (X) q is provided or presented as a solid. Then Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is added as a solution or suspension in the second solvent, for example by dropping or spraying.
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is added as a solid in step ii), for example via a funnel or a funnel-like device.
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) or the claimed method provides for the reaction of E (X) q with the lithium alkyl aluminate Li [AIR 4 ] (I) that in a first step a solution or Suspension of the lithium alkyl aluminate Li [AI R4] (I) in a first step
- Solvent is provided or submitted.
- E (X) q is added as a solid or as a suspension or solution in a second solvent.
- the first solvent and the second solvent are miscible; but they can also be identical.
- the first solvent and the second solvent are independent selected from each other from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, benzene and benzene derivatives.
- the first solvent and the second solvent are independently selected from the group consisting of n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane and cyclopentane , Cyclohexane, cycloheptane, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1 - nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene and xylene and their isomers.
- n-pentane n-hexane, / ' -hexane and n-decane and possible mixtures.
- a comparatively high-boiling solvent e.g. B. of n-decane, or a relatively high-boiling solvent mixture is particularly advantageous if the respective target compound of the type E (X) qP R P (II) can be removed by distillation. Because this makes it particularly easy to separate the salt load resulting from the reaction of Li [Al R4] (I) with E (X) q because it remains in the reaction vessel. In addition, the starting material Li [Al R4] (I) is readily soluble in solvents such as n-decane.
- the reaction of E (X) q with the lithium alkyl aluminate Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is carried out at an internal temperature Tw of the reaction vessel.
- the internal temperature is Tw
- An internal temperature of the reaction vessel can be measured using one or more temperature sensors
- Temperature sensors for one area or more areas of the reaction vessel are determined. At least one temperature sensor is provided for determining the internal temperature Tw, which generally corresponds to an average temperature TDI of the reaction mixture.
- the internal temperature Tw of the reaction vessel during the reaction of E (X) q with L i [AI R4] (I) between - 30 ° C and 60 ° C.
- the internal temperature Tw of the reaction vessel is regulated and / or controlled using a heat carrier Ww.
- a cryostat can be used, for example, which contains a heat transfer medium, which is ideally used both as a coolant and as
- Heat agent can act.
- Internal temperature Tw can be largely intercepted or compensated for by a setpoint Tsi defined for the implementation of E (X) q with L i [AI R4] (I).
- the realization of a constant internal temperature Tw is hardly possible due to the usual device deviations.
- the reaction of E (X) q with L i [Al R4] (I) can be carried out at least in a preselected temperature range or in several preselected temperature ranges. For example, depending on the other reaction parameters, it may be advantageous to create a temperature program for even better control of the course of the reaction or of the exothermic reaction.
- a lower temperature or a lower temperature range can be selected during a first phase of adding Li [AIR4] (I) than in a second phase of adding Li [AIR 4 ] (I). More than two phases of addition and thus more than two preselected temperatures or temperature ranges can also be provided.
- the other reaction conditions such as. B. the E (X) q - concentration and the solvent or solvent mixture, it can be beneficial during the addition and / or after the addition of Li [AIR 4 ] (I), a, if necessary also stepwise, lowering the internal temperature Tw des To carry out the reaction vessel using the heat carrier Ww.
- Another embodiment of the claimed use of Li [AIR 4 ] (I) or the claimed method provides that an internal temperature T k of the reaction vessel during the addition and / or after the addition of Li [AIR 4 ] (I) between -60 ° C and 50 ° C.
- the internal temperature T k of the reaction vessel during the addition and / or after the addition of Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is between -50 ° C. and 50 ° C.
- the internal temperature TK of the reaction container during the addition and / or after the addition of Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is between -40 ° C. and 50 ° C.
- At least one temperature sensor is provided for determining the internal temperature TK, which generally corresponds to an average temperature TD2 of the reaction mixture.
- the temperature sensor can be identical to that for determining the internal temperature Tw.
- the internal temperature TK of the reaction vessel is regulated and / or controlled using a heat transfer medium WK.
- a cryostat can be used, which contains a heat transfer medium, which can ideally function both as a coolant and as a heat medium.
- a lower temperature or a lower temperature range can be selected during a first phase of adding Li [AIR4] (I) than in a second phase of adding Li [AIR 4 ] (I).
- Temperatures or temperature ranges can be provided.
- a further step is carried out after the step comprising the reaction of E (X) q with L i [AI R 4 ] (I).
- the next step involves isolation of E (X) qP R P (II). If the compound E (X) qP R P (II) in solution is not to be subjected directly to a further reaction, but is to be isolated and then stored and / or used, its isolation can comprise one or more steps.
- the isolation comprises a filtration step. Several filtration steps can also be provided, optionally also one or more filtrations over a cleaning medium, such as. B. activated carbon or silica, e.g. B.
- the filter cake comprising the LiAIX4 cargo or LiX can be mixed with a small amount of a relatively volatile solvent such as e.g. B. n-pentane, n-hexane or / ' -hexane, washed to extract any product contained in the L1AIX 4 or LiX load.
- the isolation can include further process steps, such as. B. the reduction in the volume of the mother liquor, ie concentration, z. B.
- bulb-to-bulb the addition of a solvent and / or a solvent exchange in order to achieve a precipitation of the product from the mother liquor and / or to remove impurities and / or starting materials, washing and drying, including freeze drying, des Product, condensation, distillation and / or sublimation.
- the object is further achieved by compounds according to the general formula E (X) qP R P (II), obtainable by a process for transferring at least one radical R to a compound according to the general formula E (X) q , using a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I), according to one of the exemplary embodiments described above.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (T rial ky isilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, one Benzyl radical, a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear fleteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear fleteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear fleteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear fleteroarene.
- E is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, cadmium, mercury and phosphorus.
- the separation can e.g. B. by means of a filtration step and / or a distillative separation or condensation of a volatile target compound and / or a solvent or solvent mixture.
- the condensation is followed, if appropriate, by purification by distillation.
- the salt load consists of LiX instead.
- the separation of LiX is also comparatively simple and quantitative.
- a filtration step and / or a separation of a volatile target compound and / or a solvent or solvent mixture by means of distillation or condensation can also be provided. The latter may be followed by purification by distillation.
- the purification of the compound E (X) qP R P (II) obtained in each case is generally particularly simple and inexpensive to implement. This is advantageous in view of its production on an industrial scale and its further use. Another advantage is that when Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is used as the transfer reagent, there is no need for ethereal solvents can be. Because Li [AIR4] (I) can be prepared in various non-ethereal organic solvents and shows good solubility in them, especially in non-polar solvents, such as. B. the different isomers of pentane, hexane and decane. This precludes from the outset that the respective alkylation product E (X) qP R P (II) or its secondary products may be contaminated with ether or traces of oxygen.
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) as a transfer reagent that, in particular in the case of the transfer of four radicals R, the resulting salt load starting from one molar equivalent of transfer reagent - compared to the use of an alkylation reagent, by which pro
- the compounds obtainable in this way include, for example, AI / BU3, AI (CH2SiMe3) 3, Ga / Bu3, Ga (CH2SiMe3) 3, Infßu3, ln (CH2SiMe3) 3, TlfBu3, TI (CH2SiMe3) 3, GeCl2 / Bu2, GeCl2 (CH2SiMe3 ) 2, SnCb / Bu, SnCl2 / Bu2, SnClfBu3, Sn / Bu4, Sn (CH2SiMe3) 4, PbCbfBu, SbCEfBu, SbClfBu2, SbfBu3, Bi / Bu3, Zn / Bu2, Cd / Bu2, Hg / Bu2, PCE / Bu , PCIfBu2 and PfBu3.
- isomerically pure means that the desired isomer is present in a proportion of> 90%, preferably> 95%, particularly preferably> 99%.
- the isomer purity is determined, for example, by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
- AI / BU3 is advantageous using the process described above particularly pure, namely even in the form of colorless crystals, and reproducibly available.
- the compound AlfBu3 which is produced by a process known from the literature, is often colorless
- Described embodiments of the method selectively, easily and inexpensively available.
- they are comparatively high in terms of inorganic salts and oxygen.
- the latter is due, among other things, to the fact that - in contrast to synthesis instructions known from the literature - both in the preparation of the starting materials Li [AI R4] (I) and in the course of the preparation of compounds of the type E (X) qP R P (II) ethereal solvent is dispensed with.
- the compounds of the type E (X) qP R P (II) obtainable with the process described above are also suitable as starting materials for the preparation of precursor compounds, for. B. for a
- the object is achieved by the use of a compound E (X) 2R for the preparation of a compound according to the general formula (R) EH2 (III).
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (trialkylsilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partial or fully substituted benzyl, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical
- the radicals R E are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of one Alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- E is selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, antimony and bismuth.
- the aforementioned use of a compound E (X) 2R for the preparation of a compound of the general formula (R) EH2 (III) is a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula (R) EH2 (III) using a Compound according to the general E (X) 2R.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (T rial ky isilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, one Benzyl radical, a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- E is selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, antimony and bismuth.
- the process includes the steps:
- reaction container is not limited to a volume, material quality, equipment or shape.
- the compounds E (X) 2 R to be used in the claimed process can be obtained selectively, simply and inexpensively by means of the process described above. They have a comparatively high purity with regard to inorganic salts and oxygen. The latter is due, among other things, to the fact that - in contrast to synthesis instructions known from the literature - both in the preparation of the starting materials Li [AI R 4 ] (I) and in the preparation of compounds of the type E (X) 2 R dispenses with ethereal solvents becomes.
- the compounds of the type E (X) 2 R obtainable by the process described above are therefore also suitable as starting materials for the preparation of compounds of the general formula (R) EH 2 (III) which have a comparatively high purity.
- fBuPH 2 (TBP) can be obtained selectively and in high purity in a particularly simple manner.
- step a) the compound E (X) 2R is made available or presented as a solution in an aprotic solvent SR or as a solid in the reaction container.
- step b) E (X) 2 R is reacted with the hydridic one
- Reducing agent the reaction comprising adding a solution or a suspension of the hydridic reducing agent in the aprotic solvent Sx to the compound E (X) 2 R presented as a solution in the aprotic solvent SR or as a solid.
- the solution or the suspension of the hydridic reducing agent can be added, for example, by dropping or spraying.
- the solvent SR and the solvent Sx are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, benzene and benzene derivatives.
- the solvent SR and the solvent Sx are independently selected from the group consisting of n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane and cyclopentane , Cyclohexane, cycloheptane, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene and xylene and their isomers.
- n-pentane n-hexane
- / -hexane n-decane
- a molar ratio E (X) 2R: hydridic reducing agent is chosen so that the two halide anions X are replaced by two hydride ions H.
- the molar ratio E (X) 2R: hydridic reducing agent is preferably ⁇ 1.
- the hydridic reducing agent is prepared in situ by a reaction of NaAIH 4 with a glycol ether.
- a molar ratio of NaAIH 4 : glycol ether is 1: 2, i.e. 0.5.
- the expression “prepared in situ” means that the starting materials which are required for the synthesis of a compound to be prepared in this way are reacted in a suitable stoichiometry in a solvent or solvent mixture and the resulting product is not is isolated. Rather, the solution or suspension comprising the compound generated in situ is usually directly, i.e. H. used without further purification.
- the glycol ether is selected from the group consisting of
- Monoethylene glycol monoether a diethylene glycol monoether, a triethylene glycol monoether, a monopropylene glycol monoether, a dipropylene glycol monoether and a tripropylene glycol monoether.
- a monoethylene glycol monoether or a diethylene glycol monoether is preferably used, particularly preferably ethylene glycol butyl ether or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
- Diethylene glycol monoethers especially those in which the terminal alkyl group comprises at least four carbon atoms, is their comparatively better solubility in aliphatic
- Hydrocarbons are preferably used as solvents in the process claimed here, in particular n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane and n-dodecane and their isomers.
- cyclopentane cyclohexane, cycloheptane, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene and xylene, and also find them Isomers.
- the hydridic reducing agent is sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum dihydride or lithium aluminum hydride. It is therefore a commercially available hydridic
- Reducing agent Sodium bis (2-methoxy-ethoxy) aluminum dihydride is a dihydridodialkoxy aluminate and is also known as synhydride, Red-Al ® and Vitrid ® .
- This reducing agent is commercially available in the form of a viscous, toluene solution, an approximate proportion by weight of> 60% being stated.
- the object is also achieved by using an AIR3 compound as a precursor compound for producing an aluminum layer or an aluminum-containing layer on a surface of a substrate.
- Lithium alkyl aluminates according to the general formula Li [AI R4] (I), according to one of the above
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (T rial ky isilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical , a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- an AIR3 compound as a precursor compound is a method for producing an aluminum layer or an aluminum-containing layer on a surface of a substrate using an AIR3 compound.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (trialkylsilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partial or Completely
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the radicals R B are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of an alkyl (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl group (C1 - C10) alkyl ether group and an 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- the process includes the steps:
- the term layer is synonymous with the expression film and makes no statement about the layer thickness or the film thickness.
- a substrate z.
- B. corundum foils or thin metallic foils can be used.
- the substrate can itself be part of a component.
- the deposition of the aluminum layer or the layer containing aluminum can be carried out by means of a gas phase epitaxy process or
- the AIR3 compounds used are particularly suitable as precursors for producing high-quality aluminum layers or layers containing aluminum.
- they are free from contamination by inorganic salts and oxygen, which are disadvantageous for the coating process and thus for the performance of the coated substrates.
- the absence of traces of oxygen is due, among other things, to the fact that - in contrast to synthesis instructions known from the literature - ethereal solvents are dispensed with both in the preparation of the starting materials Li [AIR4] (I) and in the course of the preparation of compounds AIR3.
- the substrate is a wafer.
- the wafer can be silicon, silicon carbide, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, a glass such as e.g. B. S1O2, and / or a plastic such.
- silicone comprise or consist entirely of one or more of these materials.
- the wafer can have one or more wafer layers, each with a surface. The production of the aluminum layer or the layer containing aluminum can be provided on the surface of one or more wafer layers.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (trialkylsilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partial or fully substituted benzyl, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- the term layer is synonymous with the expression film and makes no statement about the layer thickness or the film thickness.
- a substrate z.
- B. corundum foils or thin metallic foils can be used.
- the substrate can itself be part of a component.
- the deposition of the aluminum layer or the layer containing aluminum can be carried out by means of a gas phase epitaxy process or
- the AIR3 compounds used are particularly suitable as precursors for the production of high-quality aluminum layers and layers containing aluminum.
- they are free from contamination by inorganic salts and oxygen, which are disadvantageous for the coating process and thus for the performance of the coated substrates.
- the absence of traces of oxygen can be attributed, among other things, to the fact that - in contrast to synthesis instructions known from the literature - ethereal solvents are dispensed with both in the preparation of the starting materials Li [AIR 4 ] (I) and in the course of the preparation of compounds AIR3.
- the substrate is a wafer.
- the wafer can be silicon, silicon carbide, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, a glass such as e.g. B. S1O2, and / or a plastic such.
- silicone comprise or consist entirely of one or more of these materials.
- the wafer can have one or more wafer layers, each with a surface.
- the aluminum layer or the layer containing aluminum can be provided on the surface of one or more wafer layers.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (t rialkylsilyl) alkyl radical R A - Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical , a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- the process includes the step:
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (t rialkyls ilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene,
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1-C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1-C6)
- the radicals R B are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E ,
- radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a
- Benzyl radical a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene,
- the aprotic solvent can also be a mixed solvent.
- the aprotic solvent can comprise, for example, two or more aprotic solvents.
- reaction container is not limited to a volume, material quality, equipment or shape.
- the molar ratio L1AIH4: RLi is> 1: 4.
- the molar ratio L1AIH4: RLi is therefore at least a quarter, i.e. 0.25.
- a major advantage of the claimed process for the preparation of lithium alkylaluminates according to the general formula L i [Al R 4 ] (I) is that it starts from the commercially available starting material L1AIH 4 .
- This is comparatively inexpensive to buy and easy to handle. It is therefore advantageous to dispense with the depiction of an aluminum precursor connection, which is generally complex and therefore time-consuming and costly.
- the purity of the L1AIH 4 used is only decisive for the yield, but usually has no influence on the purity of the respective product Li [AIR 4 ] (I). Especially not when insulation is used. This is because the LiH which has precipitated during the reaction and any impurities originating from the starting material L1AIH 4 are then separated off by simple filtration.
- the desired product is obtained by removing the solvent of the filtrate in a fine vacuum (10 -3 mbar). Instead of filtration, it is also possible to separate off the LiH which has precipitated during the reaction and, if appropriate, any impurities originating from the starting material L1AIH 4 by decanting. The product is then also isolated by removing the solvent of the filtrate in a fine vacuum (10 2 - 10 3 mbar). Therefore, the claimed method provides insulation without complex purification steps, such as. Legs
- the isolated product Li [AIR 4 ] (I) can be used to prepare a stock solution in an aprotic solvent, for example an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Such a stock solution can then, without further preparation, for any reactions, such as. B. the alkylation of an element or metal halide, stored and used.
- the filtrate which is present after the removal of the LiH precipitated during the reaction and any impurities originating from the starting material L1AIH4, can be stored and used as a stock solution for further reactions.
- Solvent mixture is advantageously ruled out that the target compounds Li [Al R4] (I) which can be prepared by the claimed process are obtained as solvent adducts, in particular as ether adducts.
- the compounds Li [AIR4] (I) which can be prepared by the claimed process show good solubility in various non-ethereal, in particular in non-polar solvents, such as, for. B. the different isomers of pentane, hexane and decane.
- any subsequent products are prevented, if appropriate, with ether or traces of oxygen be contaminated.
- the claimed process for the preparation of a compound according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) advantageously provides only one reaction step. Because in the simplest case, another reaction follows directly, ie without any purification step, to the preparation of a compound according to the general formula Li [AI R4] (I), e.g. B. selective partial or full alkylation of an element or metal halide. Then - in accordance with the definition given above - there is an in s / ' fi / generation of Li [AIR4] (I).
- the desired end product e.g. B. a partially or fully alkylated element or metal halide, advantageously, if appropriate, by means of a one-pot synthesis.
- R is selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, nPr, / Pr, nBu, fBu, sBu, / Bu, CH (Me) (/ Pr), CH (Me) (/?
- Lithium alkylaluminate Li [AlfBu 4 ] obtained by the claimed process is contaminated by free fBuLi, can be tested according to Clayden and Yasin simply and quickly by adding tetrahydrofuran. Because free fBuLi reacts with tetrahydrofuran in an ether cleavage reaction with gas evolution. Li [AI (/ Bu) 4 ], on the other hand, goes into solution. (J. Clayden, SA Yasin, New J. Chem. 2002, 26, 191-192)
- the alkyl radicals R of the compounds according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) which can be prepared by the claimed process are advantageously selective on element or Metal halides transferable. So z. B. when using Li [AlfBu 4 ], depending on the reaction conditions chosen, selectively one, two, three or four ferf-butyl radicals are transferred.
- L1AIH4 reacts with the compound RLi during the addition and / or after the addition of RLi.
- the first solvent S1 can also be a solvent mixture, ie two or more
- the compound RLi is suspended or added in solution in a second solvent S2 in step ii).
- this can be advantageous for better control of the course of the reaction or of the exothermic reaction.
- Solvent S2 is carried out, for example, using a metering device, in particular by dropping or spraying.
- a shut-off valve and / or a shut-off valve can be provided in a feed line to the reaction container.
- a further embodiment of the claimed method provides that the second solvent S2 is miscible or identical with the first solvent S1.
- the definition of the term “miscible” applicable in connection with this invention is specified above.
- L1AIH4 is provided or presented as a solid. Then RLi is added as a solution or suspension in the second solvent S2, for example by dropping or spraying.
- a further embodiment of the claimed method provides that a solution or suspension of RLi in a first solvent S1 is provided or presented in a first step.
- L1AIH4 is added as a solid or as a suspension or solution in a second solvent S2.
- the first solvent is S1 and the second
- Solvent S2 miscible; but they can also be identical.
- Reaction container the reaction of L1AIH4 with the lithium alkyl RLi takes place during the addition and / or after the addition of RLi.
- Li [Al R4] (I) Another variant of the claimed process for the preparation of a compound according to the general formula Li [Al R4] (I) provides that the first solvent S1 and the second solvent S2 are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, benzene and benzene derivatives.
- the first solvent S1 and the second solvent S2 are independently selected from the group consisting of n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane , Cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1 - heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene and xylene, and their isomers .
- the solvent S1 and / or the solvent S2 each comprise two or more solvents, in particular in each case in the form of a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
- the choice of the solvent or the solvent mixture depends, inter alia, on a further reaction of the prepared product which may follow immediately
- the reaction mixture comprising the lithium alkyl aluminate Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is kept for later use.
- that will be at the Production of the respective lithium alkyl aluminate Li [AIR4] (I) accruing LiH and any impurities originating from the starting materials are separated off by filtration or decanting.
- the filtrate is then immediately converted, for example, or stored as a stock solution.
- preferred solvents are n-pentane, n-hexane, / ' -hexane and n-decane.
- a comparatively high-boiling solvent e.g. B. of n-decane, or a relatively high-boiling solvent mixture is particularly advantageous if the respective alkylated target compound can be separated by distillation. Because this makes it particularly easy to separate off the salt load obtained as a by-product during the implementation. After the distillation has ended, it remains as a residue in the reaction vessel.
- reaction of L1AIH4 with the compound RLi is carried out at an internal temperature Tu of the reaction vessel, the
- Internal temperature Tu is between -30 ° C and 100 ° C. Because of the exothermic nature of the reaction, it may be advantageous to increase the rate of addition of RLi and / or the internal temperature Tu des
- Reaction container to choose comparatively low.
- a solution or suspension of RLi in the second solvent S2 or solvent mixture is added.
- the respective procedure is taking into account the other reaction parameters, such as. B. the LiAl ⁇ concentration and the solvent or solvent mixture to choose.
- An internal temperature of the reaction container can be determined with the aid of a temperature sensor or a plurality of temperature sensors for one or more areas of the reaction vessel. At least one temperature sensor is provided for determining the internal temperature Tu, which generally corresponds to an average temperature TDH of the reaction mixture.
- the internal temperature Tu of the reaction vessel is between -15 ° C and 80 ° C.
- the internal temperature Tu of the reaction container during the reaction of L1AIH 4 with the compound RLi is between -10 ° C and 50 ° C.
- Reaction container is regulated and / or controlled using a heat carrier Wu.
- a cryostat can be used, which contains a heat transfer medium, which can ideally function both as a coolant and as a heat medium.
- the heat transfer medium Wu deviations in the internal temperature Tu can be determined for the implementation of L1AIH4 with RLi Setpoint Tsu are largely intercepted or compensated. The implementation of a constant internal temperature Tu is hardly possible due to the usual device deviations.
- the conversion of UAIH4 with RLi can be carried out at least in a preselected temperature range or in several preselected temperature ranges.
- a lower temperature or a lower temperature range can be selected during a first phase of adding RLi than in a second phase of adding RLi. More than two phases of addition and thus more than two preselected temperatures or temperature ranges can also be provided.
- the other reaction conditions such as. B. the LiAIH 4 concentration and the solvent or solvent mixture, it can during the
- an internal temperature TH of the reaction vessel during the addition and / or after the addition of the compound RLi is between -40 ° C. and 80 ° C. .
- the internal temperature TH of the reaction container is between -30 ° C. and 50 ° C. during the addition and / or after the addition of the compound RLi.
- the inside temperature TH of the reaction container is between -20 ° C. and 35 ° C. during the addition and / or after the addition of the compound RLi.
- At least one temperature sensor is provided for determining the internal temperature TH, which generally corresponds to an average temperature T D 22 of the reaction mixture. The temperature sensor can be identical to that for determining the internal temperature Tu.
- Reaction vessel regulated and / or controlled using a heat carrier WH.
- a cryostat which contains a heat transfer medium, which can ideally function both as a coolant and as a heat medium.
- the heat transfer medium WH deviations in the internal temperature TH from a setpoint Ts22 which is fixed for the time during the addition and / or after the addition of RLi can be largely compensated for or compensated for become.
- the realization of a constant internal temperature TH is due to the usual
- the reaction of LiAIH 4 with RLi can, however, be carried out at least in a preselected temperature range or in several preselected temperature ranges.
- a preselected temperature range or in several preselected temperature ranges For example, depending on the other reaction parameters, it may be advantageous to create a temperature program for even better control of the course of the reaction or of the exothermic reaction.
- a lower temperature or a lower temperature range can be selected during a first phase of adding RLi than in a second phase of adding RLi. More than two phases of addition and thus more than two preselected temperatures or temperature ranges can also be provided.
- Yet another embodiment of the claimed method provides that after the step comprising the reaction of L1AIH4 with the compound RLi, a further step is carried out which comprises isolation of Li [AIR4] (I):
- the aprotic solvent can also comprise two or more solvents.
- the reaction mixture comprising a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) after the complete reaction of L1AIH4 with RLi can be subjected to a further reaction immediately, ie without any preceding purification step, or can be stored for later use.
- the reaction mixture usually has only one defined one, during the
- the compound Li [AIR 4 ] (I) i) is isolated as a solution which comprises Li [AIR4] (I) and the aprotic solvent, or ii) as a solid.
- the insulation can each comprise one or more steps.
- the isolation comprises a filtration step.
- Several filtration steps can also be provided, optionally also one or more filtrations over a cleaning medium, such as. B. activated carbon or silica, e.g. B. Celite ® .
- the filter cake which the LiH precipitated during the reaction and any impurities originating from the starting materials can be mixed with a small amount of a relatively volatile solvent, such as. B. n-pentane, n-hexane or / ' -hexane, washed to extract any product contained therein Li [AIR 4 ] (I). Decanting can be provided as an alternative to filtration.
- the solution which comprises the desired target compound can also be separated from the LiH which has precipitated out during the reaction and, if appropriate, from the starting materials.
- the residual solid may be mixed with a small amount of a relatively volatile solvent such as e.g. B. n-pentane, n-hexane or / ' -hexane, washed or extracted product contained therein.
- the isolation can include further process steps, such as. B. reducing the volume of the mother liquor, d. H. Constrict, e.g. B. by means of "bulb-to-bulb", the addition of a solvent and / or a solvent exchange to achieve a precipitation of the product from the mother liquor and / or
- washing and drying including freeze-drying, of the product, condensation, distillation and / or sublimation.
- the isolation of Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is provided as i) solution, which comprises Li [AIR 4 ] (I) and the aprotic solvent, the solution can be obtained, for example, by a filtration step or
- Decanting was obtained, immediately implemented further and / or stored as a stock solution.
- Such a stock solution is used for. B. for alkylations of element or metal halides, which, inter alia, in non-ethereal, aprotic solvents such as. B. n-pentane, n-hexane,
- the isolation of Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is intended as ii) solid, it can also be directly reacted and / or stored.
- the isolated compound Li [AIR 4 ] (I) can be used to prepare a defined stock solution in a solvent.
- the solvent chosen for the stock solution differs from that used for the production of Li [AIR 4 ] (I).
- the object is also achieved by a solution comprising a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) and at least one aprotic solvent, obtainable according to a
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (t rialkyls ilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, one Benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the radicals R B are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl group (C1 - C10) alkyl ether and an O-R e.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- the solution is simple, inexpensive and reproducible to represent using the method described above. This is particularly advantageous for an industrial application.
- the solution is used, for example, in the selective alkylation of element or metal halides.
- the compounds of the type Li [AIR 4 ] (I) are distinguished in particular by the fact that one, two, three or all four radicals R can be transferred selectively.
- the claimed solution can either be reacted immediately after its preparation and / or stored as a stock solution.
- the solution is - based on the suspension present after complete reaction of L1AIH4 with RLi, comprising a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AI R4] (I) and at least one aprotic solvent - according to it
- the suspension usually has only one defined by-product, namely LiH, which is produced during the production process, and, if appropriate, impurities in the starting material L1AIH4. Etheric impurities are excluded due to the process used to prepare the solution.
- This is particularly favorable with regard to the use of such a solution, in particular for the selective alkylation of element or metal halides.
- the alkylation products are used, among other things, as precursor compounds for gas phase deposition processes.
- the object is further achieved by lithium alkylaluminates according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I), obtainable by a process for preparing a compound according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) according to one of the exemplary embodiments described above.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (trialkylsilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partial or complete
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the radicals R B are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1-C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- Lithium alkylaluminates of the type Li [AIR 4 ] (I) can be produced selectively, simply, inexpensively and reproducibly in good yields and purities, in particular starting from the commercially available compounds UAIH4 and RLi. They can therefore also be manufactured on an industrial scale. Due to the selected production process, the Li [AIR 4 ] (I) compounds, which are generally present as solids or liquids, in particular have no contamination by inorganic salts or ethereal solvents.
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) are particularly suitable as transfer reagents for transferring at least one of the four radicals R to an element or metal halide. Because with Li [AIR4] (I) as
- Transfer reagents are advantageously selectively transferable one, two, three or four R groups.
- the use of Li [AI R4] (I) also enables the preparation of heteroleptic complexes.
- one speaks of the synthesis of a heteroleptic complex if only a part of the halide anions of the element or metal halide used is replaced by a radical R in each case.
- some of the halide anions may have been replaced by other ligands other than R before the reaction with L i [Al R4] (I).
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) as the transfer reagent is advantageous compared to the reactions with conventional alkylation reagents - the lower heat generation. This not only saves energy costs for cooling, it also enables a more cost-effective procedure from a safety point of view.
- the claimed lithium alkyl aluminates according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) are from
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (T rial ky isilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, one Benzyl radical, a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1-C10), one partially or completely halogenated alkyl (C1 - C10) alkyl ether group and an 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- E is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, cadmium, mercury and phosphorus.
- the lithium alkylaluminate to be used according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is present as a solid or liquid, obtained or obtainable by a process for preparing a compound according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) according to one of the further Embodiments described above.
- the lithium alkyl aluminate to be used according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is used as a solution, comprising a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AI R4] (I) and at least one aprotic solvent.
- the solution is in each case likewise obtained or can be obtained by a process for preparing a compound of the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) in accordance with one of the exemplary embodiments described above.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (T rial ky isilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, one Benzyl radical, a partially or completely substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the R E radicals are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1-C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1-C10), a benzyl radical, some or all substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- E is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, cadmium, mercury and phosphorus.
- the process includes the steps:
- the aprotic solvent in step a) can also be a solvent mixture.
- the aprotic solvent can comprise two or more aprotic solvents.
- the aprotic solvent from step a) and the aprotic solvent SA from step b) are miscible; but they can also be identical. A definition for the term "miscible" is given above.
- reaction vessel is not limited to a volume, a material quality, an equipment or a shape.
- the method claimed is therefore in addition to the selective preparation of compounds of the type E (X) qP R P (II) also for the selective preparation of a large number of Compounds applicable in which a part of the halide anions is replaced by ligands other than R.
- the separation of LiX is also comparatively simple and quantitative.
- a filtration step and / or a separation of a volatile target compound and / or a solvent or solvent mixture by means of distillation or condensation can also be provided.
- the latter may be followed by purification by distillation.
- the purification of the respective alkylation product is therefore generally particularly simple and inexpensive to implement. This is advantageous in view of its production on an industrial scale and its further use.
- Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is used as the transfer reagent, there is no need for ethereal solvents. Because Li [AI R4] (I) can be prepared in various non-ethereal organic solvents and shows good solubility in them, especially in non-polar solvents, such as. B. the different isomers of pentane, hexane and decane. This precludes from the outset that the respective alkylation product or its secondary products may be contaminated with ether or traces of oxygen. In particular with regard to an industrial application, the lower heat shade is advantageous compared to reactions with common alkylation reagents. This not only saves energy costs for cooling, it also enables a more cost-effective procedure from a safety point of view.
- the claimed use or the claimed process sees in the simplest case, namely one in s / ' fi / generation of the respective alkylated product for a directly following one further implementation, advantageously only one implementation step.
- the desired end product can therefore advantageously be represented by a one-pot synthesis.
- the claimed use of a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) as a transfer reagent or the claimed process for transferring at least one radical R to a compound according to the general formula E (X) q to provide a compound according to the general formula E (X) qP R P (II) using a compound of the type Li [AIR 4 ] (I) overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.
- the claimed process is over
- the object is achieved by using a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) for the preparation of compounds according to the general formula (R) EH2 (III).
- the lithium alkylaluminate to be used according to the general formula Li [AIR4] (I) is present as a solid or liquid, obtained or obtainable by a process for preparing a compound according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) according to one of the above described embodiments.
- the lithium alkyl aluminate to be used according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is used as a solution, comprising a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) and at least one aprotic solvent.
- the solution is in each case likewise obtained or can be obtained by a process for preparing a compound of the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) in accordance with one of the exemplary embodiments described above.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (trialkylsilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partial or Completely
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the radicals R B are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1-C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- E is selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, antimony and bismuth.
- the aforementioned use of a lithium alkylaluminate of the general formula Li [AIR4] (I) for the preparation of compounds of the general formula (R) EH2 (III) is a process for the preparation of compounds of the general formula (R) EH2 (III) using a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AI R4] (I).
- the lithium alkylaluminate to be used according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is present as a solid or liquid, obtained or obtainable by a process for preparing a compound according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) according to one of the further Embodiments described above.
- the lithium alkyl aluminate to be used according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) is used as a solution, comprising a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AI R 4 ] (I) and at least one aprotic solvent.
- the solution is in each case likewise obtained or can be obtained by a process for preparing a compound of the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) in accordance with one of the exemplary embodiments described above.
- R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a (trialkylsilyl) alkyl radical R A -Si (R B ) 3, a benzyl radical, a partial or fully substituted benzyl, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or completely substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- R A is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene radical (C1 - C6) and a partially or completely halogenated alkylene radical (C1 - C6).
- the R B radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or completely halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10) and an alkyl ether radical 0-R E.
- the radicals R E are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a partially or fully halogenated alkyl radical (C1 - C10), a benzyl radical, a partially or fully substituted benzyl radical, a mononuclear or polynuclear arene, a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear arene, a mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene and a partially or fully substituted mononuclear or multinuclear heteroarene.
- the process includes the steps:
- - E is selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, antimony and bismuth
- the compounds EX3, which are suitable for the use of a lithium alkylaluminate of the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) for the preparation of compounds of the general formula (R) EH2 (III) or for the process for the preparation of compounds of the general formula ( R) EH2 (III) using a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) are commercially available.
- fBuPH2 (TBP) is selectively obtainable in a particularly simple manner and in good yield and high purity.
- the reaction according to step b) comprises adding the compound EX3 as a solution in an aprotic solvent SF or as a solid to the solution of the lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AI R4] (I) in the at least one aprotic solvent.
- step c) a solution or a suspension of the hydridic reducing agent in the aprotic solvent Sz is added to the reaction mixture from step b).
- the solution in step b) and the solution or suspension in step c) can be added, for example, by dropping or spraying. If the compound EX3 is added as a solid in step b), a funnel or a funnel-like device is used for the addition, for example.
- the solvent SF, the at least one aprotic solvent and the solvent Sz are selected independently of one another from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, benzene and benzene derivatives.
- the solvent SF, the at least one aprotic solvent and the solvent Sz are independently selected from the group consisting of n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane , n-dodecane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane,
- Cycloheptane 1-pentene, 1 -hexene, 1 -heptene, 1 -octene, 1 -nones, 1 -decene, 1 -undecene, 1 -dodecene,
- a further embodiment of the claimed use or the claimed method provides that the solvent SF, the at least one aprotic solvent and the solvent Sz are miscible or identical.
- a molar ratio E (X) 2R: hydridic reducing agent is chosen so that the two
- Halide anions X are replaced by two hydride ions H.
- the molar ratio E (X) 2R: hydridic reducing agent is preferably ⁇ 1.
- the hydridic reducing agent is prepared in situ by a reaction of NaAIH4 with a glycol ether.
- a molar ratio of NaAIH 4 : glycol ether is 1: 2, i.e. 0.5.
- the use of a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR4] (I) for the preparation of compounds according to the general formula (R) EH2 (III) or the process for the preparation of compounds according to the general formula (R) EH2 ( III) using a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) the glycol ether is selected from the group consisting of a monoethylene glycol monoether, one
- Diethylene glycol monoether a triethylene glycol monoether, a monopropylene glycol monoether, a dipropylene glycol monoether and a tripropylene glycol monoether.
- A is preferably used
- Monoethylene glycol monoether or a diethylene glycol monoether particularly preferred
- Ethylene glycol butyl ether or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether is their comparatively better solubility in aliphatic hydrocarbons.
- the latter are preferably used as solvents in the process claimed here, in particular n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane and n-dodecane and their isomers.
- cyclopentane cyclohexane, cycloheptane, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1 - undecene, 1-dodecene, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene and xylene, as well as their find Isomers.
- the hydridic reducing agent is sodium bis (2-methoxy-ethoxy) aluminum dihydride or Lithium aluminum hydride. It is therefore a commercially available hydridic reducing agent.
- Sodium bis (2-methoxy-ethoxy) aluminum dihydride is a dihydridodialkoxy aluminate and is also known as synhydride, Red-Al ® and Vitrid ® .
- This reducing agent is commercially available in the form of a viscous, toluene solution, an approximate proportion by weight of> 60% being stated.
- a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR4] (I) for the preparation of compounds according to the general formula (R) EH2 (III) or for the process for the preparation of compounds according to the general formula (R) EH2 (III) using a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I), the solution comprising a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [AI R4] (I) and at least one aprotic solvent is prepared in situ.
- L1AIH4 are reacted with RLi in a molar ratio of 1: 4, ie 0.25, in an aprotic solvent.
- the reaction mixture present after the reaction comprising a lithium alkylaluminate according to the general formula L i [Al R4] (I), can be subjected to the reaction with EX3 immediately, ie without any upstream purification step.
- the by-products contained in the reaction mixture usually LiH and LiAIX, are separated off by filtration.
- the filtrate is collected in another reaction vessel and can then be returned to the
- the object is also achieved by compounds of the general formula (R) EH2 (III), obtainable by a process for the preparation of compounds of the general formula (R) EH2 (III) using a lithium alkylaluminate of the general formula Li [AIR4] (I), according to one of the exemplary embodiments described above.
- Compounds of the general formula (R) EH2 (III) obtainable according to one embodiment of the process described above are particularly notable for their high purity.
- fBuPH2 (TBP) is selectively available in a particularly simple manner and in high purity.
- defined lithium alkylaluminates according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) can be prepared in a simple, inexpensive and reproducible manner in high purity and good yields. It is particularly advantageous that commercially available L1AIH4 and RLi serve as starting materials. In addition, coordinating solvents, in particular ethers, are advantageously dispensed with.
- the compounds according to the general formula L i [AI R4] (I) are in various non-ethereal organic Solvents can be produced and show good solubility in them, especially in nonpolar
- the compounds of the type Li [Al R4] (I) can be used to prepare defined stock solutions in non-polar solvents and, as such, can be stored for later use.
- the compounds according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] are also distinguished by the fact that they - also in the form of their stock solutions - enable selective transfer of one or more alkyl radicals R to a large number of metal and element halides. Under the otherwise chosen reaction conditions, only comparatively easy to separate by-products are obtained, namely usually L1AIX4, in some cases LiX. It is also advantageous that in the case of the transfer of four radicals R, starting from one molar equivalent of Li [AIR 4 ] (I), the salt load obtained - compared to the use of an alkylating reagent by which pro
- Fig. 1 AI-coupled 1 H-NMR spectrum of Li [AlfBu 4 ], prepared according to
- Embodiment 1 after simple recondensation,
- Fig. 2 1 H-coupled 27 Al NMR spectrum of Li [AlfBu 4 ], prepared according to
- Embodiment 1 after simple recondensation,
- Embodiment 1 after simple recondensation,
- Embodiment 2 after simple recondensation,
- Embodiment 2 after simple recondensation,
- Embodiment 4 after fractional distillation.
- Li [AlfBu 4 ] shows a 27 Al-coupled 1 H-NMR spectrum of Li [AlfBu 4 ], produced in accordance with an embodiment of the claimed method (cf. embodiment 1).
- FIG. 1 H-coupled 27 Al NMR spectrum of Li [AlfBu 4 ] is shown in FIG.
- a coupling constant 1 JCAI is 76 Hz. The same value was determined via satellites in a 1 H-decoupled 27 Al NMR spectrum of Li [AlfBu 4 ] (cf. FIG. 4).
- FIG. 5 shows a 27 Al-coupled 1 H-NMR spectrum of Li [Al (CH 2 SiMe3) 4 ].
- the signal observed in the 1 H -coupled 27 Al NMR spectrum (FIG. 6) is in comparison to the corresponding signal of Li [Al / Bu 4 ] (see FIG. 2)
- FIG. 7 shows a 1 H-coupled 31 P-NMR spectrum of / BuPH2 (TBP) produced in a one-pot synthesis according to embodiment 4, comprising isolation by fractional distillation. Based on the 31 NMR spectrum shows that the desired product fBuPH2 was produced selectively. The solvent n-decane used and the target compound fBuPH2 have significantly different boiling points. The two compounds were therefore completely separated from one another by means of fractional distillation.
- the solvents used were dried according to standard procedures and stored in stainless steel columns over suitable drying agents (molecular sieve, aluminum oxide, copper catalyst).
- the solvents CDCI3 and CD2CI2 were absolute over 3 A molecular sieve, condensed and then stored over 3 A molecular sieve. In the case of NH3 gas feeds, this was previously passed through a drying tube with KOH cookies.
- the hetero-core NMR spectra 7 Li, 13 C, 27 Al, 29 Si, 31 P were measured by 1 H broadband decoupled at 300 K as standard. If 27 AI or 31 P NMR spectra were measured both 1 H decoupled and coupled, the direct distinction is made in such a way that the former with 27 AI ⁇ 1 H ⁇ / 31 P ⁇ 1 H ⁇ and the second 27 AI / 31 P is marked.
- 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were calibrated to the corresponding residual proton signal of the solvent as an internal standard: 1 H: Ob ⁇ b: 7.16 ppm (s), THF-ds: 1.72 ppm (brs). 13 C: Ob ⁇ b: 128.0 ppm (t), THF-ds: 25.2 ppm (quin).
- infrared spectra were generally carried out on an Alpha ATR-IR spectrometer from Bruker.
- the absorption bands are given in wavenumber (cm -1 ) and the intensity is described with the following abbreviations: w (weak), m (medium strong), st (strong), vst (very strong), br (broad).
- the spectra were always standardized to the band with the highest intensity.
- the elementary analyzes were carried out on a Vario-Micro-Cube combustion device from Elementar.
- the sample preparation was carried out in a glove box flooded with nitrogen by weighing the substance into a tin crucible, which was cold-welded and held until the measurement
- thermogravimetric investigations were carried out on a TGA / DSC 3+ STAR system from Mettler Toledo.
- a coupled SDTA measurement was carried out for each TGA.
- the samples were measured in aluminum oxide, aluminum or sapphire crucibles. The sample was heated to the final temperature at a certain heating rate of 25 ° C.
- the spectra obtained were evaluated using STARe software from Mettler Toledo.
- Embodiment 1 Representation of Li [AlfBu4] in n-pentane
- LiAIH 4 (150 mg, 3.95 mmol, 1.00 eq) was placed in 10 mL n-pentane and added dropwise with a solution of fBuLi in n-hexane (8.64 mL, 1, 83 M, 15.8 mmol , 4.00 eq). It was observed that the L1AIH4 used went into solution while a colorless solid precipitated out. The colorless suspension was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The emulsion-like reaction mixture was filtered, the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of n-pentane and the solvent of the filtrate was removed in a fine vacuum (10 -2 to 10 -3 mbar). The desired product was obtained as a colorless solid. The yield was 80% (824 mg, 3.14 mmol).
- the product was isolated by decanting and then drying.
- n-hexane and n-decane were used as alternative solvents.
- Embodiment 2 Representation of Li [Al (CH2SiMe3) 4] in n-pentane
- LiAIH 4 (100 mg, 2.64 mmol, 1.00 eq) was suspended in 10 mL n-pentane and cooled to 0 ° C.
- the colorless reaction mixture was at 0 ° C for 1 h, then at 48 h
- the yield can be increased by repeatedly extracting the filter cake.
- Embodiment 3 Transfer of a ferf-butyl group to PCI 3 in n-pentane
- PCI3 (746 mg, 5.43 mmol, 4.00 eq) was placed in 15 mL n-pentane and cooled to 0 ° C.
- the reaction mixture was at for 16 h
- Embodiment 4 Representation of fBuPH2 using an in situ solution
- the product was recondensed together with n-decane in a fine vacuum (10 2 to 10 3 mbar).
- the desired product fBuPH2 was isolated by fractional distillation in a yield of 89% (850 mg, 9.43 mmol) as a colorless liquid.
- reaction can be carried out in an analogous manner in n-pentane, but this cannot be separated from the product by fractional distillation.
- Embodiment 5 Transfer of two ferf-butyl groups to PCI3 in n-hexane
- Li [AlfBu 4 ] (75 mg, 0.29 mmol, 2.00 eq) was placed in 8 mL n-hexane, cooled to 0 ° C and with
- Embodiment 6 Transfer of three ferf-butyl groups to PCL in toluene
- Embodiment 7 Transfer of two ferf-butyl groups to ZnCh in n-hexane
- ZnCl2 (100 mg, 0.73 mmol, 1.00 eq) was placed in 10 mL n-hexane and cooled to -40 ° C. A solution of Li [AlfBu 4 ] (96 mg, 0.37 mmol, 0.50 eq) in 10 mL n-hexane was added dropwise. The grayish suspension was kept at -40 ° C. for 8 h and then slowly warmed to room temperature. The suspension was filtered, cooled to -10 ° C and freed from the solvent. ZnfBu2 was obtained after freeze-drying several times as a colorless solid in a yield of approximately 30% (40 mg, 0.22 mmol). The colorless solid can be added under slightly reduced pressure
- Embodiment 8 Transfer of three ferf-butyl groups to AICE in n-pentane using Li [AI / Bu4] as a transfer reagent
- AlCb (70 mg, 0.53 mmol, 1.00 eq) was placed in 10 mL n-pentane, cooled to -40 ° C and with a solution of Li [AlfBu 4 ] (417 mg, 1, 59 mmol, 3 , 00 eq) in 20 mL n-pentane.
- the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at -40 ° C and 16 h at room temperature.
- the light gray suspension was filtered at 0 ° C and the solvent of the filtrate was removed at -10 ° C.
- the product AlfBu3 was obtained in the form of colorless crystals with a yield of 82% (345 mg, 1.74 mmol).
- Embodiment 9 Transfer of three ferf-butyl groups to AICI3 in n-pentane
- AICI3 (700 mg, 5.30 mmol, 1.00 eq) was placed in 120 mL n-pentane, cooled to -40 ° C and with a solution of Li [AlfBu 4 ] (4.17 g, 15.9 mmol, 3.00 eq) in 250 mL n-pentane.
- the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 h at -40 ° C and 16 h at room temperature.
- the gray suspension was filtered at 0 ° C and the solvent of the filtrate was removed at -10 ° C. After recondensation, the product was obtained as a crystalline solid in a yield of 76% (3.19 g, 16.1 mmol).
- Embodiment 10 Transfer of three CH 2 SiMe3 groups to AICI3 in n-pentane
- AICI3 (80 mg, 0.61 mmol, 1.00 eq) was placed in 10 mL n-pentane, cooled to -40 ° C and with a solution of Li [Al (CH 2 SiMe3) 4 ] (701 mg, 1 , 59 mmol, 3.00 eq) in 10 mL n-pentane.
- the slightly gray suspension was stirred at -40 ° C. for 6 h and at room temperature for 16 h. After filtration, the solvent of the filtrate was removed at -10 ° C in a fine vacuum (10 -2 to 10 -3 mbar).
- the product was recondensed in a fine vacuum (10 -2 to 10 -3 mbar) at 55 ° C. and obtained as a colorless liquid.
- the yield was 67% (424 mg, 1.47 mmol).
- the invention further relates to the use of a lithium alkyl aluminate according to the general formula Li [Al R4] as a transfer reagent for transferring at least one radical R to an element or metal halide and to a method for transferring at least one radical R to a compound according to the general formula E (X ) q for the preparation of a compound according to the general formula E (X) qP R P.
- the invention also relates
- defined lithium alkylaluminates according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] (I) can be prepared in a simple, inexpensive and reproducible manner in high purity and good yields.
- the process can also be carried out on an industrial scale. Coordinating solvents, in particular ethers, are advantageously dispensed with.
- the compounds according to the general formula Li [AIR 4 ] are also distinguished in that they - also in the form of their stock solutions - selectively transfer one or more alkyl radicals R to a large number of metal and
- Alkylation reagent by means of which only one residue R per mole equivalent can be transferred - is significantly reduced.
- the alkylation products in turn are characterized by a high degree of purity and are therefore particularly suitable as precursors for gas phase deposition processes. The one with the
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18211763.0A EP3666782A1 (de) | 2018-12-11 | 2018-12-11 | Lithiumalkylaluminate, verwendung eines lithiumalkylaluminats als transferreagenz, verfahren zur übertragung wenigstens eines restes r, verbindungen e(x)q-prp und deren verwendung, substrat und verfahren zur herstellung von lithiumalkylaluminaten |
| PCT/EP2019/082884 WO2020120148A1 (de) | 2018-12-11 | 2019-11-28 | Lithium alkyl aluminate als alkyl transfer reagenzien |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3894419A1 true EP3894419A1 (de) | 2021-10-20 |
Family
ID=64664934
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18211763.0A Withdrawn EP3666782A1 (de) | 2018-12-11 | 2018-12-11 | Lithiumalkylaluminate, verwendung eines lithiumalkylaluminats als transferreagenz, verfahren zur übertragung wenigstens eines restes r, verbindungen e(x)q-prp und deren verwendung, substrat und verfahren zur herstellung von lithiumalkylaluminaten |
| EP19808615.9A Withdrawn EP3894419A1 (de) | 2018-12-11 | 2019-11-28 | Lithium alkyl aluminate als alkyl transfer reagenzien |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18211763.0A Withdrawn EP3666782A1 (de) | 2018-12-11 | 2018-12-11 | Lithiumalkylaluminate, verwendung eines lithiumalkylaluminats als transferreagenz, verfahren zur übertragung wenigstens eines restes r, verbindungen e(x)q-prp und deren verwendung, substrat und verfahren zur herstellung von lithiumalkylaluminaten |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US11384102B2 (de) |
| EP (2) | EP3666782A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2022512207A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20210102350A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN113242860B (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2020120148A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN121108167B (zh) * | 2025-11-12 | 2026-04-17 | 山东国邦药业有限公司 | 一种二氢双(2-甲氧基乙氧基)铝酸钠的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3459808A (en) * | 1966-06-24 | 1969-08-05 | Procter & Gamble | Process for the preparation of phosphonium salts and phosphine oxides starting with aluminum trialkyl |
| US3468971A (en) * | 1966-12-20 | 1969-09-23 | Procter & Gamble | Reactions of alkali metal tetraalkyl-aluminum compounds with active halogen compounds |
| JPS60237091A (ja) * | 1984-05-07 | 1985-11-25 | Seitetsu Kagaku Co Ltd | ジアルキル亜鉛の製造方法 |
| DE3731425A1 (de) * | 1987-09-18 | 1989-04-06 | Hoechst Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von phosphanen |
| GB9315771D0 (en) * | 1993-07-30 | 1993-09-15 | Epichem Ltd | Method of depositing thin metal films |
| US6939983B2 (en) * | 2003-05-08 | 2005-09-06 | Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials, Llc | Alkyl group VA metal compounds |
| US7435840B2 (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2008-10-14 | Solvias Ag | Method for producing orthometalated and orthosubstituted metallocenes |
| WO2010125011A2 (de) * | 2009-04-28 | 2010-11-04 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von halbleitenden schichten |
| US9859153B1 (en) * | 2016-11-14 | 2018-01-02 | Lam Research Corporation | Deposition of aluminum oxide etch stop layers |
-
2018
- 2018-12-11 EP EP18211763.0A patent/EP3666782A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2019
- 2019-11-28 JP JP2021533260A patent/JP2022512207A/ja active Pending
- 2019-11-28 EP EP19808615.9A patent/EP3894419A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2019-11-28 KR KR1020217021429A patent/KR20210102350A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2019-11-28 US US17/312,761 patent/US11384102B2/en active Active
- 2019-11-28 WO PCT/EP2019/082884 patent/WO2020120148A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2019-11-28 CN CN201980082139.6A patent/CN113242860B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2020120148A1 (de) | 2020-06-18 |
| US20220041631A1 (en) | 2022-02-10 |
| KR20210102350A (ko) | 2021-08-19 |
| EP3666782A1 (de) | 2020-06-17 |
| CN113242860B (zh) | 2024-01-02 |
| US11384102B2 (en) | 2022-07-12 |
| JP2022512207A (ja) | 2022-02-02 |
| CN113242860A (zh) | 2021-08-10 |
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