EP3867654A1 - Reconstruction d'une topologie d'un réseau de distribution électrique - Google Patents
Reconstruction d'une topologie d'un réseau de distribution électriqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3867654A1 EP3867654A1 EP19872450.2A EP19872450A EP3867654A1 EP 3867654 A1 EP3867654 A1 EP 3867654A1 EP 19872450 A EP19872450 A EP 19872450A EP 3867654 A1 EP3867654 A1 EP 3867654A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nodes
- node
- branch
- resistive
- root
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
- H02J13/00001—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by the display of information or by user interaction, e.g. supervisory control and data acquisition systems [SCADA] or graphical user interfaces [GUI]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/18—Network design, e.g. design based on topological or interconnect aspects of utility systems, piping, heating ventilation air conditioning [HVAC] or cabling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
- H02J13/00002—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by monitoring
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q9/00—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems for selectively calling a substation from a main station, in which substation desired apparatus is selected for applying a control signal thereto or for obtaining measured values therefrom
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
- G01R19/25—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof using digital measurement techniques
- G01R19/2513—Arrangements for monitoring electric power systems, e.g. power lines or loads; Logging
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2111/00—Details relating to CAD techniques
- G06F2111/10—Numerical modelling
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2113/00—Details relating to the application field
- G06F2113/04—Power grid distribution networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
- H02H7/28—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured for meshed systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J2203/10—Power transmission or distribution systems management focussing at grid-level, e.g. load flow analysis, node profile computation, meshed network optimisation, active network management or spinning reserve management
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J2203/20—Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q2209/00—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems
- H04Q2209/60—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems for transmitting utility meters data, i.e. transmission of data from the reader of the utility meter
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y04S10/40—Display of information, e.g. of data or controls
Definitions
- the invention relates to a computer-implemented method for reconstructing a topology of an electrical distribution network having nodes to which smart meters are connected.
- the invention also relates to a tangible and non-transient system and product of a computer program executing the method.
- the topology of an electrical distribution network is useful for efficiently managing an electrical network and its development.
- errors in topological data can undermine efforts to manage the network effectively, especially since networks are modernized with smart meters and are increasingly subject to dynamic changes to equipment and configurations.
- US Patent 9287713 (Sharon et al.) Provides a statistical technique for estimating the state of switching devices such as circuit breakers, isolation switches and fuses in distribution networks.
- US Patent 9924242 (Van Wyk) proposes a technique for determining a topology of a distribution network on the basis of relationships or information correlations between a given node and a plurality of potential nodes which are taken into account in the determination. topology. The determined topology can be used to detect fraud and losses that may occur in the distribution network on a regular basis or on request.
- Application WO 2014/185921 (Marinakis et al.) Proposes a technique for allocating meters to transformers.
- US Patent 9835662 (Driscoll et al.) Proposes a technique for determining the connectivity of a electrical network using information adjoining zero crossings of voltages measured by meters.
- the techniques proposed are however complex and, for some, require intensive computational efforts. They are also sometimes imprecise or ineffective because of many variables that do not correlate due, among other things, to the theft of energy on the distribution network, of customers who have needs and equipment leading to large variations in measurement of consumption, faulty or nearing installations such as those creating hot spots, etc. In particular, they do not make it possible to determine resistance, impedance or distance values between the nodes and junctions of branches and meters of a distribution network, and thus better represent and characterize the distribution network for its intelligent management.
- the long delays before obtaining results with on-site inspection techniques and the reliability of the results in comparison with the prior techniques mean that they cannot be used to perform intelligent management of electrical distribution networks in a manner dynamic and in real time or in a reasonably short time.
- a method implemented by computer for reconstructing a topology of an electrical distribution network having nodes to which smart meters are connected, the method comprising the steps of:
- An advantage of the invention resides in a reduction in the volume of information for describing the distribution network. From a large number of measurements is produced an ohmic matrix of dimensionality / 2 where / is the number of counters. From this matrix is deduced a tree with a dimensionality equal to or greater than 3 /, that is 2 (/ + L) for the tree structure table and l + L resistive position values where L is the number of junctions.
- the reconstruction according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to validate the topology of the distribution network and for example to make corrections or changes detected with respect to an earlier topology of the distribution network, or even to follow the evolution of the distribution network for dynamic management of electrical resources.
- Figures 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams illustrating possible configurations of distribution network where a root representing a transmission and production network is at the end of a low voltage line and where a root is at an intermediate point of a low voltage line, respectively.
- Figure 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system configured for the implementation of the method according to the invention.
- Figure 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a branch already explored and a branch in exploration with possibilities of attachment of a last node found.
- Figure 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a distribution network tree having four branches explored in the order a-b-c-d.
- Figure 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating five cases of connections of a node "i" formed by a last node found on a branch in exploration.
- Figure 6 is a graphic rendering of an example of an ohmic matrix model for a distribution network having 1 1 counters, where a black tone corresponds to a resistive quantity close to 0 W and a white tone corresponds to a resistive quantity exceeding 50 itiW.
- Figures 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D are schematic diagrams illustrating respective possibilities of connection of a terminal node "i" and a co-terminal node "j" of a low voltage line.
- Figure 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating possible cases of connection of a node "i" which is a last node found on a branch in exploration when there are still nodes to be processed.
- Figure 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating decision criteria for a validation of case 2 of Figure 5.
- Figures 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams illustrating decision criteria for a validation of case 4 of Figure 5.
- Figure 1 1 A, 11 B and 11 C are, respectively, a graphic rendering of the example ohmic matrix model of Figure 6 classified in order, an exploded view of the ohmic matrix model, and a corresponding distribution network topology.
- Figure 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of the topology of a distribution network and a tree table describing the topology.
- Figure 13 is a graph illustrating a graphical rendering of results of a topological arrangement and lengths of cable segments for an ohmic matrix similar to that of Figure 6 and a tree table describing the topology.
- Figure 14 is a geomatic representation of the topology of Figure 13 as an aerial view.
- FIGS. 15A and 15B are schematic diagrams illustrating the arrangements of a node "y" according to whether a distribution of resistances for connection of a meter to a node and of the node to a first junction before transformer are known ( Figure 15A) or no ( Figure 15B illustrating a default layout).
- Figure 16 is a schematic flowchart illustrating operations, system elements and possible actions in an implementation of the method according to the invention.
- Figure 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a graphical user interface allowing interaction between a system implementing the method according to the invention and a user.
- a node 2 (illustrated in the Figures by an empty square) corresponds to an attachment point of a smart meter 4 (illustrated in the Figures by an empty circle) to a low voltage branch 10 of the electrical distribution network 8.
- a branch 10 consists of a contiguous series of nodes 2 with their respective associated attachments.
- the branches 10 are interconnected by junctions 12 (illustrated in the Figures by small black discs).
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to reconstruct a topology of a distribution network 8 forming a tree structure having a root 14 formed by a transport and production network upstream of a distribution transformer 16 (illustrated in the Figures by a large black disc) serving consumers in the distribution network.
- the root can be represented by the index -1 (as illustrated) for its processing in the method according to the invention as will be described later. Another index can be used if desired.
- the point of attachment 17 to the transformer 16 can be confused with the node 15 of the meter closest to the transformer 16.
- the point of attachment 17 to the transformer 16 can be confused with the intermediate point of the line coinciding with a junction 13
- the point of attachment 17 to the transformer 16 can be considered as the beginning of a trunk connecting the tree of the distribution network 8 to the root 14. More than two line connections at the same point of connection to the transformer 16 can be assimilated to the representation of Figure 1 B where other branches (not shown) would then be connected to junction 13.
- a segment of cable corresponds to any portion of cable having one end connected to a junction 12, 13, a node 2, 15, the root 14 or a counter 4.
- the system comprises a processing unit 18 having a processor 20 coupled to a memory 22 and an input and output interface 24 making it possible to communicate with the processing unit 18.
- the interface 24 makes it possible to fetch the consumption measurements 26 of smart meters 4, the relational topology table 28 of the distribution network 8 to be reconstructed, selected by a user or automatically by a network manager 30, geomatic data 32 making it possible to display a map or a geographical plan of the distribution network 8 on a screen 34, settings and parameters 36 for executing the method, and ohmic matrix model data 38 already produced if applicable.
- the network manager 30 can be located in a network control center 31 or another installation which can, for example, have access to and manage consumption measurements 26, the relational topology table 28, the geomatic data 32, the adjustment data parameters 36, the ohmic matrix model 38 and other possible data, and which can also, for example, remotely control equipment of the electric network of which the distribution network 8 is a part to meet electricity needs or to ensure security of the electrical network.
- Other system configurations may be suitable for executing the method, for example a distributed or cloud-based system, with manual or automatic mechanisms for updating, modifying or correcting topological data of the distribution networks analyzed with the method according to the invention.
- the method according to the invention exploits the consumption measurements provided by the smart meters 4 so as to generate an ohmic matrix model of the distribution network 8 as a function of the consumption measurements.
- the method described in application WO 2018/010028 (Leonardo) can advantageously be used for this purpose.
- the ohmic matrix model (hereinafter also referred to as an ohmic matrix) which results therefrom has matrix terms indicative of resistive quantities between the nodes 2 and the root 14 to which the distribution transformer 16 of the distribution network 8 is connected.
- the method according to the invention proceeds to an exploration of the branches 10 of the tree of the distribution network 8 by starting at a termination of a branch and progressing towards the root 14.
- the upstream is in the direction of the root 14 while the downstream is towards a end of branch 10.
- the first node 2 selected is that having a greater resistivity first in its non-diagonal terms of the ohmic matrix and then in its diagonal term (self-term ).
- the largest non-diagonal term relating to two counters 4, a choice of one of the two counters 4 can be made to determine a single first node 2.
- the first selected node 2 forms a terminal node of the branch 10 in exploration.
- the following nodes 2 in branch 10 are selected in decreasing order of resistivity of their diagonal terms.
- the process of exploring a branch 10 is interrupted when the branch 10 is connected to an existing branch 10 (already explored) or to the root 14.
- the process is terminated when there is no more than node 2 (or counter 4) to be processed.
- an index representing the root 14 can be fixed at -1 while the indices of nodes 2 can be defined by positive whole numbers determined at the start of the process by their position in the ohmic matrix initial.
- the method thus links the physical elements of the distribution network 8 to terms such as counters 4, nodes 2, branches 10 of line 6, junctions 12, 13, the distribution transformer 16 and the root 14 used to describe the distribution network tree 8.
- the method according to the invention can proceed by defining a tree table 40 (as illustrated in FIG. 2) of the nodes 2.
- the method can then proceed (a) by defining a new branch 10 as branch in exploration in the tree table 40, (b) by registering the node 2 having the highest resistive magnitude as the terminal node of the branch under exploration in the tree table 40, and (c) by registering in the tree table 40, in successive positions upstream each from others to root 14, all nodes 2 other than the terminal node satisfying pre-established decision criteria as a function of values derived from resistive quantities and, as and as other nodes 2 are registered for the branch in exploration, with these other nodes 2, one of the pre-established decision criteria determining a junction 12 of the last node 2 registered in the tree table 40 with a branch 10 already explored depending on whether
- the topology of the distribution network 8 is reconstructed when all the nodes 2 are associated with a branch 10 in the tree table 40 and that at least one node 2 or a junction 12, 13 is attached to the root 14.
- the pre-established decision criteria that the method can use are described p read in detail later.
- FIG. 3 an example of exploring a branch is illustrated. From a node "i" selected during the exploration of the branch (initially a terminal node), a part 10 'already explored of the branch attached to the node "i" and three different possibilities of connection of the node " "selected in progression towards the root 14 are considered, so that the node” i "is attached to a node of the branch even closer to the root 14, to a junction 12, 13 with another branch already explored, or to the root 14.
- the branch illustrated as an example has three or more nodes (dotted lines). In the case where "i" would correspond to a terminal node, this one would then be the only node of the branch and the nodes "i-1", "i-2" and any following node would be nonexistent.
- branches "a”, “b”, “c” and “d”, node indices "i”, “y” and “k”, and a junction index "/" are used to facilitate understanding.
- branches abcd representing the topology of a distribution network 8 are illustrated.
- the branches are explored in the order of the nodes terminals furthest from the root 14, according to the resistive values in the ohmic matrix, ensuring that the branch a is the first explored, then the branch b followed by the branch c to end with the branch d.
- connection to be considered for a last node "i" found on a branch being explored can be determined according to a set of cases as follows:
- Case 1 concerns an action of attachment to a junction with another yet unexplored branch and will be proven during the exploration of this other branch. Case 3 is therefore not considered at this stage since a decision on this possibility is postponed to a later stage.
- Case 5 cannot occur if the method proceeds from the most distant terminal nodes to progress towards the root. Case 5 can however be used to detect a process error in the implementation of the method.
- an ohmic matrix model also called an ohmic matrix or transfer function matrix
- the model covers a distribution network with 1 1 meters. Black represents a value close to 0 W while white represents a value exceeding 50 itiW.
- the ohmic matrix model As explained in application WO 2018/010028 (Leonardo), the ohmic matrix
- the method according to the invention can also be used for any or fictitious value of the connection point of the transformer 16 (as illustrated in Figures 1 A and 1 B), in which case there is a translation of the transfer function matrix by l 'addition or subtraction of the same resistive term for all the terms of the matrix.
- the resistive values r j and h t correspond to very different cable gauges because respectively, the first is a line cable and the second is a cable for connecting the meter to the network.
- the linear resistivity quantities of the cables (W / m) will be used later by the method in order to estimate distances and to produce a topological plot representative of the transfer function matrix.
- the information contained in the matrix D will be used later to determine a connection length between a meter and its connection point on the line.
- the information contained in matrix E makes it possible to generate almost the entire tree structure of the distribution network. An unknown tree section is located at the end of each branch. For example, in the simple case of a branch comprising a single meter, i.e. an isolated meter connected to the transformer connection point, it will not be possible to determine the portion which corresponds to a line cable and that which corresponds to a connection cable. More complex, all the branches comprising two counters and more will have two confused nodes at their termination.
- the node which presents the inter-term of greater resistivity (when it listens to the voltages (or variations of voltage) generated by the currents (or variations of current) of the other counter) is considered as terminal node /, the other node then being considered as a co-terminal node j.
- the terminal node and the co-terminal node share the same connection point on the line, namely the junction point between the two meters as illustrated in FIG. 7D, and are represented by the same set of resistance values in the matrix H
- the nodes "" and "y" respectively be a terminal and co-terminal node, then is the resistive position of their common point of connection on the line with respect to the root. This choice of calculation of i? ; most often gives an underestimated length for the low voltage line.
- the connection cable replaces the line cable for one of the two meters. The connection resistors are then written
- the method begins with a procedure where there is selection, among the unprocessed nodes, of the node having the most resistive extra-diagonal term according to the matrix E. This node is considered as terminal node. Initially, all nodes are untreated and during the process, the cohort of untreated nodes gradually decreases in population with the exploration of the branches. The procedure ends when there are no more nodes to process.
- a terminal node is the starting point for exploring a branch towards the root.
- For the first node processed by the process there is not yet an existing branch and only cases 1 and 2 illustrated in Figure 5 constitute possible connections.
- the same procedure therefore the same decision tree involving cases 1, 2 and 4, can be applied for each new terminal node.
- case 1 If the candidate is not selected as case 2 or 4, the selection of another candidate is restarted if there are still nodes to be processed. If there is no node left to deal with, then case 1 prevails and the process of exploring the branch stops at the root (Case 1 validated).
- Figure 9 shows the details of the decision criteria for validating Case 2.
- the values 0.5 - (/ - are all very close together if case 2 proves to be validated.
- Rlevel represents a threshold value which can be equal to the maximum value observed for the inter-terms used in the calculation of ETB h J such that
- r kJ is less affected than r JJ when there is theft (a bypass increases the apparent resistance r J k ) to the validated counter "k".
- the node "y” is the continuation of the branch explored towards the root (Case 2 validated) if
- a - R s is a resistive term of small magnitude representative of an estimation error of the transfer function matrix and explained below.
- this error corresponds to the resistance of 1 to 5 meters of line conductor. It is the resolution expected to locate junctions on the estimated network, and can be used to define the desired sensitivity margin.
- the multiplicative coefficient 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 4 is preferably fixed close to unity.
- Case 4 appears as a possible solution associated with the creation of a junction close to a candidate node belonging to an already explored branch.
- the branch being explored is designated by "Jb" and the existing branch by "a".
- the candidate is the one who has the maximum ETB h J value observed among the nodes which do not belong to those explored in the branch "Jb” and which have not already been treated as a candidate for attachment to the node "i”.
- the junction is envisaged between the node "y” and the node "y + 1" on the branch "a”.
- ETB hj £ ETB aj] (13) is that the junction is located upstream of the node "y + 1
- the candidate is rejected and no junction is created.
- the junction will be created at a later stage of the process for a node on the branch" a "which will be more upstream.
- the transfer function matrix illustrated in Figure 6 is classified in order of consecutive travel of the branches of the distribution network, in order to distinguish the branches and junctions as best seen in Figure 1 1 B which is an exploded view of the classified matrix.
- the quantities 100 relate to the branch "a”
- the quantities 102 and 104 relate to the junction "/;”
- the quantities 106 relate to the branch "b”
- the quantities 108, 1 10 relate to the junction "h”
- the quantities 1 12 relate to the branch "c" of the topology of the distribution network illustrated in Figure 1 1 C, reconstructed from the matrix.
- the most precise estimate of the position of a junction is obtained from all the inter-terms common to the nodes of the two joined branches, namely
- the formulation given to equation 14 comprises the terms summed up in equation 12, that is to say the cross terms of the two nodes connecting the two branches to the junction, as well as the cross terms of the other nodes of these branches.
- the number of terms considered being the maximum number of terms that can be considered, this formulation is more precise.
- Junctions given the greater number of terms used for their estimation, often have more precise position estimates than nodes, the node positions corresponding to the attachment positions of the counters. When two junctions appear very close together, at a lesser distance, or less resistance than a preset threshold (sensitivity / resolution margin), these junctions can be merged into a single junction in order to simplify the result. It is then the inter-terms for the different combinations of cross relations which are used to estimate the resistive position of the junction. For example, a junction of the three branches abc in Figure 1 1 C has its resistive position defined by
- the case of the final junction connecting the distribution network 8 to the transformer 16 according to Figure 4 is a special case to be treated if it is considered useful to reach such a level of detail.
- the position of this junction is deduced from the participation of all the nodes and, therefore, is usually the position estimated with the most precision.
- the resistive value equivalent to this position is the sum of the resistance upstream of the transformer 16 with the internal resistance of the transformer 16 and, typically, the resistance of two to three meters of cable connecting the network 8 to the transformer 16.
- the resistance upstream of the transformer 16 of a 3.5 W line divided by the square of the transformation ratio will give an equivalent of 1.0 m W seen by the distribution network 8.
- the typical internal resistance of a distribution transformer on an electrical network in Quebec is of the order of 2 to 30 itiW when viewed from the secondary.
- To this resistance is added at least two meters of 350 kcmil cable, i.e. 0.2 itiW between the transformer and the nearest node or junction.
- the apparent resistance of the root therefore exceeds 3 itiW but can also reach 30 itiW in the context of a field installation for a single customer.
- the resistive position of the junction with the root should therefore be at least greater than 3 itiW for a typical two-phase network at 250 V.
- a resistive position that is too small determines the presence of a counter to transformer allocation error.
- the insertion of the junction of attachment to the root ie the precise determination of the distance from the junction to the root, is made after the creation of a first table describing the topology according to a step c of the branch exploration process described below.
- the steps in the process of creating a root junction can be as follows:
- vs. calculate an average of these interterms which determines a resistive position of the junction and take the minimum value between this average and the resistive position of the node closest to the root, d. assign an index number to the junction to be created,
- the association terminal node and co-terminal node can be added in the previous process or be carried out afterwards.
- step b determines the next terminal node, if there are no more nodes to process go to step c, otherwise: b. apply the process of connecting a node belonging to a branch being explored and if the connection is made at the root or at a junction then go to step a, otherwise return to step b.
- the purpose of the parameter R s is to take into account a statistical dispersion of the terms of the transfer function matrix.
- This dispersion, or noise of estimation of the terms of the matrix comes inter alia from the non-zero inter-correlation between the currents of the different counters and from the variation of the medium-voltage line voltage. Without this dispersion, the terms summed in equation 6 would all have the same magnitude.
- This parameter expressed in resistance has a distance counterpart if it is divided by a linear resistance (W / m) of the line. Introducing this parameter allows you to move comparison thresholds that can serve as a preset sensitivity margin in order to take into account the dispersion of terms.
- This parameter can be set or calculated. For example the estimate
- a preferred embodiment uses a fixed initial value which is dynamically adjusted (progressively) such that
- a first additional means concerns the replacement of the voltage and current derivative in equation 2 by electrical measurements, derived or not, to which a high-pass filter is applied.
- a derivative amounts, from a spectral point of view, to applying a filter which displays a constant increasing slope when that illustrated on a log-log graph respectively for the amplitude and the frequency.
- the replacement of the derivative by a high-pass filter makes it possible to further exploit the information generated by random commutations which have apparent frequencies (in 1 per day) situated above the characteristic frequency of the peak at 2 times per day.
- Apparent frequency here means a frequency perceived after sampling considering a spectral aliasing forced by a transmission of the integrated data over a period of several minutes by a counter.
- the optimization means can be deployed upstream of any other means of estimating the ohmic matrix and gives on many cases better results on average.
- a second additional means consists of iteratively withdrawing consumption data to be processed from the magnitudes of current and of voltage drop modeled by starting the process from a consumption point which has corresponding matrix terms best estimated in the matrix towards that which has the most imprecise terms.
- the iteration stops when a predetermined fraction of energy is removed, usually just over half of the energy. By removing the most active consumption points, the quieter ones can then express themselves. However, the process requires a calculation effort that is not always rewarded.
- FIG. 13 an example of a topological table and of graphic rendering of the cable segment lengths estimated with the method according to the invention is illustrated for a distribution network corresponding to the ohmic matrix of FIG. 6.
- the result can differ slightly.
- a selection 90 in the visual interface makes it possible to choose a linear compromise between the original matrix and the symmetrized matrix.
- Distribution line cables are shown in bold lines and connection cables are shown in thin lines.
- Values of 0.25 mQ and 0.81 mQ were taken as the linear resistance values per meter of these cables, corresponding respectively to 2/0 AWG and 4 AWG cables.
- two conductor formats are fixed, that is, conductors of identical gauge for the line and of identical gauge for the connections.
- its length represented graphically will vary inversely to its real linear resistance or entered in the model.
- Line sections in oblique have a value representative of their length in the projection of the line on the abscissa while in ordinate, it is a jump of 40 m in this graphic example which is inserted to indicate the order of exploration of the branch on the graph.
- the distribution network is partly or mainly underground, it may be very relevant to consider the aspect of the temperature of the conductors. From the point of view of an operator of an electrical network, the operator is likely to want to validate the plans for setting up the network for the topological arrangement of consumption sites (ie meters). A difference between a layout plan and what is observed by another means on the ground can be explained by an error on the plan, by a NCE or by an error of the means of comparison used.
- the temperature of underground conductors is therefore useful information for optimal operation of a network section shared by several places of consumption. Because a problem with electrical distribution systems is a rise in temperature with the load which, when it exceeds a prescribed limit, accelerates the aging of the insulators. This problem is increased for underground networks.
- the resistance of this section is that when cold referenced to a local temperature (building, garage, exterior , etc.). Such a situation occasionally occurs and the corresponding resistance can be used as the reference resistance at a given ambient temperature.
- the rise in resistance is determined by a rise in temperature to which a reference ambient temperature is added. In this way, a monitoring mechanism can determine whether the estimated temperature of the cable exceeds that prescribed and can order an action.
- the temperature of the transformer 16 can advantageously be considered in the method according to the invention.
- a variation in temperature of the transformer 16 directly impacts the resistance value of the segment connecting the root 14 to the line 10 (first junction or first counter 17 as the case may be).
- An overloaded transformer can thus be detected and its residual life can be estimated from the resistance variations of this segment.
- a comparison of the resistive variations with the total current of the line 10 makes it possible to determine the nature of the transformer 16 and also, knowing the nature of the transformer 16, to detect a flight of energy difficult to observe otherwise.
- FIG 14 there is illustrated an aerial view of the distribution network of Figure 13, which can be produced from geomatic data 32 (as illustrated in Figure 2).
- the aerial view can take the form of a satellite view of a color map from an online mapping service.
- the aerial view does not include a connection distance corresponding to a height of a connection mast compared to a height of a meter.
- the root is located at 0 m on the graphic rendering while the low voltage transformer is probably located just a little to the left of the single junction 1 1 (eg typically 1 to 2 m from the "junction before transformer") in the distribution network as an example. In reality, the root can be very far away and it is not useful to represent it to scale in the graphic rendering.
- the method begins exploration with the first terminal node "9", followed by the co-terminal node "2" which is city lighting.
- the nodes "6" and “7”, corresponding to the branch "c” in the order of exploration are directly attached to the junction "1 1" while they appear attached to the branch "b "in FIG. 1 1 C for didactic purposes of introducing the junction” 12 "from branch to branch.
- the node "1” being attached close to the "junction before transformer", with the uncertainty of the estimation of the ohmic matrix, it could have been located on the first branch, the second or even be directly attached to this junction.
- Counters 0, 6 and 9 display a longer connection length in Figure 14 than that determined by the interpretation of the ohmic matrix.
- the meter voltage is abnormally low while the variations in voltages measured at the meter are abnormally large for conditions where all the meters in the distribution network handle a low current.
- a total bypass of one of the two conductors of the two-phase circuit can be suspected, so that the apparent resistance determined from the voltage variation on the current variation is doubled for a portion of the loads supplied with 250 V.
- one of the two half-phases leaving the meter to a customer's circuit breaker box is disconnected and replaced by a bypass attached upstream of the meter on the same half-phase. Since a minimum cable size is required for a connection, a conductor may appear shorter in the graphic rendering because it is of larger size but it cannot appear longer. An exaggerated length indicates the presence of a possible NCE.
- the precision of the graphic rendering is of the order of a few meters, representative of the uncertainty of the ohmic matrix used in the example. Based on a certain number of solved networks, the results show that the accuracy of the ohmic matrix increases with a decrease in the measurement interval of the meters, with a magnitude of the variations in measured currents and a relative decrease in the correlations of consumption between meters. .
- a meter which has a low consumption variation will have a less good estimate of its connection length but, being "silent", it will have a better position on the low voltage line because it will offer a better reading of the voltage drops generated by the consumption of other meters.
- Figure 15A illustrates an arrangement of the node "y” if a distribution of resistance between a resistance h j of connection of the meter and a resistance section / 3 ⁇ 4 of line between the node of the meter and a first junction before transformer "/" is known .
- Figure 15B illustrates a default position assigned to the node. For the case where there is only one counter which is attached on the junction "/" before the transformer, the position of the node "y” is unknown and this node is then superimposed on the junction before transformer.
- the resistive value given between the counter and the junction before the transformer includes the resistance value of the connection to the line h j and the resistance value of the line section / 3 ⁇ 4 between the connection node and the junction before the transformer.
- knowing a resistive value of a line cable or connection cable segment makes it possible to calculate a nominal pressure drop corresponding to a nominal current prescribed in the standard which applies for a voltage drop. maximum permissible and for cable heating (for example standard E.21-10 in Quebec or NF C 15-100 in France).
- a nominal pressure drop corresponding to a nominal current prescribed in the standard which applies for a voltage drop. maximum permissible and for cable heating (for example standard E.21-10 in Quebec or NF C 15-100 in France).
- an operator of an electrical network has a tool for calculating the payload loss for planning his network, namely whether an installation meets the standard or what modifications have to be made for another use. such as a contribution from a production source to a customer who used to be a consumer.
- the resistances are translated into distances from the known gauges of the cables of the network and the distances are compared with geomatic data to detect anomalies.
- the topological table (for example as illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13) is determined by a first calculation and for subsequent calculations, only a length of the conductors is modified so as, for example, to be able to produce an animation. For example, if the subsequent calculations are performed for each hour of the day individually, the graphical rendering can be animated according to a time circularity of 24 hours. Alternating day / night bypass manipulation will then be detectable, being perceived as a cyclical variation in the length of connection to the handling site. For the example illustrated in Figure 13, the counter "8" has a length which varies much more over time in comparison with the other counters.
- Another example resides in fixing the cable lengths and animating such that the variation in resistance is explained by a variation in temperature of the conductor.
- the temperature difference on the cable segment in animation can be entered according to the weather, a daily cyclic variation, the season, or the temperature obtained from a weather station.
- the determination of the cable length can be done, for example, for an ohmic matrix corresponding to a given weather temperature or also for an average of the lengths obtained according to the ohmic matrices treated with for correspondence an average of temperatures corresponding to the matrices.
- An automated monitoring process can compare a rise in temperature of a cable with a predetermined threshold and if the threshold is exceeded, activate network equipment to reduce a current in the cable in order to lower the temperature.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to validate the topology of a distribution network with for action a signaling of an error of allocation of meter to transformer, a signaling of a deviation in tree topology between that deduced from measurements and that described in a geomatic database, a report of an abnormal difference in size of a segment of the tree structure possibly attributable to an NCE, a report of a thermal anomaly in a determined segment or the transformer whether or not accompanied by a command to reduce power transit in the segment or transformer.
- an embodiment of the method according to the invention can proceed by an operation 42 to select a distribution network to be reconstructed, then an operation 44 to interrogate the relational table of allocation of meters to transformers 28 in order to identify the meters of the selected distribution network.
- a tree extractor 46 which can advantageously be produced by the system illustrated in Figure 2 then reconstructs the tree of the distribution network. To this end, the tree extractor 46 extracts the data indicative of the consumption measurements 26 of the meters 4 allocated to the selected distribution network, generates the ohmic matrix according to the data then reconstructs the tree of the distribution network and determines the quantities. segments of the tree structure according to the process of the method described above.
- An operation 48 can then be performed to validate the assignment of the meters to the transformer, with action 50 a possible signaling of an assignment error if necessary.
- Another operation 52 can also be performed to validate the correspondence of the tree structure between that deduced from the consumption measurements 26 and that deposited in the geomatic database 32 and formatted by a tree representation converter 54 so that the data formats and structures are compatible and comparable, with action 56 possible reporting of a topology deviation.
- Another operation 58 can be carried out to detect an abnormal difference in magnitude of a segment of the tree structure, with the action 60 of a possible signaling of a NCE if necessary.
- Another operation 62 can also be carried out to determine a sensitivity of each segment as a function of the load for a given temperature range, with for action 64 a possible signaling of a thermal anomaly for a determined segment whether or not accompanied by an action 66 to order a reduction of power transit in the determined segment.
- An operation 68 can be performed so that a next network is processed by the method.
- the tree extractor 46 therefore determines the ohmic matrix representative of a tree-type distribution network model in order to extract the corresponding topology, ie the topological arrangement. (line junction and sequencing of connections) and the lengths of cable segments in this arrangement.
- the dimension of the ohmic matrix is / nodes by / nodes, where a node can be, for example, a point of consumption measured by an intelligent meter.
- the method notably makes it possible to assign a branch to each node, to position the junctions between the different branches and to quantify the position of each in terms of resistive value or in terms of distance if the linear resistances of the conductors are known.
- the segment size can mean a resistive value, a complex impedance or a cable length.
- an outlier can be indicative of an error in the assignment of a meter to transformer or of an NCE.
- a correspondence with a geomatic line can make it possible to increase a sensitivity of detection of anomalies.
- the comparison of the topology obtained at different time periods or at different load levels for the same distribution network makes it possible to visualize a NCE or even an influence of the load on the resistance of the cable segments.
- Knowledge of the resistive value of each line cable or connection cable segment enables calculation of a nominal pressure drop and validation if the installation complies with the standard.
- the comparison can be, for example, visual using an animation as mentioned above or automated with continuous monitoring of a threshold being exceeded. It is also of interest to determine a temperature variation of a cable segment by considering that its length is fixed and that its resistance is a function of temperature, in which case an automated system can control network equipment according to a temperature difference observed on a segment of the line.
- GUI graphical user interface
- the GUI allows, among other things, to view various information generated and produced by the method, and to interact with NCE detection functions implemented according to the method, as well as to adjust or adjust threshold values that can trigger alerts or actions.
- slide controls 70, 72, 74 make it possible to respectively adjust the resistivity values of a line, of a connection, and a step by bifurcation to be used in the graph 76 illustrating the tree structure of the distribution network reconstructed by the method according to the invention.
- Drop-down menus 78, 80 make it possible to select the methods for selecting a branch and positioning a junction.
- a list 82 of the segments of the reconstructed distribution network can be displayed in conjunction with icons 84 indicative of the types of segments.
- the tree table 86 can also be displayed, as well as a table 88 displaying resistances of the nodes at the corresponding junctions.
- Various other controls can be displayed in the GUI, for example to perform operations on the ohmic matrix as in box 90 and the switch 92, to trigger an animation by a switch 94, or to enter and display values of applied parameters. in the process of the method.
- a visualization of the ohmic matrix as illustrated in Figures 6, 1 1 A and 1 1 B or in the form of a table of the values of the matrix, a graphic rendering as illustrated in Figure 14, or other graphs as illustrated in Figures 1 1 C, 12 and 13 can also be generated in another GUI window (not shown).
- the present invention thus provides an advantageous tool for better managing an electrical distribution network.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA3020950A CA3020950A1 (fr) | 2018-10-16 | 2018-10-16 | Reconstruction d'une topologie d'un reseau de distribution electrique |
PCT/CA2019/051446 WO2020077443A1 (fr) | 2018-10-16 | 2019-10-10 | Reconstruction d'une topologie d'un réseau de distribution électrique |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP3867654A1 true EP3867654A1 (fr) | 2021-08-25 |
EP3867654A4 EP3867654A4 (fr) | 2021-12-22 |
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EP19872450.2A Pending EP3867654A4 (fr) | 2018-10-16 | 2019-10-10 | Reconstruction d'une topologie d'un réseau de distribution électrique |
Country Status (4)
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US (1) | US11928398B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3867654A4 (fr) |
CA (2) | CA3020950A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2020077443A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
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CN114336638A (zh) * | 2022-01-28 | 2022-04-12 | 国家电网有限公司 | 一种基于冒泡模型的中压有源配电网动态重构方法 |
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BR112021004932A2 (pt) | 2018-10-11 | 2021-06-01 | Hydro Quebec | método, sistema e produto de software para identificar instalações com tendência a apresentar uma não conformidade elétrica |
CN111814281B (zh) * | 2020-06-22 | 2024-01-26 | 积成电子股份有限公司 | 一种基于多叉树分层布局的台区拓扑关系图自动绘制方法 |
CN112436866B (zh) * | 2020-11-10 | 2022-04-12 | 四川能信科技股份有限公司 | 基于电力载波辐射信号强度分布特征计算线路拓扑的方法 |
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CN112803404B (zh) * | 2021-02-25 | 2023-03-14 | 国网河北省电力有限公司经济技术研究院 | 配电网自愈重构规划方法、装置及终端 |
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CN114050657B (zh) * | 2021-11-26 | 2023-06-27 | 北京市腾河智慧能源科技有限公司 | 光伏并网后的台区拓扑识别方法及系统、设备、存储介质 |
CN114256839A (zh) * | 2021-12-21 | 2022-03-29 | 青岛鼎信通讯股份有限公司 | 一种基于台区电气拓扑的精准线损分析方法 |
CN114676569B (zh) * | 2022-03-24 | 2023-03-24 | 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 | 电网仿真分析算例及其生成方法、生成系统、设备、介质 |
CN114706859B (zh) * | 2022-06-06 | 2022-09-02 | 广东鹰视能效科技有限公司 | 一种用电情况的快速分析方法及系统 |
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CN115203977B (zh) * | 2022-08-24 | 2023-03-24 | 国网信息通信产业集团有限公司 | 电网仿真系统 |
CN115586402B (zh) * | 2022-12-09 | 2023-03-14 | 安徽中鑫继远信息技术股份有限公司 | 配电网故障诊断与处理方法 |
CN116094169B (zh) * | 2023-01-28 | 2024-04-12 | 国网江苏省电力有限公司连云港供电分公司 | 一种配电网拓扑模型生成方法及终端设备 |
CN116775967B (zh) * | 2023-07-17 | 2023-12-15 | 国网浙江省电力有限公司金华供电公司 | 基于多维展示的远程缴纳电费的数据处理方法及系统 |
CN116778856B (zh) * | 2023-08-18 | 2024-05-14 | 深圳市巴科光电科技股份有限公司 | 一种应用于电力系统的智能化led显示装置及方法 |
CN116756388B (zh) * | 2023-08-23 | 2023-10-20 | 成都太阳高科技有限责任公司 | 一种电网资产数据普查系统及方法及装置及介质 |
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EP2439496A1 (fr) | 2010-10-06 | 2012-04-11 | Alcatel Lucent | Détection de perte dans des réseaux de distribution électrique |
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US9287713B2 (en) | 2011-08-04 | 2016-03-15 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Topology identification in distribution network with limited measurements |
US9924242B2 (en) | 2012-04-20 | 2018-03-20 | Itron Global Sarl | Automatic network topology detection and fraud detection |
EP2677619A1 (fr) * | 2012-06-20 | 2013-12-25 | Institute of Nuclear Energy Research Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan | Système de distribution d'énergie de micro-réseau et procédé d'analyse de défauts asymétriques de flux de puissance associé |
WO2014185921A1 (fr) * | 2013-05-16 | 2014-11-20 | Schneider Electric USA, Inc. | Systèmes et procédés de placement de compteur dans des réseaux électriques |
US9835662B2 (en) | 2014-12-02 | 2017-12-05 | Itron, Inc. | Electrical network topology determination |
CA2936212A1 (fr) | 2016-07-14 | 2018-01-14 | Hydro-Quebec | Detection de non-conformites electriques par observation d'ecarts a une modelisation de reseau |
-
2018
- 2018-10-16 CA CA3020950A patent/CA3020950A1/fr not_active Abandoned
-
2019
- 2019-10-10 WO PCT/CA2019/051446 patent/WO2020077443A1/fr unknown
- 2019-10-10 EP EP19872450.2A patent/EP3867654A4/fr active Pending
- 2019-10-10 US US17/280,204 patent/US11928398B2/en active Active
- 2019-10-10 CA CA3113153A patent/CA3113153A1/fr active Pending
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114336638A (zh) * | 2022-01-28 | 2022-04-12 | 国家电网有限公司 | 一种基于冒泡模型的中压有源配电网动态重构方法 |
CN114336638B (zh) * | 2022-01-28 | 2023-11-03 | 国网山东省电力公司德州供电公司 | 一种基于冒泡模型的中压有源配电网动态重构方法 |
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CA3113153A1 (fr) | 2020-04-23 |
US20220035963A1 (en) | 2022-02-03 |
WO2020077443A1 (fr) | 2020-04-23 |
US11928398B2 (en) | 2024-03-12 |
EP3867654A4 (fr) | 2021-12-22 |
CA3020950A1 (fr) | 2020-04-16 |
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