EP3880388A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur generierung von steuerdaten für eine vorrichtung zur additiven fertigung - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur generierung von steuerdaten für eine vorrichtung zur additiven fertigungInfo
- Publication number
- EP3880388A1 EP3880388A1 EP19798610.2A EP19798610A EP3880388A1 EP 3880388 A1 EP3880388 A1 EP 3880388A1 EP 19798610 A EP19798610 A EP 19798610A EP 3880388 A1 EP3880388 A1 EP 3880388A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- energy beam
- intensity distribution
- intensity
- control data
- giv
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/80—Data acquisition or data processing
- B22F10/85—Data acquisition or data processing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/03—Observing, e.g. monitoring, the workpiece
- B23K26/032—Observing, e.g. monitoring, the workpiece using optical means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/0604—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/0604—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams
- B23K26/0608—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams in the same heat affected zone [HAZ]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/0604—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams
- B23K26/0613—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams having a common axis
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/0604—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams
- B23K26/0613—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams having a common axis
- B23K26/0617—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams having a common axis and with spots spaced along the common axis
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/062—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by direct control of the laser beam
- B23K26/0626—Energy control of the laser beam
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/064—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/073—Shaping the laser spot
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/073—Shaping the laser spot
- B23K26/0734—Shaping the laser spot into an annular shape
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
- B23K26/082—Scanning systems, i.e. devices involving movement of the laser beam relative to the laser head
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/12—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special environment or atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure
- B23K26/127—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special environment or atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure in an enclosure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
- B22F10/366—Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
- B22F10/368—Temperature or temperature gradient, e.g. temperature of the melt pool
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/44—Radiation means characterised by the configuration of the radiation means
- B22F12/45—Two or more
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/46—Radiation means with translatory movement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/49—Scanners
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/90—Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2203/00—Controlling
- B22F2203/11—Controlling temperature, temperature profile
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a control data generating device for generating control data for a device for additive manufacturing of a manufacturing product in a manufacturing process, in which building material is built up and selectively solidified. Irradiation of the mostly shapeless or flowable, i. d. R. powdery, building material with at least one energy beam, wherein an impact surface of the energy beam on the construction field be moved to melt the building material at least locally in the area of the impact surface or in a target area in and around the impact surface. Furthermore, inven tion relates to a method and a control device for controlling a device for addi tive manufacturing of a manufactured product using this control data and a device for additive manufacturing of manufactured products.
- additive manufacturing processes are becoming more and more relevant in the production of prototypes and individual manufacturing products as well as in series production.
- additive manufacturing processes are understood to mean those manufacturing processes in which a production product (hereinafter also referred to as “component”) is usually built up based on digital 3D design data by depositing material (the “building material”) becomes.
- the structure is usually, but not necessarily, in layers.
- 3D printing is often used as a synonym for additive manufacturing.
- rapid prototyping The production of models, samples and prototypes with additive manufacturing processes is often referred to as "rapid prototyping” and the production of tools as “rapid tooling”. designated.
- a key point in these processes is the selective solidification of a building material, this solidification in many manufacturing processes using radiation with radiation energy, for. B. electromagnetic radiation, especially light and / or heat radiation, but possibly also with particle radiation such. B. electron radiation can take place. Examples of processes using radiation are “selective laser sintering” or “selective laser melting”.
- Thin layers of a mostly powdered building material are repeatedly applied on top of each other and in each layer that becomes The building material is selectively solidified by spatially limited irradiation of the places which are to belong to the manufactured product to be manufactured after the production, by partially or completely melting the powder particles of the building material with the help of the energy locally introduced by the radiation at this point. After cooling, these powder grains are then bonded together in a solid.
- the selective irradiation in particular the movement of an impact surface of an energy beam on the construction field, is preferably carried out within the scope of the present invention, usually according to a suitable irradiation strategy.
- the movement can deflect the previously generated energy beam or bundle of energy beams as in the usual “scanning”, eg. B. by galvanometer mirror with a laser beam, or by electromagnetic deflection with an electron or ion beam.
- a movement (at least partially) by a method of the radiation delivery unit or radiation device, in particular an energy beam source, itself can take place, for. B. in the form of a movable diode bank, in particular laser diode bank.
- the building material is gradually solidified in a stripe pattern - viewed macroscopically - along parallel stripes and in detail - microscopically viewed - the movement of the impact surface of the energy beam on the construction field takes place along closely spaced hatching lines which run across the respective radiation stripes in the boundaries of the radiation strip.
- energy beams are typically used, for example laser beams, which have essentially rotationally symmetrical (ie circularly symmetrical) intensity distributions.
- a rotationally symmetrical intensity distribution often corresponds to a Gaussian profile.
- the intensity is highest in the middle of the energy beam and weakens in all directions radially outwards transversely to the direction of propagation or the current beam direction of the energy beam (hereinafter also referred to as “beam direction” or “beam axis”) according to a Gaussian function or Gaussian curve.
- This intensity distribution can be obtained from the previously used energy beam sources, for example a conventional laser, without further measures.
- a welding process is defined as a deep welding process when a vapor capillary, also known as a “keyhole”, is formed.
- the incident energy beam in particular a laser beam, creates a molten pool of molten material or metal.
- the vapor bubble pushes the melt away and downwards, thus creating the vapor capillary.
- the diameter of this keyhole is often smaller than that of the energy beam or laser beam.
- weld pool is formed in relation to the jet diameter than if such evaporation did not take place.
- a welding process or melting process without evaporation is referred to below as “heat conduction welding” (also “conduction mode welding” or “conduction laser welding”).
- heat conduction welding also “conduction mode welding” or “conduction laser welding”
- such a deep welding process also has a number of disadvantages:
- a relatively high amount of energy must be provided by the energy beam in order to evaporate the material.
- the enthalpy of vaporization of the material is usually about a factor of two to five above the enthalpy of fusion and is removed from the productive part of the process. The evaporation enthalpy is released again when the metal vapor condenses, but it can no longer be used productively for the process. This energy consumption increases the cost of the process.
- the evaporated material is generally removed from the process zone to maintain process stability and in some cases even filtered out of the process atmosphere and disposed of. In view of the high cost of metal powder, this can make component prices significantly more expensive.
- the evaporation increases the volume of the material (under normal conditions) by a factor of around 1000.
- This leads to high pressures in the metal vapor inside the vapor capillary, or keyhole for short, which in turn leads to very high outflow velocities (of the order Mach 0.3 ) of the metal vapor from the keyhole.
- This gas jet entrains adjacent solid particles and / or droplets that leave the molten pool and thus causes further material losses. These particles and / or droplets are usually referred to as "spatter".
- the metal gas usually flows exactly counter to the direction of incidence of the energy beam and condenses in the process.
- the incident energy beam can interact with this flowing and condensing metal gas in an uncontrolled manner through absorption and scattering.
- the flow direction of the metal gas can be redirected as quickly and efficiently as possible. This can be done, for example, with a flow curtain made of protective gas that is oriented tangentially to the powder bed, but the speed of which must be high enough to sufficiently reduce the undesirable effects.
- the flow speed is usually so high that relevant quantities of powdery material can be carried away from the powder bed, just as strong winds sweep dust off the ground (wind erosion).
- process by-products or impurities such as e.g. B. Metallkon condensate or raw powder discharged from the process chamber, the downstream of the pro process chamber in filters and, if necessary, separators of the exhaust air system. This material is often lost and must also be disposed of in a complex and costly manner.
- Which welding process is more suitable in a specific case can depend on various boundary conditions and can also change during the manufacturing process, e.g. B. depending on the location within the component to be manufactured. Whether the welding process is a heat conduction welding or a deep welding process depends on various parameters. The shape of the intensity distribution can also be an important parameter.
- control data generation method a method for generating control data (hereinafter also referred to as “control data generation method”) according to claim 1 and a control data generating device according to claim 12 and on the other hand by a method for controlling a device for additive manufacturing of manufacturing products (hereinafter also “Control method “) according to claim 1 1, a control device for a device for additive manufacturing according to claim 13 and a device for additive manufacturing according to claim 14 solved.
- control data for a device for additive manufacturing of a manufacturing product are generated in a manufacturing process explained above such that the energy beam in an intersection of the energy beam running perpendicular to the beam axis (i.e. perpendicular to the beam direction or direction of incidence). plane on the impact surface on the construction field has an intensity distribution which has the features defined below.
- an “intensity distribution” of an energy beam in the sense of the present application is the spatial shape or expansion of the energy beam in a sectional plane (cross-sectional area) perpendicular to the beam direction or beam axis and also the spatial distribution of the intensity over the Cross-sectional area includes, in particular the positions of maxima and minima etc.
- the wording “at the impact surface on the construction field” is to be understood as meaning that the intensity distribution in the cutting plane perpendicular to the direction of incidence is just before the impact surface, which is in the Most situations do not correspond to the intensity distribution directly on the surface of the construction field or on the working level, since the energy beam usually strikes the construction field at an angle. However, this does not preclude the fact that, in the course of the method, it is repeatedly the case that the said cutting plane coincides with the impact surface, since the energy beam is just perpendicular to the impact surface at this moment.
- this intensity distribution of the energy beam generated on the basis of the control data is parameterized as follows:
- the intensity distribution according to the invention has in a central region at least one local minimum along at least one secant (an edge curve) of the intensity distribution in the section plane running perpendicular to the beam axis of the energy beam.
- a "secant" in the sense of the present invention runs from one side to the other through a surface of the intensity distribution, ie it cuts the edge of the intensity distribution at exactly two spaced apart locations, regardless of the exact shape or the course of the edge curve or Edge, and can, but does not have to run through the beam axis or the center of the intensity distribution (in this case the secant would correspond to a diameter).
- the secant is not exclusively on the edge curve.
- the secant preferably runs transversely, preferably essentially perpendicularly, to the scanning direction of the energy beam on the construction site.
- the secant also preferably runs through a geometric center of gravity of the shape or shape of the intensity distribution in the sectional plane.
- the “middle area” is to be understood as a central area of the intensity distribution, ie the local minimum is in the area of the secant through this middle area runs. It is distinguished from an edge region of the intensity distribution which runs along an edge of the intensity distribution and extends from the edge into the intensity distribution, for example preferably to an extent that an area share of the edge region of the total area content of the intensity distribution is at least 10%, preferably at least 20% and / or at most 50%, preferably at most 40%.
- the edge region accordingly extends, for example, by 10% or 20% of the radius of the intensity distribution from the edge into the intensity distribution.
- the “edge” of the intensity distribution is arbitrarily defined here so that 99% of the radiation power of the energy beam is within the edge (ie in the area enclosed by the edge).
- the intensity distribution according to the invention preferably has a (completely) encircling intensity profile curve which is shifted inward along the edge of the intensity distribution, essentially parallel to the edge, and which has a maximum value at least at one point and one opposite the maximum value on this intensity profile curve Area has a local minimum value.
- An “intensity profile curve” is understood to mean an intensity profile of the intensity distribution depending on the location along a defined, appropriately selected curve.
- the term “local minimum value” is to be understood to mean that it is a minimum value with regard to the course of the intensity values on this intensity profile curve, ie if the intensity is measured along this intensity profile curve and plotted on a diagram, this shows here a local minimum value.
- An area “opposite to the maximum value” on the intensity profile curve ve is to be understood as an area that in both directions along the intensity profile curve ve does not exceed an angle of 60 °, preferably at most 50 °, more preferably at most 40 °, further preferably at most 30 °, particularly preferably includes at most 10 ° starting from the position (diametrically) opposite the maximum value on the intensity profile curve.
- the local minimum value is very particularly preferably essentially (ie in the usual tolerances) diametrically opposite the maximum value on the intensity profile curve.
- the term “diametral” refers in the narrower sense particularly to circular intensity profile curves. More generally, i.e.
- a corresponding opposite point can, for example, be constructed in such a way that a secant starting from the maximum value through the center of gravity of the input from the edge of the intensity distribution closed area is laid; where the secant intersects the intensity profile curve again is the "diametrical" opposite point in the sense of this application.
- the second parameterization of the intensity distribution with a maximum value and an opposite minimum value on an intensity profile curve running along the edge also ensures that the intensity distribution, based on a rotation axis coaxial with the direction of incidence of the combination energy beam on the material or construction field, is deliberate is not rotationally symmetrical.
- rotationally symmetrical here refers to a rotation axis lying coaxially with a beam direction of the energy beam. So far, as he also mentions above, the energy beams are usually generated so that they are rotationally symmetrical, namely z. B. have the aforementioned Gaussian intensity distribution. In contrast to this, in the following the term “not rotationally symmetrical” or “essentially not rotationally symmetrical” should be understood to mean those energy beams whose intensity distribution is deliberately not generated to a significant extent in a rotationally symmetrical manner and / or by targeted modification of a beam and / or by the superimposition was correspondingly influenced by energy beams to obtain a combination energy beam with a non-rotationally symmetrical overall intensity distribution.
- the intensity distribution of the output energy beam generated in the desired manner was described mathematically as a function I (r, f) of the location in polar coordinates r and f (in a plane perpendicular to the beam direction), the intensity distribution could then preferably be referred to as “not rotationally symmetrical” or defined if no point of origin was found within the intensity distribution that satisfies the following property for any m, under the condition m> 2, and any r:
- An intensity distribution parameterized in the manner according to the invention allows an easier setting of a target temperature on the construction field in the area of the impact surface in order to keep the melting process in the process window of heat conduction welding.
- the area around the maximum value enables the material to be heated up relatively quickly.
- the higher intensity present at least in sections in a peripheral area along the edge than in a central area serves to reduce the heat losses from the active process zone, ie. H. from the impact surface into the surrounding building material.
- the central area of the intensity distribution surrounded by these areas serves to adjust and control the temperature profile in the melt in such a way that the desired process area of heat conduction welding can be maintained.
- control data are first generated in the manner according to the invention and then used to control the device with the control data.
- the control data can be generated in advance and transmitted to the device as a complete data package or as a type of “control protocol”, which then carries out the production process.
- control protocol a type of “control protocol”
- the control data can also be modified dynamically during the process, e.g. B. also based on process monitoring data or quality data based on it.
- the starting point for the control data is, among other things, data which indicate at which points within the process space or construction field material is to be solidified, ie which parts should later belong to the component or to possible support structures or the like and which areas should not.
- This data can be obtained, for example, from a digital 3D model of the object to be manufactured and / or the support structures. If these data and other required information are available, such as which material is used, which consolidation device, in particular which type of energy beam, is available or within which parameters this can be adjusted, etc., one that is optimized for the respective case can be optimized or determine the optimal intensity distribution that fulfills the above-mentioned features according to the invention, and the control data can be generated accordingly.
- the control data according to the invention can essentially be exposure control data or scan data. These can a. also define or specify the movement of the energy beam on the surface, as well as the amount of energy or laser intensity and / or an extension of the beam perpendicular to the beam direction.
- the control data include data or information for a radiation device of the additive manufacturing device via the above-defined desired or to be set intensity distribution or “shape” of the beam perpendicular to the beam direction at the impact surface.
- the control data as a whole can also include other data that are required for other components of the device for the additive manufacturing of a production product, such as information about the layer thickness, etc.
- An inventive control data generating device for generating control data for a device for additive manufacturing A manufacturing product is accordingly designed in such a way that the control data are generated in such a way that the energy beam has an intensity distribution in a sectional plane running perpendicular to the beam axis of the energy beam at the impact surface on the construction field, which
- control data generating device can, for example, be part of a control device of such a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of a manufactured product. However, it can also be implemented independently on another computer in order to then transfer the data to the control device.
- the control device preferably ensures coordinated control of all components of the additive manufacturing device.
- the control device can in particular also comprise a plurality of partial control devices which, for. B. the irradiation treatment device, in particular the later-mentioned first and / or second energy beam movement unit, and / or other components are assigned and cooperate in a suitable manner.
- the control device or the partial control devices can, as will be explained later, also be implemented entirely or partially in the form of software.
- a device according to the invention for the additive manufacturing of manufacturing products in an additive manufacturing process has, in addition to the usual components, such as a feed device (often also referred to as a “coater”) for introducing building material, for example in the form of a layer of, in particular as mentioned, formless or flowable, building material - in a process room, and an irradiation device for selectively solidifying the building material by irradiation with an energy beam, at least such a control device.
- a feed device often also referred to as a “coater”
- an irradiation device for selectively solidifying the building material by irradiation with an energy beam
- the device according to the invention can also have a plurality of irradiation devices which are then controlled in a correspondingly coordinated manner with the control data.
- the energy beam the intensity distribution of which should have the features according to the invention, can also consist of several superimposed energy beams, as will be explained later. Accordingly, the control signals for the individual components for generating the energy beams are generated, so that overall the desired result with regard to the intensity distribution is achieved.
- the irradiation devices can be used to generate several separate energy beams with the features according to the invention in order to solidify material in parallel at several positions on the construction field. A combination of these variants is also possible.
- the control data generation device can be implemented in the form of a computer unit with suitable software.
- the computing unit can e.g. B. for this purpose have one or more cooperating microprocessors or the like.
- the control data generation device can be implemented in the form of suitable software program parts in the computer unit of a control device of a manufacturing device according to the invention.
- a largely software-based implementation has the advantage that even previously used computer units, in particular control devices of manufacturing devices for additive manufacturing, can be easily upgraded with a software or firmware update in order to work in the manner according to the invention.
- a corresponding computer program product with a computer program which can be loaded directly into a memory device of a computer unit, in particular a control device, with program sections in order to carry out all steps of the method according to the invention when the program is executed in the computer unit or control device becomes.
- a computer program product can, in addition to the computer program, possibly additional components such as. B. a documentation and / or additional components, including hardware components such. B. hardware keys (dongles, etc.) for using the software.
- a computer-readable medium for example a memory stick, a hard disk or another portable or permanently installed data carrier on which the data from a computer unit, in particular, can be used for transport to the computer unit or control device and / or for storage on or in the computer unit or control device the control device, readable and executable program sections of the computer program are stored.
- the intensity distribution has a local intensity increase that extends in an at least partially annular peripheral region (or in a segment of the annular edge region) of the intensity distribution.
- the intensity distribution in at least one area along its contour at a short distance from the edge has an increased intensity in relation to a central area (i.e. a maximum area local to an environment).
- the border area is again the area between the central area defined above and the border.
- the circumferential intensity profile curve runs, at least in sections, preferably along the partially ring-shaped circumferential edge region.
- the maximum value on the circumferential intensity profile curve lies in an edge region of the intensity distribution lying at the front in a scanning direction. Accordingly, the local minimum on the intensity profile curve would lie in an edge region lying at the back in the scanning direction. This does not rule out that further local maxima and local minima exist on the intensity profile curve.
- the edge region lying “at the front” in the scanning direction can preferably be a distance over a radian measure of at most approx.
- 2/3 tt-r (r here is the circumferential radius, which, depending on the beam shape, can be equivalent to the radius of curvature defined for any beam shape or shape of the intensity distribution that the circumference of the profile of the beam shape is defined as 2 * TT * G), more preferably of at most approx. 14 tt-r, even more preferably of at most approx. 1/3 tt -r, particularly preferably of at most approx. 1/6 tt-r, wherein the angle angle resulting from the respective area includes the point of the intensity distribution lying foremost in the scan direction.
- a circular intensity distribution can therefore have an angular range (with a circular intensity distribution around a ring segment) of at most approximately 120 °, more preferably of at most approximately 90 °, even more preferably of at most approximately 60 °, particularly preferably of act at most approx. 30 °, the area covered by the respective angular range including the point of the intensity distribution lying foremost in the scanning direction.
- the minimum value on the intensity profile curve is preferably higher than the local minimum in the central region, i. H. in the center or near the center of the intensity distribution.
- the intensity is preferably at most 1.5 MW / cm 2 .
- the intensity here is preferably at least 0.05 MW / cm 2 .
- the intensity on the intensity profile curve running along the edge is preferably higher at every point than the local minimum in the central region of the intensity distribution.
- the intensity distribution has a complete ring-shaped increase in intensity in the edge region, but the amount of the increase in intensity differs depending on the location on the circumference.
- the ratio of the intensity of the maximum value on the revolving intensity profile curve ve, so z. B. at a point of the local, along the edge running intensity increase, to the intensity in a local minimum, especially in the central region of the intensity distribution, is preferably at most 10: 1, preferably at most 9: 1, more preferably at most 8: 1, particularly preferably 7: 1.
- the ratio of the intensity of the minimum value on the circulating intensity profile curve to the intensity in a local minimum is preferably at least 1.5: 1, preferably at least 2: 1, more preferably at least 3: 1, particularly preferably at least 4: 1.
- the maximum value on the intensity profile curve running along the edge is preferably at least one and a half times, more preferably at least twice, even more preferably at least three times, particularly preferably at least four times higher than the local minimum value in the area opposite on the intensity profile curve.
- the maximum value on the intensity profile curve running along the edge is a maximum of eight times, more preferably a maximum of seven times, even more preferably a maximum of six times, particularly preferably a maximum of five times higher than the local minimum value in the area opposite on the intensity profile curve.
- the (location-dependent) function of the intensity values along the intensity profile curve can run arbitrarily between the maximum value and the minimum value in the area opposite on the intensity profile curve. It is particularly preferably curved. It is preferably a "smooth" function without jumps. This function is preferably differentiable at least once at each point, preferably at least twice differentiable, particularly preferably differentiable as often as desired.
- the intensity distribution can in principle also be defined by a step function or a plurality of superimposed step functions.
- the intensity distribution of the energy beam can preferably be set essentially axially symmetrically or essentially not axially symmetrically depending on an impact surface environmental parameter, based on an axis of symmetry lying in the scanning direction.
- An “axisymmetric” setting is understood to mean that an axis symmetry exists within the usual tolerances.
- An “essentially not axially symmetrical” setting means that this axis symmetry is deliberately not maintained, i.e. H. there is a deviation from the axis symmetry beyond the usual tolerances.
- the impact surface environmental parameter can be understood in particular to be a parameter which indicates whether the current track (e.g. a hatch) runs alongside already solidified material, i.e. whether e.g. B. a first track is drawn that is not laterally adjacent to a previous track, or whether it is another track.
- the direction in which the rotation takes place can depend, for example, on whether the immediately adjacent, already solidified track is still hot or has already cooled.
- a cooled, hardened track has more mass and absorbs energy less because a "smooth" surface reflects more radiation.
- the maximum of the adjacent track to be subsequently consolidated will therefore preferably be closer to this previously consolidated track than if it is still hot and already contains more energy, so that less new energy has to be introduced.
- the desired beam shaping could already take place during the generation of the energy beam.
- a laser can be constructed with many laser channels that can be combined coherently so that they act and function together as a single coherent laser source. This could inherently offer the possibility of additionally modulating each individual laser channel highly dynamically in phase and amplitude in order to achieve the desired variable beam shaping, in particular the desired intensity profile.
- any energy beam generated by an energy beam source that is to say also initially rotationally symmetrical, can only be “shaped” or modified subsequently within a beam shaping device in order to obtain the desired intensity distribution.
- Such a beam shaping device can also be realized in various ways.
- the beam shaping device can preferably have at least one micro-optical element that can be controlled by a control device.
- a so-called diffractive optical element also known as “diffractive optical element”, DOE
- DOEs can e.g. B. work reflectively or transmissively and change the wave front of an incident beam by local modulation of phase and / or amplitude of the reflected or transmitted partial beams. Since changes in direction can sometimes occur during the irradiation and, in general, a certain intensity distribution is always defined in relation to the current direction of movement, ie the scanning direction, the direction of the ideal intensity distribution on the construction site or Change material (for example, as mentioned above, to align the maximum value in each case according to the current hatching direction). This requires a quick reaction of the irradiation device with respect to changes in the intensity distribution. Another point is that depending on the precise manufacturing parameters, relatively high spatial intensity differences within the intensity distribution are desirable, as some of them have already been defined above.
- a method can be used, for example, in which control data for generating at least two energy beams - and correspondingly also two energy beams - are generated , so that the intensity distribution is generated by superimposing the energy rays. I.e. at least a first energy beam and a second energy beam are generated.
- This can be done, for example, by an energy beam source system with at least two separate energy beam sources, for example two lasers.
- the energy beams it would also be possible for the energy beams to be generated first by an energy beam source and then to be split, for example in a beam splitter or the like.
- the control data are preferably generated in such a way that a first energy beam, together with a second energy beam, is at least partially superimposed as a “combination energy beam” coordinated with a predetermined scanning speed, which can also be dynamically changed, is moved over the material or construction field.
- a, preferably cyclic and / or preferably continuous, relative movement of the second energy beam to the first energy beam takes place at a predetermined relative speed (which is also dynamically controllable), the amount of which is much greater than the amount of the scanning speed.
- This combination energy beam can then, as will be explained in more detail, have a (time-integrated) “total intensity distribution” which has the features according to the invention defined above.
- the magnitude of the relative speed between the first energy beam and the second energy beam or the first energy beam within the combination energy beam is at least twice the magnitude of the scanning speed, more preferably at least five times larger, still more preferably at least ten times larger, particularly preferably fifty times larger and very particularly preferably even a hundred times larger.
- the relative speed can preferably be at least 5 m / s. It is particularly preferably at least 10 m / s, more preferably at least 20 m / s and very particularly preferably at least 50 m / s.
- the amount of the scanning speed is z. B. in selective laser melting or selective laser sintering usually in a range of 0.01 m / s to 5 m / s. When electron beam melting, however, significantly higher speeds can be achieved, for. B. 20 m / s or more. This means that the scanning movement is generally considerably slower than the relative movement of the second energy beam to the first energy beam.
- temporally integrated “total intensity distributions” of the combination energy beam can be generated with almost any configuration over a certain period of time.
- This integration period should preferably be sufficiently long so that the second energy beam could essentially pass through its path relative to the first energy beam.
- the integration time span could thus comprise at least one movement cycle of the second energy beam relative to the first energy beam.
- the integration period is a longer period, e.g. B. an integer multiple of a movement cycle.
- the relative speed should preferably be high enough that the superimposed intensity distributions of the first and second energy beams in the time span of the physical process of heat conduction as “quasi-thermal” due to the inertia of the thermal diffusion (dissipation of heat). stationary “overall intensity distribution.
- the material is essentially supplied with a radiation energy corresponding to the overall intensity distribution over the integration time span, since due to the lower scanning speed during the (in relation to the relative movement long) dwell time of the combination energy beam at one location, the second Energy beam with its intensity distribution within the total intensity distribution of the combination energy beam traverses all relative positions, preferably even travels several times, if the scanning movement (for this image) would be regarded as non-existent.
- the scanning movement for this image
- the minimum relative speed required for this can also depend significantly on the material parameters of the construction material used, in particular the specific heat capacity.
- Fo (a At) / d 2 is as small as possible in order to achieve the “quasi-stationary” overall intensity distribution as well as possible, where a is the temperature conductivity (material constant), At a characteristic time span (e.g. the period) and your characteristic length (e.g. an extension, such as the radius, the total intensity distribution).
- the “relative movement” of the second energy beam to the first energy beam or position of the beam axis of the second energy beam within the overall intensity distribution of the combination energy beam can have a wide variety of geometric paths or Path curves (courses of a scanning path), i.e. include translatory or rotary movement or movement patterns.
- Path curves courses of a scanning path
- the movement of the second energy beam relative to the first energy beam or the position of the second intensity distribution of the second energy beam within the total intensity distribution is particularly preferably on a closed curve, ie they can / can be referred to as “periodically stationary”.
- the second energy beam can perform a circular or elliptical movement within the combination energy beam, or relative to the first energy beam, or move along a closed polygon.
- any other polygon shape such as a zigzag line, a sinusoidal wobble (also known as oscillation welding) etc.
- the “total intensity distribution” of the combination generated by the superimposed energy beams (quasi-stationary) Energy beam fulfills the features according to the invention defined above, ie the “total intensity distribution” of the combination energy beam can have any shape or form within these limits.
- Such a method for irradiating a material in which a first energy beam and a second energy beam are generated and at least partially superimposed in the manner described and moved over the material at a predetermined speed, the second energy beam being relative to the first energy beam with a predetermined given relative speed is moved, the amount of which is much greater than the amount of the scanning speed, could in principle be achieved by a simple coordinated or synchronized control of two energy beam movement units or scanners, which are separate per se, over the construction site.
- the radiation device requires an energy beam source system for generating at least a first energy beam and a second energy beam, as well as a first energy beam movement unit and a second energy beam movement unit and a control device which controls the radiation device so that the first energy beam and the second energy beam are at least partially superimposed as a combination energy beam coordinated with a predetermined scanning speed over the material or construction field, wherein the second energy beam is moved relative to the first energy beam.
- the second energy beam is moved relative to the first energy beam, and the first energy beam and the second energy beam moving relative thereto are then already coupled into an energy beam movement unit in a common beam path in such a way that they work together as a combination energy beam, for example on the construction site the construction material in an additive manufacturing process. It is therefore ensured that the energy rays z. B.
- the respective current relative position of the intensity distributions of the first energy beam and the second energy beam running in a sectional plane running perpendicular to the beam axis of the combination energy beam (thus the virtual beam axes or later - defined later) a respective beam path) on the way through the relevant energy beam movement unit from the coupling point into the energy beam movement unit, for. B. when using a scanner on the first scanner mirror, up to the impact surface does not change significantly. If, for example, the intensity distribution of the first energy beam or the first energy beam is mirrored or rotated, the intensity distribution of the second energy beam or the second energy beam is simultaneously mirrored or rotated, etc.
- the relative position between the first energy beam and the second energy beam is thus essentially only determined by the movement of the second energy beam relative to the first energy beam that occurred before the coupling into the energy beam movement unit for the combination energy beam is determined.
- the movement of the second energy beam “relative to the first energy beam” is the movement of the second energy beam that an “observer” would move with the first energy beam with a moving observer.
- This relative movement of the second energy beam relative to the first energy beam can be carried out by a separate, for example first energy beam movement unit, of which examples will be given later.
- the combination energy beam is then moved across the construction field by a second energy beam movement unit, for example a conventional scanner mirror when using laser beams.
- the relative positioning (of the intensity distribution) of the second energy beam in the combination energy beam takes place only through this first energy beam movement unit.
- the second energy beam movement unit moves the common impact surface of the energy beams, ie the impact surface of the combination Energy beam (which could also be referred to as a “unit beam”), whereby the combination energy beam changes its overall intensity distribution accordingly due to the movement of the second energy beam relative to the first energy beam.
- the beam path of the first energy beam and a “virtual beam path” of the second energy beam run coaxially in order to be moved in a coordinated manner as a superimposed combination energy beam over the material.
- This “virtual beam path” (or “virtual beam axis”) of the second energy beam, which is moved relative to the first energy beam, is defined in such a way that it runs through the geometrical center of gravity of a “virtual plane of incidence”, which is perpendicular to the (virtual ) Is the cutting plane (as defined above), whereby the "virtual cutting plane impact surface” is defined by the surface in the cutting plane that the second energy beam covers with its spatial extent determined by its respective intensity distribution during a defined period of time.
- the defined time period is preferably at least so long that the second energy beam has undergone a movement cycle, particularly preferably a plurality of movement cycles, in a (preferred) repeating movement pattern.
- the time span is particularly preferably exactly one period (duration of a movement cycle) or an integer multiple of a period.
- the “virtual beam path” of the second energy beam could also be viewed as “averaged beam path” or “averaged beam axis”, which results if the position of the real beam axis of the second energy beam changes moved rela tively to the beam axis of the first energy beam, as mentioned, is integrated over a certain integration period.
- the two energy beams pass through the same beam-deflecting or beam-modifying optical components as a combination energy beam on their path.
- An irradiation device that can be used for this purpose for irradiating a material accordingly has an energy beam source system, for example preferably a laser system, for generating at least the first energy beam and the second energy beam, this energy beam source system again having different energy can have beam sources for the various energy beams, or also beam splitters etc.
- an energy beam source system for example preferably a laser system, for generating at least the first energy beam and the second energy beam
- this energy beam source system again having different energy can have beam sources for the various energy beams, or also beam splitters etc.
- the irradiation device has a first energy beam movement unit for moving the second energy beam relative to the first energy beam, an energy beam combination device and a second energy beam movement unit, which are designed in this way and are arranged so that the first energy beam and the second energy beam moving to it are coupled in a common beam path into the second energy beam movement unit in such a way that they together as a combination energy beam from the second energy beam movement unit via the material or construction field be moved.
- the energy beam combination device for coupling the first energy beam and the second energy beam moving relative thereto into the common beam path can comprise a beam combiner, which is connected downstream of the first energy beam movement device (i.e. downstream in the beam direction) and upstream of the second energy beam movement unit (i.e. in Beam direction arranged in advance) is to the first energy beam and the second energy beam in parallel for example, z. B. with beam paths with small spacing in relation to the beam expansion or the diameter of one of the beams, as will be explained in the following with the help of examples, in the second energy beam movement unit, for example on the first scanner mirror of a conventional scanning system.
- the beam combiner preferably has or can be formed by a polarizer, particularly preferably a thin-film polarizer.
- the optical components of the second energy beam movement unit that is to say for example the scanner, and, if appropriate, subsequent ones, the direction of Components that may influence energy beams, such as a coupling window into an installation space (process chamber) of a manufacturing device, have only a negligible influence on the overall intensity distribution of the combination energy beam.
- existing energy beam movement units ie for example scanners, could be used as second energy beam movement units within the scope of the invention without changes.
- a production device can then have at least one such irradiation device, which is constructed in the manner according to the invention or modified according to the invention by retrofitting. It is also possible in turn to retrofit already existing production devices with an irradiation device according to the invention as a complete module or to replace the existing irradiation devices accordingly. This is also possible with manufacturing devices that work with several separate energy beams in order to solidify material in parallel at several positions on the construction field. Only individual, but also several - for example all - energy beams can then be generated by corresponding radiation devices.
- the second energy beam is preferably intensity-modulated as a function of its relative position to the first energy beam or as a function of the current position in the combination energy beam, that is to say during the relative movement (i.e. an intensity of the second energy beam is modulated).
- the second energy beam can also be dependent on a current direction of movement of the combination energy beam on the material or construction field, ie. H. the current scan direction are intensity-modulated, that is, depending on the direction of movement of a corresponding element of the energy beam movement unit (s), e.g. B. a scanner mirror. This is irrespective of where the two energy beams are combined or superimposed on one another. B. before coupling into a common energy beam movement unit or only on or before hitting the construction site.
- an intensity of the first energy beam could also be modulated.
- the minimum intensity is at least always greater than 0, ie that the second energy beam within the combination energy beam always contributes to an increase in the overall intensity at the respective point in the overall intensity distribution of the combination energy beam.
- Intensity modulation makes it possible to generate combination energy beams whose (time-integrated) overall intensity distribution has an absolute maximum and / or an absolute minimum, for example, only at a single point and, where appropriate, local maxima and at other positions in the overall intensity distribution / or minima with respect to the respective environment or in a certain cutting direction or along a certain intensity profile curve so that the overall intensity distribution has the above-mentioned features according to the invention.
- the energy beam source system of the radiation device is then preferably designed in this way and / or the radiation device has an energy beam
- the irradiation device can have a control device which controls the energy beam source system, in particular the second energy beam source, if this is operated separately from the first energy beam source, and / or controls the energy beam modulation unit accordingly.
- the first energy beam and the second energy beam themselves can have any intensity distributions. They preferably have qualitatively and / or quantitatively different intensity distributions, very particularly preferably not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively, ie. H. completely different shapes. It is crucial that ultimately the total intensity distribution generated with it (integrated in time) is the above-mentioned. it has features according to the invention.
- the first energy beam has an intensity distribution that is essentially rotationally symmetrical with respect to a beam axis (i.e. within the usual tolerances).
- the first energy beam particularly preferably has a “top hat” or “flat top intensity distribution”.
- Such an intensity distribution is characterized in that it has a spatially relatively homogeneous intensity distribution over the beam cross-section, that is, a relatively smooth, flat surface with a relatively sharp edge.
- a “top hat” or “flat top intensity distribution” shows a rectangular profile.
- Such a profile can be described by a Heaviside function (step or jump function).
- a top-hat intensity distribution a defined, relatively homogeneous basic intensity can be guaranteed within the combination energy beam, that is to say within the overall intensity distribution.
- suitable beam shape units are already available for such top hat intensity distributions, for example diffractive optical elements (DOEs).
- DOEs diffractive optical elements
- the second energy beam also has a beam axis essentially, ie. H. within the usual tolerances, rotationally symmetrical intensity distribution.
- This second energy beam can, for example, particularly preferably have a Gaussian intensity distribution.
- a Gaussian intensity distribution usually does not require beam shaping, since most energy beam sources, in particular lasers, as already mentioned, generate a beam with a Gaussian intensity distribution.
- the second energy beam is preferably “smaller” or “finer” than the first energy beam, i. H. the second energy beam has a smaller maximum beam expansion than the first energy beam, in particular when it is coupled into the common beam path by the energy beam movement unit (that is to say at the coupling point, for example on the first scanner mirror of a conventional scanner system).
- a beam expansion is to be understood to mean any dimension or distance transversely (to the beam axis) through the beam, for example a beam diameter or a beam width, with a beam width always being the extension perpendicular to the current direction of movement of the impact surface on the beam Construction site is to be understood.
- the path does not necessarily have to run through the beam axis or the center of the (total) intensity distribution, in particular if the energy beam has no rotationally symmetrical intensity distribution.
- the beam expansion is defined in such a way that it is on the defined path from an edge - as defined above - (i.e. that 99% of the radiation power of the energy beam is within the range defined by the Edge enclosed area) runs to the opposite edge of the intensity distribution.
- the beam expansion of the first energy beam can be at least 500 pm, preferably at least 700 pm, more preferably at least 900 pm, even more preferably at least 1000 pm, even more preferably at least 1100 pm, even more preferably at least 1200 pm, even more preferably at least 1500 pm, particularly preferably at least 2 mm.
- the maximum beam expansion of the first energy beam is at most 10 mm, preferably at most 6 mm, more preferably at most 4 mm, particularly preferably at most 3 mm.
- the beam extension of the second energy beam which is moved relative to this first energy beam or is preferably moved within the beam extension of the first energy beam, is at least 20 pm, preferably at least 50 pm, particularly preferably at least 80 pm. However, this maximum beam expansion of the second energy beam is at most 300 pm, preferably at most 200 pm, particularly preferably at most 100 pm.
- a ratio of the beam expansion of the second energy beam to the beam expansion of the combined energy beam and / or the first energy beam is preferably at most 1: 3, more preferably at most 1: 5, even more preferably at most 1:10, still more preferably at most 1:20.
- the ratio of the diameter of the second energy beam to the diameter of the combined energy beam and / or to the diameter of the first energy beam is preferably at least 1: 100, particularly preferably at least 1:50.
- a combination is very particularly preferred in which the beam expansion, for example a diameter, of the first energy beam and thus also the beam expansion or the diameter of the combination energy beam is 1000 pm (with a top hat intensity distribution) and the second Energy beam (with a Gaussian intensity distribution) has a beam expansion, for example a beam diameter, of 80 pm.
- the relative movement of the second energy beam relative to the first energy beam is preferably carried out cyclically, ie the same position is repeatedly approached by the second energy beam within the combination energy beam on a closed curve.
- the same position is particularly preferably passed at the same time intervals during the relative movement of the second energy beam.
- the intensity is also cyclically modulated accordingly by controlling the power of the second energy beam.
- the control signal for intensity modulation of the second energy beam preferably a generator signal for a second energy beam source which generates the second energy beam, can be designed as a sinusoidal signal or the like. In this way, cyclic intensity modulation is automatically achieved.
- the intensity modulation is particularly preferably carried out using a smooth and periodic control signal.
- the function of the control signal is preferably in accordance with the above. Function of the intensity values along the intensity profile curve can be differentiated at least once at each point, more preferably can be differentiated at least twice, particularly preferably can be differentiated as often as desired.
- An ideal target control signal can, for example, be approximated or exactly represented by trigonometric functions such as a sine or cosine signal or a linear combination of trigonometric functions. Likewise, you could also use any other control program or algorithm that periodically repeats a function defined via a cycle (e.g. from -p to + TT).
- a possible generator signal to modulate the second energy beam could, for example, be described using the following function:
- A is the difference between the local minimum value and the local maximum value
- w stands for the angular velocity of a rotation of the second energy beam about its virtual axis of rotation
- t denotes the time
- 0 (t) denotes the above-mentioned (time-dependent) phase shift for a Shift of the minima and maxima on the intensity profile curve
- the number n in the exponent is a natural number
- c represents represents a constant.
- the first energy beam source and / or the first energy beam movement unit and / or an energy beam modulation unit can be designed and controlled accordingly by a control device in order to ensure such a cyclical relative movement or intensity modulation.
- the relative movement and / or the intensity modulation of the second energy beam are particularly preferably carried out uniformly, in particular in the case of a straight, purely translatory scanning movement of the combination energy beam.
- the intensity modulation this means that the modulation takes place continuously.
- the second energy beam very particularly preferably moves along the edge of the intensity distribution of the first energy beam. This is preferably done in such a way that at least a maximum of the intensity distribution, that is to say the center for a Gaussian profile, of the second energy beam moves within an area of the first intensity distribution which is delimited by the edge. It is particularly preferred to ensure that the edge of the overall intensity distribution of the combination energy beam essentially coincides with the edge of the intensity distribution of the first energy beam or that this is at least relatively close, e.g. B. ⁇ 20 pm, lie against each other, so that the total diameter of the combination energy beam is essentially defined by the diameter of the first energy beam.
- the dimension difference between the edge of the total intensity distribution of the combination energy beam and the edge of the intensity distribution of the first energy beam is a maximum of approximately 40%, further preferably a maximum of approximately 25%, particularly preferably a maximum of approximately 15%, of a beam expansion of the two - th ("smaller") energy beam. At least one maximum of the in- intensity distribution of the second energy beam within the intensity distribution of the first energy beam.
- the second energy beam moving relative to the first energy beam, preferably introduces 99% of its energy in the edge region of the overall intensity distribution.
- This procedure in which the second energy beam is moved along a circular path along the edge or within the edge of the intensity distribution of the first energy beam, is particularly preferred when the first energy beam has a rotationally symmetrical or circular intensity distribution and very particularly preferably a top -Has intensity distribution.
- a combination energy beam generated in this way then - with suitable intensity modulation of the first energy beam with a sinusoidal signal which is adapted to the period of the cyclical relative movement - has a (time-integrated) overall intensity distribution which meets the criteria according to the invention given above .
- an optical energy beam for example a laser beam
- the optical element for example a beam displacement element or a reflector, in particular one so-called plane plate and / or a mirror
- the first energy beam movement unit preferably comprises a rotation unit with a suitable rotatable optical element.
- This optical element can be driven, for example, with a suitable motor, wherein the rotation can take place relatively quickly, namely in such a way that the desired rapid rotation or movement of the second energy beam relative to the scanning speed is achieved in terms of amount.
- the rotation of the optical element with a radius of a circular movement of a second energy beam running parallel to the virtual beam axis of 2 mm and a movement speed (i.e. its path speed on its cyclical path) of 5 m / s with approximately 400 revolutions per s , with a movement speed of the second energy beam of 31 m / s with approx. 2500 revolutions per s, with a movement speed of the second energy beam of 50 m / s with approx. 4000 revolutions per s.
- such a rotation unit with a rotatable optical element and further optical elements of the energy beam movement unit can deflect the beam path of the second energy beam in such a way that it rotates on a “virtual cylinder surface” around a “virtual axis of rotation” and always in parallel runs to this virtual axis of rotation.
- This virtual axis of rotation then corresponds to the virtual beam axis defined above or the virtual beam path of the second energy beam.
- the energy beam movement unit is preferably designed such that the distance between the real beam axis and the virtual beam axis of the second energy beam, that is to say the diameter of the “virtual cylinder jacket surface”, is adjustable.
- control data are generated by specifying further process parameters (in addition to the intensity distribution of the energy beam or combination energy beam) and, if appropriate, corresponding to the respective position of the impact surface in the component, ie the intensity distribution, that is to say the beam expansion and / or “shape” on the impact surface of the component Energy beam on the construction site, as well as other process parameters, who are optimized and defined in such a way that when the device is controlled using said control data, the build-up material is melted within a target area in and around the impact surface by means of heat conduction welding.
- a “target area” is to be understood here on the one hand as the impact area, ie the area to which the energy beam strikes the surface, but also as the area below it, ie into the depth of the material or the layer, but possibly also an environment around this impact surface in which the energy beam, e.g. B. by heat conduction in the building material, still acts.
- the additional process parameters e.g. B. the absolute beam intensity, the speed of movement of the impact surface on the construction site, that is, the scanning speed, but also the layer thickness and the exact radiation strategy, that is to say, for example, in which pattern the radiation takes place.
- the (total) intensity distribution of the energy beam or combination energy beam (if this is generated by superimposing energy beams) can preferably be monitored or checked.
- the data recorded during the monitoring or control are particularly preferably used for regulating the (total) intensity distribution, for example as an actual intensity distribution, which can be compared with a target intensity distribution.
- the radiation device preferably has a suitable monitoring or control device (hereinafter also referred to as “monitoring device”).
- monitoring device a suitable monitoring or control device
- Such a monitoring device can be implemented, for example, with the aid of a beam splitter arranged in the beam path of the energy beam or combination energy beam.
- B. branches a small part of the intensity of the (combination) energy beam into a monitoring unit for measuring and testing the (total) intensity distribution of the (combination) energy beam.
- the monitoring unit can detect an integral image / signal of the (total) intensity distribution, for example by means of an area sensor or the like.
- the "exposure time" of the area sensor is preferably adapted to the integration period defined above and / or incomplete exposure of the sensor (at least one complete rotation of the second energy beam as well as a fraction of one or more further rounds) is passed through a filter, e.g. B. an evaluation algorithm compensated.
- an actual rotation of the total intensity distribution against a target rotation and / or an actual distribution against a target distribution of the (total) Intensity distribution can be adjusted.
- the respective actual setting can be readjusted if necessary by means of an additional control loop.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic view, partially in section, of an embodiment of an apparatus for additive manufacturing with an energy beam modification apparatus that can be used for the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a preferred (total) intensity distribution according to the invention of a combination energy beam
- FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal section along the sectional plane B through the total intensity distribution according to FIG. 2,
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of the functional arrangement of the components of a first exemplary embodiment of an irradiation device which can be used for the invention
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of the functional arrangement of the components of a second exemplary embodiment of an irradiation device which can be used for the invention
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic illustration of the functional arrangement of the components of a third exemplary embodiment of an irradiation device usable for the invention
- FIG. 6a shows an enlarged schematic illustration of the first energy beam movement unit of the irradiation device according to FIG. 6,
- FIG. 7 shows a possible control signal for controlling a second energy beam source in an irradiation device
- 8 shows a (total) intensity distribution according to the invention of a combination energy beam as in FIG. 2 in a perspective top view, but for comparison in three different versions, to show the dependence of the total intensity distribution on the control signal according to FIG. 5,
- FIG. 9 shows a grayscale image of an (overall) intensity distribution according to the invention at the impact surface of a combination energy beam, as is shown on the right in FIG. 7,
- FIG. 10 shows a schematic illustration for modifying an (overall) intensity distribution according to the invention as a function of an impact surface.
- FIG. 11 shows a further schematic illustration for modifying an (overall) intensity distribution according to the invention as a function of an impact surface parameter
- FIGS. 12a to 12e each show perspective views of alternative embodiments of intensity distributions according to the invention.
- laser sintering device 1 for additive manufacturing of production products in the form of a laser sintering or laser melting device 1, it being explicitly pointed out once again that the invention is not limited to laser sintering or laser melting devices.
- the device is therefore briefly referred to below as a “laser sintering device” 1 without any limitation to the generality.
- Such a laser sintering device 1 is shown schematically in FIG. 1.
- the device has a process chamber 3 or a process space 3 with a chamber wall 4, in which the manufacturing process essentially takes place.
- the process chamber 3 there is an upwardly open container 5 with a container wall 6.
- the upper opening of the container 5 forms the respective current working level 7.
- the area of this working level 7 lying within the opening of the container 5 can be used to build up the object 2 are and is therefore referred to as construction site 8.
- the container 5 has a base plate 11 which is movable in a vertical direction V and which is arranged on a carrier 10. This base plate 1 1 closes off the container 5 and thus forms the bottom thereof.
- the base plate 11 can be formed integrally with the carrier, but it can also be a plate formed separately from the carrier 10 and fastened to the carrier 10 or simply supported thereon.
- a building platform 12 can be attached to the base plate 11 as a building base on which the object 2 is built.
- the object 2 can also be built on the base plate 11 itself, which then forms the construction document.
- the basic construction of the object 2 is carried out by first applying a layer of construction material 13 to the construction platform 12, then - as explained later - by irradiation with a laser at the points which are to form parts of the object 2 to be manufactured, the construction material 13 selectively is solidified, then with the help of the carrier 10, the base plate 1 1, thus the construction platform 12 is lowered and a new layer of the building material 13 is applied and then selectively solidified. This process is repeated until all layers of the at least one object have solidified.
- FIG. 1 the object 2 built up in the container on the building platform 12 is shown in an intermediate state below the working plane 7. It already has several solidified layers, surrounded by construction material 13 which has remained unconsolidated.
- Various materials can be used as construction material 13, preferably powder, in particular metal powder, plastic powder, ceramic powder, sand, filled or mixed powder or pasty materials.
- Powdery building material 13 is located in a storage container 14 of the laser sintering device 1. With the help of a movable coating device 16 that can be moved in a horizontal direction H, the building material can be applied in the working plane 7 or within the construction field 8 in the form of a thin layer.
- An additional radiation heater 17 is optionally located in the process chamber 3. This can be used to heat the applied building material 13, so that the radiation device used for the selective solidification does not have to bring in too much energy. This means that, for example, with the help of the radiant heater 17, a quantity of basic energy can already be introduced into the building material 13, which of course is still below the necessary energy at which the building material 13 sinters or even merges.
- An infrared radiator for example, can be used as the radiation heater 17.
- the laser sintering device 1 has, as mentioned, an irradiation device 20 or, specifically here, an exposure device 20.
- This irradiation device 20 generates here as the output laser beam AL a combination energy beam AL (or in the following also called combination laser beam AL) with a defined, modifiable total intensity distribution GIV (see, for example, FIG. 2) by combining two energy beams EL1 , EL2 and relative movement of the energy radiate EL1, EL2 to one another by means of a first energy beam movement unit 30, as will be explained in more detail later.
- the combination energy beam AL is then deflected via a subsequent second energy beam movement unit 23 (also referred to as deflection unit 23 or scanner 23), so as to traverse the exposure paths or tracks provided in accordance with the exposure strategy in the layer to be selectively solidified and to selectively introduce the energy .
- a subsequent second energy beam movement unit 23 also referred to as deflection unit 23 or scanner 23
- the impact surface AF of the combination energy beam AL is moved on the construction field 8, wherein the current motion vector or the direction of movement S (scanning direction) of the impact surface AF on the construction field 8 can change frequently and quickly.
- This laser beam AL is focused by a focusing device 24 on the working plane 7 in a suitable manner.
- the radiation device 20 here comprises an energy beam source system 21 or laser system 21 for generating a first laser beam EL1 and a second laser beam EL2 by two separate lasers 21 a, 21 b.
- the irradiation device 20 Downstream of the laser 21b for the second laser beam EL2, the irradiation device 20 has a first energy beam movement unit 30 in order to move the second laser beam EL2 relative to the first laser beam EL1, and an energy beam combination device 22, which is designed in this way and is used for the scanner 23 in this way it is arranged that the first laser beam EL1 and the second laser beam EL2 are coupled into a common beam path in the scanner 23 such that they are moved together as a combination energy beam AL over the material 13 or the construction field 8.
- the lasers 21 a, 21 b can preferably be gas or solid-state lasers or any other type of laser such as, for example, B. act laser diodes, in particular VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) or VECSEL (Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) or a line of these lasers.
- B. act laser diodes in particular VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) or VECSEL (Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) or a line of these lasers.
- VCSEL Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
- VECSEL Very External Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
- the lasers 21a, 21b for the first and second laser beams EL1, EL2 can be identical, but can also be constructed differently.
- the irradiation device 20 is preferably located outside the process chamber 3, and the combination laser beam AL is passed through a coupling window 25 attached to the top of the process chamber 3 in the chamber wall 4 into the process chamber 3.
- the invention is not limited to the fact that the energy beam AL ultimately striking the construction field 8 with the intensity distribution GIV designed according to the invention is generated as a combination energy beam AL by superimposing individual energy beams EL1, EL2 that are moved relative to one another , but an energy beam AL with an intensity distribution GIV designed according to the invention could also be generated with the aid of another radiation device.
- the following example is based on the example of superimposing two energy beams or laser beams EL1, EL2, for generating a combination energy beam AL with a (time-integrated) desired overall intensity distribution GIV.
- the laser sintering device 1 furthermore contains a sensor arrangement 18 which is suitable for detecting a process radiation emitted in the working plane when the laser beam 22 strikes the building material.
- This sensor arrangement 18 operates in a spatially resolved manner, ie it is able to record a type of emission image of the respective layer.
- An image sensor or a camera 18 is preferably used as the sensor arrangement 18, which is sufficiently sensitive in the area of the emitted radiation.
- one or more sensors for detecting an electromagnetic, in particular optical and / or thermal process radiation could also be used, for.
- B. photodiodes which detect the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a molten bath under incident laser beam AL, or temperature sensors for detecting an emitted thermal radiation.
- the sensor arrangement 18 is arranged within the process chamber 3. But you could also be outside of the process chamber 3 and then capture the process radiation through another window in the process chamber 3.
- the signals detected by the sensor arrangement 18 are transferred here as a process space sensor data set or layer image SB to a control device 50 of the laser sintering device 1, which also serves to control the various components of the laser sintering device 1 for the entire control of the additive manufacturing process.
- control device 50 has a control unit 51, which controls the components of the irradiation device 20 via a radiation control interface 53, namely here transmits laser control data LSa, LSb to the lasers 21a, 21b, to the first energy beam movement unit 30, relative movement control data RS the second energy beam movement unit 23 or the scanner 23 scan control data SD and to the focusing device 24 focus control data FS.
- control unit 51 which controls the components of the irradiation device 20 via a radiation control interface 53, namely here transmits laser control data LSa, LSb to the lasers 21a, 21b, to the first energy beam movement unit 30, relative movement control data RS the second energy beam movement unit 23 or the scanner 23 scan control data SD and to the focusing device 24 focus control data FS.
- the control unit 51 also controls the radiation heater 17 by means of suitable heating control data HS, the coater 16 by means of coating control data ST and the movement of the carrier 10 by means of carrier control data TS.
- control device 50 here has a quality data determination device 52, which receives the process space sensor data record SB and determines quality data QD based thereon, which can be transferred, for example, to the control unit 51 in order to be able to intervene in a regulative manner in the additive manufacturing process.
- the control device 50 is here z. B. via a bus 55 or other data connec tion, coupled to a terminal 56 with a display or the like. Via this terminal 56, an operator can control the control device 50 and thus the entire Lasersin device 1, z. B. by transmission of process control data PST.
- control data generating device 54, 54 ' To adjust the production process so that the process e.g. B. is performed as a heat conduction welding process and not as a deep welding process, can be done by means of a Control data generating device 54, 54 ', the control data are generated or modified accordingly.
- This control data generating device 54 can, for example, be part of the control device 50 and can be implemented there, for example, in the form of software components. Such a control data generation device 54 integrated into the control device 50 can, for example, take over the process control data PSD and modify it accordingly such that an energy beam AL with the desired intensity distribution GIV is generated and then transmit the correspondingly modified control data PSD to the control unit 51.
- the modified control data PSD can in particular modified laser control data LSa, LSb, but possibly also other modified control data, such as changed coating control data ST or carrier control data TS, in order to choose a suitable layer thickness.
- only the laser control data LSa, LSb could be modified in the control data generating device 54 and transferred to the control unit 51, so that the irradiation control interface 53 works with the modified laser control data LSa, LSb.
- control data generation device 54 it would also be possible, however, for the control data generation device 54 'to be implemented on an external computer unit, for example here the terminal 56, and to create process control data PSD with correspondingly suitable exposure control data, with which the device 1 is controlled in such a way that the desired intensity distribution of GIV is achieved.
- the internal control data generation device 54 present here in the control device 50 could also be dispensed with.
- the process control data PSD generated or modified by the control data generating device 54, 54 ' can also be viewed as target values, which are then used in the control unit 51 for a control process.
- the QD quality data can be included as actual values.
- the present invention is not limited to such a laser sintering device 1.
- it can be applied to any other method for the generative or additive production of a three-dimensional object by, in particular in layers, applying and selectively solidifying a building material, an energy beam for solidifying being emitted onto the building material to be solidified.
- the irradiation device can not only be a laser, as described here, but any device could be used with which energy can be selectively applied to or into the building material as wave or particle radiation.
- another light source, an electron beam, etc. could be used instead of a laser.
- several he inventive combination energy beams can be generated and used in parallel to z. B. to selectively solidify material at several positions on the construction site.
- the building material is scanned in layers at locations that correspond to the cross sections of the objects in the respective layer by the energy beam.
- FIG. 2 shows the typical basic form of an overall intensity distribution GIV of a combination energy beam AL, which would be particularly well suited to be used in this or in a somewhat modified form (see also the later explanations for FIG. 2 and FIG. 7), to keep the melting process of the building material 13 in the area of the impact surface AF of the combination energy beam AL on the construction field 8 in the process area of the heat conduction welding, d. H. without a steam capillary being formed when the building material melts.
- the overall intensity distribution GIV of this combination energy beam AL particularly fulfills the conditions according to the invention defined above.
- intensity distribution GIV (hereinafter also briefly called intensity distribution GIV) in a plane x, y lying perpendicular to the beam axis SA of the combination energy beam AL (hereinafter usually only briefly referred to as energy beam AL), the intensity in z -Direction spatially resolved above this level x, y is carried.
- energy beam AL the combination energy beam AL
- MIZ intensity minimum (hereinafter also abbreviated as "minimum"). This minimum MIZ lies approximately in the center of the intensity distribution GIV, ie on the beam axis SA or the axis of the beam path of the energy beam AL.
- the intensity values on the intensity profile curve IPK along the circular path K run continuously from the intensity maximum MAX on both sides, i. H. in both directions of rotation towards the minimum intensity MIN, i.e. H. they sink to there (continuously here).
- the signal could also be called a "ringing" or other effects, such as. B. digitization levels are subject to wel che in the intensity profile curve as noise, harmonics or in the form of other artifacts.
- the intensity distribution GIV is oriented here in such a way that the maximum value MAX on the intensity profile curve IPK in the scanning direction S (here arbitrarily parallel to the x direction of the plane) is at the front and the minimum value MIN is at the rear.
- FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal section through this total intensity distribution GIV in a sectional plane B extending in the scanning direction S (ie in the x / z direction), as shown in FIG. 2.
- the same longitudinal section as in FIG. 3 is shown in a simplified form in the sectional plane B.
- the maximum MAX can be seen clearly in the scan direction S at the front and the minimum MIN at the rear end, which in turn forms a local maximum in relation to its surroundings along the longitudinal section in FIG Edge R the intensity of the intensity distribution GIV drops sharply and the minimum MIZ is located towards the center, ie towards the center.
- the intensity distribution GIV is virtual in the following three functional areas F1 , F2, F3 (see Figure 3) divided.
- the entire intensity distribution GIV essentially determines an "effective range", e.g. B. can be limited by the edge R of the intensity distribution GIV, but can also extend somewhat beyond.
- the overall intensity distribution GIV strikes an impact surface AF which is moved on a construction field 8, as has already been explained several times above. At least in some areas of the impact surface AF of the combination energy beam AL, melting of the building material 13 is effected. In order to achieve the process window of heat conduction welding in the melting range as far as possible, the overall intensity distribution GIV must be set so that it fulfills various tasks.
- This functional area F1 “Hold” forms a kind (in the top view, lateral) of the entire intensity distribution GIV and is characterized in FIGS. 2 and 3 by an increase in intensity compared to the immediately adjacent impact surface. In other words, this is the circular area of increased intensity that runs around the edge R within the edge on the intensity profile curve IPK.
- this functional area F1 "Hold” changes to functional area F2 "Heating". Since after passing the impact surface AF on the building site 8, the building material 13 is supposed to harden locally again, it makes sense that in the functional area F1 “hold” on the intensity profile curve IPK in the rear area in the scanning direction S the minimum MIN lies.
- the area of the total intensity distribution GIV which is surrounded by the functional areas F1, F2 "holding” and “heating", has the task of determining the temperature profile in the effective area, ie. H. in the melt, adjust and check so that, for example, the desired process area of heat conduction welding can be observed. This is taken over by the functional area F3 "Shapes".
- the transition between the functional areas F1, F2, F3 is continuous, with the functional areas F1, F2, F3 being able to overlap or superposition in some areas.
- the intensity distribution GIV in the functional area F3 “shaping” is essentially a (flat) convex function, whereas the other functional areas F1, F2 have a concave functional curve in cross section.
- Such a preferred overall intensity distribution GIV can, as already described above, be achieved by a combination energy beam AL, which is generated from two energy beams EL1, EL2 by superimposition, the energy beam EL2 compared to the first energy beam EL1, based on the amount of scanning speed that is moved at a high speed.
- the (total) intensity distribution shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 can be achieved very concretely by generating a first energy beam EL1 with a first intensity distribution SP1, which corresponds to a so-called top hat-shaped intensity distribution SP1, and this one the circular path K along the edge R of the intensity distribution SP1 of the first energy beam EL1 is substantially superimposed on the Gaussian, second intensity distribution SP2 of the second energy beam EL2.
- the beam is expansion, here the diameter, the intensity distribution SP2 of the second energy beam EL2 is considerably smaller than the beam expansion DS, here the diameter DS, the intensity distribution SP1 of the first energy beam EL1.
- the first energy beam EL1 can have a diameter of approximately 1000 pm and the second energy beam EL2 can have a diameter of approximately 80 pm.
- the top hat beam EL1 provides a “basic intensity” on the impact surface AF. With the Gaussian beam EL 2 moving on the circular path K around the center of the top hat beam, the local (ie limited to a region along the circular path K) local intensity increase LIE along the Edge R of the total intensity distribution GIV achieved.
- the second, smaller energy beam EL2 rotates at a high speed (based on the scanning speed) on the circular path K, so that an impact surface AF integrates in time on the construction field 8 (as mentioned over a period of time with a certain duration, e.g. over one period) of the total intensity distribution GIV is exposed, as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.
- the intensity on the intensity profile curve IPK in the scan direction S has the maximum MAX in the front and the minimum MIN in the rear area and since there is a continuous decrease or increase, the intensity of the second energy beam EL2 must be modulated synchronously with the rotational speed.
- one or each of the functional areas F1, F2, F3 could also be designed in plateau fashion, so that the intensity distribution along the boundaries between the functional areas F1, F2, F3 z. B. is graded in each case.
- the irradiation device 20 has an energy beam source system 21 with two individual lasers 21 a, 21 b.
- the first laser 21a generates a laser beam EL1 as the first energy beam EL1 and is designed or provided with a beam shaping device such that the first laser beam EL1 has the desired top hat intensity distribution.
- the second laser 21b is designed such that it generates a laser beam EL2 with a Gaussian intensity distribution as the second energy beam EL2.
- laser beam and “energy beam” are therefore used synonymously - without restricting generality.
- This second laser beam EL2 is first radiated through a first energy beam movement unit 30, which ensures the movement of the second laser beam EL2 relative to the first laser beam EL1.
- the first energy beam movement unit 30 here comprises a hollow shaft 31 which rotates at a rotational speed W about an axis of rotation RAh which corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the hollow shaft 31.
- a corresponding motor not shown.
- the beam path S2 or the beam axis S2 of the second laser beam EL2 extends in such a way that the laser beam EL2 is radiated into the hollow shaft 31 directly on the axis of rotation RAh.
- a transmissive beam displacement element 32 is arranged, which displaces the Gaussian laser beam 21 B by a distance or an axis distance d to the axis of rotation RA since Lich.
- the transmissive beam offset element 32 is a flat plate 32.
- the Gaussian-shaped second laser beam EL2 or its beam axis S2 By rotating this flat plate 32 on the hollow shaft 31, the Gaussian-shaped second laser beam EL2 or its beam axis S2 always moves parallel to the axis of rotation RAh, but on one Circular path, which runs at the center distance d around the axis of rotation RAh.
- a (virtual) “averaged beam axis” or a “averaged beam path” of the second laser beam EL2, as already defined above, would be integrated exactly on the rotation axis RAh via an orbit on the circular path.
- This rotating second energy beam EL2 is then combined with the first energy beam EL1 in a beam combiner 22, here a polarizer 22 (for example a thin-film polarizer 22) of the energy beam combining device 22, care being taken that the virtual axis of rotation RAv around which the second The energy beam EL2 rotates, ie the “averaged beam axis” of the second laser beam EL2, runs behind the beam combiner 22 coaxially to the beam axis S1 of the first energy beam EL1.
- the center distance d by which the beam axis S2 of the second energy beam EL2 is offset from the rotation axis RA, ultimately determines the radius of the intensity profile curve IPK in the overall intensity distribution GIV of the combination energy beam AL (see FIG.
- the center distance d is the distance between the virtual axis of rotation RAv of the second energy beam EL2 and the center of the second intensity distribution SP2, so that here a diameter of the total intensity distribution GIV is slightly larger than twice the center distance d.
- both laser beams EL1, EL2 are thus coupled into the scanner 23, for example onto the first scanner mirror of the scanner, on a common beam path.
- the laser beams EL1, EL2 are thus coordinated and superimposed on one another as a combination energy beam AL on the impact surface AF on the construction field 8 over the material 13 with the scanning speed and scanning direction specified by the scanner 23.
- the scanning movement has no influence on the relative movement of the second energy beam EL2 within the combination energy beam AL.
- the movement e.g. For example, the speed of movement of the second laser beam EL2 relative to the first laser beam EL1 or an intensity modulation of the second laser beam EL2 can be modified.
- FIG. 5 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the irradiation device 20, with which, as an alternative to the embodiment in FIG. 4, a corresponding combination energy beam or combination laser beam AL can be generated.
- the irradiation device 20 has an energy beam source system 21 with two separate lasers 21a, 21b for the first energy beam or laser beam EL1 and the second energy beam or laser beam EL2.
- the first laser beam EL1 is generated with a top hat intensity distribution and passed on directly to a beam combiner 22.
- the first energy beam movement unit 33 is constructed differently than in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 4.
- the energy beam movement unit 33 here comprises a first mirror 34, a further mirror 35 rotating during operation and a converging lens 37 as an optical element.
- the - again Gaussian - second laser beam EL2 is first emitted onto the first mirror 34 and from there directed to the rotating mirror 35, which is inclined to the (incoming) beam path S2 of the incident second laser beam EL2, the axis of rotation RAs of the mirror 35 being coaxial with the Beam path S2 of the incoming laser beam EL2 runs.
- This rotating mirror 35 is driven by an electric motor 36, which can be controlled in a suitable manner by the control device 50.
- the beam path S2 of the second laser beam EL2 is deflected such that it initially moves from the mirror 35 on a cone jacket, so that the radius of the circular path increases with increasing distance from the rotating mirror 35.
- the beam path S2 emanating from the rotating mirror 35 of the second laser beam EL2 is tilted at an angle to the axis of rotation RAs of the mirror 35.
- the rotating mirror 35 is followed by a converging lens 37 as an optical element in the further beam path.
- This is located along the axis of rotation RAs in the beam propagation direction, starting from the rotating mirror 35 behind the first mirror 34.
- the angle at which the beam path emanating from the mirror 35 extends and the distances between the components 34, 35, 37 and their dimensions are selected such that the beam path S2 runs past this first mirror 34 in every rotational position and strikes the converging lens 37.
- the converging lens 37 is oriented here in such a way that its optical axis lies coaxially with the axis of rotation RA of the rotating mirror 35.
- the converging lens 37 is preferably designed such that the output beams of a laser beam which traverses them in a specific direction run parallel to the axis of rotation RA. It deflects the incoming second laser beam EL2 moving on a path in the form of a cone shell or aligns it again so that the beam path S2 of the second laser beam EL2 continues in the course behind the converging lens 37 in parallel and in a fixed manner th center distance d is radially offset from the (imaginary extended) axis of rotation RAs (i.e. a virtual axis of rotation RAv).
- the center distance d - and thus the radius d of the rotating circular path of the second laser beam EL2 about the axis of rotation RA - can be adjusted by the distance between the converging lens 37 and the rotating mirror 35 and / or the inclination of the rotating mirror 35 is changed.
- the converging lens 37 In the event of a change in distance during operation of the irradiation device 20, the converging lens 37 must be supplemented by an optical unit for adjusting its focus. This is the focal point of the converging lens 37 which lies on the side of the converging lens 37 facing the rotatable mirror 35 (ie on the input side). This focal point of the converging lens 37 is (within the usual tolerances) during the use of the irradiation device 20 to solidify building material, preferably always in the mirror plane of the rotating mirror 35 and there in its center of rotation.
- a "mean beam axis" or a "mean beam path" of the second laser beam EL2 via a revolution on the circular path (virtual) would lie exactly on the axis of rotation RAs of the mirror, since this corresponds to the virtual axis of rotation RAv, around the the second laser beam EL2 rotates.
- the virtual rotation axis RAv and thus the “averaged beam axis” of the second laser beam EL2 as well as the beam path S1 of the first energy beam EL1 are again oriented in such a way that they strike a beam combiner 22 of the energy beam combination device 22 in such a way that according to the above
- the periodically averaged virtual beam path of the second energy beam EL2 is coaxial with the beam path S1 of the first energy beam EL1 and thus the beam path S2 of the second energy beam EL2 rotates with the center distance d in parallel around the beam path S1 of the first energy beam EL1.
- the combination energy beam AL thus generated can then be coupled into the scanner 23.
- FIGS. 6 and 6a A further modification is shown in FIGS. 6 and 6a, with FIG. 6a showing the first energy beam movement unit 33 ′ from FIG. 6 enlarged in order to explain the angular positions more precisely.
- the construction used here is very similar to the construction from FIG. 5.
- the first energy beam movement unit 33 ' is constructed here in such a way that the first mirror 34 can be dispensed with.
- the axis of rotation RAr of the rotating mirror 35 ′′ (and of the electric motor 36 ′′) is now not arranged coaxially to the optical axis of the converging lens 37 ′′ as in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 5, but is at an angle of 45 ° to it.
- a mirror plane SE of the rotating mirror 35 ' is additionally tilted under a win angle a to a perpendicular to the axis of rotation RAs of the mirror 35'.
- a periodically averaged (virtual) is Mirror plane rotated around the center of rotation RZ of the mirror 35 'as a pivot point at the angle a.
- This rotation or inclination can be fixed in that the mirror 35 'is fixed on its axis of rotation RAs. Alternatively, it can be variable by the mirror 35 and its axis of rotation RAs z.
- B. are mechanically connected to each other by a joint, wherein the joint can be adjusted by an electric motor.
- the second laser beam EL2 is radiated from the second laser 21b at 90 ° to the optical axis of the converging lens 37, ie also at 45 ° to the axis of rotation RA of the rotating mirror 35, onto the center of rotation RZ of the rotating mirror 35 ' , it is forwarded from there at an appropriate angle 2 a to the optical axis of the converging lens 37 'and is passed on to the converging lens 37'.
- the second laser beam EL2 here moves from the mirror 35' initially on a cone jacket and is passed through the converging lens 37 'is again deflected or aligned so that the beam path S2 of the second laser beam EL2 runs behind the converging lens 37' parallel to the optical axis of the converging lens 37 '.
- the focal point or focus of the converging lens 37 'on the input side must lie on the mirror plane SE and in the center of rotation RZ of the mirror 35'.
- the center distance d - and thus the radius d of the circular path created as a result of the rotational movement of the second laser beam EL2 about the optical axis of the converging lens 37 (ie the “virtual rotational axis” RAv about which the second laser beam EL2 rotates) can be set by changing the inclination of the rotating mirror 35 '(ie by an angle a ⁇ x).
- the converging lens 37 ' is designed or its focal length f is selected such that its focal point on the input side also with a greater or lesser deflection of the second reflected by the mirror 35' Energy beam lies on the mirror plane SE and in its rotation center RZ, and its focal point on the output side at infinity, so that the potential beam paths of an outgoing second laser beam EL2 run parallel to one another.
- the irradiation devices 20 shown in all three FIGS. 4 to 6 each include a monitoring device 26.
- a beam splitter in the beam path
- the surveillance system 27 introduced, which branches a small part of the intensity of the combination energy beam AL into a monitoring system 28 for measuring and checking the overall intensity distribution GIV of the combination energy beam AL.
- the 28 may include an area sensor that records an integral image / signal of the overall intensity distribution GIV. This can, for example in the monitoring system 28 or in the control device 50, for. B. an actual rotation of the total intensity distribution GIV against a target rotation and / or an actual distribution against a target distribution of the intensity distribution and by means of an additional control loop (not shown), the respective actual setting can be readjusted if necessary will.
- the rotational speed W is selected such that the magnitude of the path speed at which the second energy beam EL2 moves on the circular path K in the total intensity distribution GIV of the combination energy beam AL is high in a ratio for the respective scanning speed S is.
- the intensity of the second energy beam EL2 can be modulated during its movement over the circumference of the circular path will.
- the power L of the second laser 21 b can be modulated in the simplest case with a generator signal GS, as is shown in FIG. 7.
- the description of the modulation is given as a function of the polar angle f on the circular path, the amplitude A of the generator signal GS being correlated in FIG. 7, which is correlated with the power to be emitted by the second laser 21 b and consequently the absolute intensity of the second laser beam, is recorded in arbitrary units [auj over the angle f (which runs from - p to + p in FIG. 6).
- the maximum value MAX and the minimum value MIN can be shifted on the circular path K by a simple phase shift of this generator signal GS, i.e. rotated around the center of rotation or the beam axis S1 of the top hat intensity distribution. This is, on the one hand, when the scanning direction changes on the construction site 8 important, but possibly also for an adaptation of the total intensity distribution GIV or the position of the maximum value MAX to an environmental parameter at the current impact point AF.
- the amplitude A of the generator signal GS shown for example in FIG. 7 for the second laser beam EL2 allows the relative intensity differences between the maximum value MAX and the minimum value MIN to be set on the intensity profile curve IPK.
- the basic shape of the overall intensity distribution GIV is thus distorted, the minimum MIZ being shifted in a direction opposite to the scanning direction or in relation to the scanning direction within the overall intensity distribution GIV.
- FIG. 8 shows, on the left-hand side, for example a simulation for a total intensity distribution GIV at a scanning speed of 0.1 m / s.
- a total intensity distribution GIV for a scanning speed of 1.6 m / s is shown.
- a total intensity distribution GIV for a scanning speed of 3.1 m / s is shown on the right. All total intensity distributions GIV correspond to the criteria according to the invention set out above.
- a comparison of the three total intensity distributions GIV shows that as the scanning speed increases, the maximum value MAX increases in relation to the minimum value MIN on the intensity profile curve IPK. In other words, the functional area F2 "heating" (see FIG.
- Functional area F2 "Heating" is required in order to preheat or not yet hardened cold building material 13 or, in some cases, already hardened material from a neighboring track (e.g. a neighboring hatch) to the melting temperature.
- This area in particular scales with the speed of the impact surface. Accordingly, as the scanning speed increases, the heating must take place faster, i. H. more intensity is needed and the maximum becomes higher and accordingly the functional area F2 is wider, i. H. the functional area F2 extends far back beyond the center of the overall intensity distribution GIV.
- the minimum value MIN of the profile curve IPK also corresponds to the absolute minimum MIZ of the total intensity distribution GIV.
- the overall intensity distribution GIV also has a local minimum in the central region with respect to one secant SK, since the second laser beam EL2 on the intensity profile curve IPK for a local increase in the overall Intensity distribution GIV ensures.
- the secant SK here runs perpendicular to the scanning direction S through the center of gravity (the geometric figure) of the overall intensity distribution GIV, which here is shifted somewhat forward in the scanning direction S between the center, through which the axis of rotation or beam axis SA of the overall intensity profile GIV runs, and the maximum value is MAX.
- the functional areas generally also depend on certain general conditions, such as the “scan speed speed ”and / or the“ available maximum intensity ”or“ available power ”, can take up a variable portion of the overall intensity profile by specifying the control parameters for the energy beam, in particular for the combination energy beam, appropriately (in particular also dynamically) .
- FIG. 9 shows a grayscale image SB of the intensity distribution of the combination energy beam, as would arise, for example, in the case of a beam as shown in FIG. 8 on the right side.
- the bright areas here are the areas with particularly high energy beam intensity.
- generator signal GS shown in FIG. 7 actuate the second laser 21 b in such a way that the maximum value MAX and the minimum value MIN are shifted on the intensity profile curve IPK, i. H. that the total intensity distribution GIV is rotated about the center of rotation or the beam axis SA of the total intensity distribution GIV.
- this may be necessary when the direction of the scanning movement changes, for example in the case of a hatch reversal, if the neighboring hatch in a radiation strip is to be carried out in the opposite direction when the hatch pattern is traversed at the end of a hatch line (hatch).
- the exact configuration of the overall intensity distribution GIV can be adapted to impact surface environmental parameters, specifically in particular whether the current consolidation takes place on a track or a hatch that is parallel to an already consolidated region runs.
- FIG. 10 For this purpose, reference is made to FIG. 10 by way of example.
- Four hatch tracks HE are shown here by way of example, the impact area AF currently running in a scanning direction S along a first track HE, next to which there is no solidified neighboring track.
- the overall intensity distribution GIV is preferably oriented such that the maximum lies exactly in front in the scanning direction S and the minimum MIN behind.
- the overall intensity distribution GIV is axisymmetric with respect to an axis of symmetry AS running parallel to the scanning direction S or coaxial to the scanning direction S.
- the situation when solidifying is shown in a subsequent track HE, the previous, immediately adjacent track being still warm but already solidified.
- the intensity profile curve IPK is slightly rotated relative to the scanning direction S, so that the maximum value MAX is a little further away from the already solidified area VB of the first track HE and the minimum MIN moves a little closer to the solidified area VB .
- the total intensity distribution GIV here is deliberately not axisymmetric to the axis of symmetry AS defined above and coaxial to the scanning direction S. The reason for this is that energy was introduced into the neighboring hatch when it was solidified. This is because the solidification of the individual hatches lying next to one another generally takes place at short time intervals, within which typically no complete cooling of the melted building material, e.g. B. to an ambient temperature in the process chamber or in the construction volume takes place.
- the neighboring track HE has already cooled, since it has solidified at a relatively large time interval in front of a current track HE, it may make sense to set the maximum value MAX of the total intensity distribution for the irradiation of the current track HE in the direction of the already solidified and to orientate the cooled track or to turn it from a starting position according to the upper illustration in FIG. 10. Because in the area of the track HE currently to be solidified near the solidified track HE, the heat conduction is increased in this case, so that more energy has to be introduced to achieve a desired solidification. However, this variant is not shown in a separate figure.
- a change of strategy during the solidification of a single track is also possible, as is shown schematically in FIG. 11. If, for example, a current track HE is opposed to a relatively long, previously solidified, immediately adjacent track HE, then a previously solidified, adjacent area VB is relatively hot at the beginning of the current track HE, since only relatively little time since it has solidified has passed. Towards the end of the track HE, however, the adjacent solidified area VB becomes increasingly colder. Accordingly, the maximum value MAX at the beginning (position Pi) of the current track HE can be turned away from the adjacent solidified area VB, that is to say it can be arranged closer to a track HE immediately adjacent to the current track, possibly subsequently to be solidified, than at that solidified area VB.
- the maximum value MAX of the total intensity distribution is then rotated such that it lies on the axis of symmetry AS (position P 2 ) and then successively, preferably continuously, rotated further so that it is at the end of the current one Track HE is turned towards the adjacent solidified area VB (position P 3 ), ie is closer to the solidified area VB than to a track HE immediately adjacent to the current track and possibly to be subsequently solidified.
- FIGS. 12a to 12e show further possible (total) intensity distributions, which can also be generated by the (“smaller”) second energy beam traversing cyclical paths, the path of the second energy beam again being approximately parallel in all cases runs within an edge of the energy distribution of the ("larger") first energy beam.
- the first energy beam in each case again has a plateau ("flat-top” or “top-hat intensity distribution"), but has a different geometric base area.
- the intensity distribution is spatially relatively homogeneous across the beam cross-section with a relatively sharp edge.
- Such first energy beams with such energy distributions can also be generated with suitable beam shaping units, such as diffractive optical elements (DOEs).
- DOEs diffractive optical elements
- FIG. 12a shows an intensity distribution with a hexagonal or honeycomb base, with a corner in the scanning direction S at the front.
- FIG. 12b shows an intensity distribution with a square base area, with a corner in the scanning direction S also lying at the front here.
- the square base of the intensity distribution is oriented such that an edge of the square (here square) lies in the scanning direction S at the front.
- FIGS. 12d and 12e show two triangular variants, one with a front edge perpendicular to the scanning direction S (FIG. 12d) and one with a tip or corner at the front in the scanning direction S (FIG. 12e). As can be seen, however, all of the intensity distributions GIV shown in FIGS.
- the intensity of the second energy beam is also modified in the course of its path so that an intensity maximum or a maximum range (in the case of the distributions with the leading edges) of the intensity distributions in the scanning direction S lies in front.
- edges or corners of the geometric figures of the intensity distributions shown in sharp-edged form in the figures can also be produced in a rounded manner (for example due to the inertia of moving components of the beam generation or beam deflection). It is finally pointed out once again that the devices described above in detail are merely exemplary embodiments which can be modified in various ways by the person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.
- a combination energy beam with a suitable overall intensity distribution can also be generated by ensuring that the first and the second are scanned at any time with two appropriately coordinated or synchronized scanners Energy beam in the appropriate position are superimposed on each other in the impact surface, in which case the scanner for the second energy beam can accordingly be moved faster than the scanner for the first energy beam.
- an irradiation device with at least two beam sources could be moved together, with one of the beam sources additionally or superimposing a (preferably fast) relative movement to the other beam source, or at least the energy beam can be one of the beam sources that are moved together can be moved with a movement unit provided for this purpose, for example with a mirror, etc., relative to the energy beam of the other beam source. It would also be possible, in addition to the relative movement of the two energy beams towards one another also to use a (different) focus change or focus widening / defocusing of the energy beams.
- the “shaping” of the energy beam ie the generation of an intensity distribution according to the invention, could also be achieved with completely different means, as already mentioned.
- the method could also be used for other processes, for example for welding seams or the like, in addition to additive manufacturing.
- the use of the indefinite articles “a” or “an” does not exclude that the relevant features can also be present more than once.
- the term “unit” does not rule out the fact that it consists of several interacting sub-components, which can also be spatially distributed if necessary.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018128265.6A DE102018128265A1 (de) | 2018-11-12 | 2018-11-12 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Generierung von Steuerdaten für eine Vorrichtung zur additiven Fertigung |
| PCT/EP2019/080178 WO2020099172A1 (de) | 2018-11-12 | 2019-11-05 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur generierung von steuerdaten für eine vorrichtung zur additiven fertigung |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3880388A1 true EP3880388A1 (de) | 2021-09-22 |
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| EP19798610.2A Pending EP3880388A1 (de) | 2018-11-12 | 2019-11-05 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur generierung von steuerdaten für eine vorrichtung zur additiven fertigung |
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| US (1) | US12365032B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3880388A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN113039030B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102018128265A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2020099172A1 (de) |
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| DE102020121144A1 (de) | 2020-08-11 | 2022-02-17 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Generierung von Steuerdaten für eine Vorrichtung zur additiven Fertigung |
| DE102020210419A1 (de) | 2020-08-17 | 2022-02-17 | Trumpf Laser- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zur Prozessüberwachung und zum Regeln eines Bearbeitungsparameters beim Wärmeleitschweißen sowie zugehörige Bearbeitungsmaschine und Computerprogrammprodukt |
| DE102020125425B4 (de) * | 2020-09-29 | 2024-03-14 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein | Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Vorrichtung zur Abtastung einer Zielebene mit mehreren Laserstrahlen |
| DE102020216123A1 (de) | 2020-12-17 | 2022-06-23 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Belichtungseinrichtung, Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur additiven Fertigung eines Werkstücks |
| DE102021113757A1 (de) * | 2021-05-27 | 2022-12-01 | Trumpf Laser- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh | Verfahren und Anlage zum Laserauftragsschweißen |
| CN115107139B (zh) * | 2022-07-26 | 2022-11-04 | 河北工业大学 | 非标准结构构件混凝土模板3d打印路径的规划方法及设备 |
| US12569913B2 (en) | 2022-08-15 | 2026-03-10 | General Electric Company | Energy beam directing device |
| DE102024200643A1 (de) | 2024-01-24 | 2025-07-24 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur additiven Fertigung von Werkstücken mit verringerter Heißrissbildung |
| CN118002803A (zh) * | 2024-01-26 | 2024-05-10 | 中国海洋大学 | 一种宽束斑高通量增材制造及熔覆装置及其工作方法 |
| WO2025194131A1 (en) * | 2024-03-15 | 2025-09-18 | Precision Additive Solutions Inc. | Additive manufacturing systems and methods |
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| TW200419279A (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-10-01 | Adv Lcd Tech Dev Ct Co Ltd | Method and apparatus for forming crystalline portions of semiconductor film |
| GB201106623D0 (en) * | 2011-04-20 | 2011-06-01 | Rolls Royce Plc | Laser beam intensity distribution |
| US10201877B2 (en) | 2011-10-26 | 2019-02-12 | Titanova Inc | Puddle forming and shaping with primary and secondary lasers |
| US11204506B2 (en) * | 2014-03-05 | 2021-12-21 | TeraDiode, Inc. | Polarization-adjusted and shape-adjusted beam operation for materials processing |
| CN106660123B (zh) * | 2014-08-20 | 2019-11-05 | 艾西塔股份公司 | 使用光束的增材制造方法和系统 |
| DE102015207254A1 (de) * | 2015-04-21 | 2016-12-01 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur generativen Herstellung eines dreidimensionalen Objektes |
| DE102015215645B4 (de) * | 2015-08-17 | 2017-04-13 | Trumpf Laser- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erwärmung eines Objekts und Vorrichtung zur Oberflächenbehandlung |
| TWI599427B (zh) * | 2015-11-27 | 2017-09-21 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | 加熱產生均勻熔池之裝置 |
| JP2017179575A (ja) * | 2016-03-31 | 2017-10-05 | キヤノン株式会社 | 三次元造形装置、及び三次元造形方法 |
| DE102016121547A1 (de) * | 2016-09-20 | 2018-03-22 | Lilas Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Beaufschlagung eines Arbeitsbereichs mit Laserstrahlung, insbesondere 3D-Druck-Vorrichtung |
| US10663768B2 (en) * | 2016-09-29 | 2020-05-26 | Nlight, Inc. | Fiber optical beam delivery device producing selectable intensity profiles |
| DE102017105057A1 (de) * | 2017-03-09 | 2018-09-13 | Cl Schutzrechtsverwaltungs Gmbh | Belichtungseinrichtung für eine Vorrichtung zur additiven Herstellung dreidimensionaler Objekte |
| GB201712739D0 (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2017-09-20 | Renishaw Plc | Laser processing |
| DE102017219982A1 (de) | 2017-11-09 | 2019-05-09 | Trumpf Laser- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh | Bearbeitungsmaschine zum schichtweisen Herstellen von dreidimensionalen Bauteilen und Verfahren zum Erwärmen eines Pulvers |
| DE102018128266A1 (de) * | 2018-11-12 | 2020-05-14 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestrahlen eines Materials mit einem Energiestrahl |
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- 2019-11-05 WO PCT/EP2019/080178 patent/WO2020099172A1/de not_active Ceased
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- 2019-11-05 CN CN201980072628.3A patent/CN113039030B/zh active Active
- 2019-11-05 EP EP19798610.2A patent/EP3880388A1/de active Pending
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|---|---|
| CN113039030B (zh) | 2024-05-28 |
| DE102018128265A1 (de) | 2020-05-14 |
| CN113039030A (zh) | 2021-06-25 |
| US12365032B2 (en) | 2025-07-22 |
| US20220008996A1 (en) | 2022-01-13 |
| WO2020099172A1 (de) | 2020-05-22 |
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