EP3861090B1 - Fuel compositions - Google Patents
Fuel compositions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3861090B1 EP3861090B1 EP19783282.7A EP19783282A EP3861090B1 EP 3861090 B1 EP3861090 B1 EP 3861090B1 EP 19783282 A EP19783282 A EP 19783282A EP 3861090 B1 EP3861090 B1 EP 3861090B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel composition
- fuel
- engine
- improving additive
- viscosity index
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 161
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 152
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 104
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 77
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 19
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 13
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 9
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- -1 fatty acid ester Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 6
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical class O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 231100000241 scar Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 3
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NKRVGWFEFKCZAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO[N+]([O-])=O NKRVGWFEFKCZAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROGIWVXWXZRRMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene;styrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 ROGIWVXWXZRRMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013556 antirust agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006280 diesel fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-1-ene Chemical group C=C.CC=C HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008172 hydrogenated vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003443 succinic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical group C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVZWEEGUWXZOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-2-methylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NVZWEEGUWXZOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JZHGRUMIRATHIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-3-methylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C=C)=C1 JZHGRUMIRATHIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N 1-oleoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-vinylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C=C)=CC=CC2=C1 IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-methyldodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCO XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GGQRKYMKYMRZTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3-tetrakis(prop-1-enyl)butanedioic acid Chemical class CC=CC(C=CC)(C(O)=O)C(C=CC)(C=CC)C(O)=O GGQRKYMKYMRZTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DKCPKDPYUFEZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1O DKCPKDPYUFEZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXIJHCSGLOHNES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-dimethylbut-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 DXIJHCSGLOHNES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RREANTFLPGEWEN-MBLPBCRHSA-N 7-[4-[[(3z)-3-[4-amino-5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrimidin-2-yl]imino-5-fluoro-2-oxoindol-1-yl]methyl]piperazin-1-yl]-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(CC=2C(=NC(\N=C/3C4=CC(F)=CC=C4N(CN4CCN(CC4)C=4C(=CC=5C(=O)C(C(O)=O)=CN(C=5C=4)C4CC4)F)C\3=O)=NC=2)N)=C1 RREANTFLPGEWEN-MBLPBCRHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000032544 Cicatrix Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150092791 PAO4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004146 Propane-1,2-diol Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007866 anti-wear additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003849 aromatic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 1
- YKGYQYOQRGPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(8-methylnonyl) hexanedioate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCC(C)C YKGYQYOQRGPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNCZNSNPXMPCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanediamide Chemical class NC(=O)CCC(N)=O SNCZNSNPXMPCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- HLYOOCIMLHNMOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexyl nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OC1CCCCC1 HLYOOCIMLHNMOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006114 decarboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010771 distillate fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019387 fatty acid methyl ester Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004231 fluid catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-HXUWFJFHSA-N glycerol monolinoleate Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-HXUWFJFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005305 interferometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004592 isopropanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical class O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- FSWDLYNGJBGFJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n'-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=CC=C(NC(C)CC)C=C1 FSWDLYNGJBGFJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004986 phenylenediamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006069 physical mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010734 process oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004063 propylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013772 propylene glycol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004043 responsiveness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000037387 scars Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/1658—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing conjugated dienes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
- C10L2200/0446—Diesel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
- C10L2250/04—Additive or component is a polymer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
Definitions
- the present invention relates to automotive fuel compositions comprising viscosity index improver (VII) components.
- Viscosity index is a commonly used method of measuring a fluid's change of viscosity in relation to temperature. The higher the VI, the smaller the relative change in viscosity with temperature. VI improvers (also known as viscosity modifiers) are additives that increase the viscosity of the fluid throughout its useful temperature range.
- a viscosity increasing component in a fuel composition in order to improve acceleration performance.
- WO2009/118302 describes the use of a viscosity index (VI) improving additive, in an automotive fuel composition, for the purpose of improving the acceleration performance of an internal combustion engine into which the fuel composition is or is intended to be introduced or of a vehicle powered by such an engine.
- VI viscosity index
- US2013/0165362 discloses certain linear and star polymers suitable for use as a viscosity index improver for lubricating oil compositions. However there is no disclosure in US2013/0165362 of the use of such polymers in a fuel composition.
- a viscosity index improver in a fuel composition for providing improved lubricity, wherein the viscosity index improver comprises a star-shaped polyisoprene-based polymer.
- viscosity index improvers described herein can be used in a fuel composition to provide improved lubricity as well as providing improved power output and/or acceleration characteristics.
- a viscosity index (VI) improving additive in a fuel composition for the purpose of improving the lubricity of the fuel composition at the same time as improving the power output of an internal combustion engine into which the viscosity index (VI) improving additive, or the fuel composition containing the viscosity index (VI) improving additive, is or is intended to be introduced or of a vehicle powered by such an engine, wherein the viscosity index (VI) improving additive is a polyisoprene-based star polymer.
- the viscosity index improvers used in the fuel compositions herein can provide one or more of improved friction modification properties, improved filterability properties, improved viscosity properties, improved low temperature performance, improved pumpability especially at low temperatures and no increase in engine fouling.
- ⁇ viscosity index (VI) improver means an additive that increases the viscosity of the fuel throughout its useful temperature range. Viscosity index improvers are also known as viscosity modifiers.
- the fuel composition described herein is preferably a diesel fuel composition and the internal combustion engine described herein is preferably a diesel engine.
- diesel engine is meant a compression ignition internal combustion engine, which is adapted to run on a diesel fuel.
- the present invention can be of use in improving the lubricity of a fuel composition.
- lubricity in relation to a fuel means the capacity of the fuel for reducing friction and/or wear in an internal combustion engine.
- Lubricity performance may be assessed by measuring the engine wear.
- Engine wear may be measured by any suitable method.
- a suitable method for measuring the engine wear is the HFRR (High-Friction Reciprocating Rig) test ISO 12156.
- an "improvement" in lubricity performance embraces any degree of improvement.
- a reduction or increase in a measured parameter - for example the reduction in engine wear provided by a fuel composition - embraces any degree of reduction or increase, as the case may be.
- the improvement, reduction or increase - as the case may be - may be as compared to the relevant parameter when using the fuel composition prior to incorporation of the viscosity index (VI) improving additive.
- VI viscosity index
- the present invention may, for example, involve adjusting the properties and/or performance and/or effects of the fuel composition, in particular its effect on the lubricity performance of a fuel composition, by means of the viscosity index (VI) improving additive, in order to meet a desired target.
- VI viscosity index
- An improvement in lubricity performance may also embrace mitigation, to at least a degree, of a decrease in lubricity performance due to another cause, in particular due to another fuel component or additive included in the fuel composition.
- An improvement in lubricity performance may also embrace restoration, at least partially, of lubricity performance which has been reduced for another reason such as desulphurisation, hydrotreatment or hydrocracking of diesel and diesel components.
- Acceleration performance includes generally the responsiveness of the engine to increased throttle, for example the rate at which it accelerates from any given engine speed. It includes the level of power and/or torque and/or vehicle tractive effort (VTE) generated by the engine at any given speed. Thus an improvement in acceleration performance may be manifested by an increase in engine power and/or torque and/or VTE at any given speed.
- VTE vehicle tractive effort
- Engine torque may be derived from the force exerted on a dynamometer by the wheel(s) of a vehicle which is powered by the engine under test. It may, using suitably specialised equipment (for example the Kistler TM RoaDyn TM ), be measured directly from the wheels of such a vehicle. Engine power may suitably be derived from measured engine torque and engine speed values, as is known in the art. VTE may be measured by measuring the force exerted, for example on the roller of a chassis dynamometer, by the wheels of a vehicle driven by the engine.
- the present invention can be of use in improving the acceleration performance of an internal combustion engine or of a vehicle powered by such an engine. Acceleration performance may be assessed by accelerating the engine and monitoring changes in engine speed, power, torque and/or VTE, air charge pressure and/or turbo charger speed with time. This assessment may suitably be carried out over a range of engine speeds.
- Acceleration performance may also be assessed by a suitably experienced driver accelerating a vehicle which is powered by the engine under test, for instance from 0 to 100 km/hour, on a road.
- the vehicle should be equipped with appropriate instrumentation such as an engine speedometer, to enable changes in acceleration performance to be related to engine speed.
- an improvement in acceleration performance may be manifested by reduced acceleration times, and/or by any one or more of the effects described above, for example a faster increase in turbo charger speed, or an increase in engine torque or power or VTE at any given speed.
- an "improvement" in acceleration performance embraces any degree of improvement.
- a reduction or increase in a measured parameter - for example the time taken for the turbo charger to reach its maximum speed - embraces any degree of reduction or increase, as the case may be.
- the improvement, reduction or increase - as the case may be - may be as compared to the relevant parameter when using the fuel composition prior to incorporation of the viscosity index (VI) improving additive. It may be as compared to the relevant parameter measured when the same engine is run on an otherwise analogous fuel composition which is intended (e.g. marketed) for use in an internal combustion (typically diesel) engine, prior to adding a viscosity index (VI) improving additive to it.
- the present invention may, for example, involve adjusting the properties and/or performance and/or effects of the fuel composition, in particular its effect on the acceleration and/or power output performance of an internal combustion engine, by means of the viscosity index (VI) improver, in order to meet a desired target.
- VI viscosity index
- An improvement in acceleration performance may also embrace mitigation, to at least a degree, of a decrease in acceleration performance due to another cause, in particular due to another fuel component or additive included in the fuel composition.
- a fuel composition may contain one or more components intended to reduce its overall density so as to reduce the level of emissions which it generates on combustion; a reduction in density can result in loss of engine power, but this effect may be overcome or at least mitigated by the use of a viscosity index (VI) improver in accordance with the present invention.
- VI viscosity index
- An improvement in acceleration performance may also embrace restoration, at least partially, of acceleration performance which has been reduced for another reason such as the use of a fuel containing an oxygenated component (e.g. a so-called "biofuel”), or the build-up of combustion related deposits in the engine (typically in the fuel injectors).
- a fuel containing an oxygenated component e.g. a so-called "biofuel”
- a build-up of combustion related deposits in the engine typically in the fuel injectors.
- the increase may be of at least 0.1%, preferably of at least 0.2 or 0.3 or 0.4 or 0.5 %, in cases of at least 0.6 or 0.7%, compared to that obtained when running the engine on the fuel composition prior to incorporation of the viscosity index (VI) improver.
- the increase may be as compared to the engine torque obtained at the relevant speed when the same engine is run on an otherwise analogous fuel composition which is intended (e.g. marketed) for use in an internal combustion (typically diesel) engine prior to adding a viscosity index (VI) improver to it.
- the increase may again be of at least 0.1%, preferably of at least 0.2 or 0.3 or 0.4 or 0.5%, in cases of at least 0.6 or 0.7%, compared to that obtained when running the engine on the fuel composition prior to incorporation of the viscosity index improver.
- the increase may be as compared to the engine power obtained at the relevant speed when the same engine is run on an otherwise analogous fuel composition which is intended (e.g. marketed) for use in an internal combustion (typically diesel) engine prior to adding a viscosity index improver to it.
- the increase may again be of at least 0.1%, preferably of at least 0.2 or 0.3 or 0.4 or 0.5%, in cases of at least 0.6 or 0.7%, compared to that obtained when running the engine on the fuel composition prior to incorporation of the viscosity index (VI) improver.
- the increase may be as compared to the VTE obtained at the relevant speed when the same engine is run on an otherwise analogous fuel composition which is intended (e.g. marketed) for use in an internal combustion (typically diesel) engine prior to adding a viscosity index (VI) improver to it.
- the reduction may be of at least 0.1%, preferably of at least 0.2 or 0.3 or 0.4 or 0.5%, in cases of at least 0.6 or 0.7 or 0.8 or 0.9%, compared to that taken when running the engine on the fuel composition prior to incorporation of the viscosity index (VI) improver.
- the reduction may be as compared to the acceleration time between the relevant speeds when the same engine is run on an otherwise analogous fuel composition which is intended (e.g. marketed) for use in an internal combustion (typically diesel) engine prior to adding a viscosity index (VI) improver to it.
- Such acceleration times may for instance be measured over an engine speed increase of 300 rpm or more, or of 400 or 500 or 600 or 700 or 800 or 900 or 1000 rpm or more, for example from 1300 to 1600 rpm, or from 1600 to 2200 rpm, or from 2200 to 3000 rpm, or from 3000 to 4000 rpm.
- the automotive fuel composition in which the VI improving additive is used may in particular be a diesel fuel composition suitable for use in a diesel engine. It may be used in, and/or may be suitable and/or adapted and/or intended for use in, any type of compression ignition engine, for instance those described below.
- Viscosity index improving additives are already well known for use in lubricant formulations, where they are used to maintain viscosity as constant as possible over a desired temperature range by increasing viscosity at higher temperatures. They are typically based on relatively high molecular weight, long chain polymeric molecules that can form conglomerates and/or micelles. These molecular systems expand at higher temperatures, thus further restricting their movement relative to one another and in turn increasing the viscosity of the system.
- the VI improving additives used in a fuel composition in accordance with the present invention comprise styrene-isoprene star polymers.
- styrene-isoprene star polymers include those disclosed in US2013/0165362 .
- the star polymers disclosed in US2013/0165362 have multiple triblock arms coupled to a central core, such as a divinylbenzene (DVB) core, wherein the triblock arms contain a block derived from monoalkenyl arene monomer positioned between two partially or fully hydrogenated blocks derived from diene, wherein at least one of the diene blocks is a copolymer derived from mixed diene monomer, in which from about 65wt% to about 95wt% of the incorporated monomer units are from isoprene and from about 5wt% up to about 35wt% of the incorporated monomer units are from butadiene, and wherein at least about 80wt%, preferably at least about 90wt% butadiene is incorporated into the random copolymer block in a 1,4-configuration.
- a central core such as a divinylbenzen
- the viscosity index (VI) improver additives for use in the fuel compositions are the star-shaped isoprene polymers described in US2013/0165362 which can be characterized by the formula: D ′ ⁇ PA ⁇ D " n ⁇ X ; wherein D' represents an "outer” block derived from diene; PA represents a block derived from monoalkenyl arene; D" represents an inner random derived from diene; n represents the average number of arms per star polymer formed by the reaction of 2 or more moles of a polyalkenyl coupling agent per mole of arms and X represents a nucleus of a polyalkenyl coupling agent.
- At least one of diene blocks D' and D are copolymer blocks derived from mixed diene monomer, in which from about 65wt% to about 95wt% of the incorporated monomer units are from isoprene and from about 5wt% up to about 35wt% of the incorporated monomer units are from butadiene, and wherein at least about 80wt% of butadiene, preferably at least 90wt% of the butadiene is incorporated in a 1,4-configuration.
- at least about 15wt% of the incorporated monomer units are butadiene monomer units.
- no greater than about 28wt% of the incorporated monomer units are butadiene monomer units.
- at least one of diene blocks D' and D", more preferably each of diene blocks D' and D", are random copolymer blocks.
- Blocks D' and D" are preferably hydrogenated to remove at least about 80% or 90% or 95% of unsaturations, and more preferably, are fully hydrogenated.
- Outer block D' has a number average molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 120,000 daltons, more preferably from about 20,000 to about 60,000 daltons, before hydrogenation.
- Block PA has a number average molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 50,000 daltons. Increasing the size of block PA can adversely affect the thickening efficiency of the star polymer. Therefore, the number average molecular weight of block PA is preferably from about 12,000 to about 35,000 daltons.
- Inner block D" has a number average molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about 60,000 daltons, more preferably from about 10,000 to about 30,000 daltons, before hydrogenation.
- number average molecular weight refers to the number average molecular weight as measured by Gel Permation Chromatography ("GPC") with a polystyrene standard.
- the ratio of the number average molecular weight of outer block D' to the number average molecular weight of inner block D" is preferably at least about 1.4:1, such as at least about 1.9:1, more preferably at least about 2.0:1, and the ratio of the number average molecular weight of block PA to the number average molecular weight of inner block D" is preferably at least about 0.75:1, such as at least about 0.9:1, more preferably at least about 1.0:1.
- no greater than 30wt%, more preferably no greater than 25wt%, of the total amount of polydiene in the star polymers is derived from butadiene.
- at least about 80wt%, more preferably at least about 90wt%, of the total amount of butadiene, which can be incorporated in the polymer as 1,2- or 1,4-configuration units, is incorporated into the star polymer is incorporated in a 1,4-configuration.
- Increasing the percentage of butadiene incorporated into the polymer as 1,4-units can increase the thickening efficiency properties of the star polymer.
- An excessive amount of polybutadiene, particularly polybutadiene having a 1,2-configuration can have an adverse effect on low temperature pumpability properties.
- Isoprene monomers used as the precursors of the copolymers herein can be incorporated into the polymer in either a 1,4- or a 3,4-configuration, or a mixture thereof.
- the majority of the isoprene is incorporated into the polymer as 1,4-units, such as greater than about 60 wt%, more preferably greater than about 80 wt%, such as about 80 wt% to 100 wt%, more preferably greater than about 90 wt%, such as about 93 wt% to 100 wt%.
- Suitable monoalkenyl arene monomers include monovinyl aromatic compounds, such as styrene, monovinylnaphthalene, as well as the alkylated derivatives thereof, such as o-, m- and p-methylstyrene, alpha-methyl styrene and tertiary butyl styrene.
- the preferred monoalkenyl arene is styrene.
- Star polymers used herein may have a total number average molecular weight of about 100,000 to about 1,000,000 daltons, preferably from about 400,000 to about 800,000 daltons, more preferably from about 500,000 to about 700,000 daltons.
- VI viscosity index
- a star-shaped polyisoprene polymer comprising a crosslinked polystyrene core with arms of hydrogenated polyisoprene or poly(alternated ethylene-propylene).
- An example of such a polymer is SV300, commercially available from Infineum.
- SV300 contains 6% by weight of crosslinked polystyrene star core with 30 arms of hydrogenated polyisoprene, or poly(alternated ethylene-propylene), with overall molecular weight of 875,000 and a hydrodynamic radius in PAO4 (a polyalphaolefin having a viscosity at 100°C of approximately 4mm 2 /s commercially available from Exxon Mobil) of 25nm.
- PAO4 a polyalphaolefin having a viscosity at 100°C of approximately 4mm 2 /s commercially available from Exxon Mobil
- the density of the viscosity index (VI) improving additive for use herein at 15.6°C is 0.70 g/cm 3 or greater, preferably 0.75 g/cm 3 or greater.
- VI viscosity index
- the VI improving additive may be pre-dissolved in a suitable solvent, for example an oil such as a mineral oil or Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon mixture; a fuel component (which again may be either mineral or Fischer-Tropsch derived) compatible with the fuel composition in which the additive is to be used (for example a middle distillate fuel component such as a gas oil or kerosene, when intended for use in a diesel fuel composition); a poly alpha olefin; a so-called biofuel such as a fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE), a Fischer-Tropsch derived biomass-to-liquid synthesis product, a hydrogenated vegetable oil, a waste or algae oil or an alcohol such as ethanol; an aromatic solvent; any other hydrocarbon or organic solvent; or a mixture thereof.
- a suitable solvent for example an oil such as a mineral oil or Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon mixture
- a fuel component which again may be either mineral or Fischer-Tropsch derived
- a middle distillate fuel component such as
- the concentration of the VI improving additive in the fuel composition may be up to 1 %w/w (10,000ppm), suitably up to 0.5 %w/w, in cases up to 0.4 or 0.3 or 0.25 %w/w. It may be 0.001 %w/w or greater, preferably 0.01 %w/w or greater, suitably 0.02 or 0.03 or 0.04 or 0.05 %w/w or greater, in cases 0.1 or 0.2 %w/w or greater.
- Suitable concentrations may for instance be from 0.001 to 1 %w/w, or from 0.001 to 0.5 %w/w, or from 0.05 to 0.5 %w/w, or from 0.05 to 0.25 %w/w, for example from 0.05 to 0.25 %w/w or from 0.1 to 0.2 %w/w.
- composition will typically consist of one or more automotive base fuels, for instance as described in more detail below, optionally together with one or more fuel additives.
- concentrations are for the VI improving additive itself, and do not take account of any solvent(s) with which its active ingredient is pre-diluted. They are based on the mass of the overall fuel composition. Two or more VI improving additives can be used in the fuel composition herein. Where a combination of two or more VI improving additives is used in the composition, the same concentration ranges may apply to the overall combination, again minus any pre-solvent(s) present.
- the concentration of the VI improving additive will depend on the desired viscosity of the overall fuel composition, the viscosity of the composition prior to incorporation of the additive, the viscosity of the additive itself and the viscosity of any solvent in which the additive is used.
- the relative proportions of the VI improving additive, fuel component(s) and any other components or additives present, in an automotive fuel composition prepared according to the present invention may also depend on other desired properties such as density, emissions performance and cetane number, in particular density.
- VI improving additive described herein can increase the lubricity of the fuel composition, as well as increasing the power output and/or acceleration characteristics.
- a fuel composition prepared according to the present invention (in particular a diesel fuel composition) will suitably have a VK 40 of 2.7 or 2.8 mm 2 /s or greater, preferably 2.9 or 3.0 or 3.1 or 3.2 or 3.3 or 3.4 mm 2 /s or greater, in cases 3.5 or 3.6 or 3.7 or 3.8 or 3.9 or even 4 mm 2 /s or greater.
- VK 40 may be up to 4.5 or 4.4 or 4.3 mm 2 /s.
- the VK 40 of the composition may be as low as 1.5 mm 2 /s, although it is preferably 1.7 or 2.0 mm 2 /s or greater. References in this specification to viscosity are, unless otherwise specified, intended to mean kinematic viscosity.
- the composition preferably has a relatively high density, for example for a diesel fuel composition 830 kg/m 3 or greater at 15°C (ASTM D-4052 or EN ISO 3675), preferably 832 kg/m 3 or greater, such as from 832 to 860 kg/m 3 . Suitably its density will be no higher than 845 kg/m 3 at 15°C, which is the upper limit of the current EN 590 diesel fuel specification.
- a fuel composition prepared according to the present invention may be for example an automotive gasoline or diesel fuel composition, in particular the latter.
- a gasoline fuel composition prepared according to the present invention may in general be any type of gasoline fuel composition suitable for use in a spark ignition (petrol) engine. It may contain, in addition to the VI improving additive, other standard gasoline fuel components. It may, for example, include a major proportion of a gasoline base fuel, which will typically have a boiling range (ASTM D-86 or EN ISO 3405) of from 20 to 210°C. A "major proportion" in this context means typically 85 %w/w or greater based on the overall fuel composition, more suitably 90 or 95 %w/w or greater, most preferably 98 or 99 or 99.5 %w/w or greater.
- a diesel fuel composition prepared according to the present invention may in general be any type of diesel fuel composition suitable for use in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. It may contain, in addition to the VI improving additive, other standard diesel fuel components. It may, for example, include a major proportion of a diesel base fuel, for instance of the type described below. Again a "major proportion" means typically 85 %w/w or greater based on the overall composition, more suitably 90 or 95 %w/w or greater, most preferably 98 or 99 or 99.5 %w/w or greater.
- a diesel fuel composition prepared according to the present invention may comprise one or more diesel fuel components of conventional type.
- Such components will typically comprise liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate fuel oil(s), for instance petroleum derived gas oils.
- fuel components may be organically or synthetically derived, and are suitably obtained by distillation of a desired range of fractions from a crude oil. They will typically have boiling points within the usual diesel range of 150 to 410°C or 170 to 370°C, depending on grade and use.
- the fuel composition will include one or more cracked products, obtained by splitting heavy hydrocarbons.
- a petroleum derived gas oil may for instance be obtained by refining and optionally (hydro)processing a crude petroleum source. It may be a single gas oil stream obtained from such a refinery process or a blend of several gas oil fractions obtained in the refinery process via different processing routes. Examples of such gas oil fractions are straight run gas oil, vacuum gas oil, gas oil as obtained in a thermal cracking process, light and heavy cycle oils as obtained in a fluid catalytic cracking unit and gas oil as obtained from a hydrocracker unit.
- a petroleum derived gas oil may comprise some petroleum derived kerosene fraction.
- Such gas oils may be processed in a hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) unit so as to reduce their sulphur content to a level suitable for inclusion in a diesel fuel composition.
- HDS hydrodesulphurisation
- a diesel base fuel may be or comprise a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component, typically a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil.
- Fischer-Tropsch derived means that a material is, or derives from, a synthesis product of a Fischer-Tropsch condensation process.
- non-Fischer-Tropsch derived may be interpreted accordingly.
- a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel or fuel component will therefore be a hydrocarbon stream in which a substantial portion, except for added hydrogen, is derived directly or indirectly from a Fischer-Tropsch condensation process.
- the carbon monoxide and hydrogen may themselves be derived from organic, inorganic, natural or synthetic sources, typically either from natural gas or from organically derived methane.
- a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component of use in the present invention may be obtained directly from the refining or the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, or indirectly for instance by fractionation or hydrotreating of the refining or synthesis product to give a fractionated or hydrotreated product.
- Hydrotreatment can involve hydrocracking to adjust the boiling range (see e.g. GB-B-2077289 and EP-A-0147873 ) and/or hydroisomerisation which can improve cold flow properties by increasing the proportion of branched paraffins.
- EP-A-0583836 describes a two-step hydrotreatment process in which a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product is firstly subjected to hydroconversion under conditions such that it undergoes substantially no isomerisation or hydrocracking (this hydrogenates the olefinic and oxygen-containing components), and then at least part of the resultant product is hydroconverted under conditions such that hydrocracking and isomerisation occur to yield a substantially paraffinic hydrocarbon fuel.
- the desired fraction(s) typically gas oil fraction(s)
- Typical catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of paraffinic hydrocarbons comprise, as the catalytically active component, a metal from Group VIII of the periodic table of the elements, in particular ruthenium, iron, cobalt or nickel. Suitable such catalysts are described for instance in EP-A-0583836 .
- Fischer-Tropsch based process is the Shell TM "Gas-to-liquids" or “GtL” technology (formerly known as the SMDS (Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis) and described in " The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis Process", van der Burgt et al, paper delivered at the 5th Synfuels Worldwide Symposium, Washington DC, November 1985 , and in the November 1989 publication of the same title from Shell International Petroleum Company Ltd, London, UK ). In the latter case, preferred features of the hydroconversion process may be as disclosed therein. This process produces middle distillate range products by conversion of a natural gas into a heavy long chain hydrocarbon (paraffin) wax which can then be hydroconverted and fractionated.
- SMDS Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis
- a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel component is preferably any suitable component derived from a gas to liquid synthesis (hereinafter a GtL component), or a component derived from an analogous Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, for instance converting gas, biomass or coal to liquid (hereinafter an XtL component).
- a Fischer-Tropsch derived component is preferably a GtL component. It may be a BtL (biomass to liquid) component.
- a suitable XtL component may be a middle distillate fuel component, for instance selected from kerosene, diesel and gas oil fractions as known in the art; such components may be generically classed as synthetic process fuels or synthetic process oils.
- an XtL component for use as a diesel fuel component is a gas oil.
- Diesel fuel components contained in a composition prepared according to the present invention will typically have a density of from 750 to 900 kg/m 3 , preferably from 800 to 860 kg/m 3 , at 15°C (ASTM D-4052 or EN ISO 3675) and/or a VK 40 of from 1.5 to 6.0 mm 2 /s (ASTM D-445 or EN ISO 3104).
- the base fuel may itself comprise a mixture of two or more diesel fuel components of the types described above. It may be or contain a so-called "biodiesel" fuel component such as a vegetable oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil or vegetable oil derivative (e.g. a fatty acid ester, in particular a fatty acid methyl ester) or another oxygenate such as an acid, ketone or ester.
- a biodiesel fuel component such as a vegetable oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil or vegetable oil derivative (e.g. a fatty acid ester, in particular a fatty acid methyl ester) or another oxygenate such as an acid, ketone or ester.
- a fatty acid ester e.g. a fatty acid ester, in particular a fatty acid methyl ester
- another oxygenate such as an acid, ketone or ester.
- Such components need not necessarily be bio-derived.
- an automotive diesel fuel composition prepared according to the present invention will suitably comply with applicable current standard specification(s) such as for example EN 590 (for Europe) or ASTM D-975 (for the USA).
- the overall fuel composition may have a density from 820 to 845 kg/m 3 at 15°C (ASTM D-4052 or EN ISO 3675); a T95 boiling point (ASTM D-86 or EN ISO 3405) of 360°C or less; a measured cetane number (ASTM D-613) of 51 or greater; a VK 40 (ASTM D-445 or EN ISO 3104) from 2 to 4.5 mm 2 /s; a sulphur content (ASTM D-2622 or EN ISO 20846) of 50 mg/kg or less; and/or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content (IP 391(mod)) of less than 11 %w/w.
- Relevant specifications may, however, differ from country to country and from year to year, and may depend on the intended use of the fuel composition.
- a diesel fuel composition prepared according to the present invention suitably contains no more than 5000 ppmw (parts per million by weight) of sulphur, typically from 2000 to 5000 ppmw, or from 1000 to 2000 ppmw, or alternatively up to 1000 ppmw.
- the composition may, for example, be a low or ultra low sulphur fuel, or a sulphur free fuel, for instance containing at most 500 ppmw, preferably no more than 350 ppmw, most preferably no more than 100 or 50 or even 10 ppmw, of sulphur.
- An automotive fuel composition prepared according to the present invention may be additivated (additive-containing) or unadditivated (additive-free). If additivated, e.g. at the refinery, it will contain minor amounts of one or more additives selected for example from anti-static agents, pipeline drag reducers, flow improvers (e.g. ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers or acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymers), lubricity additives (other than the VI improving additive described hereinabove), antioxidants and wax anti-settling agents.
- additives selected for example from anti-static agents, pipeline drag reducers, flow improvers (e.g. ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers or acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymers), lubricity additives (other than the VI improving additive described hereinabove), antioxidants and wax anti-settling agents.
- the composition may contain a minor proportion (preferably 1 %w/w or less, more preferably 0.5 %w/w (5000 ppmw) or less and most preferably 0.2 %w/w (2000 ppmw) or less), of one or more fuel additives, in addition to the VI improving additive.
- the composition may for example contain a detergent.
- Detergent-containing diesel fuel additives are known and commercially available. Such additives may be added to diesel fuels at levels intended to reduce, remove or slow the build up of engine deposits.
- detergents suitable for use in fuel additives for the present purpose include polyolefin substituted succinimides or succinamides of polyamines, for instance polyisobutylene succinimides or polyisobutylene amine succinamides, aliphatic amines, Mannich bases or amines and polyolefin (e.g. polyisobutylene) maleic anhydrides.
- Succinimide dispersant additives are described for example in GB-A-960493 , EP-A-0147240 , EP-A-0482253 , EP-A-0613938 , EP-A-0557516 and WO-A-98/42808 .
- Particularly preferred are polyolefin substituted succinimides such as polyisobutylene succinimides.
- a fuel additive mixture useable in a fuel composition prepared according to the present invention may contain other components in addition to the detergent.
- lubricity enhancers e.g. alkoxylated phenol formaldehyde polymers
- anti-foaming agents e.g. polyether-modified polysiloxanes
- ignition improvers cetane improvers
- cetane improvers e.g. 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN), cyclohexyl nitrate, di-tert-butyl peroxide and those disclosed in US-A-4208190 at column 2, line 27 to column 3, line 21
- anti-rust agents e.g.
- succinic acid derivative having on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 20 to 500 carbon atoms, e.g. the pentaerythritol diester of polyisobutylene-substituted succinic acid); corrosion inhibitors; reodorants; anti-wear additives; antioxidants (e.g.
- phenolics such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, or phenylenediamines such as N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine); metal deactivators; combustion improvers; static dissipator additives; cold flow improvers; and wax anti-settling agents.
- Such a fuel additive mixture may contain a lubricity enhancer (in addition to the viscosity improving (VI) additive described hereinabove), especially when the fuel composition has a low (e.g. 500 ppmw or less) sulphur content.
- the lubricity enhancer is conveniently present at a concentration of less than 1000 ppmw, preferably between 50 and 1000 ppmw, more preferably between 70 and 1000 ppmw.
- Suitable commercially available lubricity enhancers include ester- and acid-based additives.
- Other lubricity enhancers are described in the patent literature, in particular in connection with their use in low sulphur content diesel fuels, for example in:
- an advantage of the present invention is that the amount of other lubricity additives can be reduced or even eliminated.
- the fuel composition may also be preferred for the fuel composition to contain an anti-foaming agent, more preferably in combination with an anti-rust agent and/or a corrosion inhibitor and/or a lubricity enhancing additive.
- the (active matter) concentration of each such additive component in the additivated fuel composition is preferably up to 10000 ppmw, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1000 ppmw, advantageously from 0.1 to 300 ppmw, such as from 0.1 to 150 ppmw.
- the (active matter) concentration of any dehazer in the fuel composition will preferably be in the range from 0.1 to 20 ppmw, more preferably from 1 to 15 ppmw, still more preferably from 1 to 10 ppmw, advantageously from 1 to 5 ppmw.
- the (active matter) concentration of any ignition improver present will preferably be 2600 ppmw or less, more preferably 2000 ppmw or less, conveniently from 300 to 1500 ppmw.
- the (active matter) concentration of any detergent in the fuel composition will preferably be in the range from 5 to 1500 ppmw, more preferably from 10 to 750 ppmw, most preferably from 20 to 500 ppmw.
- one or more additive components may be co-mixed - preferably together with suitable diluent(s) - in an additive concentrate, and the additive concentrate may then be dispersed into a base fuel or fuel composition.
- the VI improving additive may, in accordance with the present invention, be incorporated into such an additive formulation.
- the fuel additive mixture will typically contain a detergent, optionally together with other components as described above, and a diesel fuel-compatible diluent, which may be a mineral oil, a solvent such as those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark "SHELLSOL", a polar solvent such as an ester and, in particular, an alcohol, e.g. hexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, decanol, isotridecanol and alcohol mixtures such as those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark "LINEVOL”, especially LINEVOL 79 alcohol which is a mixture of C 7-9 primary alcohols, or a C 12-14 alcohol mixture which is commercially available.
- a diesel fuel-compatible diluent which may be a mineral oil, a solvent such as those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark "SHELLSOL”, a polar solvent such as an ester and, in particular, an alcohol, e.g. hexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, decan
- the total content of the additives in the fuel composition may be suitably between 0 and 10000 ppmw and preferably below 5000 ppmw.
- amounts (concentrations, %v/v, ppmw, %w/w) of components are of active matter, i.e. exclusive of volatile solvents/diluent materials.
- gasoline fuel compositions which for example may contain polyisobutylene/amine and/or polyisobutylene/amide copolymers as detergent additives.
- the VI improving additive, and the concentration at which it is used in the fuel composition will be such as to cause an increase in the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of the composition of 10°C or less, preferably 5 or 2 or 1°C or less. Preferably it will be such as to cause no increase in CFPP. In cases it may be such as to cause a decrease in CFPP.
- Increases in CFPP may be as compared to the CFPP of the fuel composition prior to incorporation of the VI improving additive. They may be as compared to the CFPP of an otherwise analogous fuel composition which is intended (e.g. marketed) for use in an internal combustion (in particular diesel) engine, prior to adding a VI improving additive to it. CFPPs may be measured using the standard test method EN 116.
- the VI improving additive, and the concentration at which it is used in the fuel composition will be such as to cause an increase in the cloud point of the composition of 10°C or less, preferably 5 or 2 or 1°C or less. Preferably it will be such as to cause no increase in cloud point. In cases it may be such as to cause a decrease in cloud point.
- Increases in cloud point may be as compared to that of the fuel composition prior to incorporation of the VI improving additive. They may be as compared to the cloud point of an otherwise analogous fuel composition which is intended (e.g. marketed) for use in an internal combustion (in particular diesel) engine, prior to adding a VI improving additive to it. Cloud points may be measured using the standard test method EN 23015.
- a VI improving additive in a fuel composition means incorporating the VI improving additive into the composition, typically as a blend (i.e. a physical mixture) with one or more fuel components (typically diesel base fuels) and optionally with one or more fuel additives.
- the VI improving additive is conveniently incorporated before the composition is introduced into an engine which is to be run on the composition.
- the use may involve running an engine on the fuel composition containing the VI improving additive, typically by introducing the composition into a combustion chamber of the engine.
- "Use” of a VI improving additive may also embrace supplying such an additive together with instructions for its use in an automotive fuel composition to achieve one or more of the purpose(s) described above, in particular to improve the acceleration performance of an internal combustion (typically diesel) engine into which the composition is, or is intended to be, introduced.
- an internal combustion typically diesel
- the VI improving additive may itself be supplied as a component of a formulation which is suitable for and/or intended for use as a fuel additive, in particular a diesel fuel additive, in which case the VI improving additive may be included in such a formulation for the purpose of influencing its effects on the lubricity of an automotive fuel composition, and/or its effects on the acceleration performance and/or power output of an engine into which a fuel composition is, or is intended to be, introduced.
- the VI improving additive may be incorporated into an additive formulation or package along with one or more other fuel additives. It may, for instance, be combined, in an additive formulation, with one or more fuel additives selected from detergents, anti-corrosion additives, esters, poly alpha olefins, long chain organic acids, components containing amine or amide active centres, and mixtures thereof. In particular, it may be combined with one or more so-called performance additives, which will typically include at least a detergent.
- fuel additives selected from detergents, anti-corrosion additives, esters, poly alpha olefins, long chain organic acids, components containing amine or amide active centres, and mixtures thereof.
- performance additives which will typically include at least a detergent.
- the VI improving additive may be dosed directly into a fuel component or composition, for example at the refinery. It may be pre-diluted in a suitable fuel component which subsequently forms part of the overall automotive fuel composition.
- two or more VI improving additives may be used in an automotive fuel composition for the purpose(s) described above.
- a process for the preparation of an automotive fuel composition involves blending an automotive base fuel with a VI improving additive, wherein the VI improving additive is a star-shaped isoprene polymer.
- the blending may be carried out for one or more of the purposes described above, in particular with respect to the lubricity of the resultant fuel composition and/or its effect on the acceleration performance and/or power output of an internal combustion engine into which it is, or is intended to be, introduced.
- the composition may in particular be a diesel fuel composition.
- the VI improving additive may, for example, be blended with other components of the composition, in particular the base fuel, at the refinery. Alternatively, it may be added to an automotive fuel composition downstream of the refinery. It may be added as part of an additive package which contains one or more other fuel additives.
- a further aspect of the present invention provides a method of operating an internal combustion engine, and/or a vehicle which is powered by such an engine, which method involves introducing into a combustion chamber of the engine a fuel composition described hereinabove. Again the fuel composition is preferably introduced for one or more of the purposes described in connection with the present invention. Thus, the engine is preferably operated with the fuel composition for the purpose of improving its lubricity and/or acceleration performance and/or power output.
- the engine may in particular be a diesel engine. It may be a turbo charged engine, in particular a turbo charged diesel engine.
- the diesel engine may be of the direct injection type, for example of the rotary pump, in-line pump, unit pump, electronic unit injector or common rail type, or of the indirect injection type. It may be a heavy or a light duty diesel engine. It may in particular be an electronic unit direct injection (EUDI) engine.
- EUDI electronic unit direct injection
- any feature disclosed herein may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same or a similar purpose.
- Fuel blends were prepared by combining a diesel base fuel (meeting the European diesel fuel specification EN590) with a viscosity index (VI) improving additive.
- the viscosity index (VI) additives used in the present experiments were SV150, SV260, SV300 and SV600, at a treat rate of either 500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg.
- SV150 is a linear, di-block polymer commercially available from Infineum and is used in the present examples as a comparison.
- SV260 is a star-shaped styrene-polyisoprene polymer commercially available from Infineum.
- SV300 is a star-shaped styrene-polyisoprene polymer commercially available from Infineum.
- SV600 is a star-shaped styrene-polyisoprene polymer commercially available from Infineum.
- the VI improving additives were pre-blended with Shellsol A150 solvent (commercially available from Shell).
- the weight ratio of VI improving additive to Shellsol A150 was 1:8.
- Table 1 The fuel specification of the diesel base fuel used in the present examples is shown in Table 1 below.
- Table 1 Specification of Diesel Base Fuel (CEC RF-79-07) Property Units Limits Min. Max. Cetane Number - 52.0 54.0 Density at 15°C kg/m 3 833.0 837.0 Distillation IBP °C - - Distillation 10% v/v °C - - Distillation 50% v/v °C 245.0 - Distillation 90% v/v °C - - Distillation 95% v/v °C 345.0 350.0 Distillation FBP °C - 370.0 Flash Point °C 62 - CFPP °C - -5 Viscosity at 40°C mm 2 /s 2300 3300 Aromatics, Total %wt - - Aromatics, Mono %wt - - Aromatics, Di Wt% - - Aromatics, Tri+ Wt% - - Aromatics, Poly (2+
- Table 2 Manufacturer Ford Engine Code DW10XE Displacement (ltr)/layout 2.0/In line 4 Max Power (kW) @ (rpm) 100kW@4000 r/min Max Torque (Nm) (rpm) 320Nm@2000 r/min Injection Type/Manufacturer Common Rail (CR)/Continental, 1600 bar EMS Manufacturer Continental Emissions Class Euro 4 Lubricant Shell Helix Ultra
- the fuel blends were also subjected to an HFRR test (according to ISO 12156) in order to measure their lubricity.
- the HFRR High Friction Reciprocating Rig
- the test uses a 6 mm diameter steel ball loaded and reciprocated against the flat surface of a stationary steel disc immersed in fuel. At the end of each test, the ball and disc are removed from the test rig, rinsed with toluene and iso-propanol, and then treated with a 0.05 wt% solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 60s.
- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Topography images were then obtained and analysed to determine wear volumes of the wear scars on the ball and the disc using the SWLI Veeco Wyko model NT9100.
- the instrument was set in Vertical Scanning Interferometry (VSI) mode, calibrated to measure rough surfaces with a nanometer detection range.
- VSI Vertical Scanning Interferometry
- the results of the HFRR tests are set out in Table 4 below.
- the % change in wear scar diameter is compared to the unadditised base fuel (containing Shellsol A150) (designated in Table 4 as Example 8).
- a negative result in % change denotes a benefit.
- Table 3 E.g.
- the fuel blend which contained the star-shaped styrene-polyisoprene polymer SV300 showed a significant increase in power benefit (both at 1000mg/kg and 500mg/kg) (see Examples 4 and 5) compared with the fuel blends which contained the linear, di-block polymer SV150 (see Examples 2 and 3).
- the fuel blend which contained the star-shaped styrene-polyisoprene polymer SV600 at 1000mg/kg showed an increase in power benefit compared to the base fuel (see Examples 6 and 7). Although the fuel blend containing the star-shaped styrene-polyisoprene polymer SV600 at 1000mg/kg did not show as large a power benefit as the fuel blend containing the linear, di-block polymer SV150, it exhibited significantly better lubricity performance (see Examples 6 and 13).
- the fuel blend which contained 1000 mg/kg of the star-shaped styrene-polyisoprene polymer SV260 (Example 15) showed improved lubricity performance compared to the fuel blend containing 1000 mg/kg of SV150 (Example 9).
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US201862741585P | 2018-10-05 | 2018-10-05 | |
PCT/EP2019/076818 WO2020070246A1 (en) | 2018-10-05 | 2019-10-03 | Fuel compositions |
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EP (1) | EP3861090B1 (pt) |
JP (1) | JP7406551B2 (pt) |
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NL272563A (pt) | 1960-12-16 | |||
FR2362208A1 (fr) | 1976-08-17 | 1978-03-17 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de valorisation d'effluents obtenus dans des syntheses de type fischer-tropsch |
US4208190A (en) | 1979-02-09 | 1980-06-17 | Ethyl Corporation | Diesel fuels having anti-wear properties |
NL8003313A (nl) | 1980-06-06 | 1982-01-04 | Shell Int Research | Werkwijze voor de bereiding van middeldestillaten. |
US4478955A (en) | 1981-12-21 | 1984-10-23 | The Standard Oil Company | Upgrading synthesis gas |
IN161735B (pt) | 1983-09-12 | 1988-01-30 | Shell Int Research | |
CA1270642A (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1990-06-26 | John Vincent Hanlon | Fuel compositions |
EP0482253A1 (en) | 1990-10-23 | 1992-04-29 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited | Environmentally friendly fuel compositions and additives therefor |
US5490864A (en) | 1991-08-02 | 1996-02-13 | Texaco Inc. | Anti-wear lubricity additive for low-sulfur content diesel fuels |
WO1993006194A1 (en) | 1991-09-13 | 1993-04-01 | Chevron Research And Technology Company | Fuel additive compositions containing polyisobutenyl succinimides |
EP0583836B2 (en) | 1992-08-18 | 2002-02-13 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Process for the preparation of hydrocarbon fuels |
GB9301119D0 (en) | 1993-01-21 | 1993-03-10 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Fuel composition |
GB9304350D0 (en) | 1993-03-03 | 1993-04-21 | Bp Chemicals Additives | Fuel and lubricating oil compositions |
GB9411614D0 (en) | 1994-06-09 | 1994-08-03 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Fuel oil compositions |
TW449617B (en) | 1996-07-05 | 2001-08-11 | Shell Int Research | Fuel oil compositions |
EP0968259B1 (en) | 1997-03-21 | 2002-08-28 | Infineum Holdings BV | Fuel oil compositions |
AU2009228775B2 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2012-06-14 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Automotive fuel compositions |
RU2013131112A (ru) | 2010-12-08 | 2015-01-20 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. | Улучшения в облости экономии топлива |
BR112013014259A2 (pt) * | 2010-12-08 | 2016-09-20 | Shell Int Research | uso de um componente de aumento da viscosidade em uma composição de combustível, ou de uma composição de combustível, método de operar um motor de combustão interna e/ou um veículo que é energizado por tal motor, e, método de obter um desempenho viscosimétrico alvo associado com um lubrificante de um motor de combustão interna |
US8968427B2 (en) | 2010-12-24 | 2015-03-03 | Shell Oil Company | Blending fuels |
US9133413B2 (en) | 2011-12-21 | 2015-09-15 | Infineum International Limited | Viscosity index improvers for lubricating oil compositions |
EP2825619B1 (en) * | 2012-03-16 | 2017-05-17 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Use of a viscosity improver |
TWI604570B (zh) | 2015-07-23 | 2017-11-01 | 精材科技股份有限公司 | 一種晶片尺寸等級的感測晶片封裝體及其製造方法 |
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JP7406551B2 (ja) | 2023-12-27 |
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