EP3882350A1 - Method for synthesizing betalain pigment - Google Patents

Method for synthesizing betalain pigment Download PDF

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EP3882350A1
EP3882350A1 EP19874402.1A EP19874402A EP3882350A1 EP 3882350 A1 EP3882350 A1 EP 3882350A1 EP 19874402 A EP19874402 A EP 19874402A EP 3882350 A1 EP3882350 A1 EP 3882350A1
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activity
amaranthin
gomphrenin
gene encoding
enzyme
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3882350A4 (en
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Tomohiro Imamura
Yasuki HIGASHIMURA
Hiroharu Mizukoshi
Masashi Mori
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/52—Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
    • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0006—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on CH-OH groups as donors (1.1)
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0071—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14)
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1048—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12N9/1051—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
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    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/44—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides
    • C12P19/60—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides having an oxygen of the saccharide radical directly bound to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring or a condensed ring system containing a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. coumermycin, novobiocin

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a synthesis method for a betalain pigment, an amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition agent, an amaranthin synthesis method, a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, and a betalain pigment-producing host.
  • Betalains which are a group of plant pigments, are produced in plants of the order Caryophyllales and some fungi.
  • the betalain pigments are broadly classified into two groups, i.e., betacyanins, which range from red to violet in color, and betaxanthins, which range from yellow to orange in color.
  • the betalain pigments are known to be involved in resistance to environmental stresses (Non Patent Literature 1 and Non Patent Literature 2).
  • the betalain pigments are used for food additives because of their vivid colors.
  • the betalain pigments have high antioxidant activity, and hence are expected to be utilized as pharmaceuticals and supplements.
  • Amaranthin is a betalain pigment in which glucuronic acid is bonded to betanin ( FIG. 1 ). Biosynthetic pathways of betalain pigments have been increasingly elucidated in recent years, and genes involved before and in synthesis of betanin, which serves as a precursor of amaranthin, have been reported. However, a gene having an ability to synthesize amaranthin has not been reported. Accordingly, amaranthin is a betalain pigment that is impossible to produce in a non-betalain-producing plant.
  • Patent Literature 1 there is a disclosure of a "method of producing a betacyanin, including a step (conversion step) of converting a raw material into a betacyanin in an aqueous medium in the presence of a microorganism having enzyme activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, L-DOPA oxidase activity, and enzyme activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, or a treated product thereof.”
  • Non Patent Literature 4 there is a report that "a betanin synthesis system of Mirabilis jalapa synthesizes 88% of betanin, which is an S-form, and 12% of isobetanin, which is an R-form.”
  • Non Patent Literature 2 there is a report that "a betanin synthesis system of potato synthesizes both the S-form and the R-form.”
  • Non Patent Literature 5 there is a report that "a betanin synthesis system of Nicotiana benthamiana synthesizes both the S-form and the R-form.”
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method of synthesizing amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide.
  • the inventors of the present invention have isolated genes each having an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability from quinoa and the like, and have used the isolated genes to verify the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability in non-betalain-producing plants.
  • the inventors have completed a synthesis method for a betalain pigment, an amaranthin synthesis method, a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, and a betalain pigment-producing host of the present invention.
  • the synthesis method for a betalain pigment, the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, the amaranthin synthesis method, the gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, and the betalain pigment-producing host can be provided.
  • the present invention relates to a synthesis method for a betalain pigment, an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, an amaranthin synthesis method, a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, and a betalain pigment-producing host.
  • the present invention is described in detail below.
  • Betalain pigments in the present invention are classified into betaxanthins and betacyanins on the basis of their structural features.
  • the betaxanthins exhibit yellow colors and the betacyanins exhibit red-violet colors, and hence the betaxanthins and the betacyanins have heretofore been utilized as natural colorants.
  • the term "betacyanins” collectively refers to a group of compounds in each of which a sugar is glycosidically bonded to a phenolic hydroxy group of betanidin.
  • FIG. 1 Schemes for betacyanin biosynthetic pathways in the present invention are illustrated in FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 , and FIG. 16 .
  • a plant body that is a host having introduced therein a gene group of a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine (gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity), a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase of the present invention has an ability to synthesize amaranthin, which is a betalain pigment.
  • gomphrenin-I-glucuronide can be synthesized.
  • Enzyme activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthetase ⁇ betanidin 6-O-glucosyltransferase (6GT(B6GT)) enzyme ⁇ activity, and amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase activity of the present invention.
  • a plant body that is a host having introduced a gene group of a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine (gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity), a gene encoding an enzyme having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase of the present invention has an ability to synthesize gomphrenin-I-glucuronide, which is a betalain pigment.
  • the present invention also encompasses the following amaranthin synthesis method.
  • the present invention also encompasses the following gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method.
  • the enzyme for hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine in the present invention has activity of allowing a hydroxy group to be added to the 3-position of the phenol ring that tyrosine has, and the enzyme may be derived from any species as long as the enzyme has the activity.
  • Examples of the enzyme for hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine include tyrosinase, cytochromes P450 (in particular, CYP76AD1, CYP76AD2, CYP76AD3, and the like), and catechol oxidase.
  • cytochromes P450 in particular, CYP76AD1, CYP76AD2, CYP76AD3, and the like
  • catechol oxidase are preferred.
  • CqCYP76AD1 base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 13
  • amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 14 accession number: XP_021769302
  • the enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity in the present invention has activity of converting L-DOPA into cyclo-DOPA, and may be derived from any species as long as the enzyme has the activity.
  • Examples of the enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity include tyrosinase and cytochromes P450, such as CYP76AD1, CYP76AD2, CYP76AD3, CYP76AD5, and CYP76AD6. Of those, CqCYP76AD1 (base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 13, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 14) is preferred.
  • the enzyme for glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group in the present invention has activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group present at the 5-position or the 6-position of a cyclo-DOPA skeleton, and may be derived from any species as long as the enzyme has the activity.
  • Examples of the enzyme for glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group include cyclo-DOPA5-O-glucosyltransferase, betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase), and betanidin 6-O-glucosyltransferase.
  • CqCDOPA5GT base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 15, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 16, accession number: XP_021748306 is preferred.
  • betanidin-to-betanin synthetase in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as betanin can be synthesized from betanidin, and examples thereof may include betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (e.g., 5GT(B5GT)) and cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase (CDOPA5GT).
  • betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase e.g., 5GT(B5GT)
  • CDOPA5GT cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase
  • the betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthetase in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as gomphrenin-I can be synthesized from betanidin, and examples thereof may include betanidin 6-O-glucosyltransferase (e.g., 6GT(B6GT): SEQ ID NOS: 36 and 37) and cyclo-DOPA 6-O-glucosyltransferase (CDOPA6GT) (see: Substrate specificity and sequence analysis define a polyphyleticorigin of betanidin 5-and 6-O-glucosyltransferase from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis. planta 214, 492-495 ).
  • 6GT(B6GT) SEQ ID NOS: 36 and 37
  • CDOPA6GT cyclo-DOPA 6-O-glucosyltransferase
  • Substrate specificity and sequence analysis define a polyphyleticorigin of betanidin 5-and 6-O-glucosyl
  • amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase of the present invention may be derived from any species as long as the synthetase has activity of synthesizing amaranthin by bonding glucuronic acid to betanin (e.g., UDP-glucoronate (betanin beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase) or activity of synthesizing gomphrenin-I-glucuronide (in particular, gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide) by bonding glucuronic acid to gomphrenin-I.
  • betanin e.g., UDP-glucoronate (betanin beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase)
  • gomphrenin-I-glucuronide in particular, gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide
  • amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase is any one or more selected from the following:
  • the gene of the above-mentioned item (2) is a gene encoding a polypeptide having introduced therein such a mutation as not to cause the loss of the ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide.
  • Such mutation encompasses an artificial mutation as well as a naturally occurring mutation.
  • a site-directed mutagenesis method Nucleic Acids Res. 10, 6487-6500, 1982 .
  • the number of mutated amino acids is generally 20 or less, preferably 10 or less, more preferably 5 or less, most preferably 3.
  • Whether or not the polypeptide having introduced therein the mutation retains the ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide can be found by, for example, introducing a gene encoding the polypeptide having introduced therein the mutation into a plant body or the like, and checking the ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide in the plant body.
  • the "substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12" may be stronger or weaker in degree of the action as compared to the substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12.
  • the degree of the action may be, for example, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140%, or about 150% as compared to the ability of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide.
  • the identity may be calculated using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool at the National Center for Biological Information (BLAST) or the like (using, for example, default, namely initially set, parameters).
  • BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool at the National Center for Biological Information
  • the gene of the above-mentioned item (5) is a gene obtained by utilizing hybridization between DNAs.
  • stringent conditions in this gene refers to conditions under which only specific hybridization occurs and non-specific hybridization does not occur. Such conditions are generally conditions such as hybridization in a buffer containing 5 ⁇ SSC and 1% SDS at 37°C and washing treatment with a buffer containing 1 ⁇ SSC and 0.1% SDS at 37°C, preferably conditions such as hybridization in a buffer containing 5 ⁇ SSC and 1% SDS at 42°C and washing treatment with a buffer containing 0.5 ⁇ SSC and 0.1% SDS at 42°C, more preferably conditions such as hybridization in a buffer containing 5 ⁇ SSC and 1% SDS at 65°C and washing treatment with a buffer containing 0.2 ⁇ SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65°C.
  • DNA obtained by utilizing hybridization encodes a polypeptide having activity can be found by, for example, introducing the DNA into a plant body or the like, and checking the ability of the plant body to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide.
  • the DNA obtained by hybridization generally has high identity to the gene of the above-mentioned item (4) (SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11).
  • the "high identity” refers to 90% or more identity, preferably 95% or more identity, more preferably 98% or more identity.
  • the gene of the above-mentioned item (6) is a gene formed of DNA having a 1-to 50-base sequence, preferably a 1- to 30-base sequence, more preferably a 1- to 20-base sequence, most preferably a 1- to 10-base sequence, even most preferably a 1- to 5-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  • the gene of the above-mentioned item (7) is a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more, preferably 93% or more, more preferably 95% or more, most preferably 98% or more identity to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  • the enzyme having amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide (in particular, gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide) synthetase activity of the present invention has any one or more amino acid sequences selected from the following:
  • a substitution between homologous amino acids e.g., polar amino acids, non-polar amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, hydrophilic amino acids, positively charged amino acids, negatively charged amino acids, and aromatic amino acids
  • homologous amino acids e.g., polar amino acids, non-polar amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, hydrophilic amino acids, positively charged amino acids, negatively charged amino acids, and aromatic amino acids
  • basic properties e.g., physical properties, function, physiological activity, or immunological activity
  • the enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity in the present invention has an ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA through activity of catalyzing extradiol cleavage of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Further, 4,5-seco-DOPA converts into betalamic acid through a spontaneous reaction.
  • the gene encoding the enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity in the present invention is any one or more selected from the following:
  • the gene of the above-mentioned item (2) is a gene encoding a polypeptide having introduced therein such a mutation as not to cause the loss of the ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA. Such mutation may be introduced by the method described above.
  • the "substantially equivalent ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34" may be stronger or weaker in degree of the action as compared to the ability of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34 to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA.
  • the degree of the action may be, for example, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140%, or about 150% as compared to the ability of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34 to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA.
  • the gene of the above-mentioned item (5) is a gene obtained by utilizing hybridization between DNAs.
  • DNA obtained by hybridization generally has high identity to the gene of the above-mentioned item (4) (SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35).
  • the "high identity” refers to 90% or more identity, preferably 95% or more identity, more preferably 98% or more identity.
  • the gene of the above-mentioned item (6) is a gene formed of DNA having a 1-to 50-base sequence, preferably a 1- to 30-base sequence, more preferably a 1- to 20-base sequence, most preferably a 1- to 10-base sequence, even most preferably a 1- to 5-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35.
  • the gene of the above-mentioned item (7) is a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more, preferably 93% or more, more preferably 95% or more, most preferably 98% or more identity to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35.
  • the enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity in the present invention is any one or more selected from the following:
  • a substitution between homologous amino acids e.g., polar amino acids, non-polar amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, hydrophilic amino acids, positively charged amino acids, negatively charged amino acids, and aromatic amino acids
  • homologous amino acids e.g., polar amino acids, non-polar amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, hydrophilic amino acids, positively charged amino acids, negatively charged amino acids, and aromatic amino acids
  • basic properties e.g., physical properties, function, physiological activity, or immunological activity
  • amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33 contains the sequence of an active site.
  • the ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA is highly liable to be lost, and hence it is preferred that the mutation be introduced at an amino acid outside those domains.
  • a synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention may be exemplified by the following:
  • the host to be used in the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the host has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine.
  • a synthesis system known per se such as a recombinant Escherichia coli protein synthesis system, an insect protein synthesis system, a yeast protein synthesis system, a plant cell protein synthesis system, a cell-free protein synthesis system, a plant protein synthesis system, or animal cultured cells.
  • a method known per se may be used as a method of introducing each gene into the host to be used in the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention.
  • the gene may be introduced into the host using a vector carrying the gene.
  • a viral vector known per se in particular, a plant virus vector (e.g., a vector derived from a virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus, a tobacco mosaic virus vector, or a tomato mosaic virus vector) may be utilized.
  • a plant virus vector e.g., a vector derived from a virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus, a tobacco mosaic virus vector, or a tomato mosaic virus vector
  • an Agrobacterium method involving using a Ti plasmid may be utilized.
  • the gene may be introduced into a plant body by a method known per se.
  • each gene may be introduced into the host by applying a solution containing a plant virus vector carrying each gene to a leaf, a stalk, a root, an ear, or the like of the plant body.
  • Other examples of the method may include a particle gun method and an Agrobacterium method.
  • each protein in the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention, with regard to a method of introducing each protein into the host (in particular, a plant body), the protein may be introduced into the plant body by a method known per se.
  • each protein may be introduced into the host by applying a solution containing each protein to a leaf, a stalk, a root, an ear, or the like of the plant body.
  • Other examples of the method may include a particle gun method and an Agrobacterium method.
  • a betalain pigment-producing host of the present invention has, for example, any one or more of the following configurations and features:
  • amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition (amaranthin synthesis agent, amaranthin synthetase agent, gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis agent, or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase agent) of the present invention contains a gene shown in any one of the following items (1) to (7) or a vector carrying the gene:
  • amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of the present invention has a peptide represented by an amino acid sequence of any one of the following items (1) to (3):
  • a therapeutic or preventive agent for cancer of the present invention contains any one of the following items (1) to (4):
  • the kind of cancer applicable to the therapeutic or preventive agent for cancer of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the cancer is a malignant tumor.
  • the therapeutic or preventive agent for cancer may be used for one kind or a plurality of kinds of cancers selected from liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, malignant lymphoma, myxoid liposarcoma, glioblastoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms' tumor, oligodendroglioma, adrenocortical carcinoma, multiple myeloma, medulloblastoma, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, and Ewing
  • An HIV-1 protease activity inhibitor of the present invention contains any one of the following items (1) to (4):
  • BLAST searches were performed for a quinoa genome, a beet genome, and an amaranth genome through utilization of the amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis flavonoid 3-O-glucoside:2"-O-glucosyltransferase (alternative name: UGT79B6, accession number: NP_200212).
  • a phylogenetic tree was constructed using amino acid sequences showing 40% or more homology according to the result of the BLAST searches and previously reported flavonoid-glycoside glycosyltransferases, using a neighbor-joining method with MAGA7 software (Table 1).
  • the synthesized cDNA was used as a template to amplify the full-length ORF of a betalain biosynthesis gene through PCR using the enzyme of Prime STAR GXL (TaKaRa).
  • Primers used for the PCR are shown in Table 2.
  • Primers Nos. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 38) and 2 (SEQ ID NO: 39) were used for Cq3GGT-like1
  • Primers Nos. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 40) and 4 SEQ ID NO: 41
  • Primers Nos. 5 (SEQ ID NO: 42) and 6 (SEQ ID NO: 43) were used for Cq3GGT-like2
  • CqCYP76AD1 was amplified using Primers Nos. 17 (SEQ ID NO: 54) and 18 (SEQ ID NO: 55).
  • Table 2 Quinoa hypocotyl expression Primer No. Gene name Base sequence 1 Cq3GGT-like1 ATGTCCAAGGAAAATGGCATTGCCAATGGC 2 TCATACGAGAATACCTTTCAGACTCTGTAT 3 Cq3GGT-like3 ATGTCCAAGGAAAATGGCATTGCTAATGGCAAT 4 TTATACGAGAATGTCTTTCAGACTCTGTATGAACC 5 Cq3GGT-like2 ATGTCATCATCAAACAATAACAATGGCAAGACTT 6 TCAAACCAAATCTTGTAGACTTTGAACAAACTT 7 CqUGT79B30-like2 ATGTCAAAGATTAACGAAACCAATGAATGT 8 TCAAACCAAATCTTGTAGACTTTGAACAAACTT 9 CqAmaSy2 ATGTCACAAAACAAAGACACCCAAATTCTA 10 TCATGA
  • betalain pigment biosynthesis genes used in this experiment, a pCAMBIA1301 modification vector ( Imamura, T., Takagi, H., Miyazato, A., Ohki, S., Mizukoshi, H. and Mori, M. (2016) Isolation and characterization of the betalain biosynthesis gene involved in hypocotyl pigmentation of the allotetraploid Chenopodium quinoa. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 496, 280-286 .) was used.
  • betalain pigment-associated synthesis genes a fragment in which restriction enzyme sites were added to the 5' and 3' ends of each gene was synthesized by PCR. Then, the resultant PCR fragment was cleaved at the added sites and inserted into the plant modification vector to construct a plant expression vector.
  • the Phyre2 web server ( Kelley, L.A., Mezulis, S., Yates, C.M., Wass, M.N. and Sternberg, M.J. (2015) The Phyre2 web portal for protein modeling, prediction and analysis. Nat. Protoc. 10, 845-858 .) was used for the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of the amaranthin synthetase. UDP-glucosyltransferase (PDB code; 5NLM) was utilized as a protein for modeling.
  • PDB code 5NLM
  • the constructed plasmid was introduced from Escherichia coli harboring the plasmid into Agrobacterium using a triparental mating method ( Wise, A.A., Liu, Z. and Binns, A.N. (2006) Three methods for the introduction of foreign DNA into Agrobacterium. Methods Mol. Biol. 343, 43-53 .) to generate a transformed Agrobacterium.
  • the plasmid harbored by the transformed Agrobacterium was introduced into green leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana through use of an agroinfiltration method ( Shamloul, M., Trusa, J., Mett, V. and Yusibov, V. (2014) Optimization and utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in Nicotiana. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE .). Inoculated and grown green leaves were utilized for analysis.
  • the plasmid harbored by the transformed Agrobacterium was introduced into tobacco BY2 cells through use of an Agrobacterium method ( Hagiwara, Y., Komoda, K., Yamanaka, T., Tamai, A., Meshi, T., Funada, R., Tsuchiya, T., Naito, S. and Ishikawa, M. (2003) Subcellular localization of host and viral proteins associated with tobamovirus RNA replication. EMBO J. 22, 344-353 .). The resultant transformed line was maintained and utilized for analysis.
  • the transformed plant sample was disrupted, and water was added, followed by centrifugation (20,000 g, 10 minutes or 15 minutes). The centrifuged supernatant was collected, and an equal amount of acetonitrile was added, followed by further centrifugation (20,000 g, 10 minutes or 15 minutes). The supernatant obtained by the centrifugal operation was concentrated with a centrifugal concentrator (CC-105, Tomy Seiko). The resultant concentrate was subjected to HPLC analysis as a pigment extract.
  • the HPLC analysis was performed by: using a reversed-phase column (Shim-pack GWS C18 column, 5 ⁇ m; 200 ⁇ 4.6 mm i.d.; Shimadzu GLC); using 0.05% TFA in water as solvent A and 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile as solvent B; setting a flow rate to 0.5 ml/min; setting an analysis program to such a condition that the concentration of acetonitrile was linearly changed from 0% at an analysis time of 0 minutes to reach 45% over 45 minutes; and setting an analytical wavelength to 536 nm allowing betacyanin to be detected.
  • Human breast cancer cells were received from the RIKEN BioResource Center.
  • Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-high glucose 4.5 g L -1 glucose; DMEM-HG
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • antibiotics 100 U mL -1 penicillin and 100 ⁇ g mL -1 streptomycin
  • the cells were cultured under the culture conditions of 37°C, a humidity of 100%, and a 5% CO 2 /95% air atmosphere.
  • the breast cancer cells were added at 5,000 cells per well on 96-well plates, and at the same time, amaranthin or betanin was added at different concentrations, and the cells were cultured for 72 hours. After that, the activity of the breast cancer cells was evaluated by an AlamarBlue assay (alamarBlue Cell Viability Reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The procedure followed the accompanying instructions.
  • HIV-1 protease activity evaluation was performed with reference to a previously reported method ( Boso, G., Orvell, C. and Somia, N.V. (2015) The nature of the N-terminal amino acid residue of HIV-1 RNase H is critical for the stability of reverse transcriptase in viral particles. J. Virol. 89, 1286-1297 .).
  • Amaranthin or betanin was added to 16 pmol of the HIV-1 protease and 4 nmol of the HIV-1 protease substrate, a buffer (25 mM NaCl, 25 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 4.7) was added so that the amount of a reaction liquid was 30 ⁇ l, and a reaction was performed at 25°C for 2 hours.
  • a buffer 25 mM NaCl, 25 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 4.7
  • amaranthin and betanin were each added at the ratios of 0-, 10-, 50-, and 100-fold amounts with respect to the amount of the HIV-1 protease.
  • the reaction liquid was measured for the amount of the residual substrate peptide through use of HPLC, and a residual ratio with respect to the substrate before the reaction was calculated.
  • HPLC LC-20AD from Shimadzu was utilized, and a Shim-pack GWS C18 column (5 ⁇ m; 200 ⁇ 4.6 mm i.d.; Shimadzu GLC) was used as an analytical column.
  • a Shim-pack GWS C18 column 5 ⁇ m; 200 ⁇ 4.6 mm i.d.; Shimadzu GLC
  • solvent B 0.05% TFA in water was used as solvent A and 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile was used as solvent B.
  • An HPLC program was set to a linear gradient from 0% of solvent B at 0 minutes to 50% of solvent B at 50 minutes, and the HPLC was performed at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and 25°C. Analysis was performed with an analytical wavelength being set to 260 nm allowing the HIV-1 protease substrate peptide to be detected.
  • Amaranthin is a substance in which glucuronic acid is ⁇ -1,2-linked to glucose present in the molecule of betanin ( FIG. 1 and FIG. 3(b) ).
  • a flavonoid another plant pigment, an enzyme that adds glucose to a flavonoid glucoside via a ⁇ -1,2 linkage has already been isolated ( FIGS. 3 ).
  • the amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis flavonoid 3-O-glucoside:2"-O-glucosyltransferase (alternative name: UGT79B6, accession number: NP_200212) was utilized to select homologous proteins from the quinoa genome.
  • candidate genes were narrowed down on the basis of homology search and phylogenetic tree analysis.
  • the novel group was formed only of candidates in the Amaranthaceae plants, to which three candidates in beets and four candidates in amaranth belonged ( FIG. 4 ). It was predicted from the phylogenetic tree analysis that the novel group was different in function from the heretofore reported enzymes for flavonoids.
  • betalains can be produced by introducing betalain biosynthesis genes into non-betalain-producing plants, such as tobacco, eggplant, potato, and tomato ( Polturak, G., Grossman, N., Vela-Corcia, D., Dong, Y., Nudel, A., Pliner, M., Levy, M., Rogachev, I. and Aharoni, A. (2017) Engineered gray mold resistance, antioxidant capacity, and pigmentation in betalain-producing crops and ornamentals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 114, 9062-9067 .).
  • the inventors of the present invention have also succeeded in producing betanin, which is a precursor of amaranthin, by expressing the betalain biosynthesis gene of quinoa in Nicotiana benthamiana ( Imamura, T., Takagi, H., Miyazato, A., Ohki, S., Mizukoshi, H. and Mori, M. (2016) Isolation and characterization of the betalain biosynthesis gene involved in hypocotyl pigmentation of the allotetraploid Chenopodium quinoa. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 496, 280-286 .).
  • amaranthin synthetase ⁇ Amaranthin synthetase 1 (AmaSy1, accession number: XP_021754077, base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 2) ⁇ .
  • Quinoa is an allotetraploid plant, and hence it was predicted that it was highly likely that there was a homolog of AmaSy1.
  • a homology search was performed with respect to AmaSy1, and as a result, one gene (accession number: XM_021880149) was obtained.
  • This homolog was evaluated for an ability to produce amaranthin through use of an expression system using Nicotiana benthamiana, and as a result, was revealed to have an ability to synthesize amaranthin ( FIGS. 7 ).
  • this gene was named Amaranthin synthetase 2 (AmaSy2, accession number: XP_021735841, base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • the three-dimensional structure analysis of a protein was performed on the basis of the amino acid sequence of amaranthin synthetase 1 of quinoa.
  • Two pathways are predicted for amaranthin synthesis.
  • One is a pathway in which glucuronic acid is bonded to betanin, and the other is a pathway in which glucuronic acid is bonded to cyclo-DOPA glucoside, followed by the bonding of betalamic acid through a spontaneous reaction ( FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 ).
  • the amaranthin synthetase isolated this time synthesized amaranthin was examined with an expression system using Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • Cyclo-DOPA 5-glucosyltransferase which is a gene used in a Nicotiana benthamiana expression system, can synthesize both of precursors (cyclo-DOPA 5-glucoside and betanin) of the two pathways. Accordingly, cDOPA5GT is not suited for identifying a constitutive pathway.
  • betanidin 5-glucosyltransferase (Betanidin-5GT) was used instead of cDOPA5GT for the Nicotiana benthamiana expression system ( FIG. 8 ).
  • the amaranthin synthetase gene was also simultaneously expressed in the expression system having incorporated therein Betanidin-5GT.
  • amaranthin synthetase gene was successfully isolated, and hence an attempt was made to mass produce amaranthin in tobacco BY-2 cells.
  • a strongly red line was selected from the resultant transformed BY-2 lines by the following method. At the same time with the production of the amaranthin-producing transformed line, a betanin-producing transformed line and a betanidin-producing transformed line were also generated and selected.
  • the three betalain-producing transformed lines thus selected were subjected to HPLC and mass spectrometry, and as a result, the production of amaranthin and betanin was recognized in the amaranthin-producing transformed line, and the production of betanin was recognized in the betanin-producing line. Meanwhile, in the betanidin-producing line, the production of betanidin was recognized.
  • a betalain production amount in 150 mL culture were investigated.
  • the amounts of amaranthin and betanin were 2.05 ⁇ 0.62 ⁇ mol and 3.99 ⁇ 0.23 ⁇ mol, respectively.
  • betanin was produced in an amount of 2.93 ⁇ 1.29 ⁇ mol.
  • optical isomers such as isobetanin and isoamaranthin was not recognized.
  • betalain pigments (amaranthin and betanin) can be mass produced in tobacco BY-2 cultured cells, i.e., a non-betalain-producing plant.
  • Amaranthin has been predicted by a virtual screening method to be a candidate of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor derived from a natural product ( Yanuar, A., Suhartanto, H., Munim, A., Anugraha, B.H. and Syahdi, R.R. (2014) Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor. Bioinformation 10, 52-55 .).
  • amaranthin actually inhibits HIV-1 protease activity.
  • the inventors of the present invention used amaranthin and betanin produced in BY-2 cells to test whether these betalain pigments inhibited HIV-1 protease activity.
  • amaranthin synthetase of the present invention also has a gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide synthetase action
  • a vector having incorporated therein CqAmaSy1 assumed to have a gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide synthetase action was constructed ( FIG. 17 ), and evaluation was performed with an expression system using Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • a red pigment produced in Nicotiana benthamiana was subjected to HPLC and MS analysis, and as a result, was revealed to have an ability to produce gomphrenin-I-glucuronide ( FIG. 17 ).
  • amaranthin synthetase of the present invention also had a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase action.
  • the synthesis method for a betalain pigment, the amaranthin synthesis composition, the gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, and the betalain pigment-producing host can be provided.

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Abstract

It is an object to provide a method of synthesizing amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide. Genes each having an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability have been isolated from quinoa and the like, and the isolated genes have been used to verify the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability in non-betalain-producing plants.

Description

    TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present invention relates to a synthesis method for a betalain pigment, an amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition agent, an amaranthin synthesis method, a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, and a betalain pigment-producing host.
  • The present application claims priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-197998 , which is incorporated herein by reference.
    • BACKGROUND ART (Betalains)
  • Betalains, which are a group of plant pigments, are produced in plants of the order Caryophyllales and some fungi. The betalain pigments are broadly classified into two groups, i.e., betacyanins, which range from red to violet in color, and betaxanthins, which range from yellow to orange in color. In plants, the betalain pigments are known to be involved in resistance to environmental stresses (Non Patent Literature 1 and Non Patent Literature 2). The betalain pigments are used for food additives because of their vivid colors. In addition, the betalain pigments have high antioxidant activity, and hence are expected to be utilized as pharmaceuticals and supplements. The betalain pigments, though having various physiological actions, are difficult to constantly produce because the production of the betalain pigments is mainly performed through extraction from betalain pigment-producing plants. In recent years, it has been reported that betalains have been successfully produced by introducing betalain biosynthesis genes into non-betalain-producing plants (Non Patent Literature 2). However, although many kinds of betalain pigments exist, few genes for synthesis thereof have been isolated, and hence only certain betalain pigments have been able to be synthesized.
  • Quinoa, which is native to the Andes of South America, is a plant that produces and accumulates betalains. As betalain pigments accumulating in quinoa seedlings, amaranthin and celosianin II primarily accumulate (Non Patent Literature 3). Amaranthin is a betalain pigment in which glucuronic acid is bonded to betanin (FIG. 1). Biosynthetic pathways of betalain pigments have been increasingly elucidated in recent years, and genes involved before and in synthesis of betanin, which serves as a precursor of amaranthin, have been reported. However, a gene having an ability to synthesize amaranthin has not been reported. Accordingly, amaranthin is a betalain pigment that is impossible to produce in a non-betalain-producing plant.
  • In Patent Literature 1, there is a disclosure of a "method of producing a betacyanin, including a step (conversion step) of converting a raw material into a betacyanin in an aqueous medium in the presence of a microorganism having enzyme activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, L-DOPA oxidase activity, and enzyme activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, or a treated product thereof."
  • In Non Patent Literature 4, there is a report that "a betanin synthesis system of Mirabilis jalapa synthesizes 88% of betanin, which is an S-form, and 12% of isobetanin, which is an R-form."
  • In Non Patent Literature 2, there is a report that "a betanin synthesis system of potato synthesizes both the S-form and the R-form."
  • In Non Patent Literature 5, there is a report that "a betanin synthesis system of Nicotiana benthamiana synthesizes both the S-form and the R-form."
  • However, in any of the Literatures, there is no disclosure or suggestion of an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase gene of the present invention.
    • Citation List Patent Literature
  • [PTL 1] JP 2016-182044 A
    • Non Patent Literature
    • [NPL 1] Jain, G., Schwinn, K.E. and Gould, K.S. (2015) Betalain induction byl-DOPA application confers photoprotection to saline-exposed leaves of Disphymaaustrale. New Phytol. 207, 1075-1083.
    • [NPL 2] Polturak, G., Grossman, N., Vela-Corcia, D., et al. 2017, Engineered gray mold resistance, antioxidant capacity, and pigmentation in betalain-producing crops and ornamentals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 114, 9062-7.
    • [NPL 3] Imamura, T., Takagi, H., Miyazato, A., Ohki, S., Mizukoshi, H. and Mori, M. (2018) Isolation and characterization of the betalain biosynthesis gene involved in hypocotyl pigmentation of the allotetraploid Chenopodium quinoa. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 496, 280-286.
    • [NPL 4] Sasaki, N., Abe, Y., Goda, Y., Adachi, T., Kasahara, K. and Ozeki, Y. 2009, Detection of DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase (DOD) activity using recombinant protein prepared from Escherichia coli cells harboring cDNA encoding DOD from Mirabilis jalapa. Plant Cell Physiol., 50, 1012-6.
    • [NPL 5] Polturak, G., Breitel, D., Grossman, N., etal. 2016, Elucidation of the first committed step in betalain biosynthesis enables the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in plants. New Phytol., 210, 269-83.
    SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method of synthesizing amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide.
    • Solution to Problem
  • In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the inventors of the present invention have isolated genes each having an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability from quinoa and the like, and have used the isolated genes to verify the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability in non-betalain-producing plants.
  • Thus, the inventors have completed a synthesis method for a betalain pigment, an amaranthin synthesis method, a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, and a betalain pigment-producing host of the present invention.
  • That is, the present invention is as described below.
    1. 1. A synthesis method for a betalain pigment, including:
      • culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine (L-DOPA), and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
      • culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding a betanidin-to-betanin synthetase, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
      • culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding a betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I (betanidin 6-O-glucoside) synthetase, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing;
        or
      • culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
      • culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-betanin synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
      • culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing,
      • wherein, in the production method for a betalain pigment, the gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase is any one or more selected from the following:
        1. (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
        2. (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
        3. (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
        4. (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
        5. (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide;
        6. (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
        7. (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11; and
        8. (8) a gene formed of DNA formed of a degenerate isomer of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
    2. 2. The synthesis method for a betalain pigment according to the above-mentioned item 1, wherein the betalain pigment is amaranthin.
    3. 3. The synthesis method for a betalain pigment according to the above-mentioned item 1, wherein the betalain pigment is gomphrenin-I-glucuronide.
    4. 4. The synthesis method for a betalain pigment according to any one of the above-mentioned items 1 to 3, wherein the gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase is any one or more selected from SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
    5. 5. An amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, including a gene shown in any one of the following items (1) to (7) or a vector carrying the gene:
      1. (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
      2. (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
      3. (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
      4. (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
      5. (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide;
      6. (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
      7. (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11; and
      8. (8) a gene formed of DNA formed of a degenerate isomer of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
    6. 6. An amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, including a peptide represented by an amino acid sequence of any one of the following items (1) to (3):
      1. (1) an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
      2. (2) an amino acid sequence that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that forms a polypeptide having a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12; and
      3. (3) an amino acid sequence that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that forms a polypeptide having a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12.
    7. 7. A betalain pigment-producing host having introduced therein the synthesis composition of the above-mentioned item 5 or 6.
    8. 8. An amaranthin synthesis method, including the following (1) or (2):
      1. (1) a step of bringing betanin into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of the above-mentioned item 6; or
      2. (2)
        1. (a) a step of bringing betanidin into contact with a betanidin-to-betanin synthetase, and
        2. (b) a step of bringing betanin obtained in the step (a) into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of the above-mentioned item 6.
    9. 9. A gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, including the following (1) or (2):
      1. (1) a step of bringing gomphrenin-I into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of the above-mentioned item 6; or
      2. (2)
        1. (a) a step of bringing betanidin into contact with a betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthetase, and
        2. (b) a step of bringing gomphrenin-I obtained in the step (a) into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of the above-mentioned item 6.
    10. 10. A betalain pigment-producing host,
      • the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and having an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, or
      • the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding a betanidin-to-betanin synthetase, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and having an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, or
      • the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and having an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, or
      • the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and having enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, or
      • the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide synthetase, and having enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-betanin synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, or
      • the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and having enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine,
      • wherein the gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase is any one or more selected from the following:
        1. (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
        2. (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
        3. (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
        4. (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
        5. (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide;
        6. (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
        7. (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11; and
        8. (8) a gene formed of DNA formed of a degenerate isomer of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
    11. 11. A therapeutic or preventive agent for cancer, including any one of the following items (1) to (4):
      1. (1) amaranthin;
      2. (2) amaranthin obtained by the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of any one of the above-mentioned items 1, 2, and 4;
      3. (3) amaranthin obtained by the amaranthin synthesis method of the above-mentioned item 8; and
      4. (4) amaranthin obtained from the betalain pigment-producing host of the above-mentioned item 10.
    12. 12. An HIV-1 protease activity inhibitor, including any one of the following items (1) to (4):
      1. (1) amaranthin;
      2. (2) amaranthin obtained by the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of any one of the above-mentioned items 1, 2, and 4;
      3. (3) amaranthin obtained by the amaranthin synthesis method of the above-mentioned item 8; and
      4. (4) amaranthin obtained from the betalain pigment-producing host of the above-mentioned item 10.
    Advantageous Effects of Invention
  • According to the present invention, the synthesis method for a betalain pigment, the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, the amaranthin synthesis method, the gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, and the betalain pigment-producing host can be provided.
    • Brief Description of Drawings
    • FIG. 1 is a scheme for a biosynthetic pathway of betacyanins, which are a group of betalain pigments. Boxes indicate betacyanin-modifying enzymes. cDOPA5GT represents cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase, and 5GT represents betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase. N.I. means not identified.
    • FIG. 2 is a scheme for a betalain pigment synthetic pathway.
    • FIGS. 3 are schematic diagrams of an amaranthin synthesis reaction. FIG. 3(a) is an illustration of a quercetin 3-O-beta-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-glucoside synthesis reaction. FIG. 3(b) is an illustration of an amaranthin synthesis reaction. The box and the dashed box indicate identified and predicted enzymes, respectively.
    • FIG.4 is a molecular phylogenetic tree of flavonoid glycosyltransferases based on amino acid sequences. A plurality of sequences were aligned using MUSCLE and were used for phylogenetic tree construction by a maximum likelihood method using MEGA7. Bootstrap values from 5,000 replicates are shown on branches. The bar represents 0.1 amino acid substitutions per site. CqAmaSy1 and CqUGT79B30-like1 represent genes expressed in quinoa hypocotyls. CqAmaSy2, AhUGT79B30-like4, Bv3GGT-like1, AhUGT79B30-like3, and AhUGT79B30-like2 represent an amaranthin synthetase cluster. Details of flavonoid glycosyltransferase homologs from other plant species are shown in Table 1. Abbreviations for species: Ah represents Amaranthus hypochondriacus, At represents Arabidopsis thaliana, Bp represents Bellis perennis, Bv represents Beta vulgaris, Ca represents Catharanthus roseus, Cm represents Citrus Maxima, Cq represents Chenopodium quinoa, Cs represents Citrus sinensis, Gm represents Glycine max, Ip represents Ipomoea purpurea, Ph represents Petunia hybrida, and Sb represents Scutellaria baicalensis.
    • FIG. 5 shows the results of expression analysis of candidate genes involved in amaranthin synthesis. RT-PCR analysis of candidate gene expression in quinoa hypocotyls. (Upper panel) RT(+) represents reverse-transcribed samples. (Lower panel) RT(-) represents the corresponding controls containing no reverse transcriptase. Boxes indicate genes expressed in quinoa hypocotyls.
    • FIG. 6 includes schematic diagrams of plant expression vectors. CqAmaSy1 represents CqAmaSy1 CDS, CqAmaSy2 represents CqAmaSy2 CDS, Cq3GGT-like2 represents Cq3GGT-like2 CDS, CqUGT79B30-like1 represents CqUGT79B30-like1 CDS, CqCYP76AD1-1 represents CqCYP76AD1-1 CDS, CqDODA-1 represents CqDODA-1 CDS, CqCDOPA5GT represents CqCDOPA5GT CDS, AcGFP1 represents AcGFP1 CDS, 35S represents a CaMV 35S promoter, NosT represents a nopaline synthase terminator, RB represents a right border, and LB represents a left border. HPT represents a hygromycin phosphotransferase expression cassette, ATG represents a start codon, and STOP represents a stop codon.
    • FIGS. 7 show the results of identification of the amaranthin biosynthesis gene. FIG. 7(a): recombinant expression of candidate genes for amaranthin synthases (Cq3GGT-like2, CqAmaSy1 (CqUGT79B30-like4), CqAmaSy2 (CqUGT79B30-like3), and CqUGT79B30-like1) in N. benthamiana leaves. Co-infiltration of transgenic Agrobacterium harboring plasmids for the expression of candidate genes using CqCYP76AD1-1, CqCDOPA5GT, CqDODA-1, and P19. AcGFP1 is a negative control. The bar represents 4 cm. FIG. 7(b) includes HPLC chromatograms of infected N. benthamiana leaf extracts. Hypocotyl indicates the extract of the quinoa hypocotyl from CQ127 variety. Dashed and solid arrows indicate amaranthin and betanin, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the retention time (min). The vertical axis indicates the signal intensity (µV). FIG. 7(c) includes MS spectra of HPLC elution samples from N. benthaminana leaf extracts. The upper and lower panels indicate HPLC elution samples at 21 min (dashed arrows in b) and 24 min (solid arrows in b), respectively. HPLC elution samples at 21 min and 24 min indicate amaranthin and betanin, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The vertical axis indicates the relative abundance.
    • FIG. 8 includes schematic diagrams of plant expression vectors. Bv3GGT-like1 represents Bv3GGT-like1 CDS, AhUGT79B30-like3 represents AhUGT79B30-like3 CDS, AhUGT79B30-like4 represents AhUGT79B30-like4 CDS, DbBetanidin-15GT represents Dbbetanidin-5GT CDS, 35S represents a CaMV 35S promoter, NosT represents a nopaline synthase terminator, RB represents a right border, and LB represents a left border. HPT represents a hygromycin phosphotransferase expression cassette, ATG represents a start codon, and STOP represents a stop codon. Abbreviations for species: Ah represents Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Bv represents Beta vulgaris, and Db represents Dorotheanthus bellidiformis.
    • FIGS. 9 show the results of identification of amaranthin biosynthesis genes in beets and amaranth. FIG. 9(a): recombinant expression of candidate genes for amaranthin synthetase genes (Bv3GGT-like1, AhUGT79B30-like3, and AhUGT79B30-like4), CqAmaSy1 and CqUGT79B30-like1 in N. benthamiana leaves. Co-infiltration of transgenic Agrobacterium harboring plasmids for expressing the candidate genes with CqCYP76AD1-1, CqCDOPA5GT, CqDODA-1, and P19. CqUGT79B30-like1 is the closest homolog of the amaranthin synthetase cluster. The bar represents 4 cm. FIG. 9(b) includes HPLC chromatograms of infected N. benthamiana leaf extracts. Dashed and solid arrows indicate amaranthin and betanin, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the retention time (min), and the vertical axis indicates the signal intensity (µV).
    • FIG. 10 is an illustration of the model structure of CqAmaSy1. The structure was calculated using coordinate 5NLM. The residues, expected to be responsible for the activity, are shown in ball-and-stick model.
    • FIGS. 11 show the results of estimation of a substrate for CqAmaSy1. FIG. 11(a): recombinant expression of CqCDOPA5GT or Cbbetanidin-5GT in N. benthamiana leaves. Co-infiltration of transgenic Agrobacterium harboring plasmids for CqCDOPA5GT or Cbbetanidin-5GT, expressing CqCYP76AD1-1, CqDODA-1, CqAmaSy1, and P19. - CqAmaSy1 functioned as a negative control. The bar represents 4 cm. FIG. 11(b) includes HPLC chromatograms of infected N. benthamiana leaf extracts. Dashed and solid arrows indicate amaranthin and betanin, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the retention time (min), and the vertical axis indicates the signal intensity (µV).
    • FIG. 12 includes schematic diagrams of plant expression vectors. CqAmaSy1 represents CqAmaSy1 CDS, CqCYP76AD1-1 represents CqCYP76AD1-1 CDS, CqDODA-1 represents CqDODA-1 CDS, CqCDOPA5GT represents qCDOPA5GT CDS, 35S represents a CaMV 35S promoter, NosT represents a nopaline synthase terminator, 35S-T represents a 35S terminator, RB represents a right border, and LB represents a left border. HPT represents a hygromycin phosphotransferase expression cassette, NPTII represents a neomycin phosphotransferase II expression cassette, bar represents a bar gene expression cassette, ATG represents a start codon, and STOP represents a stop codon.
    • FIGS. 13 show the results of production of betalain pigments in tobacco BY-2 cell lines. FIG. 13(a) is a photograph of transformed tobacco BY-2 cell lines. #1, #2, and #3 indicate transgenic tobacco BY-2 cell lines producing betanidin, betanin, and amaranthin, respectively. NT denotes the non-transgenic tobacco BY-2 cell line. FIG. 13(b) includes photographs of the transformed tobacco BY-2 cells. Bars represent 100 µm. FIG. 13(c): RT-PCR analysis of gene expression in the transformed tobacco BY-2 cells. NtCesA represents an internal control. FIG. 13(d) includes HPLC chromatograms of the transformed tobacco BY-2 cell lines. Dashed and solid arrows indicate amaranthin and betanin, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the retention time (min). The vertical axis indicates the signal intensity (µV).
    • FIGS. 14 show the results of evaluation of cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. FIG. 14(a): MCF-7 cells were cultured together with increasing concentrations of betanin or amaranthin (0.01 mM, 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, and 50 mM) for 72 hours. Cell proliferation was determined using an AlamarBlue assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. Bars represent the mean±SE (n=5). Symbol "*" represents p<0.05 as compared to untreated cells. FIG. 14(b) shows the morphology of MCF-7 cells cultured for 72 hours with betanin or amaranthin. Cells were examined under an inverted microscope. Bars represent 100 µm.
    • FIGS. 15 show the results of evaluation of inhibition of an HIV-1 protease. FIG. 15(a) includes HPLC chromatograms of HIV-1 protease reaction mixtures. Dashed and solid arrows indicate an HIV-1 protease substrate and its degradation product, respectively. (+) and (-)HIV-1 protease indicate reaction mixtures with and without the HIV-1 protease, respectively. (-)Betalain indicates a reaction mixture without betalain pigments. The horizontal axis indicates the retention time (min), and the vertical axis indicates the signal intensity (µV). FIG. 15(b) shows the relative amounts of the HIV-1 substrate in the reaction mixtures. Gray and black bars indicate reaction mixtures containing betanin and amaranthin, respectively. The white bar indicates the reaction mixture without betalain pigments as a negative control. Bars represent the mean±SE (n=3). Symbol "*" represents p<0.05 as compared to the reaction mixture without betalain pigments. 0, 10, 50, and 100 indicate 0-, 10-, 50-, and 100-fold amounts of betalain as compared to the HIV-1 protease.
    • FIG. 16 is an illustration of amaranthin and gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide synthetic pathways.
    • FIG. 17 shows the results of transient expression analysis using Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-infiltration of transgenic Agrobacterium harboring plasmids for expressing candidate genes with a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase gene (CqAmaSy1), CqCYP76AD1-1, DbB6GT, CqDODA-1, and P19 in N. benthamiana leaves. The bar represents 4 cm. HPLC chromatograms of infected N. benthamiana leaf extracts.
    Description of Embodiments
  • The present invention relates to a synthesis method for a betalain pigment, an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, an amaranthin synthesis method, a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, and a betalain pigment-producing host. The present invention is described in detail below.
    • (Betalain Pigment)
  • Betalain pigments in the present invention are classified into betaxanthins and betacyanins on the basis of their structural features. The betaxanthins exhibit yellow colors and the betacyanins exhibit red-violet colors, and hence the betaxanthins and the betacyanins have heretofore been utilized as natural colorants. The term "betacyanins" collectively refers to a group of compounds in each of which a sugar is glycosidically bonded to a phenolic hydroxy group of betanidin.
    • (Betalain Pigment Synthesis System)
  • Schemes for betacyanin biosynthetic pathways in the present invention are illustrated in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 16.
  • As apparent from the illustrations in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, when a host having an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine (L-DOPA), and an amino acid or an amine (e.g., putrescine, spermidine, or spermine) (including a host capable of incorporating these compounds from outside) has enzyme activities of the following item (1) or (2), amaranthin can be synthesized.
    1. (1) Enzyme (e.g., CqCYP76AD1) activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme (e.g., CqCYP76AD1) activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme (e.g., CqDODA-1) activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, the activity of an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group {e.g., an enzyme having betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity (e.g., Cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase, CqCDOPA5GT), and amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase activity of the present invention. CqCYP76AD1 has both of the following properties: enzyme activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine; and enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity.
    2. (2) Enzyme activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, betanidin-to-betanin synthetase {betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5GT) enzyme} activity, and amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase activity of the present invention.
  • According to the results of Example 4 to be described below, a plant body that is a host having introduced therein a gene group of a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine (gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity), a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase of the present invention has an ability to synthesize amaranthin, which is a betalain pigment.
  • As apparent from the illustration in FIG. 16, when a host having an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, and an amino acid or an amine (e.g., putrescine, spermidine, or spermine) (including a host capable of incorporating these compounds from outside) has the following enzyme activities, gomphrenin-I-glucuronide can be synthesized.
  • Enzyme activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthetase {betanidin 6-O-glucosyltransferase (6GT(B6GT)) enzyme} activity, and amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase activity of the present invention.
  • According to the results of Example 7 to be described below, a plant body that is a host having introduced a gene group of a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine (gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity), a gene encoding an enzyme having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase of the present invention has an ability to synthesize gomphrenin-I-glucuronide, which is a betalain pigment.
  • As apparent from the illustrations in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the present invention also encompasses the following amaranthin synthesis method.
    1. (1) Betanin is brought into contact with the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase of the present invention. As required, a metal ion is added.
    2. (2) Betanidin is brought into contact with a betanidin-to-betanin synthetase to provide betanin, which is then brought into contact with the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase of the present invention. As required, a metal ion is added.
  • As apparent from the illustration in FIG. 16, the present invention also encompasses the following gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method.
    1. (1) Gomphrenin-I is brought into contact with an amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of the present invention. As required, a metal ion is added.
    2. (2) (a) A step of bringing betanidin into contact with a betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthetase is performed, and (b) the gomphrenin-I obtained in the step (a) is brought into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of the present invention. As required, a metal ion is added.
    (Enzyme for Hydroxylating 3-Position of Phenol Ring of Tyrosine)
  • The enzyme for hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine in the present invention has activity of allowing a hydroxy group to be added to the 3-position of the phenol ring that tyrosine has, and the enzyme may be derived from any species as long as the enzyme has the activity.
  • Examples of the enzyme for hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine include tyrosinase, cytochromes P450 (in particular, CYP76AD1, CYP76AD2, CYP76AD3, and the like), and catechol oxidase. Of those, CqCYP76AD1 (base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 13, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 14, accession number: XP_021769302) is preferred.
    • (Enzyme Having L-DOPA Oxidase Activity)
  • The enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity in the present invention has activity of converting L-DOPA into cyclo-DOPA, and may be derived from any species as long as the enzyme has the activity.
  • Examples of the enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity include tyrosinase and cytochromes P450, such as CYP76AD1, CYP76AD2, CYP76AD3, CYP76AD5, and CYP76AD6. Of those, CqCYP76AD1 (base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 13, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 14) is preferred.
    • (Enzyme for Glycosylating Phenolic Hydroxy Group)
  • The enzyme for glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group in the present invention has activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group present at the 5-position or the 6-position of a cyclo-DOPA skeleton, and may be derived from any species as long as the enzyme has the activity.
  • Examples of the enzyme for glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group include cyclo-DOPA5-O-glucosyltransferase, betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase), and betanidin 6-O-glucosyltransferase. Of those, CqCDOPA5GT (base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 15, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 16, accession number: XP_021748306) is preferred.
    • (Betanidin-to-betanin Synthetase)
  • The betanidin-to-betanin synthetase in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as betanin can be synthesized from betanidin, and examples thereof may include betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (e.g., 5GT(B5GT)) and cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase (CDOPA5GT).
    • (Betanidin-to-Gomphrenin-I Synthetase)
  • The betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthetase in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as gomphrenin-I can be synthesized from betanidin, and examples thereof may include betanidin 6-O-glucosyltransferase (e.g., 6GT(B6GT): SEQ ID NOS: 36 and 37) and cyclo-DOPA 6-O-glucosyltransferase (CDOPA6GT) (see: Substrate specificity and sequence analysis define a polyphyleticorigin of betanidin 5-and 6-O-glucosyltransferase from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis. planta 214, 492-495).
    • (Amaranthin or Gomphrenin-I-glucuronide Synthetase)
  • The amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase of the present invention may be derived from any species as long as the synthetase has activity of synthesizing amaranthin by bonding glucuronic acid to betanin (e.g., UDP-glucoronate (betanin beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase) or activity of synthesizing gomphrenin-I-glucuronide (in particular, gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide) by bonding glucuronic acid to gomphrenin-I.
  • The gene encoding the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase (amaranthin synthetase gene or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase gene) of the present invention is any one or more selected from the following:
    1. (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    2. (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    3. (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    4. (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
    5. (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide;
    6. (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
    7. (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11; and
    8. (8) a gene formed of DNA formed of a degenerate isomer of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  • The gene of the above-mentioned item (2) is a gene encoding a polypeptide having introduced therein such a mutation as not to cause the loss of the ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide. Such mutation encompasses an artificial mutation as well as a naturally occurring mutation. As means for causing the artificial mutation, there may be given, for example, a site-directed mutagenesis method (Nucleic Acids Res. 10, 6487-6500, 1982). The number of mutated amino acids is generally 20 or less, preferably 10 or less, more preferably 5 or less, most preferably 3. Whether or not the polypeptide having introduced therein the mutation retains the ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide can be found by, for example, introducing a gene encoding the polypeptide having introduced therein the mutation into a plant body or the like, and checking the ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide in the plant body.
  • With regard to the gene of the above-mentioned item (3), the "substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12" may be stronger or weaker in degree of the action as compared to the substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12. The degree of the action may be, for example, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140%, or about 150% as compared to the ability of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide.
  • In addition, the identity may be calculated using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool at the National Center for Biological Information (BLAST) or the like (using, for example, default, namely initially set, parameters).
  • The gene of the above-mentioned item (5) is a gene obtained by utilizing hybridization between DNAs. The term "stringent conditions" in this gene refers to conditions under which only specific hybridization occurs and non-specific hybridization does not occur. Such conditions are generally conditions such as hybridization in a buffer containing 5×SSC and 1% SDS at 37°C and washing treatment with a buffer containing 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 37°C, preferably conditions such as hybridization in a buffer containing 5×SSC and 1% SDS at 42°C and washing treatment with a buffer containing 0.5×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 42°C, more preferably conditions such as hybridization in a buffer containing 5×SSC and 1% SDS at 65°C and washing treatment with a buffer containing 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65°C. Whether or not DNA obtained by utilizing hybridization encodes a polypeptide having activity can be found by, for example, introducing the DNA into a plant body or the like, and checking the ability of the plant body to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide. The DNA obtained by hybridization generally has high identity to the gene of the above-mentioned item (4) (SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11). The "high identity" refers to 90% or more identity, preferably 95% or more identity, more preferably 98% or more identity.
  • The gene of the above-mentioned item (6) is a gene formed of DNA having a 1-to 50-base sequence, preferably a 1- to 30-base sequence, more preferably a 1- to 20-base sequence, most preferably a 1- to 10-base sequence, even most preferably a 1- to 5-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  • The gene of the above-mentioned item (7) is a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more, preferably 93% or more, more preferably 95% or more, most preferably 98% or more identity to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  • The enzyme having amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide (in particular, gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide) synthetase activity of the present invention has any one or more amino acid sequences selected from the following:
    1. (1) an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    2. (2) an amino acid sequence that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that forms a polypeptide having a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12; and
    3. (3) an amino acid sequence that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that forms a polypeptide having a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12.
  • In the introduction of a mutation into a peptide, for example, a substitution between homologous amino acids (e.g., polar amino acids, non-polar amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, hydrophilic amino acids, positively charged amino acids, negatively charged amino acids, and aromatic amino acids) is easily conceivable from the viewpoint of preventing basic properties (e.g., physical properties, function, physiological activity, or immunological activity) of the peptide from being changed.
  • (Enzyme Having DOPA 4,5-Dioxygenase Activity)
  • The enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity in the present invention has an ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA through activity of catalyzing extradiol cleavage of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Further, 4,5-seco-DOPA converts into betalamic acid through a spontaneous reaction.
  • The gene encoding the enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity in the present invention is any one or more selected from the following:
    1. (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17 (accession number: XP_021769303), 19 (accession number: XP_021769301), 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34;
    2. (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, or 27;
    3. (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34;
    4. (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35;
    5. (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA;
    6. (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35;
    7. (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35;
    8. (8) the gene of any one or more of the above-mentioned items (1) to (7) including a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33; and
    9. (9) a gene formed of DNA formed of a degenerate isomer of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35.
  • The gene of the above-mentioned item (2) is a gene encoding a polypeptide having introduced therein such a mutation as not to cause the loss of the ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA. Such mutation may be introduced by the method described above.
  • With regard to the gene of the above-mentioned item (3), the "substantially equivalent ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34" may be stronger or weaker in degree of the action as compared to the ability of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34 to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA. The degree of the action may be, for example, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140%, or about 150% as compared to the ability of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34 to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA.
  • The gene of the above-mentioned item (5) is a gene obtained by utilizing hybridization between DNAs. DNA obtained by hybridization generally has high identity to the gene of the above-mentioned item (4) (SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35). The "high identity" refers to 90% or more identity, preferably 95% or more identity, more preferably 98% or more identity.
  • The gene of the above-mentioned item (6) is a gene formed of DNA having a 1-to 50-base sequence, preferably a 1- to 30-base sequence, more preferably a 1- to 20-base sequence, most preferably a 1- to 10-base sequence, even most preferably a 1- to 5-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35.
  • The gene of the above-mentioned item (7) is a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more, preferably 93% or more, more preferably 95% or more, most preferably 98% or more identity to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 35.
  • The enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity in the present invention is any one or more selected from the following:
    1. (1) an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34;
    2. (2) an amino acid sequence that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34;
    3. (3) an amino acid sequence that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 34, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1; and
    4. (4) the amino acid sequence of any one or more of the above-mentioned items (1) to (3) including the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33.
  • In the introduction of a mutation into a peptide, for example, a substitution between homologous amino acids (e.g., polar amino acids, non-polar amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, hydrophilic amino acids, positively charged amino acids, negatively charged amino acids, and aromatic amino acids) is easily conceivable from the viewpoint of preventing basic properties (e.g., physical properties, function, physiological activity, or immunological activity) of the peptide from being changed.
  • In particular, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33 contains the sequence of an active site. When a mutation is introduced into this sequence, the ability to convert L-DOPA into 4,5-seco-DOPA is highly liable to be lost, and hence it is preferred that the mutation be introduced at an amino acid outside those domains.
    • (Synthesis Method for Betalain Pigment)
  • A synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention may be exemplified by the following:
    1. (1) culturing a host that has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing;
    2. (2) culturing a host that has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding a betanidin-to-betanin synthetase, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing;
    3. (3) culturing a host that has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing;
    4. (4) culturing a host that has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-betanin synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing;
    5. (5) culturing a host that has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding a betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthetase, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
    6. (6) culturing a host that has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing.
    (Host)
  • The host to be used in the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the host has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine. For example, there may be used a synthesis system known per se, such as a recombinant Escherichia coli protein synthesis system, an insect protein synthesis system, a yeast protein synthesis system, a plant cell protein synthesis system, a cell-free protein synthesis system, a plant protein synthesis system, or animal cultured cells.
  • A method known per se may be used as a method of introducing each gene into the host to be used in the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention. For example, the gene may be introduced into the host using a vector carrying the gene.
  • As the vector, a viral vector known per se, in particular, a plant virus vector (e.g., a vector derived from a virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus, a tobacco mosaic virus vector, or a tomato mosaic virus vector) may be utilized.
  • In addition, an Agrobacterium method involving using a Ti plasmid may be utilized.
    • (Method of Introducing Each Gene into Host)
  • In the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention, with regard to the method of introducing each gene into the host, the gene may be introduced into a plant body by a method known per se. For example, each gene may be introduced into the host by applying a solution containing a plant virus vector carrying each gene to a leaf, a stalk, a root, an ear, or the like of the plant body. Other examples of the method may include a particle gun method and an Agrobacterium method.
    • (Method of Introducing Each Protein into Host)
  • In the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of the present invention, with regard to a method of introducing each protein into the host (in particular, a plant body), the protein may be introduced into the plant body by a method known per se. For example, each protein may be introduced into the host by applying a solution containing each protein to a leaf, a stalk, a root, an ear, or the like of the plant body. Other examples of the method may include a particle gun method and an Agrobacterium method.
    • (Betalain Pigment-producing Host)
  • A betalain pigment-producing host of the present invention has, for example, any one or more of the following configurations and features:
    1. (1) the host has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine (L-DOPA);
    2. (2) the host has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having betanidin-to-betanin synthesis activity, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine (L-DOPA);
    3. (3) the host has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine;
    4. (4) the host has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-betanin synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine;
    5. (5) the host has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine (L-DOPA);
    6. (6) the host has introduced therein a gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating the 3-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine; and
    7. (7) the host has introduced therein an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition.
    (Amaranthin or Gomphrenin-I-glucuronide Synthesis Composition)
  • An amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition (amaranthin synthesis agent, amaranthin synthetase agent, gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis agent, or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase agent) of the present invention contains a gene shown in any one of the following items (1) to (7) or a vector carrying the gene:
    1. (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    2. (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    3. (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    4. (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
    5. (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide;
    6. (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
    7. (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11; and
    8. (8) a gene formed of DNA formed of a degenerate isomer of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  • In addition, the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of the present invention has a peptide represented by an amino acid sequence of any one of the following items (1) to (3):
    1. (1) an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    2. (2) an amino acid sequence that forms a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12; and
    3. (3) an amino acid sequence that forms a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12.
    (Therapeutic or Preventive Agent for Cancer)
  • A therapeutic or preventive agent for cancer of the present invention contains any one of the following items (1) to (4):
    1. (1) amaranthin;
    2. (2) amaranthin obtained by the synthesis method for a betalain pigment described herein;
    3. (3) amaranthin obtained by the amaranthin synthesis method described herein; and
    4. (4) amaranthin obtained from the betalain pigment-producing host described herein.
  • The kind of cancer applicable to the therapeutic or preventive agent for cancer of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the cancer is a malignant tumor. The therapeutic or preventive agent for cancer may be used for one kind or a plurality of kinds of cancers selected from liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, malignant lymphoma, myxoid liposarcoma, glioblastoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms' tumor, oligodendroglioma, adrenocortical carcinoma, multiple myeloma, medulloblastoma, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, and Ewing sarcoma. Of those, breast cancer is preferred.
    • (HIV-1 Protease Activity Inhibitor)
  • An HIV-1 protease activity inhibitor of the present invention contains any one of the following items (1) to (4):
    1. (1) amaranthin;
    2. (2) amaranthin obtained by the synthesis method for a betalain pigment described herein;
    3. (3) amaranthin obtained by the amaranthin synthesis method described herein; and
    4. (4) amaranthin obtained from the betalain pigment-producing host described herein.
    Examples
  • Now, the present invention is specifically described by way of Examples. However, the present invention is by no means limited to these Examples.
  • Examples 1 to 7 were carried out by the following methods.
    • [Homology Search and Phylogenetic Tree Analysis]
  • BLAST searches were performed for a quinoa genome, a beet genome, and an amaranth genome through utilization of the amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis flavonoid 3-O-glucoside:2"-O-glucosyltransferase (alternative name: UGT79B6, accession number: NP_200212).
  • A phylogenetic tree was constructed using amino acid sequences showing 40% or more homology according to the result of the BLAST searches and previously reported flavonoid-glycoside glycosyltransferases, using a neighbor-joining method with MAGA7 software (Table 1). Table 1
    Phylogenetic tree analysis list
    NCBI accession number Gene name Plant species
    CAA50376 Ph3RT Petunia hybrida
    ABA18631 Cs1,6RhaT Citrus sinensis
    BAN91401 GmF3G6"Rt Glycine max
    BAD95881 IpA3G2"GT Ipomoea purpurea
    BAR88077 GmF3G2"Gt Glycine max
    NP_200212 AtF3G2"GT Arabidopsis thaliana
    BAD77944 BpUGAT Bellis perennis
    BAH80312 CaUGT3 Catharanthus roseus
    AAL06646 Cm1,2RhaT Citrus maxima
    BAU68118 ABRT2 Lobelia erinus
    BAU68119 ABRT4 Lobelia erinus
    AAM13132 AtUGT89C1 Arabidopsis thaliana
    AEC09298 AtUGT73C6 Arabidopsis thaliana
    BAA83484 SbUBGT Scutellaria baicalensis
    XP_021719267 CqUGT79B6-like1 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021726554 Cq3GGT-like1 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP 021731181 CqUGT79B2-like Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021735671 CqUGT79B30-like1 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021735839 Cq3GGT-like2 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021735840 CqUGT79B30-like2 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021735841 CqAmaSy2 (CqUGT79B30-like3) Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021747968 CqUGT79B6-like2 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021754077 CqAmaSy1 (CqUGT79B30-like4) Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021758620 CqUGT79B30-like5 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP 021766006 Cq3GGT-like3 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_021773738 CqUGT79B6-like3 Chenopodium quinoa
    XP_010695817 Bv3GGT-like1 Beta vulgaris
    XP_010686377 Bv3GGT-like2 Beta vulgaris
    XP_010666234 BvUGT97B30-like Beta vulgaris
    XP_010674067 BvUGT97B6-like1 Beta vulgaris
    XP_010675464 BvUGT97B6-like2 Beta vulgaris
    Phytozome accession number Gene name Plant species
    AH008037-RA AhUGT79B6-like Amaranthus hypochondriacus
    AH008346-RA AhUGT79B30-like1 Amaranthus hypochondriacus
    AH018627-RA AhUGT79B30-like2 Amaranthus hypochondriacus
    AH018628-RA AhUGT79B30-like3 Amaranthus hypochondriacus
    AH018629-RA AhUGT79B30-like4 Amaranthus hypochondriacus
    • [Analysis of Expression in Quinoa Hypocotyls]
  • RNA was extracted from hypocotyls of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) on day 5 of germination through use of an RNeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen). A High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to synthesize cDNA from the extracted RNA. The procedure followed the accompanying instructions.
  • The synthesized cDNA was used as a template to amplify the full-length ORF of a betalain biosynthesis gene through PCR using the enzyme of Prime STAR GXL (TaKaRa). Primers used for the PCR are shown in Table 2. Primers Nos. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 38) and 2 (SEQ ID NO: 39) were used for Cq3GGT-like1, Primers Nos. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 40) and 4 (SEQ ID NO: 41) were used for Cq3GGT-like3, Primers Nos. 5 (SEQ ID NO: 42) and 6 (SEQ ID NO: 43) were used for Cq3GGT-like2, Primers Nos. 7 (SEQ ID NO: 44) and 8 (SEQ ID NO: 45) were used for CqUGT79B30-like2, Primers Nos. 9 (SEQ ID NO: 46) and 10 (SEQ ID NO: 47) were used for CqAmaSy2, Primers Nos. 11 (SEQ ID NO: 48) and 12 (SEQ ID NO: 49) were used for CqAmaSy1, Primers Nos. 13 (SEQ ID NO: 50) and 14 (SEQ ID NO: 51) were used for CqUGT79B30-like1, and Primers Nos. 15 (SEQ ID NO: 52) and 16 (SEQ ID NO: 53) were used for CqUGT79B30-like5. As a positive control, CqCYP76AD1 was amplified using Primers Nos. 17 (SEQ ID NO: 54) and 18 (SEQ ID NO: 55). Table 2
    Quinoa hypocotyl expression
    Primer No. Gene name Base sequence
    1 Cq3GGT-like1 ATGTCCAAGGAAAATGGCATTGCCAATGGC
    2 TCATACGAGAATACCTTTCAGACTCTGTAT
    3 Cq3GGT-like3 ATGTCCAAGGAAAATGGCATTGCTAATGGCAAT
    4 TTATACGAGAATGTCTTTCAGACTCTGTATGAACC
    5 Cq3GGT-like2 ATGTCATCATCAAACAATAACAATGGCAAGACTT
    6 TCAAACCAAATCTTGTAGACTTTGAACAAACTT
    7 CqUGT79B30-like2 ATGTCAAAGATTAACGAAACCAATGAATGT
    8 TCAAACCAAATCTTGTAGACTTTGAACAAACTT
    9 CqAmaSy2 ATGTCACAAAACAAAGACACCCAAATTCTA
    10 TCATGATCCAATCAATTGTTGCAAACTCATA
    11 CqAmaSy1 ATGTCACAAAACAAAGACAACCAAA
    12 TTATGATCCTATCAATTGTTGCAAACTCTG
    13 CqUGT79B30-like1 ATGTCTAACAACAAAAACTCCAAAATTCTAAAAG
    14 TCACTCAAGCAACTTTTGTAGATTATAAATGAAGC
    15 CqUGT79B30-like5 ATGGATAAAAAAATAGCAAGTATGGTTGAGGAAAAAG
    16 TCATGTAACTAGATCTAGTAGATTTTCAACA
    17 CqCYP76AD1-1 ATGGATCATGCAACACTAGCAATGAT
    18 TCAATACCTAAGAACGGGAATAATCT
    • [Generation of Plasmids for Plant Expression]
  • For the expression of betalain pigment biosynthesis genes used in this experiment, a pCAMBIA1301 modification vector (Imamura, T., Takagi, H., Miyazato, A., Ohki, S., Mizukoshi, H. and Mori, M. (2018) Isolation and characterization of the betalain biosynthesis gene involved in hypocotyl pigmentation of the allotetraploid Chenopodium quinoa. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 496, 280-286.) was used. For betalain pigment-associated synthesis genes, a fragment in which restriction enzyme sites were added to the 5' and 3' ends of each gene was synthesized by PCR. Then, the resultant PCR fragment was cleaved at the added sites and inserted into the plant modification vector to construct a plant expression vector.
    • [Analysis of Three-dimensional Structure of Amaranthin Synthetase]
  • The Phyre2 web server (Kelley, L.A., Mezulis, S., Yates, C.M., Wass, M.N. and Sternberg, M.J. (2015) The Phyre2 web portal for protein modeling, prediction and analysis. Nat. Protoc. 10, 845-858.) was used for the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of the amaranthin synthetase. UDP-glucosyltransferase (PDB code; 5NLM) was utilized as a protein for modeling.
    • [Agrobacterium Transformation Method]
  • The constructed plasmid was introduced from Escherichia coli harboring the plasmid into Agrobacterium using a triparental mating method (Wise, A.A., Liu, Z. and Binns, A.N. (2006) Three methods for the introduction of foreign DNA into Agrobacterium. Methods Mol. Biol. 343, 43-53.) to generate a transformed Agrobacterium.
    • [Analysis of Transient Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana]
  • The plasmid harbored by the transformed Agrobacterium was introduced into green leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana through use of an agroinfiltration method (Shamloul, M., Trusa, J., Mett, V. and Yusibov, V. (2014) Optimization and utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in Nicotiana. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE.). Inoculated and grown green leaves were utilized for analysis.
    • [Analysis of Constitutive Expression in Tobacco BY2 Cells]
  • The plasmid harbored by the transformed Agrobacterium was introduced into tobacco BY2 cells through use of an Agrobacterium method (Hagiwara, Y., Komoda, K., Yamanaka, T., Tamai, A., Meshi, T., Funada, R., Tsuchiya, T., Naito, S. and Ishikawa, M. (2003) Subcellular localization of host and viral proteins associated with tobamovirus RNA replication. EMBO J. 22, 344-353.). The resultant transformed line was maintained and utilized for analysis.
    • [Betalain Pigment Extraction and HPLC Analysis]
  • The transformed plant sample was disrupted, and water was added, followed by centrifugation (20,000 g, 10 minutes or 15 minutes). The centrifuged supernatant was collected, and an equal amount of acetonitrile was added, followed by further centrifugation (20,000 g, 10 minutes or 15 minutes). The supernatant obtained by the centrifugal operation was concentrated with a centrifugal concentrator (CC-105, Tomy Seiko). The resultant concentrate was subjected to HPLC analysis as a pigment extract.
  • The HPLC analysis was performed by: using a reversed-phase column (Shim-pack GWS C18 column, 5 µm; 200× 4.6 mm i.d.; Shimadzu GLC); using 0.05% TFA in water as solvent A and 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile as solvent B; setting a flow rate to 0.5 ml/min; setting an analysis program to such a condition that the concentration of acetonitrile was linearly changed from 0% at an analysis time of 0 minutes to reach 45% over 45 minutes; and setting an analytical wavelength to 536 nm allowing betacyanin to be detected.
  • The purified betalain pigments were subjected to measurement with a UV-2450 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu), followed by the calculation of the concentrations of solutions using the molar extinction coefficient of amaranthin and betanin (ε=54,000 M-1 cm-1 at 536 nm) (Gand&iacute; a-Herrero, F., Escribano, J. and Garc&iacute; a-Carmona, F. (2010) Structural implications on color, fluorescence, and antiradical activity in betalains. Planta 232, 449-460.; Schwartz, S.J. and Von Elbe, J.H. (1980) Quantitative determination of individual betacyanin pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28, 540-543.).
    • [Influence of Betalain Pigment on Human Breast Cancer Cells]
  • Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were received from the RIKEN BioResource Center. For the culture of the cells, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-high glucose (4.5 g L-1 glucose; DMEM-HG) supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics (100 U mL-1 penicillin and 100 µg mL-1 streptomycin) was used. The cells were cultured under the culture conditions of 37°C, a humidity of 100%, and a 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere. For the culture, the breast cancer cells were added at 5,000 cells per well on 96-well plates, and at the same time, amaranthin or betanin was added at different concentrations, and the cells were cultured for 72 hours. After that, the activity of the breast cancer cells was evaluated by an AlamarBlue assay (alamarBlue Cell Viability Reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The procedure followed the accompanying instructions.
    • [Evaluation of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitory Activity of Betalain Pigment]
  • A recombinant HIV-1 protease (ab84117) from Abcam was used as an HIV-1 protease, and an HIV-1 protease substrate (Lys-Ala-Arg-Val-Nle-p-nitro-Phe-Glu-Ala-Nle amide) from Sigma-Aldrich was used as a substrate peptide for the HIV-1 protease. HIV-1 protease activity evaluation was performed with reference to a previously reported method (Boso, G., Orvell, C. and Somia, N.V. (2015) The nature of the N-terminal amino acid residue of HIV-1 RNase H is critical for the stability of reverse transcriptase in viral particles. J. Virol. 89, 1286-1297.). Amaranthin or betanin was added to 16 pmol of the HIV-1 protease and 4 nmol of the HIV-1 protease substrate, a buffer (25 mM NaCl, 25 mM Na2HPO4, 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 4.7) was added so that the amount of a reaction liquid was 30 µl, and a reaction was performed at 25°C for 2 hours. With regard to the addition amount of amaranthin or betanin, amaranthin and betanin were each added at the ratios of 0-, 10-, 50-, and 100-fold amounts with respect to the amount of the HIV-1 protease.
  • After the reaction, the reaction liquid was measured for the amount of the residual substrate peptide through use of HPLC, and a residual ratio with respect to the substrate before the reaction was calculated. For the HPLC, LC-20AD from Shimadzu was utilized, and a Shim-pack GWS C18 column (5 µm; 200 × 4.6 mm i.d.; Shimadzu GLC) was used as an analytical column. For an analytical solvent system, 0.05% TFA in water was used as solvent A and 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile was used as solvent B. An HPLC program was set to a linear gradient from 0% of solvent B at 0 minutes to 50% of solvent B at 50 minutes, and the HPLC was performed at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and 25°C. Analysis was performed with an analytical wavelength being set to 260 nm allowing the HIV-1 protease substrate peptide to be detected.
    • Example 1 [Search for Amaranthin Synthetase Gene]
  • Amaranthin is a substance in which glucuronic acid is β-1,2-linked to glucose present in the molecule of betanin (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3(b)). In a flavonoid, another plant pigment, an enzyme that adds glucose to a flavonoid glucoside via a β-1,2 linkage has already been isolated (FIGS. 3). In view of this, the amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis flavonoid 3-O-glucoside:2"-O-glucosyltransferase (alternative name: UGT79B6, accession number: NP_200212) was utilized to select homologous proteins from the quinoa genome.
    • (Homology Search and Phylogenetic Tree Analysis)
  • In order to isolate an amaranthin-synthesizing gene from the quinoa genome, candidate genes were narrowed down on the basis of homology search and phylogenetic tree analysis.
    • (Results)
  • According to the results of selecting, from the quinoa genome, proteins having amino acid sequences homologous to Arabidopsis flavonoid 3-O-glucoside:2"-O-glucosyltransferase, there were twelve proteins showing 40% or more homology. Further, as betalain-producing Amaranthaceae plants, beets and amaranth were similarly analyzed, and as a result, it was found that there were six and four such proteins in beets and amaranth, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis was performed for those selected genes and flavonoid glycosyltransferases (Table 1). As a result, four of the candidates in quinoa (CqUGT79B2-like, CqUGT79B6-like2, CqUGT79B6-like1, and CqUGT79B6-like3) belonged to the existing group of the flavonoid glycosyltransferases. Meanwhile, the remaining eight candidates (CqAmaSy1, CqAmaSy2, CqUGT79B30-like1, CqUGT79B30-like5, CqUGT79B30-like2, Cq3GGT-like2, Cq3GGT-like3, and Cq3GGT-like1) formed a novel group (FIG. 4). The novel group was formed only of candidates in the Amaranthaceae plants, to which three candidates in beets and four candidates in amaranth belonged (FIG. 4). It was predicted from the phylogenetic tree analysis that the novel group was different in function from the heretofore reported enzymes for flavonoids.
    • (Analysis of Expression in Quinoa Hypocotyls)
  • On the basis of the accumulation of amaranthin in quinoa seedlings, it was predicted that candidate genes for synthesizing amaranthin were expressed in quinoa hypocotyls. In view of this, the eight candidates that belonged to a novel group according to the phylogenetic tree analysis were examined for gene expression in quinoa seedlings by RT-PCR method.
    • (Results)
  • According to the results of the examination of gene expression in quinoa seedlings by the RT-PCR method, three candidate genes were expressed in quinoa seedlings (FIG. 5).
    • (Analysis of Transient Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana)
  • In recent years, it has been reported that betalains can be produced by introducing betalain biosynthesis genes into non-betalain-producing plants, such as tobacco, eggplant, potato, and tomato (Polturak, G., Grossman, N., Vela-Corcia, D., Dong, Y., Nudel, A., Pliner, M., Levy, M., Rogachev, I. and Aharoni, A. (2017) Engineered gray mold resistance, antioxidant capacity, and pigmentation in betalain-producing crops and ornamentals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 114, 9062-9067.). The inventors of the present invention have also succeeded in producing betanin, which is a precursor of amaranthin, by expressing the betalain biosynthesis gene of quinoa in Nicotiana benthamiana (Imamura, T., Takagi, H., Miyazato, A., Ohki, S., Mizukoshi, H. and Mori, M. (2018) Isolation and characterization of the betalain biosynthesis gene involved in hypocotyl pigmentation of the allotetraploid Chenopodium quinoa. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 496, 280-286.). In view of this, through utilization of the betalain production system in Nicotiana benthamiana, vectors for the three candidates that were expressed in the hypocotyls were constructed (FIG. 6), and whether the candidates possessed an ability to produce amaranthin was evaluated with an expression system using Nicotiana benthamiana.
    • (Results)
  • Red pigments produced in Nicotiana benthamiana were subjected to HPLC and MS analysis, and as a result, it was revealed that one candidate (accession number: XM_021898386) had an ability to produce amaranthin (FIGS. 7).
  • On the basis of the above-mentioned results, the candidate gene having an amaranthin synthesis ability was named amaranthin synthetase {Amaranthin synthetase 1 (AmaSy1, accession number: XP_021754077, base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 2)}.
  • Quinoa is an allotetraploid plant, and hence it was predicted that it was highly likely that there was a homolog of AmaSy1. In view of this, a homology search was performed with respect to AmaSy1, and as a result, one gene (accession number: XM_021880149) was obtained. This homolog was evaluated for an ability to produce amaranthin through use of an expression system using Nicotiana benthamiana, and as a result, was revealed to have an ability to synthesize amaranthin (FIGS. 7). In view of this, this gene was named Amaranthin synthetase 2 (AmaSy2, accession number: XP_021735841, base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • Further, a search for orthologs of Amaranthin synthetase was also made for other Amaranthaceae plants producing betalains, and as a result, there were: one ortholog in beets {Bv3GGT-like1 (accession number: XP_010695817, base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 5, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 6)}; and three orthologs in amaranth {AhUGT79B30-like3 (Phytozome accession number: AH018628-RA, base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 7, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 8), AhUGT79B30-like4 (Phytozome accession number: AH018629-RA, base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 9, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 10), and AhUGT79B30-like2 (Phytozome accession number: AH018627-RA, base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 11, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 12)}.
  • Also for those candidates, vectors were constructed (FIG. 8), and evaluation was performed with an expression system using Nicotiana benthamiana, and as a result, it was revealed that all the evaluated genes synthesized amaranthin (FIGS. 9).
  • As apparent from the above-mentioned results, genes having an amaranthin synthesis ability were successfully isolated from quinoa. Further, it was revealed that such genes also existed in Amaranthaceae plants other than quinoa.
    • Example 2 [Analysis of Three-dimensional Structure of Amaranthin Synthetase]
  • The three-dimensional structure analysis of a protein was performed on the basis of the amino acid sequence of amaranthin synthetase 1 of quinoa.
    • (Results)
  • It was predicted that five amino acid residues (His22, Asp119, Ser278, Ile377, and Asp378) were associated with enzyme activity (FIG. 10). Those amino acid residues were conserved in other amaranthin synthesizing proteins as well.
    • Example 3 [Analysis of Substrate for Amaranthin Synthetase]
  • Two pathways are predicted for amaranthin synthesis. One is a pathway in which glucuronic acid is bonded to betanin, and the other is a pathway in which glucuronic acid is bonded to cyclo-DOPA glucoside, followed by the bonding of betalamic acid through a spontaneous reaction (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2). Via which pathway the amaranthin synthetase isolated this time synthesized amaranthin was examined with an expression system using Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • Cyclo-DOPA 5-glucosyltransferase (cDOPA5GT), which is a gene used in a Nicotiana benthamiana expression system, can synthesize both of precursors (cyclo-DOPA 5-glucoside and betanin) of the two pathways. Accordingly, cDOPA5GT is not suited for identifying a constitutive pathway. In view of this, in order to synthesize only the precursor betanin, betanidin 5-glucosyltransferase (Betanidin-5GT) was used instead of cDOPA5GT for the Nicotiana benthamiana expression system (FIG. 8). The amaranthin synthetase gene was also simultaneously expressed in the expression system having incorporated therein Betanidin-5GT.
    • (Results)
  • When the amaranthin synthetase gene was also simultaneously expressed in the expression system having incorporated therein Betanidin-5GT, the synthesis of amaranthin was recognized (FIGS. 11). This result revealed that the amaranthin synthetase isolated this time possessed an ability to synthesize amaranthin by bonding glucuronic acid to betanin.
    • Example 4 [Mass Production of Amaranthin in Tobacco Cultured Cells (BY-2 Cells)]
  • The amaranthin synthetase gene was successfully isolated, and hence an attempt was made to mass produce amaranthin in tobacco BY-2 cells.
  • In order to produce amaranthin, in accordance with the following method, vectors for expression in BY-2 cells were constructed (FIG. 12), and transformants having introduced therein four kinds of betalain biosynthesis genes (CqCYP76AD1-1, CqDODA-1, CqCDOPA5GT, and CqAmaSy1) were generated.
  • A strongly red line was selected from the resultant transformed BY-2 lines by the following method. At the same time with the production of the amaranthin-producing transformed line, a betanin-producing transformed line and a betanidin-producing transformed line were also generated and selected.
    • (Results)
  • The results of the generation and selection of the amaranthin-producing transformed line having introduced therein CqCYP76AD1-1, CqDODA-1, CqCDOPA5GT, and CqAmaSy1, the betanin-producing transformed line having introduced therein CqCYP76AD1-1, CqDODA-1, and CqCDOPA5GT, and the betanidin-producing transformed line having introduced therein CqCYP76AD1-1 and CqDODA-1 are shown in FIGS. 13.
  • The three betalain-producing transformed lines thus selected were subjected to HPLC and mass spectrometry, and as a result, the production of amaranthin and betanin was recognized in the amaranthin-producing transformed line, and the production of betanin was recognized in the betanin-producing line. Meanwhile, in the betanidin-producing line, the production of betanidin was recognized.
  • For each transformed line, a betalain production amount in 150 mL culture were investigated. In the amaranthin-producing line, the amounts of amaranthin and betanin were 2.05±0.62 µmol and 3.99±0.23 µmol, respectively. In the betanin-producing line, betanin was produced in an amount of 2.93±1.29 µmol. In those transformed lines, the production of optical isomers such as isobetanin and isoamaranthin was not recognized.
  • According to this experiment, betalain pigments (amaranthin and betanin) can be mass produced in tobacco BY-2 cultured cells, i.e., a non-betalain-producing plant.
    • Example 5 [Influence of Betalain Pigment on Human Breast Cancer Cells]
  • It has been reported that a betanin/isobetanin mixture induces cell death of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) (Nowacki, L., Vigneron, P., Rotellini, L., Cazzola, H., Merlier, F., Prost, E., Ralanairina, R., Gadonna, J.P., Rossi, C. and Vayssade, M. (2015) Betanin-Enriched Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Extract Induces Apoptosis and Autophagic Cell Death in MCF-7 Cells. Phytother. Res. 29, 1964-1973.). In order to elucidate the physiological activity of amaranthin on the breast cancer cells, amaranthin and betanin produced in BY-2 cells were purified, and evaluated for their influences on the breast cancer cells.
    • (Results)
  • It was revealed that both amaranthin and betanin significantly suppressed the cancer cell activity of the breast cancer cells at a concentration of 50 µM (FIGS. 14).
    • Example 6 [Effect of Amaranthin on HIV-1 Protease Activity]
  • Amaranthin has been predicted by a virtual screening method to be a candidate of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor derived from a natural product (Yanuar, A., Suhartanto, H., Munim, A., Anugraha, B.H. and Syahdi, R.R. (2014) Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor. .). However, there is no report that amaranthin actually inhibits HIV-1 protease activity. In view of this, the inventors of the present invention used amaranthin and betanin produced in BY-2 cells to test whether these betalain pigments inhibited HIV-1 protease activity.
    • (Results)
  • It was revealed that, when amaranthin was added in a 100-fold amount with respect to the HIV-1 protease, the activity of the HIV-1 protease was significantly inhibited (FIGS. 15). Meanwhile, betanin was not found to have inhibitory activity on the HIV-1 protease (FIGS. 15).
    • Example 7 [Recognition of Gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide Synthesis]
  • In order to recognize that the amaranthin synthetase of the present invention also has a gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide synthetase action, with reference to the method of Example 1, a vector having incorporated therein CqAmaSy1 assumed to have a gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide synthetase action was constructed (FIG. 17), and evaluation was performed with an expression system using Nicotiana benthamiana.
    • (Results)
  • A red pigment produced in Nicotiana benthamiana was subjected to HPLC and MS analysis, and as a result, was revealed to have an ability to produce gomphrenin-I-glucuronide (FIG. 17).
  • Thus, it was recognized that the amaranthin synthetase of the present invention also had a gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase action.
    • Industrial Applicability
  • According to the present invention, the synthesis method for a betalain pigment, the amaranthin synthesis composition, the gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, and the betalain pigment-producing host can be provided.
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Claims (12)

  1. A synthesis method for a betalain pigment, comprising:
    culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine (L-DOPA), and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
    culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding a betanidin-to-betanin synthetase, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
    culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding a betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I (betanidin 6-O-glucoside) synthetase, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and that has an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
    or
    culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
    culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-betanin synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing; or
    culturing a host that has introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and that has enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, and extracting a betalain pigment from the host after the culturing,
    wherein, in the production method for a betalain pigment, the gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase is any one or more selected from the following:
    (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
    (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide;
    (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11; and
    (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  2. The synthesis method for a betalain pigment according to claim 1, wherein the betalain pigment is amaranthin.
  3. The synthesis method for a betalain pigment according to claim 1, wherein the betalain pigment is gomphrenin-I-glucuronide.
  4. The synthesis method for a betalain pigment according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase is any one or more selected from SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
  5. An amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, comprising a gene shown in any one of the following items (1) to (7) or a vector carrying the gene:
    (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
    (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide;
    (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11; and
    (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  6. An amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition, comprising a peptide represented by an amino acid sequence of any one of the following items (1) to (3) :
    (1) an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (2) an amino acid sequence that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that forms a polypeptide having a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12; and
    (3) an amino acid sequence that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that forms a polypeptide having a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12.
  7. A betalain pigment-producing host having introduced therein the synthesis composition of claim 5 or 6.
  8. An amaranthin synthesis method, comprising the following (1) or (2):
    (1) a step of bringing betanin into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of claim 6; or
    (2)
    (a) a step of bringing betanidin into contact with a betanidin-to-betanin synthetase, and
    (b) a step of bringing betanin obtained in the step (a) into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of claim 6.
  9. A gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis method, comprising the following (1) or (2):
    (1) a step of bringing gomphrenin-I into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of claim 6; or
    (2)
    (a) a step of bringing betanidin into contact with a betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthetase, and
    (b) a step of bringing gomphrenin-I obtained in the step (a) into contact with the amaranthin synthesis or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis composition of claim 6.
  10. A betalain pigment-producing host,
    the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and having an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, or
    the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding a betanidin-to-betanin synthetase, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and having an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, or
    the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, a gene encoding an enzyme having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, a gene encoding an enzyme having L-DOPA oxidase activity, a gene encoding an enzyme having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, and a gene encoding an enzyme having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and having an ability to produce tyrosine or L-DOPA, or
    the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and having enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having activity of glycosylating a phenolic hydroxy group, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, or
    the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-O-glucuronide synthetase, and having enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-betanin synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine, or
    the host having introduced therein the following gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase, and having enzyme activity of having activity of hydroxylating a 3-position of a phenol ring of tyrosine, enzyme activity of having L-DOPA oxidase activity, enzyme activity of having betanidin-to-gomphrenin-I synthesis activity, enzyme activity of having DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity, and an ability to produce tyrosine or 3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine,
    wherein the gene encoding an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthetase is any one or more selected from the following:
    (1) a gene encoding a polypeptide formed of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (2) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 1 to 20 amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (3) a gene encoding a polypeptide that has 90% or more homology to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12, and that has a substantially equivalent ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide to that of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12;
    (4) a gene formed of DNA formed of a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11;
    (5) a gene formed of DNA that hybridizes with DNA formed of a base sequence complementary to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 under stringent conditions, and that encodes a polypeptide having an ability to synthesize amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide;
    (6) a gene formed of DNA having a 1- to 50-base sequence substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added in DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11; and
    (7) a gene formed of DNA having 90% or more homology to DNA formed of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  11. A therapeutic or preventive agent for cancer, comprising any one of the following items (1) to (4):
    (1) amaranthin;
    (2) amaranthin obtained by the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of any one of claims 1, 2, and 4;
    (3) amaranthin obtained by the amaranthin synthesis method of claim 8; and
    (4) amaranthin obtained from the betalain pigment-producing host of claim 10.
  12. An HIV-1 protease activity inhibitor, comprising any one of the following items (1) to (4):
    (1) amaranthin;
    (2) amaranthin obtained by the synthesis method for a betalain pigment of any one of claims 1, 2, and 4;
    (3) amaranthin obtained by the amaranthin synthesis method of claim 8; and
    (4) amaranthin obtained from the betalain pigment-producing host of claim 10.
EP19874402.1A 2018-10-19 2019-10-18 Method for synthesizing betalain pigment Pending EP3882350A4 (en)

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