EP3863974A1

EP3863974A1 - Positive electrode active material for sodium-ion battery

Info

Publication number: EP3863974A1
Application number: EP19813925.5A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Mohamed Chakir; Sathiya Mariyappan; Jean-Marie Tarascon; Qing Wang
Original assignee: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS; Renault SAS; Sorbonne Universite; College de France
Current assignee: Ampere Sas; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS; Sorbonne Universite; College de France
Priority date: 2018-10-11
Filing date: 2019-10-10
Publication date: 2021-08-18
Also published as: US20220013772A1; JP2022504568A; WO2020074836A1; CN113454031A; FR3087299B1; KR20210116433A; FR3087299A1

Abstract

The invention concerns a positive electrode active material for a sodium-ion battery of the following formula (I): Na_xNi_0.5-yCu_yMn_0.5-zTi_zO₂ (I), in which: - x varies from 0.9 to 1; - y varies from 0.05 to 0.1; - z varies from 0.1 to 0.3, it being understood that, if z is equal to 0.1 and x is equal to 1, then y is not equal to 0.05.

Description

DESCRIPTION

Title: Active positive electrode material for sodium-ion battery

The invention relates to the general field of rechargeable sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries.

The invention relates more specifically to active materials of positive electrode for Na-ion batteries, and to positive electrodes comprising them.

The invention also relates to a method for cycling Na-ion batteries.

Na-ion batteries represent one of the most promising alternative solutions to lithium-ion batteries, sodium being more interesting than lithium economically, in particular because of its abundance and its low cost.

However, at present, Na-ion battery cell assemblies can only be considered as prototypes, since only tests have been carried out.

Intensive research has been carried out on positive electrodes for Na-ion batteries. This work led to a classification of positive electrodes into two main categories.

The first category contains polyanionic compounds. Among these polyanionic compounds, the compound Na3V2 (P0 ₄ ) 2F3 has been identified as being suitable for use within Na-ion batteries. Indeed, it is characterized in particular by ease of synthesis, stability when used in wet conditions, or even high specific energy, as the document WO 2014/009710 describes it. However, the presence of vanadium within the electrode can be problematic during the use of the Na-ion battery in the medium / long term, given its toxic nature. Furthermore, although the best results are obtained with this polyanionic compound, the specific capacity of the latter is limited due to its relatively high molecular weight.

The second category contains lamellar oxides of sodium.

These particular oxides have the general formula NabMÜ2, where b is less than or equal to 1, and M denotes at least one transition metal. These lamellar oxides seem more promising than polyanionic compounds because they have a lower molecular mass in particular. In addition, the gravimetric energy density of the lamellar oxides of sodium is higher than that of the compound

Na3V2 (P0 ₄ ) 2F3 (approximately 4.5 g / cm ³ vs approximately 3 g / cm ³ ).

Many works on lamellar sodium oxides have thus been undertaken.

A particular material was identified in particular because it had a number of advantages. Indeed, the material

NaNio, 5Mno, 502 has a theoretical capacity of about 240 mAh / g, as described in the document "Study on the reversible electrode reaction of Nai-xNio.sMno.sCh for a rechargeable sodium ion battery", S. Komaba, N. Yabuuchi, T. Nakayama, A. Ogata, T. Ishikawa, I. Nakai, J. Inorg Chem. 5 1, 621 1 -6220 (2012). However, it turns out that the capacity of this material deteriorates during the charge and discharge cycles of the Na-ion battery.

Thus, there is a need to develop new active positive electrode materials for a sodium ion battery which overcomes the problem of deteriorating capacity.

It has been discovered that a particular positive electrode active material achieves improved capacity, and which does not deteriorate with the repetition of charge and discharge cycles.

The subject of the invention is therefore an active material of a positive electrode for a sodium-ion battery of formula (I) below:

Na _x Nio, 5-yCu _y Mno, 5-zTiz02 (I),

in which :

x varies from 0.9 to 1;

- y varies from 0.05 to 0.1;

- z varies from 0.1 to 0.3.

it being understood that if z is equal to 0, 1 and x is equal to 1, then y is not equal to 0.05.

Another object of the invention is a process for preparing the active material according to the invention. The invention also has for its object and a positive electrode comprising the active material according to the invention.

Another object of the invention is a Na-ion battery cell, comprising the electrode according to the invention.

The invention also relates to a Na-ion battery comprising at least one cell according to the invention.

Finally, the invention also relates to a particular cycling method for Na-ion batteries comprising an active material with a particular positive electrode.

Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will appear more clearly on examination of the detailed description and the accompanying drawings in which:

[Fig 1] is a graph representing the capacity of a Naion battery cell, as a function of the number of charge and discharge cycles;

[Fig 2] is a graph representing the voltage of a Naion battery cell, as a function of capacity;

[Fig 3] is a graph representing the capacity of a Naion battery cell, as a function of the number of charge and discharge cycles;

[Fig 4] is a graph representing the voltage of a Naion battery cell, as a function of capacity;

[Fig 5] is a graph representing the voltage of a Naion battery cell, as a function of capacity;

[Fig 6] is a graph representing the voltage of a Naion battery cell, as a function of capacity;

[Fig 7] is a graph representing the voltage of a Naion battery cell, as a function of capacity;

[Fig 8] is a graph representing the voltage of a half-cell of Na-ion battery, according to the capacity.

It is specified that the expression "from ... to ..." used in the present description of the invention must be understood to include each of the terminals mentioned.

Fe active material of positive electrode for Na-ion battery according to the invention corresponds to formula (I) as mentioned above. Preferably, y varies from 0.06 to 0.1, preferably y is equal to 0.1.

Advantageously, z varies from 0.2 to 0.3.

According to a particular embodiment of the invention, x varies from 0.95 to 1, preferably x is equal to 1.

The subject of the invention is also a process for preparing the active material according to the invention comprising the following steps:

(a) mixing at least one compound chosen from oxides and / or transition metal salts with at least one precursor chosen from sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate, sodium acetate, sodium sulfate, soda and Na ₂ 0 and mixtures thereof;

(b) heating the mixture obtained at the end of step (a) to a temperature ranging from 800 to 1000 ° C;

(c) recovering said material.

Preferably, the compound is chosen from oxides.

Preferably, the oxide is chosen from NiO, CuO, M Cb, Mn0 ₂ , Ti0 ₂ and their mixtures.

Advantageously, the precursor is sodium carbonate. Thus, preferably, an oxide chosen from NiO, CuO, Mn _{2 Û3} , Mn0 ₂ , Ti0 ₂ and their mixtures is mixed with sodium carbonate.

According to a preferred embodiment, the mixture obtained at the end of step (a) is heated to a temperature ranging from 850 to 950 ° C.

Preferably, step (b) takes place over a period ranging from 6 hours to 20 hours, preferably from 9 hours to 15 hours, more preferably from 11 to 13 hours, more preferably from 12 hours.

Advantageously, step (b) is followed by a cooling and drying step.

For example, the mixture is heated to 900 ° C in an oven for 12 hours, then cooled to 300 ° C, then removed from the oven.

Another object of the invention is a positive electrode comprising the active material according to the invention.

Preferably, the positive electrode according to the invention further comprises at least one conductive compound. According to a particular embodiment, the conductive compound is chosen from metallic particles, carbon, and their mixtures, preferably carbon.

Said metallic particles can be particles of silver, copper or nickel.

The carbon can be in the form of graphite, carbon black, carbon fibers, carbon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanospheres, preferably carbon black.

In particular, the positive electrode according to the invention advantageously comprises the carbon black SuperC65® sold by Timcal.

Preferably, the content of active material according to the invention varies from 50 to 90% by weight, preferably from 70 to 90% by weight, relative to the total weight of the positive electrode.

Advantageously, the content of conductive compound varies from 10 to 50% by weight, preferably from 10 to 30% by weight, more preferably from 15 to 25% by weight, relative to the total weight of the positive electrode.

The present invention also relates to a battery cell

Na-ion comprising a positive electrode comprising the active material according to the invention, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte.

Preferably, the battery cell comprises a separator located between the electrodes and playing the role of electrical insulator. Several materials can be used as separators. The separators are generally composed of porous polymers, preferably polyethylene and / or polypropylene. They can also be made of glass microfibers.

Advantageously, the separator used is a separator made of glass microfibers CAT No. 1823-070® sold by Whatman.

Preferably, said electrolyte is liquid.

This electrolyte can comprise one or more sodium salts and one or more solvents. The sodium salt or salts may be chosen from NaPF6, NaCl0 ₄ , NaBF ₄ , NaTFSI, NaFSI, and NaODFB.

The sodium salt or salts are preferably dissolved in one or more solvents chosen from aprotic polar solvents, for example, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and the methyl and ethyl carbonate.

Advantageously, the electrolyte comprises propylene carbonate in admixture with the sodium salt NaPFô at 1 M.

The present invention also relates to a Naion battery comprising at least one cell as described above.

The present invention also relates to a method for cycling a sodium-ion battery comprising a negative electrode, a separator, an electrolyte and a positive electrode comprising an active material of formula (II) below:

Na _P Nio, 5-rCurMno, 5-tTit02 (II),

in which :

- p varies from 0.9 to 1;

- r varies from 0.05 to 0.1;

- t varies from 0.1 to 0.3;

comprising applying a plurality of charge and discharge cycles to voltages ranging from higher to lower voltage, the upper voltage ranging from 4.2 to 4.7 V, preferably 4.4 to 4.6 V, more preferably equal to 4.5 V, the lower voltage ranging from 0.5 to 2.5, preferably from 1.5 to 2.5, more preferably equal to 2 V,

the cycles being carried out at a cycling regime ranging from C / 20 to C, C denoting the cycling regime of the sodium-ion battery.

Thanks to the application of the higher voltage going from 4.2 to 4.7 in the cycling process of the Na-ion battery, a solid and stable layer called "Cathode Electrolyte Interphase" (CEI) more protective is generated, by compared to an application of a lower higher voltage, for example less than 4, IV. This IEC, located between the cathode and the electrolyte, is an essential element for proper functioning Na-ion battery, because not only does it conduct sodium ions very well but it also has the advantage of stopping the catalytic decomposition of the electrolyte.

Advantageously, the active material of formula (II) is of formula (I).

Preferably, the cycling regime is C / 10.

The present invention is illustrated in a nonlimiting manner by the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

I. Preparation of electrochemical cells

1. Synthesis of active materials

1.1 Synthesis of the active material NaNio sMno s02

373, 45 mg of NiO, 434.7 mg of MnCh and 529.95 mg of sodium carbonate are added. The temperature is brought to 850 ° C at a rate of 3 ° C per minute, then the whole is calcined at 850 ° C for 12 hours in an oven. The mixture is then cooled to 300 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C per minute. This comparative active material is called material A.

1.2 Synthesis of the active material NaNio sMno 4Tio i 02

373, 45 mg of NiO, 15 3, 74 mg of Mn ₂ 0 _3, Ti0 ₂ 79.87 mg and

529.95 mg of sodium carbonate are added. The temperature is brought to 900 ° C at a rate of 3 ° C per minute, then the whole is calcined at 900 ° C for 12 hours in an oven. The mixture is then cooled to 300 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C per minute. This comparative active material is called material B.

1.3 Synthesis of the active material NaNio 44Cuo.o6Mno 4Tio i 02

328.64 mg of NiO, 47.73 mg of CuO, 3 15, 74 mg of Mn ₂ 0 ₃ , 79.87 mg of Ti0 ₂ and 529.95 mg of sodium carbonate are added. The temperature is brought to 900 ° C. at a rate of 3 ° C. per minute, then the whole is calcined at 900 ° C. for 12 hours in an oven. The mixture is then cooled to 300 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C per minute. This active material according to the invention is called material C.

1.4 Synthesis of the active material NaNio 4Cuo iMno 4Tio i 02 286.76 mg of NiO, 79.55 mg of CuO, 3 15, 74 mg of Mn ₂ 0 ₃ , 79.87 mg of Ti0 ₂ and 529.95 mg of sodium carbonate are added. The temperature is brought to 900 ° C. at a rate of 3 ° C. per minute, then the whole is calcined at 900 ° C. for 12 hours in an oven. The mixture is then cooled to 300 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C per minute. This active material according to the invention is called material D.

1.5 Synthesis of the active material NaNi0.45Cu0.05Mn0.3Ti0.2O2

345, 11 mg of NiO, 39.78 mg of CuO, 236.81 mg of Mn ₂ 0 ₃ ,

159.74 mg of Ti0 ₂ and 529.95 mg of sodium carbonate are added. The temperature is brought to 900 ° C. at a rate of 3 ° C. per minute, then the whole is calcined at 900 ° C. for 12 hours in an oven. The mixture is then cooled to 300 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C per minute. This active material according to the invention is called material E.

1.6 Synthesis of the active material NaNi0.45Cu0.05Mn0.2Ti0.3O2 345, 1 1 mg of NiO, 39.78 mg of CuO, 157.87 mg of Mn _{2 Û3} ,

239.61 mg of Ti0 ₂ and 529.95 mg of sodium carbonate are added. The temperature is brought to 900 ° C. at a rate of 3 ° C. per minute, then the whole is calcined at 900 ° C. for 12 hours in an oven. The mixture is then cooled to 300 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C per minute. This active material according to the invention is called material F.

2. Preparation of positive electrodes

From these materials, six positive electrodes were prepared, respectively named EN-A, EN-B, EN-C, EN-D, EN-E and EN-F. The positive electrodes EN-A and EN-B are comparative electrodes. The electrodes EN-C to EN-F are electrodes according to the invention.

The EN-A positive electrode is made by mixing 80% by weight of the active material A, which has been directly transferred to a glove box from the oven without exposure to air, and 20% by weight of the carbon black SuperC65® , the mixture then being ground for 30 minutes using a SPEX 8000M mixer.

The other positive electrodes EN-B to EN-F are produced by mixing 80% by weight of the active material, respectively B to F, and 20% by weight of the carbon black SuperC65®, the mixtures then being ground in the same way as for the positive electrode EN-A. In the same way as for active material A, active materials B to F were transferred directly into a glove box from the oven without exposure to air.

3. Assembly of electrochemical cells

Six electrochemical cells were then prepared respectively comprising the positive electrodes EN-A to EN-F. The cells are respectively named CE-A, CE-B, CE-C, CE-D, CE-E and CE-F.

The assembly of the electrochemical cells is carried out in a glove box using a device consisting of a button cell of the type 2032. Each of the cells comprises a separator, a negative electrode and an electrolyte.

3.1 Assembly of the CE-A cell

Positive electrode

A mass of 8.13 mg of the EN-A electrode, in the form of a powder, is then spread on an aluminum sheet placed in the CE-A cell.

Separator

Two layers of CAT No. glass microfiber separator

1823-070® are used to avoid any short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode during the charge and discharge cycles. These separators are cut to a diameter of 16.6 mm and a thickness of 400 qm.

Negative electrode

An electrode of 1 cm ² is obtained by drilling hard carbon discs coated on a film with an aluminum current collector. The active material of hard carbon is approximately 5. 20 mg / cm ² .

Electrolyte

The electrolyte used comprises a solution composed of 1 M

NaPFô dissolved in propylene carbonate.

3.2 Assembly of cells CE-B to CE-F

Positive electrodes A mass of 8.50, 9.35, 9.36, 9.35 and 8.75 mg of each of the electrodes EN-B to EN-F, respectively, in the form of a powder, is then spread over a aluminum sheet placed in cells CE-B to CE-F, respectively.

The separators, negative electrodes and electrolytes are identical to those used in the CE-A cell.

II. Electrochemical tests

1. Comparative CE-A cell

Galvanostatic cycling is carried out using a BioLogic cycler at a cycling speed of C / 20, C denoting the cell capacity, at voltages ranging from 4.2 to 1.5 V. The capacity of the cell

CE-A was measured as a function of the number of cycles, as shown in Figure 1. The change in capacity is observed on curve A.

Thus, a degradation of the capacity can be observed with the charge and discharge cycles. A capacity of approximately 130 mAh.g ¹ is measured after 30 cycles.

2. Comparative CE-B cell

Galvanostatic cycling is carried out using a BioLogic cycler at a cycling regime of C / 20, C denoting the cell capacity, at voltages ranging from 4.4 to 1.2 V. The voltage of the CE cell

B was measured as a function of capacity, as shown in the figure

2.

In this figure 2, the curve B l corresponds to the first charge and discharge cycle. Curve B2 corresponds to the second charge and discharge cycle, and so on until curve B5 which corresponds to the fifth charge and discharge cycle.

A very clear shoulder is observed in the zone ranging from 3, 6 to 3, 8V approximately. Several plates can be observed on these curves B l to B5, corresponding to the phase transition processes.

Thus, a degradation of the capacity of the CE-B cell can be observed.

3. CE-C cell according to the invention

Galvanostatic cycling is carried out using a BioLogic cycler at a cycling speed of C / 20, C denoting the capacity of the cell, at voltages ranging from 4.4 to 1.2 V. The capacity of the CE-C cell was measured as a function of the number of cycles, as shown in FIG. 3. The evolution of the capacity is observed on curve C.

Thus, a capacity of approximately 170 mAh.g ¹ is measured after 20 cycles.

Compared to the capacity of the comparative CE-A cell observed in FIG. 1, the capacity of the CE-C cell according to the invention is higher and more stable over the charge and discharge cycles.

Thus, the capacity of the cell comprising the active material according to the invention is improved.

Furthermore, the voltage of the CE-C cell was measured as a function of the capacity, as shown in Figure 4.

In this FIG. 4, the curve C l corresponds to the first charge and discharge cycle, and so on until curve C5 which corresponds to the fifth charge and discharge cycle.

Curves C l to C5 are more linear than curves B l to B5.

Thus, the degradation of the capacity of the CE-C cell is not observed as was the case for the CE-B cell. Indeed, the capacity of the CE-C cell is more stable.

4. CE-D cell according to the invention

Galvanostatic cycling is carried out using a BioLogic cycler at a cycling regime of C / 20, C denoting the cell capacity, at voltages ranging from 4.4 to 1.2 V. The voltage of the CE-D cell was measured as a function of capacity, as shown in Figure 5.

In this FIG. 5, the curve D l corresponds to the first charge and discharge cycle, and so on until curve D5 which corresponds to the fifth charge and discharge cycle.

Curves D l to D5 are more linear than curves B l to B5.

Thus, the degradation of the capacity of the CE-D cell is not observed as was the case for the CE-B cell. Indeed, the capacity of the CE-D cell is more stable. 5. CE-E cell according to the invention

Galvanostatic cycling is carried out using a BioLogic cycler at a cycling regime of C / 20, C denoting the cell capacity, at voltages ranging from 4.4 to 1.2 V. The voltage of the CE-E cell was measured as a function of capacity, as shown in Figure 6.

In this FIG. 6, the curve E l corresponds to the first charge and discharge cycle, and so on until curve E5 which corresponds to the fifth charge and discharge cycle.

Curves E l to E5 are more linear than curves B l to B5.

Thus, the degradation of the capacity of the CE-E cell is not observed as it was the case for the CE-B cell. Indeed, the capacity of the CE-E cell is more stable.

6. CE-F cell according to the invention

Galvanostatic cycling is carried out using a BioLogic cycler at a cycling regime of C / 20, C denoting the cell capacity, at voltages ranging from 4.4 to 1.2 V. The voltage of the CE-F cell was measured as a function of capacity, as shown in Figure 7.

In this FIG. 7, the curve F l corresponds to the first charge and discharge cycle, and so on until curve F5 which corresponds to the fifth charge and discharge cycle.

Curves F l to F5 are more linear than curves B l to B5.

Thus, the degradation of the capacity of the CE-F cell is not observed as was the case for the CE-B cell. Indeed, the capacity of the CE-F cell is more stable.

Example 2

I. Preparation of the electrochemical half-cell

1. Synthesis of the active material NaNio, 45Cuo, o5Mno, ₄ Tio, i02

345, 11 mg of NiO, 39.78 mg of CuO, 3 15, 74 mg of Mn ₂ 0 ₃ , 79.87 mg of T1O2 and 529.95 mg of sodium carbonate are added. The temperature is brought to 900 ° C. at a rate of 3 ° C. per minute, then the whole is calcined at 900 ° C for 12 hours in an oven. The mixture is then cooled to 300 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C per minute.

2. Preparation of the positive electrode

The positive electrode is made by mixing 80% by weight of the active material NaNio, 45Cuo, o5Mno, ₄ Tio, i02, which was directly transferred into a glove box from the oven without exposure to air, and 20% by weight SuperC65® carbon black, the mixture then being ground for 30 minutes using a SPEX 8000M mixer.

3. Assembly of the electrochemical half-cell

A half cell was then prepared comprising the above-mentioned positive electrode.

The assembly of the half-cell is carried out in a glove box using a device consisting of a Swagelok® connector 12 mm in diameter. The half cell includes a separator, a negative electrode and an electrolyte.

Positive electrode

A mass of 10 mg of the positive electrode, in the form of a powder, is then spread on an aluminum piston placed in the half-cell.

Separator

Two layers of CAT No. 1823-070® glass microfiber separator are used to prevent short circuits between the positive and negative electrodes during the charge and discharge cycles. These separators are cut to a diameter of 12 mm and a thickness of 500 qm.

Negative electrode

11 mm diameter pellets are cut from a sodium metal sheet. The pellet obtained is then bonded by pressure on a stainless steel current collector. This collector is then deposited on the separating membrane in the cell.

Electrolyte

The electrolyte used comprises a solution composed of 1 M NaPFô dissolved in propylene carbonate.

IL Electrochemical test A cycling process comprising applying a plurality of charge and discharge cycles at voltages ranging from 2 to 4.5V, was carried out, at a cycling rate of C / 10.

The half-cell voltage was measured as a function of capacity, as shown in Figure 8.

In this FIG. 8, the curve G designates the plurality of charge and discharge cycles which has been carried out.

Thus, the capacity of the half-cell is stable with the repetition of the charge and discharge cycles.

Claims

1. Active positive electrode material for sodium-ion battery of formula (I) below:

Na _x Nio, 5-yCu _y Mno, 5-zTiz02 (I),

in which :

x varies from 0.9 to 1;

- y varies from 0.05 to 0.1;

z varies from 0.1 to 0.3,

2. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that y varies from 0.06 to 0.1.

3. Material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that z varies from 0.2 to 0.3.

4. Material according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that x varies from 0.95 to 1, preferably x is equal to 1.

5. Method for manufacturing the active material as defined in any one of the preceding claims, comprising the following steps:

(a) Mixing at least one compound chosen from oxides and / or transition metal salts with at least one precursor chosen from sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate, sodium acetate, sodium sulphate, soda and Na ₂ 0 and mixtures thereof;

(b) Heating the mixture obtained at the end of step (a) to a temperature ranging from 800 to 1,000 ° C;

(c) recovering said active material.

6. Positive electrode comprising at least one active material as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4.

7. Positive electrode according to claim 6, characterized in that it further comprises at least one conductive compound.

8. Positive electrode according to claim 7, characterized in that the conductive compound is chosen from metallic particles, carbon, and their mixtures, preferably carbon.

9. Positive electrode according to claim 8, characterized in that the carbon is in the form of graphite, carbon black, carbon fibers, carbon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanospheres, preferably carbon black.

10. Sodium-ion battery cell comprising a positive electrode as defined in any one of claims 6 to 9, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte.

1 1. Sodium-ion battery comprising at least one cell as defined in the preceding claim.

12. Method for cycling a sodium-ion battery comprising a negative electrode, a separator, an electrolyte and a positive electrode comprising an active material of formula (II) below:

Na _P Nio, 5-rCurMno, 5-tTit02 (II),

in which :

- p varies from 0.9 to 1;

- r varies from 0.05 to 0.1;

- t varies from 0.1 to 0.3,