EP3847757A1

EP3847757A1 - Circular hopping pattern

Info

Publication number: EP3847757A1
Application number: EP19762130.3A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Gerd Kilian; Albert Heuberger; Jörg Robert; Jakob KNEISSL
Original assignee: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Current assignee: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date: 2018-09-06
Filing date: 2019-08-29
Publication date: 2021-07-14
Also published as: DE102018215191A1; WO2020048869A1

Abstract

Embodiments provide a data transmitter of a communications system, wherein the communications system communicates wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communications system for communication, wherein the data transmitter is designed to divide a data packet due for transmission into a plurality of sub-data-packets, which are each shorter than the data packet, wherein the data transmitter is designed to send out a data signal including the plurality of sub-data-packets according to a hopping pattern in order to transmit the plurality of sub-data-packets in a distributed manner according to a frequency- and/or time-hop-based assignment of the frequency band specified by the hopping pattern, wherein the data transmitter si is designed to derive the hopping pattern from a basic hopping pattern based on a shifting of the basic hopping pattern in frequency and/or time.

Description

Circular jump patterns

description

Embodiments of the present invention relate to an end point and a base station of a communication system that communicates wirelessly in a frequency band that is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. Further exemplary embodiments relate to methods for operating an end point and a base station of such a communication system ms. Some exemplary embodiments relate to circular jump patterns.

From [1] the T elegram splitting method (telegram splitting method) is known, according to which a telegram (or data packet) is divided into a plurality of sub-data packets which are distributed in time and optionally in frequency using a jump pattern be transmitted.

[3] describes an improved range for LPWAN systems (LPWAN = Low Power Wide Area Network) that use the Telegram splitting method.

[4] describes an improved transmission security for LPWAN systems that use the telegram splitting method.

With LPWAN systems, a large number of participants (e.g. sensor nodes) usually access the available frequency band at the same time. However, the base station of an LPWAN system, whose subscribers access the frequency band based on the telegram splitting method, is not known for a time window considered whether, and if so, how many subscribers and with which hopping patterns the subscribers access the common frequency band .

The base station must therefore detect the sub-data packets of the participants in the LPWAN system, which are transmitted in accordance with the respective hopping pattern, which represents a considerable computational effort in the case of a large number of different hopping patterns and is therefore disadvantageous in particular in the case of battery-operated base stations. The present invention is therefore based on the object of creating a concept which enables the base station to perform the necessary computational effort to detect a large number of accesses to the base station based on different jump patterns

Detect frequency band.

This problem is solved by the independent claims.

Advantageous further developments can be found in the dependent claims.

Embodiments create a data transmitter of a communication system, the data transmitter being designed to transmit a data packet to be transmitted [e.g. of the physical layer in the OSI model] into a plurality of sub-data packets, each shorter than the data packet, the data transmitter being designed to transmit a data signal that has the plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with a jump pattern [e.g. within a permissible frequency and / or time range] in order to transmit the plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with a frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment indicated by the hopping pattern [e.g. according to the resource elements indicated by the jump pattern; e.g. distributed according to the hopping pattern in a subset of the resource elements indicated by the hopping pattern of the resource elements of the communication system that can be used for the transmission of the data signal] of the frequency band, the data transmitter being designed to convert the hopping pattern from a basic hopping pattern based on a [e.g. by a] shift of the basic hopping pattern in frequency and / or time.

In exemplary embodiments, the communication system can communicate wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication.

In exemplary embodiments, the shift in the basic jump pattern based on which the data transmitter derives the jump pattern from the basic jump pattern can differ from a shift in the same basic jump pattern based on which another data transmitter in the communication system derives a different jump pattern from the same basic jump pattern [eg so that the sub-data packets transmitted with the data signal in accordance with the hopping pattern and the sub-data packets transmitted by the other data transmitter in accordance with the other hopping pattern do not overlap or collide only partially]. In exemplary embodiments, the data transmitter can be designed to, when the jump pattern is derived from the basic jump pattern, a jump of the jump pattern lying outside of a permissible frequency and / or time range based on a [for example by a] cyclical shift [for example of the jump] in the permissible frequency and / or to shift the time range.

In exemplary embodiments, the cyclical shift can start from a limit of the permissible frequency and / or time range by a time and / or frequency value [e.g. Number of frequency channels or time slots] the step pattern jumps outside the permissible frequency and / or time range by the same time and / or frequency value [e.g. same number of frequency channels or time slots] are shifted from an opposite limit of the frequency and / or time range into the permissible frequency and / or time range.

In exemplary embodiments, the cyclic shift of the jump of the hopping pattern lying outside the permissible frequency and / or time range into the permissible frequency and / or time range can take place based on a modulo operation.

In embodiments, the allowable frequency range may be within band limits of the frequency band [e.g. the permissible frequency range is limited by band limits of the frequency band].

In embodiments, the communication system may access the frequency band based on [e.g. periodically] consecutive time periods take place, the permissible time range being within one of the time periods [e.g. wherein the allowable time range is limited by the time period, or wherein the allowable time range is a data transmission period of the time period [e.g. which follows a signaling section].

In embodiments, the allowable frequency range [or frequency band] can be divided into frequency channels, the frequency value being a number of frequency channels.

In exemplary embodiments, the permissible time range can be divided into time slots, the time value being a number of time slots. In exemplary embodiments, the basic hopping pattern can indicate an uneven occupancy of frequency channels into which the frequency band is divided [eg so that at least one frequency channel has a different number of occupancies than another frequency channel; For example, frequency channel 12 can be occupied 3 times, while channel 23 and channel 6 are not occupied, whereby channels 23 and 6 can still be occupied by the cyclical shift].

In exemplary embodiments, the data transmitter can be designed to derive the hopping pattern from the basic hopping pattern based on a random or pseudo-random shift in the basic hopping pattern in frequency and / or time.

In exemplary embodiments, the pseudo-random shift of the basic jump pattern can be based on an intrinsic parameter of the data transmitter, such as a CRC (= cyclic redundancy check, German: cyclic redundancy check), a CMAC (= cipher-based message authentication code, or cipher-based message authentication code) or an ID (= identification) of the data sender.

In exemplary embodiments, the data transmitter can be designed to provide pilot sequences to at least two of the plurality of sub-data packets.

In embodiments, the data transmitter may be configured to receive a control signal [e.g. from a base station] of the communication system, the control signal having information about the basic jump pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the data transmitter can be designed to synchronize itself in time and / or frequency with the control signal.

In embodiments, the data transmitter may be configured to receive a control signal [e.g. from a base station] of the communication system, wherein the control signal has information about a permissible frequency and / or time range for transmitting the data signal with the plurality of sub-data packets, wherein the data transmitter can be designed to transmit the data signal with the plurality of Sub-data packets to be transmitted within the permissible frequency and / or time range.

In exemplary embodiments, the data transmitter can be designed to receive a control signal [for example from a base station of the communication system], the control signal having information about a channel access pattern, the channel access pattern being one Indicates frequency and / or time hopping-based occupancy of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system, wherein the data transmitter can be designed to determine the channel access pattern based on the information about the channel access pattern, the hopping pattern being a relative channel access pattern, the relative channel access pattern being the specifies the occupancy to be used of the usable frequency and / or time hopping-based occupancy specified by the channel access pattern, wherein the data transmitter can be designed to use the data signal to use the plurality of sub-data packets in at least one subset of the subset specified by the relative channel access pattern of the usable range specified by the channel access pattern to send frequency and / or time-based occupancy of the frequency band.

In exemplary embodiments, the data transmitter can be an end point of the communication system.

In embodiments, the end point can be battery powered.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a data receiver of a communication system, the data packet being divided into a plurality of sub-data packets, each of which is shorter than the data packet, and the plurality of sub-data packets using a data signal corresponding to a hopping pattern for the transmission of a data packet within the communication system are transmitted in a subset of usable resource elements of the communication system, at least two of the plurality of sub-data packets having a pilot sequence, the hopping pattern being derived from a basic hopping pattern based on a shift in the basic hopping pattern in frequency and / or time, the data receiver being designed is the resource elements that can be used by the communication system for the transmission of the pilot sequence-containing sub-data packets of the plurality of sub-data packets or by the communication system for the transmission de r Correlate a plurality of resource elements that can be used for sub-data packets [for example defined by time slots and frequency channels of the frequency band] of the communication system with a reference sequence [for example that corresponds to the pilot sequence] in order to obtain correlation results for the usable resource elements and for the correlation results [for example the position of the resource elements that can be used in terms of time and frequency [for example, frequency channels and / or time slots that are not used are “masked out”]] into an at least one-dimensional array of correlation results, the data receiver being designed to correlate the at least one-dimensional array of To carry out correlation results with an at least one-dimensional array of reference values, the at least one-dimensional array of reference values being derived from the basic jump pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver can be designed to detect the plurality of sub-data packets based on the correlation of the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results with the at least one-dimensional array of reference values.

In exemplary embodiments, the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results can be a two-dimensional array of correlation results, the at least one-dimensional array of reference values being a two-dimensional array of reference values.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver can be designed to carry out a two-dimensional correlation of the two-dimensional array of correlation results with the two-dimensional array of reference values.

In exemplary embodiments, the two-dimensional correlation can be a two-dimensional cross-correlation in the time domain.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver can be designed to carry out the two-dimensional correlation in the frequency domain.

In embodiments, the data receiver may be configured to transform the two-dimensional array of correlation results into the frequency domain [e.g., using DFT or FFT] to obtain a transformed version of the two-dimensional array of correlation results, and the data receiver may be configured to transform two-dimensional array of reference values into the frequency domain [e.g., using DFT or FFT] to obtain a transformed version of the two-dimensional array of reference values, wherein the data receiver may be configured to either the two-dimensional array of correlation results or the two -dimensional array of reference values before To mirror transformation in the frequency domain, wherein the data receiver can be designed to multiply the transformed version of the two-dimensional array of correlation results and the transformed version of the two-dimensional array of reference values element by element to obtain a two-dimensional multiplication result, whereby the data receiver can be designed to transform the multiplication result into the time domain in order to obtain an overall correlation result.

In embodiments, the data receiver may be configured to transform the two-dimensional array of correlation results into a virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results, and the data receiver may be configured to transform the two-dimensional array of reference values into a virtual one-dimensional level of reference values, wherein the data receiver can be designed to transform the virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results into the frequency domain [eg by means of DFT or FFT] to obtain a transformed version of the virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results, the data receiver being able to be designed to transform the virtual one-dimensional level of reference values into the frequency domain [e.g. using DFT or FFT] to obtain a transformed version of the virtual one-dimensional level of reference values, the data receiver being able to be designed to reflect either the virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results or the virtual one-dimensional level of reference values before the transformation into the frequency domain, wherein the data receiver can be configured to elementarily multiply the transformed version of the virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results or the transformed version of the virtual one-dimensional level of reference values in order to obtain a multiplication result, wherein the data receiver can be configured to convert the multiplication result into the time domain transform to get an overall correlation result.

In exemplary embodiments, the two-dimensional array of correlation results and the two-dimensional array of reference values can have the same array size.

In exemplary embodiments, the usable resource elements of the communication system can be assigned to elements of the two-dimensional array of correlation results in accordance with the position of the usable resource elements in time and frequency. In exemplary embodiments, the at least one-dimensional array of reference values can correspond to the basic jump pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the elements of the two-dimensional array of reference values that are assigned to resource elements that have a sub-data packet in accordance with the basic jump pattern, a [e.g. have standardized] reference value, which reflects the correlation length of the correlation of the pilot sequence with the reference sequence.

In exemplary embodiments, the remaining elements of the two-dimensional array of reference values can have zero as the reference value.

In embodiments, the resource elements of the communication system that can be used can be separated by frequency channels [e.g. of the frequency band] and time slots.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver can be designed to send a control signal based on which a data transmitter of the communication system can synchronize.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver can be designed to send a control signal, the control signal having information about a frequency and / or time range to be used by the data transmitter of the communication system.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver can be designed to send a control signal, the control signal having information about the resource elements that can be used by the communication system for transmitting the plurality of sub-data packets.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver can be designed to transmit a control signal, the control signal having information about a channel access pattern, the channel access pattern indicating a frequency- and / or jump-based assignment of resource elements of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system, the channel access pattern indicates the resource elements that can be used by the communication system to transmit the plurality of sub-data packets, the hopping pattern being a relative channel access pattern, the relative Channel access pattern specifies the occupancy to be used of the usable frequency and / or time-based occupancy specified by the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver can be a base station.

In embodiments, the base station can be battery operated.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for sending a data packet in a communication system. The method comprises a step of splitting a data packet to be sent [e.g. the physical layer in the OSI model] into a plurality of sub-data packets, each of which is shorter than the data packet. The method further comprises a step of deriving a jump pattern from a basic jump pattern based on a [e.g. by] shifting the basic hopping pattern in frequency and / or time. The method further comprises a step of transmitting a data signal with the plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with the hopping pattern [e.g. within a permissible frequency and / or time range], so that the plurality of sub-data packets are distributed in accordance with a frequency and / or time-based occupancy of the frequency band specified by the hopping pattern.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for transmitting data between participants in a communication system. The method comprises a step of sending a first data signal with a first plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with a first hopping pattern by a first subscriber of the communication system [for example around the first plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with a first frequency and / / or time-based allocation of the frequency band to be distributed]. Furthermore, the method comprises a step of transmitting a second data signal with a second plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with a second hopping pattern by a second subscriber of the communication system [for example around the second plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with a second frequency and / or to transmit time-jump-based occupancy of the frequency band], the first jump pattern and the second jump pattern being derived from the same basic jump pattern, the first jump pattern being derived based on a first shift in the basic jump pattern in frequency and / or time, the second Jump pattern is derived based on a second shift of the basic jump pattern in frequency and / or time, the first shift and the second Shift are different [for example, so that the sub-data packets transmitted with the first data signal in accordance with the first hopping pattern and the sub-data packets transmitted by the second data transmitter in accordance with the second hopping pattern do not overlap or only partially collide].

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for receiving data in a communication system, the data packet being divided into a plurality of sub-data packets, each of which is shorter than the data packet, and the plurality of sub-data packets being transmitted by means of in order to transmit a data packet within the communication system a data signal corresponding to a hopping pattern are transmitted in a subset of usable resource elements of the communication system, at least two of the plurality of sub-data packets having a pilot sequence, the hopping pattern being derived from a basic hopping pattern based on a shift in the basic hopping pattern in frequency and / or time . The method comprises a step of correlating the resource elements that can be used by the communication system for transmitting the pilot sequence-containing sub-data packets of the plurality of sub-data packets or the resource elements that can be used by the communication system to transmit the plurality of sub-data packets [e.g. defined by time slots and frequency channels of the frequency band] of the communication system each with a reference sequence [e.g. which corresponds to the pilot sequence] in order to obtain correlation results for the usable resource elements. The method further comprises a step of transferring the correlation results [e.g. according to the location of the usable resource elements in time and frequency [e.g. Frequency channels and / or time slots that are not used are “hidden”]] in an at least one-dimensional array of correlation results. Furthermore, the method comprises a step of performing a correlation between the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results and the at least one-dimensional array of reference values, the at least one-dimensional array of reference values being derived from the basic jump pattern.

Embodiments of the present invention are described in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures. Show it:

1 is a schematic block diagram of a communication arrangement with a first communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention, 2 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication arrangement of two mutually uncoordinated networks, each with a base station and four associated terminals, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

3 shows a diagram of a division of the frequency band into resources and a frequency- and time hopping-based assignment of the resources of the frequency band defined by two different channel access patterns, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,

Fig. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a communication system with a

Base station and a plurality of end points, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

Fig. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a controller for generating a

Channel access pattern, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

Fig. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a controller for generating a

Channel access pattern, according to a further embodiment of the present invention,

7 is a schematic block diagram of a section of the controller according to an embodiment of the present invention.

8 shows a diagram based on a Monte Carlo simulation

Histogram of the variable Afi,

9 is a diagram of a frequency and time hopping-based allocation of the resources of the frequency band defined by a channel access pattern and a projection of the channel access pattern onto a time axis, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

10 is a diagram of a resource element projected onto a time axis

Channel access pattern, which results in unused time slots, according to an embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 1 1 in a diagram projected resource elements on a time axis

Channel access pattern with an activity rate A = 1/4, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

12 shows a diagram of a resource element projected onto a time axis

Channel access pattern with an activity rate A-1/4 and a predetermined minimum distance between successive time slots of the channel access pattern, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

13 shows a time division of a channel access pattern 110 into areas of different activity rates A1, A2 and A3, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

14 is a diagram of a frequency and time hopping-based allocation of the resources of the frequency band defined by a channel access pattern, the channel access pattern additionally having resources that can be activated if required, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,

15 is a diagram of a frequency and time hopping-based allocation of the resources of the frequency band defined by a channel access pattern, a frequency region of the frequency band which is regularly more disturbed not being occupied by the channel access pattern, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,

16 shows in a diagram a frequency and time hopping-based allocation of the resources of the frequency band, defined by a channel access pattern, resources being bundled in the frequency domain, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,

Fig. 17 is a schematic block diagram of a communication system with a

Base station and two end points, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

18 shows in a diagram a usable allocation of resources of the frequency band indicated by a network-specific channel access pattern, based on a relative channel access pattern specified allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern, as well as projections of the channel access patterns on time axes before and after the removal of unused resources (for example time slots), according to one exemplary embodiment,

19 shows in a diagram a frequency and time hopping-based usable occupancy of resources of the frequency band bundled in the frequency domain, indicated by a network-specific channel access pattern, an occupancy of resources from the usable occupancy of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern indicated by a relative channel access pattern. and projections of the channel access patterns on time axes before and after removal of unused resources (for example time slots), according to one exemplary embodiment,

20 shows in a diagram a usable allocation of resources of the frequency band, which is specified by a network-specific channel access pattern, of resources of the frequency band bundled in the frequency range, an occupancy of resources, which is indicated by a relative channel access pattern, from the usable allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern, an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern indicated by another relative channel access pattern, as well as projections of the channel access patterns on time axes before and after removal of unused resources (for example time slots), according to one exemplary embodiment,

21 shows a projection of a network-specific in a diagram

Channel access pattern and a relative channel access pattern on the time axis after removal of unused resources (e.g. frequency channels and time slots), the relative channel access pattern in the frequency direction occupying several of the resources available in the frequency direction for at least part of the time jumps, according to one exemplary embodiment,

22 shows in a diagram a frequency and time hopping-based usable allocation of resources in the frequency domain bundled into blocks (or clusters) specified by a network-specific channel access pattern Frequency band, different parts of the block of connected resources being assigned different symbol rates and / or different numbers of symbols, according to one embodiment,

23 shows a projection of a network-specific in a diagram

Channel access pattern and a relative channel access pattern with D

Resources on the time axis after removal of unused resources (frequency channels and time slots), according to one embodiment,

24 in a table a resource calculation for various exemplary

Use cases,

25 in a diagram, simulation results of the packet error rate for different channel access pattern lengths M as a function of the number of simultaneously active terminals with 360 available resource elements,

26 in a diagram, simulation results of the packet error rate for different channel access pattern lengths M as a function of the number of simultaneously active terminals with 60 available resource elements,

27 in a diagram, resources of a projected onto a time axis

Channel access pattern, resources of the channel access pattern being grouped into clusters of equal length L (e.g. L = 4), the relative channel access pattern indicating an occupancy of one resource per cluster, according to one exemplary embodiment,

28 shows a schematic block diagram of a system with a data transmitter and a data receiver, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,

29 shows a diagram of an assignment of resource elements of the resource elements that can be used by the communication system, as indicated by a jump pattern of a subscriber, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, 30 shows in a diagram an assignment of resource elements indicated by a jump pattern of a subscriber and an assignment of resource elements indicated by another jump pattern of another subscriber of the resource elements usable by the communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

31 shows in a diagram an assignment of indicated by a jump pattern

Resource elements and assignments of resource elements of the resource elements usable by the communication system indicated by two other jump patterns of two other participants, the jump pattern and the two other jump patterns being derived from the same basic jump pattern, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

32 shows in a diagram an assignment of indicated by a jump pattern

Resource elements and assignments of resource elements of the resource elements usable by the communication system indicated by two other jump patterns of two other participants, the jump pattern and the two other jump patterns being derived from the same basic jump pattern, with a jump of the other jump pattern outside a permissible range of the usable resource elements of the communication system lies,

33 shows a diagram of an assignment of by a step pattern

Resource elements and assignments of resource elements of the resource elements usable by the communication system indicated by two other jump patterns of two other participants, the jump pattern and the two other jump patterns being derived from the same basic jump pattern, with a jump of the other jump pattern caused by the shift outside the permissible range the usable resource elements of the communication system would be cyclically shifted again into the permissible range of usable resource elements, 34 is a diagram of a two-dimensional (2D) array of

Correlation results, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

35 is a diagram of a two-dimensional (2D) array of reference values, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

36 shows the result (amplitude) of a two-dimensional in a diagram

Correlation of the two-dimensional array of correlation results with the two-dimensional array of reference values plotted over time, in the event that the jump pattern corresponds to the basic jump pattern,

37 shows the result (amplitude) of a two-dimensional diagram

Correlation of the two-dimensional array of correlation results with the two-dimensional array of reference values plotted against the frequency, in the event that the jump pattern corresponds to the basic jump pattern,

38 shows the result (amplitude) of a two-dimensional in a diagram

Correlation of the two-dimensional array of correlation results with the two-dimensional array of reference values plotted over time, in the event that the jump pattern was advanced by two time slots and six frequency channels over the basic jump pattern,

39 shows the result (amplitude) of a two-dimensional in a diagram

Correlation of the two-dimensional array of correlation results with the two-dimensional array of reference values plotted against the frequency, in the event that the jump pattern was advanced by two time slots and six frequency channels over the basic jump pattern,

40 is a schematic view of a transformation of the two-dimensional

Arrays of reference values from FIG. 35 in a virtual one-dimensional plane, 41 shows a flowchart of a method for sending a data packet in one

Communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

42 is a flowchart of a method for transferring data between

Participants of a communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention, and

43 is a flowchart of a method for receiving data in one

Communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

In the following description of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention, elements which are the same or have the same effect are provided with the same reference symbols in the figures, so that their description is interchangeable.

It is assumed in the following that there is a coordinating entity (hereinafter referred to as "base station") and non-coordinating participants (hereinafter referred to as "end devices") within each network.

The transmission of messages in the form of the telegram splitting method has proven to be particularly advantageous for the operation of low-energy wide area networks (LPWANs). The basic principles of this transmission principle are exemplified in [1], [3], [4]. Here, a message (data packet) is divided into a plurality of sub-data packets and transmitted to different time / frequency responses. The sequence of the transmissions of the partial data packets in time and frequency is referred to as a channel access pattern or jump pattern.

In channel access methods, for example, “contention based access” is often used in LPWAN networks. No exclusively allocated resources are available to the end devices, but several end devices independently access a common range of radio resources. This can lead to access conflicts, ie the simultaneous occupancy of radio resources by two or more participants. In order to minimize the impact of such access conflicts, the end devices have a supply of channel access patterns (jump patterns) which are different from one another. The more Jump patterns are available, the less likely it is that two or more devices will use the same jump pattern.

As a rule, the base station does not know in advance within a considered period of time whether, how many and with which channel access patterns terminal devices access the radio channel. An important function of the base station is therefore the detection of transmitted data packets. For this purpose, the base station must search for all available radio resources for data transmissions with all possible hopping patterns. T. requires considerable effort in (signal) processing resources and thus a corresponding use of energy. Especially in large networks with a comparatively large number of end devices, many jump patterns are used so that the mutual probability of interference is minimized. All the jump patterns used must be searched by the base station as part of the detection, which means a considerable amount of computation, especially in the case of a large number of jump patterns, and is therefore disadvantageous in particular in the case of non-mains-operated base stations (battery life).

One way to reduce the computing power and thus the power consumption would be to reduce the number of jump patterns. This would also reduce the computing requirement, which increases the life of the battery.

A disadvantage of the reduction in the number of jump patterns, however, is that the immunity to interference between the participants in the system increases.

Typically, the different patterns are detected in several stages. First, a “correlation” based on the pilot sequences in the (sub) data packets is carried out. The result is then combined by a combination according to the defined jump patterns.

The second step must be carried out separately for each jump pattern used, so the computing power increases linearly with the number of jump patterns used.

This is where exemplary embodiments of the present invention come in, according to which the combination of the “correlation results” is optimized by a skilful choice of jump patterns. Before exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in section C, which enable energy to be saved on the part of the base station, in particular in the event that a large number of terminal devices send telegrams in comparatively large communication systems, section A first explains how communication systems which are used in communicate in the same frequency band, can be separated from one another by different channel access patterns, and then explains in section B how one or more participants in a communication system can use a relative channel access pattern to access a selection of the resources released for the communication system by the network-specific channel access pattern.

A. Network specific channel access patterns

1 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication arrangement 100 with a first communication system 102_1, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

The first communication system 102_1 can have a base station 104J and one or more end points 106_1-106_n, where n is a natural number greater than or equal to one. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the first communication system 102_1 has four end points 106_1-106_4 for illustration purposes, but the first communication system 104_1 can likewise have 1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 or even 100,000 end points.

The first communication system 102_1 can be designed to communicate wirelessly in a frequency band (e.g. a license-free and / or license-free frequency band, e.g. ISM band), which is used for communication by a plurality of communication systems. The frequency band can have a significantly larger bandwidth (e.g. at least a factor of two larger) than the reception filter of the participants in the first communication system 102_1.

As indicated in FIG. 1, a second communication system 102_2 and a third communication system 102_3 can be within range of the first communication system 102_1, these three communication systems 102_1, 102_2 and 102_3 being able to use the same frequency band for wireless communication. In exemplary embodiments, the first communication system 102_1 can be designed to use different frequencies or frequency channels of the frequency band (for example, into which the frequency band is divided) in sections (for example, time slot-wise) for communication based on a channel access pattern, regardless of whether this is from another communication system ( For example, the second communication system 102_2 and / or the third communication system 102_3) can be used, the channel access pattern differing from another channel access pattern based on which at least one other communication system of the plurality of other communication systems (for example the second communication system 102_2) accesses the frequency band .

In such a communication arrangement 100, as shown in FIG. 1, the signals of mutually uncoordinated communication systems (for example the first communication system 102_1 and the second communication system 102_2) can thus be separated from one another by different channel access patterns, so that mutual interference from interference is avoided or is minimized.

For example, participants in the first communication system 102_1, such as a base station 104_1 and a plurality of end points 106_1 -106_4, based on a first channel access pattern (for example which indicates a frequency hopping-based assignment (for example of resources) of the frequency band which can be used for the communication of the first communication system 102_1), communicate wirelessly with one another, while participants in the second communication system 102_2, such as a base station 104_2 and a plurality of end points 106_5-106_8, based on a second channel access pattern (for example which indicates a frequency hopping-based assignment (for example of resources) of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the second communication system 102_2), communicate wirelessly with one another, the first channel access pattern and the second channel access pattern are different (e.g. have an overlap in the resources used of less than 20%, ideally no overlap).

As already mentioned, the communication systems (e.g. the first communication system 102_1 and the second communication system 102_2) are uncoordinated with one another.

The fact that the communication systems 102_1, 102_2, 102_3 are uncoordinated with one another here means that the communication systems do not exchange information with one another (= between the communication systems) about the channel access pattern used in each case, or in other words that a communication system has no knowledge of the channel access pattern used by another communication system. The first communication system 102_1 therefore does not know which channel access pattern is used by another communication system (for example the second communication system 102_2).

Exemplary embodiments thus relate to a communication arrangement 100 of radio networks (or communication systems) 102_1, 102J2, which are uncoordinated with one another and possibly also unsynchronized with one another, for data transmission, which access a shared frequency band. In other words, there are at least two radio networks 102_1, 102_2, which each work independently of one another. Both networks 102_1, 102_2 use the same frequency band.

In the case of exemplary embodiments, it is assumed that only a (small) part of the frequency band is used for each individual data transmission, such as a frequency channel or a partial frequency channel. For example, the frequency band can be broken down into (sub) frequency channels, a frequency channel being a real subset of the entire frequency band. The entirety of all available frequency channels constitutes the frequency band used. The transmission of a message (data packet) can e.g. in the telegram splitting process take place successively over a sequence of different frequency channels. In this case, exemplary embodiments are particularly useful.

Networks (or communication systems) 102_1, 102_2 are often arranged locally so that transmission signals from participants in a network (e.g. communication system 102_2) can also be received by participants in other nearby networks (e.g. communication system 102_1). They therefore appear there as interference signals (interferences) which can fundamentally impair the performance of a radio transmission system considerably, as is shown in FIG. 2.

2 shows a schematic view of two mutually uncoordinated networks 102_1, 102_2, each with a base station (BS 1) 104_1, (BS 2) 104_2 and four associated terminals 106_1-106_4, 106_5-106_8. In other words, FIG. 2 shows an exemplary network topology for two networks 102_1, 102_2 with base stations (BS 1) 104_1, (BS 2) 104_2 and four terminals 106_1-106_4, 106_5-106_8 each. The red dashed arrows 108 exemplarily symbolize potential interference signals, ie the radio subscribers can receive the transmit signals of the subscribers from the other network as interference signals. Depending on the circumstances, a variety of networks be within range of each other so that the participants (base stations or end devices) may be exposed to a significant number of interferers from other networks.

If (as mentioned above) the frequency band is divided into individual, non-overlapping frequency channels as a shared resource, the effect of the interference signals can be significantly reduced. In networks that are coordinated with each other, a part of the frequency band (a number of frequency channels) can be assigned to each network exclusively, so that the mutual interference (interference) can be minimized. This is not possible in completely uncoordinated networks.

In embodiments, therefore, access to the physical transmission medium (i.e. the physical radio channel) in each network is designed such that at least one is off

a) channel access, i.e. the frequency and time occupancy of the radio channel in one network has as little overlap in time and frequency as possible with the channel access in other networks of the same standard (high degree of "orthogonality"), b) the channel access within desired specifications (e.g. average access frequency per time ) has a (pseudo) random character ("randomness"),

c) as long as there are no longer sequences of (in time and frequency) identical channel access avoidable between networks ("avoidance of systematic overlaps"),

d) all frequency channels within the frequency band are used as evenly as possible in order to achieve the highest possible frequency diversity and, if necessary, compliance with official, regulatory requirements ("even distribution of frequency channel use"),

e) the information about frequency and time occupancy of the radio channel e.g. for to one

Network new participants with the lowest possible

Signaling effort can be transmitted ("reduction of

Signaling information "),

is satisfied.

In simple terms, in the case of exemplary embodiments, a mutual interference between several networks (inter-network interference) is reduced in that the channel access to the shared frequency band takes place differently in frequency and time, preferably “orthogonally” and with a (pseudo) random character . To illustrate, it is assumed below that, apart from the division of the frequency band into discrete frequency channels (indices cO, c1, c2, ...), there is also a time discretization of the accesses within each network. The associated time resources are referred to as time slots and are provided in FIG. 3 with the indices tO, t1, t2, .... However, both requirements (discretization in frequency and time) are not necessary requirements for the use of exemplary embodiments.

In detail, FIG. 3 shows in a diagram a division of the frequency band into resources and a frequency and time jump based allocation of the resources of the frequency band defined by two different channel access patterns. The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

For example, participants in the first communication system 102_1 can be based on the first channel access pattern 110_1, which is a frequency hopping-based assignment of usable for the communication of the first communication system 102_1

Resources of the frequency band indicate to communicate wirelessly with one another while subscribers of the second communication system 102J2 based on the second channel access pattern 110_2, which is a frequency hopping-based assignment of usable for the communication of the second communication system 102_2

Frequency band resources indicate to communicate wirelessly with each other, the first channel access pattern and the second channel access pattern being different (e.g., having an overlap of less than 20%, ideally having no overlap).

In other words, FIG. 3 shows in the form of a grid pattern an overview of all fundamentally available resources in frequency and time (schematic representation of the frequency channels and time slots as well as exemplary channel access patterns), an individual resource element in the first communication network 102_1 determining by assigning a frequency channel index and a time slot index is. As an example, the resources that can be occupied by the first communication network 102_1 are the resource elements identified by reference numerals 112_1. A channel access pattern 110_1 represents the set of all resources that can be occupied within a communication network. For the first communication network 102_1, these are all resource elements identified by reference symbols 112_1, which are connected by arrows. In an equivalent manner, the channel access pattern of a further communication network (for example the second communication network 102_2) is entered as an example in FIG. 3 (all resource elements identified by reference symbol 112_2, which are connected by arrows ), which is not anchored in the same frequency and time grid as the first communication network 102_1 (resource elements are shifted in frequency and time from the basic grid by the first communication network 102_1).

It is important to differentiate between

• all fundamentally (maximum) available resource elements, i.e. the total amount of all resource elements from which the channel access pattern selects a suitable subset (e.g. all elements of the grid in FIG. 3),

All resource elements actually included in the channel access pattern (in FIG. 3 all resource elements provided with reference numerals 1 12_1) and

• The amount of resource elements (of the channel access pattern) that are actually used for data transmission in the network (for example, only one in three resource elements in the channel access pattern could actually be used with a small amount of data).

The design of the channel access pattern thus also means a determination of the actively usable resource reserve for this communication network (or communication system).

In the following, exemplary embodiments of base stations, endpoints and / or communication systems are described that use channel access patterns for communication that meet at least one of the above-mentioned criteria a) to e). Furthermore, exemplary embodiments of the generation of such channel access patterns are described below.

A.1. Base station, end point and communication system

4 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication system 102 with a base station 104 and a plurality of end points 106_1-106_4, according to an exemplary embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 4, in one exemplary embodiment, the communication system 102 can have a base station and four end points 106_1-106_4. However, the present invention is not restricted to such exemplary embodiments, rather the communication system can have one or more end points 106_1-106_n, where n is a natural number greater than or equal to one. For example, the communication system can have 1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 or even 100,000 end points. The participants (= base station 104 and end points 106__1-106_4) of the communication system shown in FIG. 4 use a frequency band (for example a license-free and / or license-free frequency band, for example ISM band) for mutual communication, which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication , as explained above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. The communication system 102 operates in an uncoordinated manner with respect to the other communication systems that use the same frequency band.

In exemplary embodiments, the base station 104 can be designed to send a signal 120, the signal 120 having information about a channel access pattern 110, the channel access pattern having a frequency- and / or time-jump-based assignment (for example of resources) that can be used for the communication of the communication system 102 ) of the frequency band (for example a time sequence of frequency resources that can be used for the communication of the communication system (eg distributed over the frequency band)), the information describing a state of a number sequence generator for generating a number sequence, the number sequence determining the channel access pattern.

For example, the state of the number sequence generator can be an inner state of the number sequence generator, wherein a number of the number sequence can be derived from the inner state of the number sequence generator. Based on the inner state of the sequence generator, the inner states of the sequence generator following the inner state of the sequence generator can also be determined, from which the following numbers of the sequence can also be derived. For example, the number of the number sequence can be derived directly from the inner state of the number sequence generator (e.g. state = number), e.g. when implementing the number sequence generator as a counter, or via a mapping function, e.g. when implementing the sequence generator as a shift register, if necessary with feedback.

In exemplary embodiments, at least one of the end points 106 1 106_4 can be designed to receive the signal 120 with the information about the channel access pattern 110 and to determine the channel access pattern 110 based on the information about the channel access pattern, the information indicating a state of a number sequence generator Generation of a sequence of numbers describes, the sequence of numbers determining the channel access pattern. For example, the base station 104 and / or at least one of the end points 106_1-106_4 can be designed to pseudo-randomly determine the channel access pattern depending on the state of the sequence generator, such as using a pseudo-random mapping function.

Furthermore, the base station 104 and / or at least one of the end points 106 1 106_4 can be designed to pseudorandomly determine the channel access pattern as a function of an individual information of the communication system (e.g. an intrinsic information of the communication system, such as a network-specific identifier).

Exemplary embodiments of the generation of channel access patterns are described below. The channel access patterns are generated by the base station 104 and can be determined based on the signal with the information 120 about the channel access pattern from at least one (or all) of the end points 106_1-106_4 shown in FIG. 4, for example by a controller (control unit, Control unit) 130, which is implemented in the base station 104 and / or in the end points 106_1 -106_4. The channel access pattern is specified (exclusively) by the base station 104, while the end points 106_1-106_4 only “know” the channel access pattern, that is to say generate it using the same method as the base station 104.

In the following description, a radio transmission system (or a communication arrangement) with several independent, uncoordinated communication networks is assumed, the participants of which are mutually within reception range, so that transmission signals from participants in a network are potentially considered interference signals for participants in other networks. For the use of exemplary embodiments, it is not necessary for information (data or signaling information) to be exchanged between different networks. It is also irrelevant whether the networks are synchronized with one another in terms of time and / or frequency.

It is also assumed that there is a coordinating entity (hereinafter referred to as "base station") within each network, which provides the non-coordinating participants in the network (hereinafter referred to as "end devices" or "endpoints") with information about the channel access pattern used within the network can transmit. This information can be transmitted, for example, via beacon signals that are sent out regularly. are transmitted, but are also transmitted at irregular intervals or, if necessary, dedicated to individual terminals or groups of terminals.

Furthermore, it is assumed that the entire frequency band available for transmission is subdivided into a large number of individual frequency channels, each of which can be accessed individually or in subsets (groups of frequency channels).

Without restricting generality and for better illustration, it is assumed in the following explanations that within each network there is a fixed, discrete time grid to which channel accesses can take place (see also FIG. 3). Channel access in the form of sending a signal can take place both through terminals and through the base station. However, a channel access does not necessarily have to take place in a resource provided for this purpose in the channel access pattern, for example if no data or other information is pending for transmission.

5 shows a schematic block diagram of a controller 130 for generating a channel access pattern, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

As can be seen in FIG. 5, the controller 130 can have a memory 132, a periodic number generator 134 for generating a periodic number sequence Z, a randomizing allocator 136 and a frequency-Z time instant allocator 138.

The memory (for example a register) 132 can be designed to hold a network-specific identifier ID 140, for example an (individual) bit sequence which does not change. The periodic number generator 134 can be designed to provide its state 142 or a number 142 'of the periodic number sequence derived from its state. The randomizing allocator 136 can be designed to determine a pseudo random number R 144 as a function of the state 142 of the number sequence generator 134 or the number 142 'of the periodic number sequence and the network-specific identifier ID 140 derived therefrom. The frequency-to-time allocator 138 can be designed to determine frequency information f 146 and time information 1 148 based on the pseudo random number R 144. For example, the frequency information f 146 and the time information 1 148 can describe or define a frequency channel and a time slot (or a frequency channel index and a time slot index) and thus a resource of the channel access pattern. For example, as indicated in FIG. 4, the controller 130 can be implemented in the base station 104 and / or in the one or more endpoint (s) 106_1 -106-4 in order to change the individual (or Network-specific) channel access patterns.

In other words, FIG. 5 shows the basic structure for generating channel access patterns, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

The channel access patterns are generated iteratively, i.e. the blocks shown in Fig. 5 are called once per generation of a single channel access information. By calling N times, a channel access pattern with N channel accesses is generated.

The function of the sub-blocks is explained in detail below. The term "number" is used. This is generally discrete information, which can be present in different forms (e.g. in decimal form, as a binary sequence or similar).

Network-specific identifier "ID"

The network-specific identifier is a fixed number that is determined by an external entity (e.g. when configuring the network or the coordinating base station). Ideally, it differs from network to network. For example, it could be a unique, sufficiently long base station ID, unique network ID or a sufficiently long hash in each case. This size is fixed and is the only one in the arrangement shown that does not vary from call to call.

Periodic number generator "Z"

The periodic number generator 134 generates a sequence of numbers Z which is repeated periodically with the periodicity P. It has an inner state S _n from which the next generated number and the next inner state S _{n + i} can be uniquely determined. The decisive feature is that the entire periodic sequence for any time step can be derived from a single inner state (which is present at any time step). A simple exemplary embodiment is, for example, a modulo-P counter which periodically supplies the sequence of numbers 0, 1, 2 ... (P-1). Another exemplary embodiment is a deterministic random number generator, for example implemented in the form of a feedback shift register (LFSR). A third embodiment is a finite field (Galois field) with P elements.

Randomizing allocator

The randomizing allocator 136 generates an output number R from the two input numbers ID and Z, ie R = map_rand (\ D _i Z), map_rand representing the assignment function. The assignment is as random as possible, ie a mathematically correlated input sequence (consisting of ID, Z) generates an output sequence R that is as uncorrelated as possible.

Exemplary embodiments for a randomizing assignment are

• Concatenation of the two input numbers

The application of a cyclic redundancy check (short CRC) to the input variables ID, Z, which leads to the number R and has a randomizing character,

• the use of a hash function

The use of encryption, e.g. AES encryption, whereby the associated key is known to all authorized participants and which therefore also represents a method for introducing “transport layer security” (TLS for short).

The sequence of the elements of the number R is of a pseudo-random nature according to the above provisions. It should vary from network to network to avoid overlapping channel access patterns as much as possible.

Frequency-Z time allocator

The frequency / time allocator 138 assigns a 2-tuple of frequency information (radio frequency f) and time information (access time t) to each input number R by means of a mapping, i.e. (f, t) = map_ (R), where "map_ff represents the mapping function. While the sequence of frequencies can in principle be arbitrary within the specified frequency band, the times must be in monotonically increasing form from call to call, since "jumps back" in time are not permitted.

Of particular importance as an exemplary embodiment is the case that the channel access in the frequency and time directions (as described above) is discretized, that is to say in the form of discrete frequency channels and discrete time slots. In this case, the Frequency / time allocators for each input number R add a 2-tuple of frequency channel index fi and time slot index ti, ie (fi, t \) = map_ft (R). The time slots are indexed in ascending order since "jumps back" in time are not permitted. Further information on the allocation of the time slots can be found in section 3.

The sequence of the 2-tuples (f, t) and (fi, ti) is based on the sequence of the elements of R and defines the channel access pattern.

The exact design of the frequency / time allocator, together with the probability function of the number R, determines the access statistics on the channel.

State signaling and predictability

The arrangement shown in FIG. 5 generates a channel access pattern which depends both on a time-constant, network-specific identifier and on a state-dependent (and thus time-varying) periodic number generator (periodicity P). The network-specific identifier can be used to ensure that networks with different network-specific identifiers always generate different sequences of R, even if their number generator should be in the same state. This can ensure that different networks do not generate identical channel access patterns and thus, in the worst case, get into a "permanent collision" of the channel accesses.

To determine the channel access pattern used in the network, a terminal device requires both the network-specific identifier and the respective state of the periodic number generator.

The end device receives the network-specific identifier the first time it logs on to the network. This is advantageously transmitted by means of beacon signals sent out regularly by the base station and made accessible to all authorized terminal devices. Alternatively, the network-specific identifier can be made known to the end device during the initial configuration (with delivery), i.e. before the first start-up in the network.

The status of the periodic number generator can be transmitted either in a regular beacon signal and / or in dedicated dedicated status signaling resources. A number generator with periodicity P has P internal states, so that for Transmission of the respective state '1 gj _S must be transmitted. The pro

State signaling transmitted amount of information (number of bits) can thus be controlled by the selected periodicity of the number generator on request.

The information transmitted for the status signaling can be transmitted in the form of several pieces of information, the transmission being able to take place at different frequencies. For example, in the event that the periodic number generator (Z) is a counter, the most significant bits (MSBs) of the counter could be separated from the least significant bits (LSBs) )) are transmitted and also with a different frequency (e.g. less frequently). Even if it is not a counter, the entire status information could be transmitted in the form of several partial status information with different transmission frequencies.

Due to the periodicity of the number generator, a terminal device, which knows the state of the number generator at at least one point in time, can determine the entire channel access pattern for any points in time / time slots in the future. This enables the end device to operate in an energy-saving idle state, e.g. to deactivate the transmitting / receiving unit and, when the transmitting / receiving unit is subsequently activated, to predict the then valid section of the channel access pattern from the last previously known state. The base station can thus transmit the status information at comparatively large time intervals.

In summary, the method described here has the advantage that the combination of a network-specific identifier and a periodic number generator spans a comparatively large state space for the (pseudo-random) number R. This prevents the channel access patterns of networks with different network-specific identifiers from being identical, so that a systematic collision of the channel accesses of different, uncoordinated networks can be minimized. This proves to be particularly advantageous in the telegram splitting multiple access (TSMA) method.

Advantageous features of the frequency-time allocator are explained in more detail in the following sections.

Another example of the controller 5 and the description above, a periodic number generator 134 is required. In the following exemplary embodiment, this is replaced as follows.

Real radio networks are often operated with a beacon signal, which is transmitted regularly. Each beacon transmission can be provided with a counter that corresponds to a beacon sequence index. This beacon sequence index is referred to here as the "beacon index".

It is also common for the time slots in a time slot-based system to be provided with a time slot index counter (increasing in the time direction) (see also FIG. 3). This is referred to here as the "time slot index". The beacon index is reset to zero at certain intervals specified in the system, so that it has a periodicity. The same applies to the time slot index (which, for example, starts again at zero after a beacon transmission).

6 shows a schematic block diagram of a controller 130 for generating a channel access pattern, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

The controller 130 can have a memory 132, a first buffer 135_1, a second buffer 135_2, a randomizing allocator 136 and a frequency / time allocator 138.

The memory (for example a register) 132 can be designed to hold a network-specific identifier ID 140, for example an (individual) bit sequence which does not change. The first buffer (eg a register) 135_1 can be designed to hold a periodic beacon index Z1 143_1. The second buffer (eg a register) 135_2 can be designed to maintain a periodic time slot index Z2 143_2. The randomizing allocator 136 can be designed to determine a pseudo random number R 144 as a function of the periodic beacon index Z1 143_1, the periodic time slot index Z2 143_2 and the network-specific identifier ID 140. The frequency-to-time allocator 138 can be designed to determine frequency information f 146 and time information t 148 based on the pseudo random number R 144. For example, the frequency information f 146 and the time information 1 148 can describe or define a frequency channel and a time slot (or a frequency channel index and a time slot index) and thus a resource of the channel access pattern. In other words, FIG. 6 shows a modified basic structure for generating channel access patterns with a beacon index and time slot index. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment in which, compared to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the periodic number generator (output Z) 134 by the two blocks “periodic beacon index” (output Z1) 135_1 and “periodic time slot index” (output Z2) 135_2 All other blocks are functionally unchanged (the randomizer now has three inputs).

The controllers 130 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 enable the generation of network-specific channel access patterns, these having at least one of the following properties:

The channel access patterns contain as few overlapping partial sequences as possible,

There is (e.g. in areas with high network density) a large supply of channel access patterns,

The channel access patterns are designed in such a way that they have a very high periodicity,

The channel access patterns lead (if there are corresponding requirements) to an average even use of the available frequency channels,

The signaling of the pattern used is carried out by the coordinating entity with as little signaling information as possible, and

• Terminals can determine the content of the channel access pattern at any future time, even if the signaling of the channel access pattern is completely received (this enables terminals to take longer pauses in reception, for example for energy-saving reasons, and when switched on again the channel access pattern then valid based on the previous date To determine the pause in reception of received information).

A.2. Control of channel access in the frequency domain

To simplify the following illustration, it is assumed that the frequency range (or the frequency band) is divided into discrete frequency channels and that a transmission takes place according to the TSMA method.

Mobile radio channels generally have signal attenuation that varies over frequency. If a data packet is transmitted in the form of several partial data packets in accordance with the TSMA method and the underlying mobile radio channel is not known in the transmitter, the error rate can be reduced the transmission can be reduced or even minimized on average by transmitting the individual partial data packets as far as possible over the entire frequency range (utilization of the frequency diversity).

For this reason, it can be advantageous (in particular if a data packet consists of only a few sub-data packets) if it is ensured that the frequency channels on which the sub-data packets are transmitted have a certain (minimum) distance in the frequency range relative to one another.

Since the channel access pattern within a network largely determines the frequency hopping behavior in TSMA, a suitable method can be used to ensure that there is a minimum distance between two successive frequency channels of the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the frequency / time allocator 138 (see FIG. 5 or 6) can therefore be designed to determine frequency information f and time information t based on the pseudo random number R, the frequency information f indicating a distance between two successive frequency channels .

The frequency / time allocator 138 in FIG. 5 or 6, which independently determines absolute frequency channels from access to access on the basis of the pseudo-random number R, can therefore alternatively also determine distances between two successive frequency channels.

7 shows a schematic block diagram of a section of the controller 130, according to an exemplary embodiment. As can be seen in FIG. 7, the frequency-to-time allocator 138 (see FIG. 5 or 6) can be designed to determine frequency information and time information based on the pseudo random number R, the frequency information being a distance Afi _n between indicates two successive frequency channels.

As can also be seen in FIG. 7, the controller 130 can have an imager 150, which can be designed to map the distance Afi _n between two successive frequency channels to a frequency channel index fi, for example by a combiner (eg adder) 152 and a Delay 154.

In other words, FIG. 7 shows the generation of frequency hops with minimum and / or maximum hopping width. 7 illustrates that the frequency / time Assignment 138 of FIG. 5 or 6 is now replaced by a frequency difference-Z-time allocator 138, which no longer provides absolute frequency channel indices at its immediate output, but rather frequency channel index differences.

A suitable assignment function (Afi, t) = map_Aft (R) in the frequency difference-Z time instant allocator can ensure that only frequency channel index jumps Afi _n = fin ₊ rfi _n (from channel access n to channel access n + 1) take place, for example within a desired range, e.g. Afi _ma x ^ AfiSAfi _min for Afi> 0 and Afimax ^ (- Afi) äAfi _mi n for Afi <0. There are numerous methods for implementing such a restriction, which are not themselves the subject of the invention. An example implementation in the form of a corresponding program code for MATLAB (with which Fig. 8 was generated) can be found in the appendix.

8 shows in a diagram a histogram based on a Monte Carlo simulation of the variable Afi (difference in the frequency channel index Afi between adjacent channel accesses at times).

In the example shown, 72 frequency channels are available. The parameters associated with the simulation results are Afi _m m = 21, Afimax- 51, ie the amount of the distance between two successive accesses in the channel access pattern is between 21 and 51 frequency channels.

By suitable, the skilled person easily disclosive modifications of the exemplary program code can be other forms of distribution for Afi produce (for example, uniform distribution in the range of -Afi _m m to -Afi _ma x and + Afimin to + Afi _max) is shown as in Fig. 8.

A.3. Specification of the temporal channel access activity

In a busy system, all available time slots can be included in the channel access pattern. In less busy systems, not every time slot has to be available for channel access. This is shown in the following figure.

FIG. 9 shows in a diagram a frequency and time hopping-based allocation of resources 1 12 of the frequency band defined by a channel access pattern 110 and a projection of the channel access pattern 110 onto a time axis according to a Embodiment of the present invention. The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

In other words, FIG. 9 shows an example of a channel access pattern 110 in the dimensions frequency and time (resource elements 112) in the upper part and its projection on the time dimension in the lower part. It can be seen that not every time slot is part of the channel access pattern 110.

Thus, in addition to the frequency dimension (in the form of the frequency channel index), the dimension time (in the form of the time slot index) is also available for generating a pseudo-random channel access pattern 110. When generating a channel access pattern, an average activity rate A can thus be specified. This is defined here as the average ratio of time slots used for channel access to the maximum total time slots available. When each time slot is used, the activity rate A is therefore 1 (100%). If, on the other hand, only every third time slot is included in the channel access pattern, the average activity rate is A = 1/3.

The activity rate thus determines the (temporal) density of the resources 112 offered in the channel access pattern 110.

In exemplary embodiments, the time slots selected for a predetermined activity rate for the channel access can be determined pseudorandomly from a suitable part of the pseudorandom number R (see FIG. 5 or 6).

Example 1

N may in each step from the associated pseudo-random number R _{n is} an integer r "are derived, which may assume values between r _m and r in _ma x, ie r _min r _n: £ r _max. After each time slot active in the channel access pattern 1 10, a number of r _n time slots can be skipped; these are therefore not used for the channel access. This process is shown as an example in FIG. 10.

In detail, FIG. 10 shows a diagram of resource elements 112 of a channel access pattern 110 projected onto a time axis, which results in unused time slots, according to an exemplary embodiment. In other words, FIG. 10 shows an exemplary sequence of used and unused time slots, according to an exemplary embodiment.

The number r is derived from the number R such that the elements of r between and r _{max occur} with the same frequency (even distribution), the following activity rate results:

A-2 / (2 + r _mi n + r _m ax).

The method presented in the above exemplary embodiment has the advantage that minimum and maximum distances between the time slots active in the channel access pattern 110 can be specified. The specification of minimum distances can be particularly advantageous in battery-operated devices in which transmission pauses of a certain minimum length between two successive transmissions (recovery phase) increase the battery life.

In a comparable procedure, it can be specified that a minimum number of active time slots follows one another directly.

Embodiment 2

In an implementation according to exemplary embodiment 1, theoretically longer areas with a locally significantly higher or lower activity rate than desired can occur. This effect is avoided in the following embodiment.

Here, groups of successive time slots are periodically specified, within which an active time slot of the channel access pattern is placed. This is shown as an example for an activity rate of 1/4 (25%) in FIG. 11.

In detail, FIG. 11 shows a diagram of resource elements 112 of a channel access pattern 110 projected onto a time axis with an activity rate A = 1/4, according to an exemplary embodiment.

In other words, FIG. 11 shows an exemplary sequence of used and unused time slots, according to an exemplary embodiment.

As can be seen in FIG. 11, the time slots can be grouped into clusters 114 (in the example of FIG. 11 of length 4). In each cluster 114 exactly one time slot of the Channel access pattern 1 10 placed. The position of the time slots included in the channel access pattern 110 within the cluster 114 can be determined by a shift v _n , which is derived from the pseudo random number R _n and can take the integer values between 0 and (cluster length-1).

In the event that a minimum distance between two successive time slots of the channel access pattern 110 is to be guaranteed, non-assignable areas can be introduced between the clusters 114. These can consist of one or more time slots, as illustrated in FIG. 12.

In detail, FIG. 12 shows a diagram of resource elements 1 12 of a channel access pattern 110 projected onto a time axis with an activity rate A = 1/4 and a predetermined minimum distance between successive time slots of the channel access pattern 110, according to an exemplary embodiment.

In other words, FIG. 12 shows an exemplary sequence of used and unused time slots with non-assignable time slots, according to an exemplary embodiment.

As can be seen in FIG. 12, the permissible range of the displacement variables v _{n is} reduced to the value range from 0 to (cluster length-1 length of the non-assignable range) due to the non-assignable time slots.

Depending on the selected activity rate, the clusters 1 14 may have to have different lengths in order to achieve the desired activity rate. In this case the value range of v _n varies according to the respective cluster length. For example, to set an activity rate of 40%, clusters of length two and length three can alternate.

A.4. Channel access patterns with areas of different activity rates

Data packets that should reach the receiver as quickly as possible (short latency) require channel accesses that are as close to one another as possible, i.e. a comparatively high activity rate in the channel access pattern.

In the case of data packets in which, on the other hand, transmission security (for example high robustness against external interferers) is in the foreground, a distribution of the transmission over a longer period of time can be advantageous, and thus a comparatively low activity rate in Channel access patterns should be cheap. The same applies to devices in which a time-equalized energy withdrawal from the battery (time-consuming transmission activity) is desired.

As shown above, the activity rate, i.e. the frequency of the channel access. In order to meet the different requirements in a network, a channel access pattern can be designed so that it has areas with different activity rates. This is shown as an example in FIG. 13. Depending on the individual requirement, end devices can then e.g. send in the area suitable for them.

In detail, FIG. 13 shows a time division of a channel access pattern 110 into areas of different activity rates Ai, A ₂ and A ₃ , according to an embodiment.

In other words, FIG. 13 shows an example of a channel access pattern with three areas of different activity rates within the channel access pattern 110.

A.5. Demand-based (dynamic) adjustment of the activity rate of the channel access pattern

Different load situations can exist in networks (or communication systems) 102 at different times. As explained above, the channel access pattern 110 (i.e. its activity rate or mean temporal density) can be used to determine the actively usable resource reserve for this network.

The provision of a high resource supply (high activity rate) with a low actual load can be disadvantageous, in particular in the case of battery-operated devices. An example is a battery-operated base station (e.g. a PAN network, possibly in so-called repeater mode), which operates the receiver during all active resources of the channel access pattern and thus uses energy.

It can therefore make sense to dynamically adapt the average activity rate, that is to say the temporal density of the resources offered by the channel access pattern 110, to the existing load conditions. If the activity rate of the channel access pattern 110 is changed, this is signaled to the participants in the network accordingly, for which purpose, for example, the beacon signal (or also dedicated signaling resources) comes into question. If a terminal 106 is in a longer idle state (energy-saving mode), it may happen that it does not receive the signaling information of the base station 104 transmitted during the idle state about a possibly changed channel access pattern. In such a scenario, it can make sense for a channel access pattern 110 to provide a minimum supply of (basic) resources that is available at any time and without special signaling, and an additional supply of resources that can be added depending on the load and are subject to appropriate signaling .

In the above sense, additional resources added to the channel access pattern can e.g. be arranged in time according to the basic resources or also arranged in an interlocking manner in the time / frequency grid, as shown in FIG. 14.

In detail, FIG. 14 shows a diagram of a frequency and time hopping-based allocation of the resources 112 of the frequency band defined by a channel access pattern 110, the channel access pattern 110 additionally having resources 112 * that can be activated if required, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

In other words, Fig. 14 shows an example of entangled basic and additional resources.

A.6. Adaptive frequency range allocation

In certain unlicensed frequency bands, users can decide for themselves which frequency ranges they use within the frequency band without any regulatory restrictions. This can lead to certain areas of the available frequency band being occupied more by external users than other, and thus more exposed to disturbances.

If a base station 104 detects such a medium or long-term asymmetrical utilization of the frequency band (for example by frequency-channel-by-signal-to-interference power estimates based on received signals), the area of the frequency band which is occupied above average can be avoided for use by its own network, by not including the associated frequency channels in the channel access pattern. This must be taken into account in the frequency / time allocator (see Fig. 5 or 6) and is signaled to all network participants in a suitable manner. The group of excluded frequency channels can be described, for example, by a corresponding start and end frequency channel index or by a start frequency channel index and a subsequent number of channels.

15 shows in a diagram a frequency and time hopping-based allocation of the resources 112 of the frequency band defined by a channel access pattern 110, a frequency region 115 of the frequency band which is regularly more disturbed not being occupied by the channel access pattern 110, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

As can be seen in FIG. 15, a frequency range 115 that is regularly more disturbed (e.g. heavily occupied by external networks) is taken into account when generating the channel access pattern 110. Frequency channels of this frequency range 115 are therefore not included in the channel access pattern 110.

In other words, FIG. 15 shows an example of excluding highly disturbed frequency channels from the channel access pattern.

When frequency ranges that are susceptible to interference for data transmission in the own network are reported, there is at the same time a certain load balancing over the frequency band, since other networks in the already heavily used frequency ranges experience no additional interference.

A.7. Bundling of resource elements in the frequency domain (frequency channel bundling)

Depending on the hardware and software used, it is possible that a base station 104 can receive on several frequency channels simultaneously (frequency channel bundling). In this case, it is advantageous, particularly in the case of more heavily used systems, to correspondingly increase the number of resource elements offered within the network in the frequency dimension and to include a plurality of frequency channels in the channel access pattern within a time slot, as shown in FIG. 16.

16 shows in a diagram a frequency and time hopping-based allocation of the resources 112 of the frequency band, defined by a channel access pattern 110, resources 1 12 being bundled in the frequency range, according to an exemplary embodiment. The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

In other words, FIG. 16 shows an exemplary representation of the channel access pattern 110 when three adjacent frequency channels are bundled to form resource clusters. 16 shows the bundling of three frequency channels in each case. Each group of resource elements in a time slot can be referred to as a “resource cluster”. The channel access pattern 110 can be supplemented by the information about the number of frequency channels that constitute a resource cluster.

As a further exemplary embodiment, it should be mentioned that the frequency channels grouped into resource clusters do not necessarily have to be immediately adjacent.

The following shows how one or more participants in a communication system 102 can use a relative channel access pattern to access a selection of the resources released for the communication system 102 by the network-specific channel access pattern 110.

B. Channel access via relative channel access patterns

17 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication system 102 with a base station 104 and two end points 108_1-106_2, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

The communication system 102 shown in FIG. 17 has, for example, a base station 104 and two end points 106_1-106_2. However, the present invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments; rather, the communication system 102 can have one or more end points 106_1-106_n, where n is a natural number greater than or equal to one. For example, the communication system can have 1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 or even 100,000 end points.

As has already been explained in detail above (cf., for example, FIG. 4), the participants (= base station 104 and end points 106_1-106_2) of the communication system use a frequency band (for example a license-free and / or license-free frequency band, for example ISM band) for mutual communication, which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. Communication system 102 works uncoordinated in relation to the other communication systems that use the same frequency band.

As also explained in detail above, the base station 104 is designed to send a signal 120, the signal 120 having information about a network-specific channel access pattern 110, the network-specific channel access pattern 110 a frequency that can be used for the communication of the communication system 102 - and / or time-jump-based allocation of resources of the frequency band, while the end points 106_1-106_2 are designed to receive the signal 120 and to determine the network-specific channel access pattern 110 based on the information about the network-specific channel access pattern (see, for example, FIG. 5 and 6).

For mutual communication, i.e. for the mutual transmission of data, the participants (e.g. base station 104 and end point 106_1) of the communication system 102 can use a relative channel access pattern which specifies which of the resources released or usable by the network-specific channel access pattern 110 for the communication of the communication system 102 actually for the transmission of the data are to be used.

In detail, base station 104, in exemplary embodiments, may be configured to transmit data 160 (eg, a signal with data 160) using a relative channel access pattern (eg, send to and / or receive from end point 106_1), wherein the relative channel access pattern indicates an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern 1 10.

In embodiments, endpoint 106_1 may be configured to transmit data 160 (e.g., a signal with data 160) using the relative channel access pattern (e.g., to receive and / or transmit to base station 104), the relative Channel access pattern specifies an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel strip riff must.

In exemplary embodiments, a different relative channel access pattern can be used for mutual communication between other participants (eg base station 104 and end point 106_2) of the communication system 102, which indicates which of the resources released or usable by the network-specific channel access pattern 110 for the communication of the communication system 102 are actually to be used for the transmission of the data, the relative channel access pattern (e.g. from end point 106_1) and the other relative channel access pattern (e.g. from end point 106_2) being different.

For example, in embodiments, base station 104 may further be configured to transmit data 162 (eg, a signal with data 162) using a different relative channel access pattern (eg, sending to the other endpoint 106_2 and / or from the other endpoint 106_2 to receive), the other relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern, the relative channel access pattern and the other relative channel access pattern being different.

The other endpoint 106_2 may be configured to transmit data 162 (e.g., a signal with the data 162) using the other relative channel access pattern (e.g., to receive and / or transmit from the base station 104 and to the base station 104) another relative channel access pattern specifies an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern, the relative channel access pattern and the other relative channel access pattern being different.

Exemplary embodiments of the application and generation of relative channel access patterns are described below. The relative channel access patterns can in this case be determined by the subscribers (for example the base station 104 and at least one of the end points 106_1 -106_2), for example by the controller 130, which is implemented in the subscribers.

The following exemplary embodiments refer to the exemplary embodiments described in section A, which, in the case of coexistence of several uncoordinated radio networks (e.g. LP WAN, PAN) with mutual reception range, design access to a shared frequency band in such a way that the cross-network, mutual interference of the subscribers or the adverse effects on transmission security are reduced or even minimized. The following description assumes a communication arrangement of mutually uncoordinated radio networks for data transmission that access a shared frequency band. In some exemplary embodiments it is assumed that the so-called Telegram Splitting Multiple Access (TSMA) method is used for data transmission, as described, for example, in [1]. Here, a data packet protected by channel coding is divided into several partial data packets, which are transmitted in several different time and / or frequency resources.

Furthermore, it is assumed in some exemplary embodiments that there is a coordinating entity within each network (hereinafter referred to as “base station”, referred to as “PAN coordinator” in the context of the IEEE standard [2]), which communicates to the non-coordinating participants in the network (hereinafter: “End devices” or “endpoints”) can convey information about the channel access pattern used within the network. The channel access patterns described above (see Section A) define a set of radio resources (resource elements) that are basically available for transmission within a network for a certain period of time. You thus define the range of resources (valid for the period under consideration) specified by the base station, which the terminals can access.

In the case of channel access methods, a basic distinction is made between “contention free access” and “competition based access”. In unrivaled access, a terminal device is assigned clearly specified radio resources for exclusive use by the coordinating entity (base station). In the case of competition-based access - to which exemplary embodiments relate - the terminal has a range of radio resources at its disposal from which the terminal can take the initiative, i.e. served without individual resource allocation. It is characteristic here that other end devices can also use the same offer, so that there can be conflicts in the access to the shared radio resources. The aim is to reduce or even avoid these conflicts as much as possible.

Exemplary embodiments are thus concerned with techniques which make the distribution of the available resources (which have been determined by the base station) as effective as possible, so that the interference between the participants within the network is reduced or even minimized. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a hierarchical division of the channel access when using the TSMA method:

• The base station specifies an offer of available radio resources in the form of the network-specific channel access pattern (see section A). The task of channel access patterns is to design the access of several uncoordinated networks to a shared frequency band in such a way that the participants in different networks interfere as little as possible (goal: separation of the networks from one another).

• The selection and use of radio resources from the above. network-specific

Channel access pattern ("offer") by end devices in the form of a relative channel access pattern. The relative channel access pattern is hierarchically below the network-specific channel access pattern and cannot make use of resources that lie outside the network-specific channel access pattern. The resources can therefore advantageously be indexed relative to the network-specific channel access pattern.

The different relative channel access patterns have the task of providing competition-based access to multiple participants within a network (possibly in the same time period) to access the common range of resources, whereby the participants within the network should interfere with each other as little as possible (goal: separation the participant within a network).

Embodiments provide that there is a pool of relative channel access patterns known to both the base station and the terminals of the network, from which the terminal e.g. one for each transmission. The selection of a relative channel access pattern from the available stock can be done according to different criteria and is described in more detail below.

B.1. Channel access via hierarchically organized channel access patterns

As stated above, exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to the hierarchical structure of the channel access pattern of network participants from two components:

• a network-specific channel access pattern, which defines the range of radio resources in the respective network at the relevant time (see section A), and • a relative channel access pattern. This determines which of the available resources are actually used / used for data transmission.

The actively used relative channel access pattern of a network subscriber thus consists of a subset of the network-specific channel access pattern.

The application of the exemplary embodiments described here is particularly advantageous in the case of data transmission using the TSMA method, in which a data packet is transmitted divided over a number of sub-data packets. For reasons of illustration and without restricting the generality, the following illustration assumes that the frequency band is divided into a number of discrete frequency channels and that access is discretized in time within a network in the form of time slots.

18 shows in a diagram a frequency and time hopping-based usable allocation of resources 112 of the frequency band indicated by a network-specific channel access pattern 110, an allocation of resources 118 to be used for the transmission indicated by a relative channel access pattern 116 from the usable allocation of resources 112 des network-specific channel access pattern 110, as well as projections of the channel access pattern 110, 116 on time axes before and after removal of unused resources (eg time slots), according to one exemplary embodiment. The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

As can be seen in FIG. 18, the network-specific channel access pattern 110 defines the distribution of the resources 112 of the frequency band (for example, each defined by time slot and frequency channel, or time slot index and frequency channel index), which is generated by the communication system 102 and thus by the subscribers (base station 104 and End points 106_1-106_2) of the communication system 102 can be used for the mutual communication, while the relative channel access pattern 116 indicates those resources 118 from the usable resources 1 12 that are derived from a subset of the subscribers (eg a limited group of subscribers, eg from two subscribers) , such as base station 104 and end point 106_1) of the communication system 102 are actually used for the mutual communication.

In other words, FIG. 18 shows a schematic exemplary representation of the network-specific and relative channel access pattern (hierarchical structure of the Channel access). In the upper part, FIG. 18 shows an example of the division of the radio resources in a discrete time / frequency grid into a plurality of resource elements. A resource element is described by a frequency channel index and a time slot index. In the upper part of FIG. 18, a network-specific channel access pattern 110 is shown, which is emphasized by resource elements 112, which are symbolically connected to one another by arrows. This network-specific channel access pattern 110 represents the range of resource elements 122 which is made available by a network (or communication system) 102. In this example, signal transmission is only possible in one time slot on one frequency channel at a time.

If the two-dimensional representation is projected onto the time axis and all time slots not occupied in the network-specific channel access pattern 110 are removed, the “available resources” 1 12 result in accordance with the above illustration. The time can be advantageously indexed here by a relative time slot index, which is relative to the network-specific channel access pattern is.

In the bottom part of FIG. 18, a relative channel access pattern 116 is shown as an example, which specifies a subset from the available resources (possibly also all). The channel access pattern effectively resulting in the selected example (i.e. the hierarchical combination of network-specific and relative channel access pattern) is identified in all areas of FIG. 18 by resource elements 118. The relative channel access pattern with its relative time slot index can be calculated back to the original discrete time grid using the average activity rate A defined in section A. This average activity rate is defined as the average ratio of time slots used for channel access to the maximum total time slots available. When each time slot is used, the activity rate A is 1 (100%). If, on the other hand, as shown in the upper part in FIG. 18, on average only every second time slot is included in the channel access pattern (thus 10 out of 20), the average activity rate is A = 1/2.

B.2, bundling of resource elements in the frequency domain (frequency channel bundling)

Depending on the hardware and software used, it is possible that a base station 102 can receive several frequency channels simultaneously (frequency channel bundling). In this case, it is particularly advantageous in the case of systems with higher capacity utilization that the number of resource elements in the frequency dimension offered within the network to increase accordingly and to include several frequency channels within a time slot in the network-specific channel access pattern 1 10. This is shown in Fig. 19.

In detail, FIG. 19 shows in a diagram a usable allocation of resources 112 of the frequency band that is bundled in the frequency domain and that is indicated by a relative channel access pattern 1 16 that is to be used for the transmission of resources 1 18 indicated by a network-specific channel access pattern 1 10 from the usable allocation of resources 112 of the network-specific channel access pattern 110, as well as projections of the channel access patterns 1 10, 1 16 on time axes before and after removal of unused resources (eg time slots). The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

As can be seen in FIG. 19, the network-specific channel access pattern 110 gives in the frequency direction (e.g. per time slot or time slot index) a bundling of resources 112, i.e. a plurality of adjacent resources 112 (e.g., frequency channels or frequency channel indices) of the frequency band, with the relative channel access pattern 116 in the frequency direction indicating at most a subset (e.g., at most one resource, i.e. one or no resource) of the plurality of adjacent resources 112 of the network-specific channel access pattern 110.

In other words, FIG. 19 shows a schematic exemplary representation of the network-specific channel access pattern 110 and of the relative channel access pattern 1 16 with a complete frequency channel bundling.

19 shows an example of a bundling of three connected frequency channels per occupied time slot. Accordingly, in addition to the temporal dimension, the allocation of the (in the example: three) frequency channels is also available as a degree of freedom for the relative channel access pattern 116.

A corresponding procedure, as described above, can also be used if the multiple frequency channels available within a time slot are not present as a (gapless) contiguous area, but rather are distributed in a different way over the available frequency channels, as shown in FIG. 20.

FIG. 20 shows in a diagram a usable occupancy of im indicated by a network-specific channel access pattern 110 Frequency range of spaced apart resources 112 of the frequency band, an allocation of resources 118 to be used for the transmission indicated by a relative channel access pattern 116 from the usable allocation of resources 112 of the network-specific channel access pattern 110, an allocation to be used for the transmission indicated by another relative channel access pattern 117 Allocation of resources 119 from the usable allocation of resources 112 of the network-specific channel access pattern 110, as well as projections of the channel access patterns 110, 116, 11 on time axes before and after removal of unused time slots or frequency channels, according to an exemplary embodiment. The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

As can be seen in Fig. 20, the network-specific channel access pattern 110 in the frequency direction (e.g. per time slot or time slot index) gives a pool of resources 112, i.e. a plurality of spaced-apart resources 112 (eg frequency channels or frequency channel indices) of the frequency band, the relative channel access pattern 116 in the frequency direction at most a subset (eg at most one resource, ie one or no resource) of the plurality of spaced-apart resources 112 of the network-specific channel access pattern 110, and wherein the other relative channel access pattern 117 in frequency direction indicates at most a subset (e.g. at most one resource, ie one or no resource) of the plurality of spaced apart resources 112 of the network-specific channel access pattern 110, the relative channel access pattern 116 and the other relative channel access pattern 117 are different.

In other words, FIG. 20 shows a schematic exemplary representation of the network-specific channel access pattern 1 10 and the relative channel access pattern 1 16 with gaps in frequency channel bundling.

An advantage of this frequency channel bundling is that, as with the relative channel access pattern 1 17 of a second subscriber (e.g. user) additionally shown in FIG. 20, there is significantly less adjacent channel interference (the channel separation of two directly adjacent channels is always problematic due to the limited filtering effect, especially if one Channel with a significantly stronger reception power as the neighboring channel is received) as occurs in FIG. 19.

The advantage of the bundling described in FIGS. 19 and 20 is to access more terminals within the network and within a given period of time to grant the radio resources (higher load). As an alternative, the probability of channel access collisions can be reduced for a given load by channel bundling, since a given access volume is distributed over more potential resource elements (reduced mutual interference of the participants within the network). The advantage of frequency channel bundling compared to using more time slots is also more energy efficiency, since the receiver switches on the receiver for fewer time slots with the same range of resource elements.

If a terminal has the ability to transmit on several frequency channels at the same time, this can be provided in the relative channel access pattern. This is illustrated in the following figure, which is limited only to the relative channel access pattern (corresponding to the lower part of FIGS. 19 and 20).

21 shows in a diagram a projection of a network-specific channel access pattern 110 and a relative channel access pattern 116 onto the time axis after the removal of unused frequency channels and time slots, the relative channel access pattern 116 occupying several of the resources 112 available in the frequency direction for at least part of the time jumps in the frequency direction . The ordinate describes the relative frequency channel indices and the abscissa the relative time slot indices.

In other words, Fig. 21 shows a diagram of a relative channel access pattern 116 with frequency channel bundling with simultaneous transmission (e.g. transmission) on several frequency channels.

B.3. Allocation of resources with channel access in different symbol rates

In the above explanations, it was assumed as an example that the signal is generated on each frequency channel with an identical symbol rate. However, if, as described above, an area consisting of several, immediately adjacent frequency channels is available, this area, hereinafter referred to as the “resource cluster”, can be divided into several partial resources. Different symbol rates and / or a different number of symbols can be assigned to these partial resources, as illustrated in FIG. 22.

FIG. 22 shows in a diagram a usable allocation, based on a network-specific channel access pattern 110, of resources 112 of the pooled in the frequency domain to form blocks (or clusters) 13 Frequency band, different parts 1 11_1 -1 11_4 of the block 1 13 of related resources 112 being assigned different symbol rates and / or different numbers of symbols, according to one embodiment. The ordinate describes the frequency channel indices and the abscissa the time slot indices.

In other words, FIG. 22 shows the formation of resource clusters 1 13 with partial

Resources 111 _ 1 -1 11_4 of different symbol rate and number of symbols per time slot

(Example).

22 shows an example of a section from a channel access pattern with a sequence of resource clusters 113, which are constituted by bundling five frequency channels each. In the example, each resource cluster 113 is divided into four independent partial resources "A" (1 11_1), "B" (111_2), "C" (111_3), "D" (111_4), in which different multiples of the Symbol rate f _s and the number of symbols N _s are used. With a double symbol rate and a given number of symbols, two consecutive accesses by two different participants can take place in one time slot, for example due to the shortened symbol duration. This is the case in FIG. 22 for the temporally successive partial resources “B” (111_2) and “C” (111_3).

The advantage of this procedure is that within the network-specific channel access pattern 110, resources can be assigned different symbol rates and thus transmission bandwidths as required.

It is readily apparent to the person skilled in the art that the resource clusters 113 formed by frequency channel bundling can be divided into individual partial resources in a variety of ways. The symbol rates used here do not necessarily have to be integer multiples of a basic symbol rate (as in the example chosen). The same applies to the number of symbols in the sub-resources.

B.4 Criteria for creating relative channel access patterns

Different requirements for the relative channel access pattern 116 can result from different transmission scenarios. Data packets that should reach the receiver as quickly as possible (short latency) require channel accesses that are as close as possible in succession during transmission, ie a comparatively high activity rate A in the network-specific channel access pattern, as described in section A. In the case of data packets in which transmission security (for example high robustness against external interferers) is in the foreground, a distribution of the transmission over a longer period of time can be advantageous, thus a comparatively low activity rate A in the network-specific channel access pattern can be favorable. The same applies to devices in which a time-equalized energy withdrawal from the battery (time-consuming transmission activity) is desired.

It is therefore advantageous to design the set of available relative channel access patterns in such a way that channel access patterns with the desired properties are available for different scenarios.

The key design parameters for a set of K relative channel access patterns are

In the frequency direction the number of F predetermined frequency channels within a time slot,

In the time direction the number of Z available time slots with a predefined time period TRE, only one resource element being received in Z per time index element,

• the average activity rate A specified in section A, with the aid of which the absolute time slot length Z / A results from the relative time slot length. From this, the total frame duration Tpr _ame = TRE · (Z / A) can be specified in seconds for a predefined time period T _{RE of} a resource element,

• The number of D partial data packets into which a data packet is broken down, and the error correction code used for the data packet, which can be, for example, a block or convolutional code with a predetermined code rate R. Usually the number of partial data packets is significantly smaller than the number of resource elements available in the time direction, i.e. D «Z.

23 shows a diagram of a projection of a network-specific channel access pattern 110 and a relative channel access pattern 116 with D resources 112 onto the time axis after the removal of unused resources (frequency channels and time slots), according to an exemplary embodiment. The ordinate describes the relative frequency channel indices and the abscissa the relative time slot indices.

23 shows a representation of a resource frame with Fx Z resources and an absolute total length of TRE · (Z / A) seconds. In a first design step, it is necessary to determine the number of available resource elements based on the total _frame duration 7> _ram e and the network-specific activity rate A from section A and the time period TRE for a resource element.

When determining the total frame duration 7> rame = T _RE · (Z / A), it depends on the application. In one application with the requirement of a short latency, such as a wireless light switch, a door bell or a door opener, _F T should not be greater than rame ms 500th In non-latency applications, where the focus is more on robustness against external interferers, the duration of a resource frame can certainly take values from 5 to 10 seconds.

The network-specific activity rate A from section A is also influenced by the application. In latency-critical applications, the activity rate should be relatively high, i.e. between A = 0.33 and 1. With a value of 0.33, on average only every third time slot is included in the network-specific channel access pattern 110, while the 2 other time slots are not used in this network. In non-latency applications, especially in battery-powered devices, the activity rate values can drop to A = 0.1.

Finally, the time period TRE of a partial data packet or resource element still has to be defined. With a symbol rate f $ of, for example, around 2500 Sym / s and a number of 30 to 80 symbols per partial data packet, values of 12 to 32 ms result for TRE.

The number Z of resources available in the time direction can be determined from the application-specific specifications for T frame, T _RE and A. Together with the F predetermined frequency channels, the total resources available per resource frame are then obtained. As shown in the table shown in FIG. 24, these values can differ significantly depending on the application.

24 shows in detail in a table a resource calculation for various exemplary applications.

If the number of Fx Z resource elements available in the resource frame was determined on the basis of the first design step, the second design step is based on the length D of each channel access pattern and the number available standing Fx Z resource elements to determine the number M of the different channel access patterns.

Depending on the F x Z available resource elements there are

M _ma x = (ZI -F ^D ) / ((Z - D)> * D!) (1) different channel access patterns of length D, which differ in at least one resource element. In Eq. (1) it was assumed that a pattern per time slot index may only use one resource element from all F frequency channels, see FIG. 20. For the first example from the table shown in FIG. 24 and a D = 4, the result is given by equation (1) a Mmax = 70 and in the last case a / V = 8x10 ⁴⁶ with a assumed D = 24. If a simultaneous transmission of several partial data packets on several frequency channels was permitted, as shown in FIG. 21, M _ma x would increase again massively .

Advantageously, the number D of the partial packets should be chosen to be as large as possible, since then the robustness against interference from other subscribers is greatest, regardless of whether they come from one's own network or from external networks. With IOT-based TSMA transmission, a data packet is usually broken down into 10 to 30 partial data packets. If a transmission time corresponding to this number of partial data packets is not available, for example in some latency-critical applications, the value of D can also be smaller.

In general, the greater the number M of available channel access patterns, the lower the probability of a full collision. A full collision is spoken of if two end devices happen to be both the same

Select channel access patterns for their transmission. For example, if M = 128 different patterns are available, the probability of a full collision is 0.78125% (1/128) if it is assumed that each terminal device randomly selects its channel access pattern from the M available patterns. With an M = 1024 this collision probability drops to 0.0977%. In the event of a full collision, it can be assumed that, depending on the reception level ratio, at least the data packet content of the weakly received terminal device can no longer be decoded without errors; with similar or the same reception levels, the data packets of both users can even be lost. The advantage of that described in [1]

Telegram splitting procedure consists in that through the different Channel access patterns always only collide with a few sub-data packets, which can, however, be reconstructed using the error correction code used.

25 shows in a diagram simulation results of the packet error rate for different channel access pattern lengths M as a function of the number of simultaneously active terminals with 360 resource elements. The ordinate describes the packet error rate PER and the abscissa the number of N end devices active simultaneously in the resource frame (e.g. end points).

The simulation results from FIG. 25 show in detail the course of the packet error rate PER for different lengths M of channel access patterns over the number N of terminals that are simultaneously active in the resource frame, a convolutional code with rate R = 1/3 being used as error protection. Furthermore, an F - f and Z = 360 were assumed and the channel access pattern length was D = 18.

With N = 2 devices, the various full collision probabilities depending on M can be recognized. The larger the specified M, the lower the probability of failure of the PER curves of the different channel access pattern lengths. With an M = 1024, 1024 different channel access _{patterns are} randomly selected from the M _m3X possible and the N end devices (e.g. endpoints) also always select their used (relative) channel access pattern for the 500,000 transmission _{attempts at} random. With M =, inf, new channel access patterns are thrown out for each individual end device (eg end point) for each transmission attempt. The full collision probability at N = 2 is 0% in this case, since according to Eq. (1) almost infinite number of channel access patterns are possible. If the number N of simultaneously active end devices increases, the probability of collision of the individual partial data packets increases and the packet error rate increases as a result. With N = 10 devices, the packet error rate for all curves from M = 256 to M =, inf is approximately 10%.

As can be seen from Fig. 25, the choice of M = 'inf' gives the best performance. However, it is almost impossible for the base station to recognize the different channel access patterns when M = 'inf'. In this respect, M must be reduced to a realistic level. For a M _ma x> 10 ¹⁴ , a specification of M = 1024 should make sense. This choice is also influenced by the computing power available on the receiver side. It can be seen that the performance loss compared to the version with M =, inf 'is not particularly great when M = 1024 is selected. With smaller values of M _max , the lengths of the channel access patterns can also decrease without having to accept significant performance losses at PER. This is illustrated in Fig. 26 for Z = 60 and D = 15. The performance curves for the lengths M = 128 to M = 2048 differ only slightly when N = 2.

26 shows in a diagram simulation results of the packet error rate for different channel access pattern lengths M as a function of the number of simultaneously active terminals with 60 resource elements. The ordinate describes the packet error rate PER and the abscissa the number of N end devices active simultaneously in the resource frame (e.g. end points).

In summary, it should be noted that the determination of the number M of different channel access patterns depends on M _max and is therefore a function of F, Z and D. For M _ma x> 1 0 ¹⁴ , for example, an M = 1024 proves to be useful. If the value of M _max falls below the threshold of 10 ¹⁴ , M can be reduced accordingly, whereby simulations must be used to check to what extent PER performance still meets the requirements. For very large values of M _ma x, M can certainly assume values that are even greater than 1024. This can be determined by appropriate simulations.

In the second design step, the number M of the different channel access patterns and their length D were determined. Ideally, the individual channel access patterns are determined by means of a random generator, as a result of which there is as little connection or similarity as possible between the M individual patterns. On the receiver side, this usually means a very large amount of detection. In order to reduce this detection effort, the third design step attempts to give the channel access patterns structural properties, such as clustering or repeating patterns, in order to significantly reduce the computing complexity on the receiver side. The PER performance, as shown for example in FIGS. 25 and 26, should not deteriorate as far as possible.

One possibility is the division of the resource frame into clusters 114 of the same length L, as shown in FIG. 27.

In detail, FIG. 27 shows a diagram of resources 112 of a channel access pattern 1 10 projected onto a time axis, resources 1 12 of the channel access pattern 110 being grouped into clusters 114 of equal length L (for example L-4), the relative channel access pattern being occupied by one Indicates resource 118 per cluster 114, according to one embodiment. In other words, FIG. 27 shows a channel access pattern with one element per cluster of length L = 4

A cluster variant would be to divide the length Z of the resource frame by the number of D sub-data packets. This results in a maximum cluster length of L = floor (R / D). In the example of FIG. 25, this would result in a cluster length of L = 20 (360/18) resource elements.

The cluster length can also be chosen smaller than L = floor (R / D) and the remaining resource elements can then be used to push the basic pattern generated from the smaller clusters by one time index step, i.e. by one resource element, to thereby add further patterns generate that all have the same basic shape.

In the example in FIG. 26, L = 10 can be specified, for example. A single channel access pattern is then diced from the L x D (= 180) resource elements, which can then be used further R - L x D times, i.e. 180 times, each shifted by a time index step. As a result, 181 different channel access patterns are obtained, but all of them have the same basic pattern. For example, the channel access pattern length M = 1024 from FIG. 25 can be generated with only 7 different basic patterns, each of these basic patterns being shifted on average 145 in the time axis. The performance is only marginally worse.

Overall, the above-mentioned procedure significantly reduces the detection effort on the receiver side. However, it has to be checked again and again that the performance does not suffer compared to the performance obtained with random sequences.

C. Reduction of the required computing power of the base station

28 shows a schematic block diagram of a system 102 with a data transmitter 106 and a data receiver 104, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The communication system 104 is designed to communicate wirelessly in a frequency band that is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication.

A set of usable resource elements 1 12 is available to the participants in the communication system for the transmission of data. In the usable Resource elements 112, for example defined by time slots tO, t1, t2, .... and frequency channels cO, c1, c2, into which the frequency band is divided, can be a range of resource elements connected in frequency and / or time direction, as shown by way of example in FIG. 28, or else around regions of resource elements which are distributed in the frequency and / or time direction (for example spaced apart). Optionally, the participants in the communication system 102 can use a channel access pattern 110 for the transmission of data, as was explained in sections A and B, in which case the usable / assignable resource elements 112 can be determined by the channel access pattern 110.

In exemplary embodiments, the data transmitter 106 is designed to divide a data packet waiting to be sent (for example the physical layer in the OSI model) into a plurality of sub-data packets, each of which is shorter than the data packet, and by a plurality of the sub-data packets To transmit data signal 122 corresponding to a jump pattern 116 distributed in a subset of the usable resource elements 112 of the communication system (= in the resource elements identified by reference numeral 118), the data transmitter 106 being designed to shift the jump pattern 116 from a basic jump pattern 126 based on a shift of the Derive basic jump pattern 126 in frequency and / or time.

As indicated in FIG. 28 according to an exemplary embodiment, the basic jump pattern 126 can indicate that the resource elements 128 of the usable resource elements 112 are to be used / assigned for the transmission of data, i.e. Sub-data packets that are sent in accordance with the basic jump pattern 126 are transmitted in the resource elements 128 indicated by the basic jump pattern. For the transmission of data (or a data packet which is divided into the plurality of sub-data packets), the data transmitter 106 uses a jump pattern 116 derived from the basic jump pattern 126 by shifting the basic jump pattern 126, according to which the resource elements 118 of the usable resource elements 112 for transmitting the Data to be used / documented, ie Sub-data packets that are sent in accordance with the jump pattern 116 are transmitted in the resource elements 118 indicated by the jump pattern 116.

In embodiments, the shift of the basic jump pattern 126 based on which the data transmitter 106 derives the jump pattern 116 from the basic jump pattern 126 can be shifted from a shift of the same basic jump pattern 126 based on which another data transmitter of the communication system has a different jump pattern from that derives the same basic jump pattern 126, for example so that the sub-data packets transmitted with the data signal 122 in accordance with the jump pattern 116 and the sub-data packets sent out by the other data transmitter in accordance with the other jump pattern do not overlap or only partially overlap.

For example, this can be achieved by deriving the hopping pattern 116 from the basic hopping pattern 126 based on a random shift in the basic hopping pattern 126 in frequency and / or time. Alternatively, the hopping pattern 116 can also be derived from the basic hopping pattern 126 based on a pseudorandom shift of the basic hopping pattern 126 in frequency and / or time, the pseudorandom shift based on an intrinsic parameter such as e.g. CRC (= cyclic redundancy check, German: cyclic redundancy check), CMAC (= cipher-based message authentication code, or cipher-based message authentication code) or an ID (= identification) of the data transmitter 106.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver 104 is designed to correlate the usable resource elements 112 with a reference sequence (for example, that corresponds to the pilot sequence with which the sub-data packets are provided), in order to obtain correlation results for the usable resource elements 112, and to obtain the To transfer correlation results according to the position of the resource elements that can be used in time and frequency into an at least one-dimensional array (for example two-dimensional array) of correlation results, data receiver 104 being designed to correlate the at least one-dimensional array (for example two -dimensional arrays) of correlation results with an at least one-dimensional array (for example two-dimensional array) of reference values, the at least one-dimensional array (for example two-dimensional array) of reference values being derived from the basic jump pattern 126.

In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver 104 can be designed to detect the plurality of sub-data packets based on the correlation of the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results with the at least one-dimensional array of reference values.

As already indicated, the data transmitter 106 and the data receiver can optionally be designed to use a channel access pattern 110 for the transmission of data, as was explained in sections A and B. In this case, the data receiver 104 can be designed to receive the control signal 120 (or beacon signal) transmit, the control signal 120 having information about the channel access pattern 110, the channel access pattern 110 indicating the frequency- and / or time-jump-based allocation of resource elements of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system 102, ie the channel access pattern 110 indicates that of the communication system 102 for the transmission of the plurality of sub-data packets usable / assignable resource elements 112. In this case, the data transmitter 106 can be designed to receive the control signal 120 with the information about the channel access pattern 110, and to determine the channel access pattern 110 based on the information about the channel access pattern 110, and to receive the data signal 122 with the plurality of sub-data packets in a subset of the usable / assignable resource elements 112 of the frequency band indicated by the channel access pattern 110 specified by the hopping pattern 116 (= relative channel access pattern).

As exemplified in Fig. 28, data receiver 104 may include a transmitter (or transmitter, or transmitter module, or transmitter) 172 that is configured to receive signals such as e.g. the control signal 120 to send. The transmitting device 172 can be connected to an antenna 174 of the data receiver 104. The data receiver 104 can further comprise a receiving device (or receiver, or receiving module, or receiver) 170, which is designed to receive signals, such as e.g. to receive the data signal 124. The receiving device 170 can be connected to the antenna 174 or a further (separate) antenna of the data receiver 104. The data receiver 104 can also have a combined transceiver.

Data transmitter 106 may be a receiving device (or receiver, or

Receiving module, or receiver) 182, which is designed to receive signals, such as the control signal 120. The receiving device 182 can be connected to an antenna 184 of the data transmitter 106. Furthermore, the data transmitter 106 can be a

Transmitter (or transmitter, or transmitter module, or transmitter) 180, which is designed to receive signals, such as to send the data signal 124. The transmitting device 180 can be connected to the antenna 184 or a further (separate) antenna of the data transmitter 106. The data transmitter 106 can also be a combined one

Have transceiver.

In embodiments, the data transmitter 106 may be an end point of the

Communication system 102 be. Data transmitter 106 may be battery powered. In exemplary embodiments, the data receiver 104 can be a base station of the communication system 102. Data receiver 104 may be battery powered.

Further exemplary embodiments of the data transmitter 106 and the data receiver 104 are described below.

C.1 Circular jump patterns

For the sake of illustration, without restricting the general validity, it is assumed that the frequency range available for transmission is divided into individual, discrete frequency channels, which are characterized by a frequency channel index. Likewise, the temporal resources are subdivided into discrete elements, which are referred to as timeslots, which are correspondingly provided with a timeslot index.

By dividing the data transmission areas into so-called resource elements, the definition of a jump pattern consists of a time slot index and a frequency channel index. This can be seen as an example of a system in FIG. 29.

In detail, FIG. 29 shows in a diagram an assignment of resource elements 1 18 of the resource elements 1 12 that can be used by the communication system 102, as indicated by a jump pattern 1 16 of a subscriber, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In Fig. 29, the ordinate describes the frequency in frequency channels and the abscissa the time in time slots. In other words, FIG. 29 shows an overview of the available resource elements 112 of a radio communication system with a subscriber which transmits data using a jump pattern 116.

As indicated in FIG. 29, the system has T time slots and C frequency elements, which in total corresponds to T * C resource elements 1 12. 29 also shows a subscriber (user 1) who, using a jump pattern 1, transmits 16 data in a total of four resource elements 118.

If other users now access the range of resource elements, further hopping patterns 1 17 have been defined in previous systems (see, for example, section B) to separate these users, as shown in FIG. 30. These step patterns 1 17 were designed in such a way that they interfere with each other as little as possible, that is to say the cross-correlation function has maxima that are as small as possible. 30 shows in a diagram an assignment of resource elements 118 indicated by a jump pattern 116 of a subscriber and an assignment of resource elements 119 indicated by another jump pattern 117 of another subscriber of the resource elements 112 that can be used by the communication system 102, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In Fig. 30, the ordinate describes the frequency in frequency channels and the abscissa the time in time slots. In other words, FIG. 30 shows the available resource elements 1 12 of the system from FIG. 29, wherein two participants (user 1 and user 2) with different jump patterns 116, 117 access the range of resource elements 112.

In contrast to FIG. 30, in the case of exemplary embodiments it is not the case that several jump patterns that are as orthogonal as possible are used, but a basic jump pattern that is shifted in time and frequency.

This enables the receiver 104 to search all possible time slots and frequency channels using simplified methods for the detection (see subsection C.2).

31 shows in a diagram an assignment of resource elements 118 indicated by a jump pattern 116 and assignments of resource elements 119_1, 119_2 indicated by two other jump patterns 117_1, 117_2 of two other participants of the resource elements 1 12 usable by the communication system 102, the jump pattern 116 and the two other jump patterns 117_1, 117_2 are derived from the same basic jump pattern, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In Fig. 31, the ordinate describes the frequency in frequency channels and the abscissa the time in time slots. In FIG. 31 it is assumed, for example, that the jump pattern shown in FIG. 29 is the basic jump pattern 126, the jump pattern 116 and the two other jump patterns 117_1, 117_2 being derived from the basic jump pattern 126 shown in FIG. 29. The jump pattern 116 can be derived from the basic jump pattern 126 based on a shift in the basic jump pattern 126 from zero time slots and zero frequency channels (= no shift), ie the jump pattern 116 corresponds to the basic jump pattern 126. The first other jump pattern 117_1 can be based on the basic jump pattern 126 a shift of the basic hopping pattern 126 from zero time slots and a (+1) frequency channel. The second other hopping pattern 1 17_2 can be derived from the basic hopping pattern 126 based on a shift of the basic hopping pattern 126 from two (+2) time slots and zero frequency channels. In other words, Fig. 31 shows an application of a time and frequency offset to that

Jump pattern (= basic jump pattern 126) from FIG. 29 for separating different participants. In FIG. 31, the hopping pattern 1 16 (= basic hopping pattern 126) shown in FIG. 29 was applied by the first participant (user 1) to two further participants (user 2 and user 3), the second participant (user 2) using a frequency offset from a channel and the third participant (user 3) has experienced a time offset of two time slots.

In principle, a time slot offset can also be combined with a frequency channel offset. Based on the range of resource elements 112 shown in FIG. 31 and the defined hopping pattern, there are three possible frequency channels and four possible time slot offsets in this exemplary system, so that all (sub) packets are still within the available resource elements 112.

12 jump patterns are thus generated virtually, all of which have the same basic structure and can therefore be detected relatively easily in the receiver 104.

In contrast to the design of the many hopping patterns and the optimization of the cross-correlation function between the hopping patterns (see section B), it is important here that the 2D autocorrelation function has as small side peaks as possible, with the two axes relating to the time and frequency direction.

In exemplary embodiments, there is only one basic jump pattern 126, which is shifted in time and / or frequency in order to separate a plurality of participants from one another.

By defining the coordinating instance of the resource elements 112, the participants can only transmit data exactly within the available resource elements 112. The coordination also ensures that each user accesses the specified time-frequency pattern (e.g. channel access pattern 110) exactly.

This aspect enables the receiver 104 to convert the necessary 2D detection of the base sequence (= basic jump pattern 126) into a simplified 2D DFT (DFT = Discrete Fourier Transform) or 2D FFT (FFT = Fast Fourier Transform) ) to transfer. The exact procedure is described in subsection C.2.

Cyclic folding can be converted into a DFT or FFT. Conversely, a DFT or FFT is used to detect the base sequence 126 cyclic or circular convolution with the expected sequence. There are also techniques that can be used to perform linear folding using FFT, but these techniques are presented here externally and are not used here.

In contrast to the linear convolution, it is possible with the circular convolution to (partial) data packets, which, with a time or frequency shift, fall out of the permissible range of the resource elements 112 cyclically at the other end of the permissible range.

FIG. 32 shows the scenario from FIG. 31, the second subscriber (user 2) now having experienced a frequency channel offset of two channels. As a result, one of the (sub) data packets lies outside the permissible range of the resource frame.

32 shows a diagram of an assignment of resource elements 118 indicated by a jump pattern 116 and assignments of resource elements 1 19_1, 1 19_2 of the resource elements 112 that can be used by the communication system 102, indicated by two other jump patterns 1 17_1, 117_2 of two other participants. where the jump pattern 1 16 and the two other jump patterns 117_1, 1 17_2 are derived from the same basic jump pattern, wherein a jump of the other jump pattern 117_1 lies outside a permissible range of the usable resource elements 112 of the communication system 102. In Fig. 32, the ordinate describes the frequency in frequency channels and the abscissa the time in time slots. In contrast to FIG. 31, the first other hopping pattern 1 17_1 is derived from the basic hopping pattern 126 based on a shift of the basic hopping pattern 126 from zero time slots and two (+2) frequency channels, which results in a hopping outside the usable resource elements 1 12 of the communication system 102.

In other words, FIG. 32 shows the scenario from FIG. 31 with a frequency channel offset on the second subscriber (user 2), so that one of the resource elements 119_1 (or the (partial) data packets) indicated by the jump pattern 117_1 is outside the permitted resources -Frames lies.

If used without a cyclic shift, such a frequency channel offset would not have been possible, since linear 2D detection would not cover this shift in the frequency direction, and it would also not be possible to send one (partial) data packet. If a cyclical shift is now applied, the one resource element 119_1 (or the one (partial) data packet), which lies outside the permissible range, is reset at the same time index at the bottom, which results in FIG. 33.

33 shows a diagram of an assignment of resource elements 118 indicated by a jump pattern 1 16 and assignments of resource elements 1 19_1, 1 19_2 of the resource elements 112 that can be used by the communication system 102, indicated by two other jump patterns 117_1, 117_2 of two other participants. where the jump pattern 116 and the two other jump patterns 117_1, 117_2 are derived from the same basic jump pattern, a jump of the other jump pattern 117_1, which would be outside the permissible range of the usable resource elements 112 of the communication system 102 due to the shift (see FIG. 32) , is cyclically shifted again into the permissible range of usable resource elements 112. In Fig. 32, the ordinate describes the frequency in frequency channels and the abscissa the time in time slots. In contrast to FIG. 31, the first other hopping pattern 117_1 is derived from the basic hopping pattern 126 based on a shift of the basic hopping pattern 126 from zero time slots and two (+2) frequency channels, which results in a hopping outside the usable resource elements 1 12 of the Communication system 102 lies. In other words, FIG. 33 shows the scenario from FIG. 32 with a cyclical shift of the (sub) data packets which are not in the valid range of the resource frame.

As can be seen in FIG. 33, the second partial data packet is no longer at frequency index cC + 1, but at index cO and is therefore again in the valid range.

Due to the cyclical shifting of the (partial) data packet in the frequency direction, a (partial) data packet, which has a larger frequency channel index in the basic sequence than another (partial) data packet, can now have a smaller frequency channel index. The cyclical shift shown in FIG. 33 applies analogously to the time axis, a shift in time slots is therefore not explained further here.

In the case of exemplary embodiments, all (sub) data packets (or all resource elements indicated by a jump pattern), which fall out of the permissible resource frame during a shift in the time or frequency direction, are cyclically shifted back into the permissible range. Due to the cyclical shift, each user in the example cited no longer only has the 12 possible jump patterns that are generated by shifting the base sequence (= basic jump pattern 126), but a total of tT * cC virtual jump patterns are now available. In the example, these are 8 * 8 = 64 jump patterns.

The sequence in a transmitter 106 could be implemented as follows, for example.

1. Choice of the base sequence (= basic jump pattern) (if more than one is available)

2. (Random) selection of a time slot offset

3. (Random) selection of a frequency channel offset

4. Cyclic shifting of all (partial) data packets (or all resource elements indicated by a jump pattern), which are outside the permissible range

The cyclic shift checks for each (partial) data packet (or specified resource element) whether it is within the valid range of the resource frame.

A simpler method to ensure this is to apply a modulo tT operation to each calculated time slot index that was calculated after applying the time slot offset, thus ensuring that each index lies within the permissible range. This can be done in a similar way for the frequency channel indices.

In the case of exemplary embodiments, a modulo operation can be carried out in both dimensions after the application of a time slot and frequency channel offset in order to achieve the cyclical shift.

An important design criterion when choosing the jump pattern is that in addition to the good autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties, the utilization of all resource elements should be as even as possible.

Assuming that there are at least as many frequency channels as (partial) data packets, in previous systems attempts were made to assign a maximum of one (partial) data packet to each frequency channel.

By applying a frequency channel offset and the cyclical shift, it is now possible for every (partial) data packet to accept any permissible frequency channel index. This makes it possible to occupy a frequency channel more than once. Assuming that all possible frequency channel offsets are used with the same frequency, the total utilization of all frequency channels is equal.

In the case of exemplary embodiments, the distribution of the (partial) data packets of the base sequence over the frequency channels need not take place uniformly.

C.2 Simplified detection in the receiver using a 2D DFT / 2D FFT

The following exemplary embodiments relate to the data receiver 106 of a radio communication system 102, a coordinating entity defining the available resource elements 112 and sending them to the users, such as Data transmitter 106 reports.

Furthermore, it is assumed that the participants (users) have already been synchronized by a previous event (e.g. by sending a beacon signal or control signal 120) to such an extent that the following tolerances are observed in the transmission of a (partial) data packet in a resource element:

Dί <= T / 2

Af ^<= fsym / 4

Where T corresponds to the symbol duration and f _sy m to the symbol rate.

In addition, it is assumed that a pilot sequence has been introduced in at least two (sub) data packets (the plurality of sub-data packets into which the data packet is divided), but this generally does not mean any restriction, since this is typically already present for synchronization purposes .

The detection of a telegram or data packet with a distributed pilot sequence in the (partial patent packets typically takes place in the following steps:

1. Symbol recovery

2. Correlation to the (partial) pilot sequences in the (partial) data packets

3. Combination of the results of the correlation on the (partial) pilot sequences according to the jump pattern to an overall correlation result 4. Detection of all times at which the overall correlation result exceeds a defined threshold

This process is carried out exactly simply when using a jump pattern 116. If a further jump pattern 117 is now defined, the results of the symbol recovery and the results of the correlation on the pilot sequences can be reused, but the combination must be recalculated according to the jump pattern for the further jump pattern. A further detection of the times which lie above the threshold value must also be carried out.

With an increasing number of jump patterns 116, 117, more and more combinations with the overall results after step 3 and several detections after step 4 have to run in parallel, which increases the computational effort considerably.

In subsection C.1 it was shown how several jump patterns 116, 117_1, 117_2 can be generated from a base sequence (= basic jump pattern 126) by a time slot and frequency channel offset to the respective specified resource elements 118, 119_1, 119_2 (e.g. (partial) data packets ) is added. With the method described above, a further combination and detection would have to be calculated for each virtually generated jump pattern 116, 117_1, 117_2 by time and / or frequency offset, as if it were independent jump patterns.

With a standard receiver, the use of circular jump patterns based on the basic idea means that there is no gain in performance (but also no loss) in terms of computing power.

The correlation on the pilot sequences described in step two is performed for each resource element 112 in every time slot and every frequency channel. As a result of this correlation, a correlation result is obtained for each resource element in time and frequency. In other words, a 2D array (166) with correlation results k [t, c] is obtained, which is shown in FIG. 34 for the example system from subsection C.1.

34 shows in detail in a diagram a two-dimensional (2D) array (166) of correlation results, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In Fig. 34, the ordinate describes the frequency in frequency channels and the abscissa the time in time slots. In other words, Fig. 34 shows an example of a 2D array (166) with Correlation results from the correlation on the pilot sequences in the (sub) data packets.

As can be seen in FIG. 34, the elements of the two-dimensional array (166) of correlation results are assigned the usable resource elements 112 of the communication system 102 in accordance with the position of the usable resource elements 112 in time and frequency. When the correlation results are transferred to the two-dimensional array (166) of correlation results, frequency channels and / or time slots that are not part of the usable resource elements 112 of the communication system can be hidden, i.e. Gaps in time and / or frequency between the resource elements that can be used can be avoided. This is particularly the case, for example, if the resource elements 112 that can be used are indicated by a channel access pattern 110.

Exemplary embodiments are based on the idea that the combination of the correlation results from the correlation on the pilot sequences basically corresponds to a correlation again. For this, the base sequence (= basic jump pattern 126) represents the reference sequence in the 2D raster. Typically, the coherence between the (partial) data packets is not given due to the reduction in power consumption in the transmitter 106, so that the results of the correlation on the pilot sequences are not coherent be saved (e.g. by creating an amount). Thus, the combination of the results of the correlation on the pilot sequences is a purely real operation, which means that when the combination is converted into a correlation, the input data are also real.

To generate the reference sequence for the correlation via the jump pattern, a 2D array (168) is created, which has the same size as the 2D array (166) with the results of the correlation on the pilot sequences (corresponds to the size of the resource frame ).

At all frequency / time slots to which a (partial) data packet is introduced in the base sequence, a real value will be introduced which reflects (and thus normalizes) the correlation length of the previous stage. If the same sequence is introduced in all (sub) data packets, the number is the same for all entries and can be set to one for simplicity. The remaining resource elements, in which no (partial) data packet is introduced in the base sequence (= basic jump pattern 126), are set to zero. This is shown graphically using the example from section C.1 in FIG. 35. In detail, FIG. 35 shows a diagram of a two-dimensional (2D) array (168) of reference values, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In Fig. 35, the ordinate describes the frequency in frequency channels and the abscissa the time in time slots. In other words, FIG. 35 shows a reference sequence of the base sequence when the combination is converted into a 2D correlation via the (partial) data packets.

As can be seen in FIG. 35, the two-dimensional array (166) of correlation results (see FIG. 34) and the two-dimensional array (168) of reference values have the same array size. As can also be seen in Fig. 35, the one-dimensional array (168) of reference values corresponds to the basic jump pattern 126, i.e. Entries of the two-dimensional array (168) of reference values which correspond to the resource elements 128 indicated by the basic jump pattern 126 are assigned a reference value normalized to the correlation (one (1) in the example of FIG. 35), while all other entries of the two -dimensional arrays (168) of reference values, that is to say the entries which do not correspond to the resource elements 128 indicated by the basic jump pattern 126, to a fixed value, for example Zero.

With the two-dimensional result of the correlation via the (partial) pilot sequences in the (partial) data packets and the two-dimensional reference sequence (= two-dimensional array (168) of reference values), which was created with the aid of the basic sequence (= basic jump pattern 126), the 2D correlation can now be carried out using the jump pattern.

If a circular 2D correlation is carried out, the size at the output is equal to the size at the input.

In the event that the selected jump pattern is equal to the base sequence, the maximum of the 2D correlation in the time direction lies at the index tO. In this case, the index in the frequency direction is cO. For verification purposes, a hopping pattern based on the base sequence from the previous example was generated without time and frequency offset. Based on this hopping pattern, a transmission was generated, which was received with noise in the receiver (Es / NO = 10 dB). 36 and 37 show the result of the 2D correction in both the time and frequency directions.

36 shows in detail in a diagram the result (amplitude) of a two-dimensional correlation of the two-dimensional array (166) of correlation results with the two-dimensional array (168) of reference values plotted over time, in the event that the jump pattern corresponds to the basic jump pattern. In other words, FIG. 36 shows the result of the 2D correlation in the time direction from the previous example, the jump pattern being chosen to be the same as the base sequence.

37 shows in a diagram the result (amplitude) of a two-dimensional correlation of the two-dimensional array (166) of correlation results with the two-dimensional array (168) of reference values plotted against the frequency, in the event that the jump pattern corresponds to the basic jump pattern. In other words, FIG. 37 shows the result of the 2D correlation in the frequency direction from the previous example, the jump pattern being chosen to be the same as the base sequence.

As can be seen in FIGS. 36 and 37, the maximum lies in the time and in the frequency direction at the index 0, which corresponds to the index tO and cO.

In the next step, a time offset of two time slots and a frequency offset of six channels were added to the base sequence from the previous example when generating the jump pattern. All subpackages that fell out of the resource frame due to the time and frequency shift were added cyclically at the other end (as described in section C.1). At the receiver 104, the signal was received again with noise (Es / NO = 10 dB) and the 2D correlation was calculated using the reference sequence. The result can be seen in FIGS. 38 and 39 for the time and frequency axes.

38 shows in a diagram the result (amplitude) of a two-dimensional correlation of the two-dimensional array (166) of correlation results with the two-dimensional array (168) of reference values plotted over time, in the event that the jump pattern compared to the basic jump pattern by two time slots and six frequency channels. In other words, FIG. 38 shows the result of the 2D correlation in the time direction from the previous example, the jump pattern to the base sequence being advanced by two time slots and six frequency channels.

FIG. 39 shows in a diagram the result (amplitude) of a two-dimensional correlation of the two-dimensional array (166) of correlation results with the two-dimensional array (168) of reference values plotted against the frequency, in the event that the jump pattern compared to the Basic jump pattern was advanced by two time slots and six frequency channels. In other words, FIG. 39 shows the result of the 2D correlation in the frequency direction from the previous example, the jump pattern to the base sequence being advanced by two time slots and six frequency channels. In comparison to FIGS. 36 and 38, it can be seen that the height of the maximum (almost, influence by noise) is unchanged. The time and frequency position of the maximum is shifted in accordance with the offsets of two time slots and six frequency channels inserted in the transmitter.

With the help of a 2D correlation on the results of the pilot sequence correlation in the (sub) data packets, the combination of the results can be designed effectively according to the jump pattern if all selected jump patterns are based on the same basic sequence (see basic idea). By extracting the time and frequency index from the correlation, the respective time and frequency offset of the jump pattern used can be extracted.

In exemplary embodiments, instead of a combination of the results of the correlation on the pilot sequence in the (sub) data packets, a 2D correlation is carried out in accordance with the jump pattern.

It is known from signal theory that convolution in the time domain can be represented by multiplication in the frequency domain [6]. Here, both signals of the convolution are transformed into the frequency domain. This is typically done using a DFT or FFT.

A correlation is very similar to convolution, whereby a correlation can be converted into a convolution if either the reference signal or the signal to be examined is mirrored. The following relationship therefore applies to performing a correlation in the frequency domain:

Corr = IDFT (DFT (ln) DFT (mirror (Ref) ^* ))

With sufficiently large sizes for the (l) DFT, this reduces the computational effort compared to the correlation in the time domain.

The relationship shown above also applies to multidimensional signals. In the example of a two-dimensional signal, as is available after the correlation on the pilot sequences, a two-dimensional (1) DFT is carried out instead of the one-dimensional (1) DFT, the relationship being as follows: Corr = IDFT2 (DFT2 (ln) DFT2 (mirror (Ref) ^* ))

It should be noted that the reference sequence is mirrored on all (in the example both) axes.

Another aspect is taken into account when performing the correlation in the frequency domain. The DFT / FFT are cyclic operations and thus, unlike the linear correlation / convolution, the output quantity corresponds exactly to the size of the input data. However, there are techniques with which the cyclic folding in the frequency domain can be converted into a linear folding.

By defining the cyclic hopping pattern from subsection C.1, however, a cyclical correlation is particularly advantageous, since all possible time and frequency offsets can be examined with a transformation into the frequency domain, multiplication there in the frequency domain and subsequent inverse transformation into the time domain. This is particularly advantageous for large sizes of the resource frame, since a lot of computing power can be saved.

In exemplary embodiments, the 2D correlation is carried out in the frequency domain. For this purpose, the signal to be examined and the mirrored reference sequence are transformed using DFT / FFT and then multiplied. The result of the correlation is obtained by applying an IDFT / IFFT to the multiplication result.

So-called DSP (DSP = digital signal processors) are often installed in the receivers. These signal processors provide libraries for effective signal processing. Usually there is also a DFT / FFT among them. In very few cases, however, there will be a multi-dimensional FFT. The signal processors for image processing are an exception.

If there is no optimized library available on the DSP that has a multidimensional DFT / FFT, the DFT / FFT must be calculated “on foot” for the method described above. This means that the optimizations of the signal processor cannot be used.

This problem can be avoided by virtually transferring the resource elements (two-dimensional, time and frequency level) to a one-dimensional level. In addition to transforming the resource elements to be examined, the two-dimensional reference array is of course also transformed. This is outlined in FIG. 40 for the example from subsection C.1 with 8x8 resource elements. 40 shows a schematic view of a transformation of the two-dimensional array (168) of reference values from FIG. 35 into a virtual one-dimensional plane. In other words, Fig. 40 shows a transformation of the reference sequence from Fir. 36 to a virtual one-dimensional level.

Similar to FIG. 40, this also takes place for the array (166) to be examined with the resource elements (two-dimensional array (166) of correlation results (see FIG. 34)). Then both one-dimensional arrays can be transformed into a frequency domain using a one-dimensional DFT / FFT and multiplied there. Before transforming the reference sequence using DFT / FFT, make sure that the sequence is mirrored again, since the multiplication in the frequency domain still corresponds to a convolution.

After multiplication, the result can be transformed back into the time domain using an IDFT / IFFT. The two-dimensional result is obtained by back-transformation on two levels (reverse operation to FIG. 40).

In exemplary embodiments, the two-dimensional DFT / FFT and IDFT / IFFT are converted into a one-dimensional DFT / FFT in which both the reference sequence (two-dimensional array of reference values) and the 2D array to be examined (two-dimensional array of correlation results) are converted to a virtual one-dimensional one Level to be transformed. After the inverse transformation of the one-dimensional result of the multiplication, the virtual one-dimensional array is transformed again to the original two levels.

D. Further examples of execution

41 shows a flowchart of a method 300 for sending a data packet in a communication system, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The communication system communicates wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. The method 300 comprises a step 302 of dividing a data packet to be sent [eg the physical layer in the OSI model] into a plurality of sub-data packets, each of which is shorter than the data packet. The method 300 further comprises a step 304 of deriving a hopping pattern from a basic hopping pattern based on a [for example by a] shift in the basic hopping pattern in frequency and / or time. The method 300 further comprises a step 306 of transmitting a data signal with the plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with the hopping pattern [for example within an allowable frequency and / or time range], so that the plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with a frequency specified by the hopping pattern - and / or time-based occupancy of the frequency band are distributed.

42 shows a flow diagram of a method 400 for transmitting data between participants in a communication system, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The communication system communicates wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. The method 400 comprises a step 402 of sending a first data signal with a first plurality of sub-data packets according to a first hopping pattern by a first participant of the communication system, [e.g. in order to transmit the first plurality of sub-data packets in a distributed manner in accordance with a first frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment of the frequency band specified by the first hopping pattern]. Furthermore, the method 400 comprises a step 404 of sending a second data signal with a second plurality of sub-data packets according to a second hopping pattern by a second participant of the communication system, [e.g. in order to transmit the second plurality of sub-data packets in a distributed manner in accordance with a second frequency and / or time hopping-based occupancy of the frequency band indicated by the second hopping pattern], the first hopping pattern and the second hopping pattern being derived from the same basic hopping pattern, the first hopping pattern being based is derived from a first shift in the basic jump pattern in frequency and / or time, the second jump pattern being derived based on a second shift in the basic jump pattern in frequency and / or time, the first shift and the second shift being different [e.g. so that the sub-data packets sent out with the first data signal in accordance with the first jump pattern and the sub-data packets sent out by the second data transmitter in accordance with the second jump pattern do not overlap or collide only partially].

43 shows a flowchart of a method 500 for receiving data in a communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The communication system communicates wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the data packet being divided into a plurality of sub-data packets, each of which is shorter than that, for the transmission of a data packet within the communication system Data packet, and wherein the plurality of sub-data packets are transmitted by means of a data signal corresponding to a branch pattern in a subset of usable resource elements of the communication system, wherein at least two of the plurality of sub-data packets have a pilot sequence, the branch pattern of a basic branch pattern based on a shift of the basic jump pattern is derived in frequency and / or time. The method 500 comprises a step 502 of correlating the resource elements that can be used by the communication system for transmitting the pilot sequence-containing sub-data packets of the plurality of sub-data packets or the resource elements that can be used by the communication system for transmitting the plurality of sub-data packets [for example defined by time slots and frequency channels of the frequency band] of the communication system each with a reference sequence [for example, which corresponds to the pilot sequence] in order to obtain correlation results for the resource elements that can be used. The method 500 further comprises a step 504 of transferring the correlation results [for example, according to the position of the resource elements that can be used in time and frequency [for example, frequency channels and / or time slots that are not used are “hidden”]] into an at least one-dimensional array of correlation results. The method 500 further comprises a step 506 of performing a correlation between the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results and the at least one-dimensional array of reference values, the at least one-dimensional array of reference values being derived from the basic jump pattern.

Exemplary embodiments are used in systems for radio transmission of data from terminals to a base station or from one or more base stations to terminals. For example, a system can be a personal network (PAN) or a low-energy wide area network (LPWAN), the end devices e.g. can be battery-operated sensors (sensor nodes).

Exemplary embodiments are aimed at use cases in which a message (data packet) is transmitted in a plurality of sub-data packets by means of the so-called telegram splitting multiple access (TSMA). The application is particularly advantageous in the event that the base station is battery-operated, so that the operation of the base station receiver is optimized in terms of energy consumption.

As already mentioned, the exemplary embodiments described here can be used to transfer data based on the T elegram splitting method between the Transfer participants of the communication system. In the telegram splitting method, data, such as a telegram or data packet, is divided into a plurality of sub-data packets (or partial data packets, or sub-packets) and the sub-data packets are used in time and / or frequency hopping pattern in time and / or transmitted in frequency from one subscriber to another subscriber (e.g. from the base station to the end point, or from the end point to the base station) of the communication system, the subscriber receiving the sub-data packets combining them again (or combined) to to get the data packet. Each of the sub-data packets contains only a part of the data packet. The data packet can also be channel-coded, so that not all sub-data packets, but only a part of the sub-data packets, are required for error-free decoding of the data packet.

When transmitting data based on the telegram splitting process, the sub-data packets can be distributed in a subset (e.g. a selection) of the available resources of the network-specific channel access pattern. In detail, the sub-data packets can be based on the relative channel access pattern, i.e. in the resources of the relative channel access pattern. For example, one sub-data packet can be transmitted per resource.

Further embodiments provide a base station of a communication system, the communication system in a frequency band [e.g. a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; e.g. ISM Band], which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the base station being designed to receive a signal [e.g. a beacon signal], the signal comprising information about a channel access pattern, the channel access pattern having a frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment that can be used for the communication of the communication system [e.g. of resources] of the frequency band [e.g. a chronological sequence of frequency resources that can be used for the communication of the communication system (e.g. distributed over the frequency band), the information indicating a state of a sequence generator [e.g. a periodic sequence generator or a deterministic random number generator] for generating a sequence of numbers, or the information being a number [e.g. a time slot index and / or a beacon index] of a sequence of numbers [e.g. describes a periodic time slot index sequence and / or periodic beacon index sequence], the number sequence determining the channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the channel access pattern may differ from another channel access pattern based on the at least one different one Communication system of the plurality of other communication systems accesses the frequency band.

In embodiments, the base station can be designed to work in an uncoordinated manner with the other communication systems.

In embodiments, the base station may be configured to communicate with a subscriber of the communication system using the resources determined by the channel access pattern or a subset thereof.

In embodiments, the base station may be configured to multiply the signal with the information about the channel access pattern [e.g. periodically), the information transmitted with successive transmissions of the signal about the channel access pattern being different [e.g. describe successive or immediately successive] states of the sequence generator or different numbers of the sequence.

In embodiments, the information transmitted with the transmission of the signal can only describe a partial set of the states of the number sequence generator or the numbers of the number sequence [e.g. only every nth state or every nth index number are transmitted, where n is a natural number greater than or equal to two).

In embodiments, the channel access pattern information may be the state of the sequence generator or information derived therefrom [e.g. part of the state of the sequence generator (e.g. LSBs of the state of the sequence generator)].

In embodiments, the channel access pattern information may be the number of the sequence of numbers or information derived therefrom [e.g. be part of the number of the sequence of numbers (e.g. LSBs of the number of the sequence of numbers)].

In embodiments, the base station can be designed to determine the channel access pattern as a function of the state of the sequence generator or a number of the sequence derived from the state of the sequence generator.

In exemplary embodiments, based on the state of the number sequence generator, the following states of the Number sequence generator can be determined, wherein the base station can be designed to determine the channel access pattern depending on the following states of the number sequence generator or subsequent numbers of the number sequence derived therefrom.

In embodiments, the base station may be configured to change the channel access pattern depending on an individual information of the communication system [e.g. an intrinsic information of the communication system, e.g. a network-specific identifier].

In exemplary embodiments, the individual information of the communication system can be an inherent information of the communication system.

In exemplary embodiments, the intrinsic information of the communication system can be a network-specific identifier.

In exemplary embodiments, the network-specific identifier can be an identification of the communication system.

In embodiments, the base station can be configured to

the state of the sequence generator, or a number of the sequence derived from the state of the sequence generator, or the number of the sequence, and

map the individual information of the communication system to time information and frequency information using a mapping function, the time information and the frequency information describing a resource of the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the time information can be a time slot or a

Describe the time slot index.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function when mapping to the

Time information takes into account an activity rate of the communication system, the activity rate being determined before execution, or wherein the signal or another signal sent by the base station has information about the activity rate.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function when mapping to the

Time information takes into account different activity rates of the communication system, so that the channel access pattern has areas of different activity rates, the signal or the further signal having information about the activity rates.

In exemplary embodiments, the base station can be designed to dynamically adapt the activity rate depending on a current or predicted load situation of the communication system.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function can map a predetermined minimum distance [e.g. of one or more time slots or time slot indexes] between [e.g. immediately] consecutive time guards or time slot indexes of the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the frequency information can describe a frequency channel or a frequency channel index.

In embodiments, the frequency information can be a distance between [e.g. immediately] describe successive frequency channels or frequency channel indexes of the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function when mapping to the

Frequency information a predetermined minimum distance between [e.g. immediately] successive frequency channels or frequency channel indexes of the

Adhere to the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function when mapping to the

Frequency information takes into account an interference-prone frequency channel or a range of interference-prone frequency channels of the frequency band, so that the interference-prone frequency channel or the range of interference-prone frequency channels is not or only less occupied by the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the frequency information can describe a bundling of frequency resources of the frequency band, which comprises at least two immediately adjacent or spaced-apart frequency channels or frequency channel indices.

In exemplary embodiments, the base station can be designed to be dependent on the state of the sequence generator or a number of the sequence derived from the state of the sequence generator, or the number of the sequence, and

an individual information of the communication system

determine a pseudo random number R, the pseudo random number R determining the channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the base station may be configured to retrieve a resource based on the pseudo random number R [e.g. Frequency channel and / or time slot, or frequency channel index and / or time slot index] to determine the channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the signal can be a beacon signal.

In exemplary embodiments, the number sequence generator can be a periodic one

Number sequence generator for generating a periodic number sequence.

In exemplary embodiments, the number sequence generator can be a deterministic random number generator for generating a pseudo-random number sequence.

In exemplary embodiments, the state of the number sequence generator can be a periodic beacon index and / or a periodic time slot index.

In embodiments, a number derived from the state of the number sequence generator can be a periodic beacon index and / or a periodic time slot index.

In exemplary embodiments, the number of the sequence of numbers can be a periodic beacon index and / or a periodic time slot index.

In exemplary embodiments, an assignment of the frequency band defined by the channel access pattern can at least partially overlap an assignment of the frequency band by another communication system.

Further exemplary embodiments create an end point of a communication system, the communication system in a frequency band [for example a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; eg ISM band], which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the end point being designed to receive a signal [eg a beacon signal], the Signal has information about a channel access pattern, the channel access pattern indicating a frequency and / or time hopping-based occupancy [e.g. of resources] of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system [eg a time sequence of usable for the communication of the communication system (e.g. via the frequency band distributed) frequency resources], the end point being designed to determine the channel access pattern based on the information about the channel access pattern, the information describing a state of a sequence generator [eg a periodic sequence generator or a deterministic random number generator] for generating a sequence of numbers, or wherein the information describes a number [eg a time slot index and / or a beacon index] of a number sequence [eg a periodic time slot index sequence and / or periodic beacon index sequence], the number sequence specifying the channel access pattern is true.

In exemplary embodiments, the channel access pattern can differ from another channel access pattern based on which at least one other communication system of the plurality of other communication systems accesses the frequency band.

In the case of exemplary embodiments, the end point can be designed to work in an uncoordinated manner with the other communication systems.

In embodiments, the end point may be configured to communicate with a participant of the communication system using the resources determined by the channel access pattern or a subset thereof.

In embodiments, the end point may be configured to multiply the signal with the channel access pattern information [e.g. periodically or sporadically], the information transmitted with successive transmissions of the signal about the channel access pattern being different [e.g. describe successive or immediately successive] states of the number sequence generator or different numbers of the number sequence, wherein the end point can be designed to determine the channel access pattern based on the information about the channel access pattern [e.g. based on the different states of the sequence generator or the different numbers of the sequence].

In exemplary embodiments, the information transmitted with the transmission of the signal can only be a subset of the states of the number sequence generator or the numbers describe the sequence of numbers [for example, only every nth state or every nth index number is transmitted, where n is a natural number greater than or equal to two].

In embodiments, the end point can be designed to determine the channel access pattern as a function of the state of the number sequence generator or a number of the number sequence derived from the state of the number sequence generator.

In embodiments, based on the state of the sequence generator, the state of the sequence generator [e.g. immediately] the following states of the number sequence generator can be determined, the end point being designed to determine the channel access pattern as a function of the following states of the number sequence generator or subsequent numbers of the number sequence derived therefrom.

In embodiments, the end point may be configured to change the channel access pattern depending on individual information from the communication system [e.g. an intrinsic information of the communication system, e.g. a network-specific identifier].

In embodiments, the end point can be configured to the state of the sequence generator, or a number of the sequence derived from the state of the sequence generator, or the number of the sequence, and

In exemplary embodiments, the time information can describe a time slot or a time slot index.

In the case of exemplary embodiments, the mapping function can take into account an activity rate of the communication system when mapping to the time information, the activity rate being determined prior to execution, or the signal or another received signal having information about the activity rate.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function when mapping to the

In exemplary embodiments, the signal can have information about the activity rates of the communication system.

In exemplary embodiments, the end point can be designed to receive a further signal, the further signal having information about the activity rates of the communication system.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function when mapping to the

Time information a predetermined minimum distance [e.g. of one or more time slots or time slot indexes] between [e.g. immediately] consecutive time slots or time slot indexes of the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the frequency information can describe a frequency channel or a frequency channel index. In exemplary embodiments, the frequency information can describe a distance between [eg immediately] successive frequency channels or frequency channel indexes of the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function when mapping to the

Frequency information a predetermined minimum distance between [e.g. immediately] consecutive frequency channels or frequency channel indexes of the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the mapping function when mapping to the

In exemplary embodiments, the frequency information can describe at least two immediately adjacent or spaced-apart frequency channels or frequency channel indices.

In exemplary embodiments, the end point can be designed to, depending on the state of the number sequence generator or a number of the sequence of numbers derived from the state of the number sequence generator, or the number of the sequence of numbers, and

an individual information of the communication system

to determine a pseudo random number R, the pseudo random number R being the

Channel access pattern determined.

In embodiments, the end point may be configured to find a resource based on the pseudo random number R [e.g. Frequency channel and / or time slot, or frequency channel index and / or time slot index] to determine the channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the signal can be a beacon signal.

In exemplary embodiments, the number sequence generator can be a periodic number sequence generator for generating a periodic number sequence. In exemplary embodiments, the number sequence generator can be a deterministic random number generator for generating a pseudo-random number sequence.

Further exemplary embodiments create a communication system with one of the base stations described above and at least one of the end points described above.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for operating a base station of a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. The method comprises a step of transmitting a signal, the signal having information about a channel access pattern, the channel access pattern indicating a frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system, the information indicating a state of a number sequence generator for generation describes a sequence of numbers or the information describes a number of a sequence of numbers, the sequence of numbers determining the channel access pattern.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for operating an end point of a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. The method comprises a step of receiving a signal, the signal having information about a channel access pattern, the channel access control indicating a frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system. The method further comprises a Step of determining the channel access pattern based on the information about the channel access pattern, the information describing a state of a sequence generator for generating a sequence of numbers or wherein the information describes a number of a sequence of numbers, the sequence of numbers determining the channel access pattern.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a controller for a subscriber of a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the controller being designed to determine a channel access pattern, the channel access pattern being one for communication of the communication system specifies usable frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment of the frequency band, the controller being designed to determine the channel access pattern as a function of a state of a number sequence generator for generating a number sequence or a number of a number sequence.

In embodiments, the controller can be designed to determine the channel access pattern as a function of the state of the number sequence generator or a number of the number sequence derived from the state of the number sequence generator.

In embodiments, based on the state of the sequence generator, the state of the sequence generator [e.g. immediately] the following states of the number sequence generator can be determined, wherein the controller can be designed to determine the channel access pattern as a function of the following states of the number sequence generator or subsequent numbers of the number sequence derived therefrom.

In embodiments, the controller may be configured to change the channel access pattern depending on individual information from the communication system [e.g. an intrinsic information of the communication system, e.g. a network-specific identifier].

In embodiments, the controller can be configured to

the individual information of the communication system to map time information and frequency information using a mapping function, the time information and frequency information describing a resource of the channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the controller can be designed to be dependent on

the state of the sequence generator or a number of the sequence derived from the state of the sequence generator, or the number of the sequence, and

an individual information of the communication system

In embodiments, the controller may be configured to based on the pseudo random number R a resource [e.g. Frequency channel and / or time slot, or frequency channel index and / or time slot index] to determine the channel access pattern.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for generating a channel access pattern. The method comprises a step of generating the channel access pattern, the channel access pattern indicating a frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment of the frequency band that can be used for communication of a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band that is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication , wherein the channel access pattern is generated depending on a state of a sequence generator for generating a sequence or a number of a sequence.

Further exemplary embodiments create a communication system, the communication system being designed to operate in a frequency band [for example a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; eg ISM band], which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, to communicate wirelessly, the communication system being designed to use different frequencies or frequency channels of the frequency band [eg into which the frequency band is divided] based on a channel access pattern, in sections [eg time slot ] for communication, regardless of whether they are used by another communication system, the channel access pattern being different from another channel access pattern, based on the at least one different one Communication system of the plurality of other communication systems accessing the frequency band differs.

In exemplary embodiments, the channel access pattern can be a frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment that can be used for the communication of the communication system [e.g. of resources] of the frequency band [e.g. a chronological sequence of frequency resources that can be used for the communication of the communication system (e.g. distributed over the frequency band)].

In exemplary embodiments, the communication system can be designed to communicate uncoordinated with the other communication systems in the frequency band.

In exemplary embodiments, the communication system can be designed to determine the channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the channel access pattern can be from an individual [e.g. immanent] information of the communication system.

In embodiments, the channel access pattern and the other channel access pattern can overlap in less than 20% of the resources defined therein.

In exemplary embodiments, subscribers of the communication system can transmit data to one another in sections based on the channel access pattern in the different channels of the frequency band.

In exemplary embodiments, a reception bandwidth of participants in the communication system can be narrower than a bandwidth of the frequency band.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for operating a communication system, the communication system in a frequency band [for example a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; eg ISM Band] communicates wirelessly, which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. The method comprises a step of transmitting data between subscribers of the communication system based on a channel access pattern in sections in different channels of the frequency band, regardless of whether this or a subset thereof is used by other communication systems are different, wherein the channel access pattern differs from another channel access pattern based on the at least one other communication system of the plurality of other communication systems on the frequency band.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a communication arrangement with a first communication system and a second communication system, the first communication system and the second communication system being designed to operate in the same frequency band [e.g. a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; e.g. ISM band] [e.g. which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication] to communicate wirelessly, the first communication system being designed to use different channels of the frequency band [e.g. into which the frequency band is divided] in sections [e.g. timeslot] for communication, irrespective of whether these or a subset thereof are used by another communication system, the second communication system being designed to use a second channel access pattern to different channels of the frequency band [e.g. into which the frequency band is divided] in sections [e.g. timeslot] for communication, regardless of whether these or a subset thereof are used by another communication system, the first channel access pattern and the second channel access pattern being different.

In exemplary embodiments, the first communication system and the second communication system cannot be coordinated with one another.

In exemplary embodiments, subscribers of the first communication system can transmit data to one another in sections based on the first channel access pattern in the different channels of the frequency band.

In exemplary embodiments, subscribers of the second communication system can transmit data to one another in sections in the different channels of the frequency band based on the second channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the first communication system and the second communication system cannot communicate with one another.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for operating two communication systems in a frequency band, which of a plurality of Communication systems for wireless communication is used. The method comprises a step of transmitting data between subscribers of the first communication system based on a first channel access pattern in sections in different channels of the frequency band, regardless of whether these or a subset thereof are used by other communication systems. Furthermore, the method comprises a step of transmitting data between subscribers of the second communication system based on a second channel access pattern in sections in different channels of the frequency band, irrespective of whether these or a subset thereof are used by other communication systems, the first channel access pattern and the second channel access pattern being different are.

Further embodiments provide an end point of a communication system, the communication system in a frequency band [e.g. a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; e.g. ISM Band], which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the end point being designed to receive a signal [e.g. a beacon signal], the signal having information about a network-specific channel access pattern, the network-specific channel access pattern indicating a frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system [e.g. a chronological sequence of frequency resources that can be used for communication of the communication system (e.g. distributed over the frequency band), the end point being designed to transmit data using a relative channel access pattern [e.g. to send or receive], the relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern [e.g. indicates the relative channel access pattern which of the resources released or usable by the network-specific channel access pattern for the communication of the communication system are actually to be used for the transmission of data through the end point].

In exemplary embodiments, the allocation of resources of the relative channel access pattern to be used for the transmission can be a subset of the usable frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern [for example where the relative channel access pattern only has a subset of the resources of the network-specific channel access pattern]. In embodiments, the relative channel access pattern may differ from another relative channel access pattern based on which another subscriber [eg end point and / or base station; eg base station to another subscriber] of the communication system transmits data (eg sends and / or receives), the other relative channel access pattern being an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission by the other subscriber from the usable frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the network-specific channel access pattern can be the frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the frequency band in frequency channels that can be used for the communication of the communication system [e.g. into which the frequency band is divided] and assigned time slots or in frequency channel indices and assigned time slot indices.

In embodiments, the network-specific channel access pattern in the frequency direction [e.g. per time slot or time slot index] a plurality of adjacent or spaced resources [e.g. Frequency channels or frequency channel indices] of the frequency band.

In embodiments, the relative channel access must be at most a subset [e.g. at most one resource, i.e. indicate one or no resource] of the plurality of adjacent or spaced apart resources of the network-specific channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the relative channel access pattern for at least one time jump [e.g. for at least one time slot or time slot index] in the frequency direction can indicate another resource of the plurality of adjacent or spaced-apart resources of the network-specific channel access pattern than a different relative channel access pattern based on which another subscriber [e.g. End point and / or base station; eg base station to another subscriber] of the communication system transmits data [eg sends and / or receives], the other relative channel access pattern being an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission by the other subscriber from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern. In exemplary embodiments, at least two resources [for example frequency channels or frequency channel indices] of the plurality of adjacent or spaced-apart resources in the frequency direction can be assigned different symbol rates and / or different numbers of symbols.

In embodiments, the plurality of adjacent resources in the frequency direction can be a block [e.g. Cluster] of related resources, different parts of the block of related resources being assigned different symbol rates and / or different numbers of symbols.

In embodiments, the end point may be configured to match the relative channel access pattern from a set [e.g. Stock] of M relative channel access patterns, the M relative channel access patterns indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern, the M relative channel access patterns being different [e.g. differ from one resource in at least the assignment].

In embodiments, the end point can be configured to the relative

Randomly select channel access patterns from the set of M relative channel access patterns.

In embodiments, the end point can be configured to the relative

Select channel access patterns based on an inherent parameter from the set of M relative channel access patterns.

In embodiments, the intrinsic parameter can be a digital signature of the telegram [e.g. B. CMAC (One-key MAC)] or a code word for the detection of transmission errors [z. B. a CRC].

In embodiments, the end point can be configured to the relative

Select channel access patterns depending on the requirements of the data to be transmitted for transmission properties [eg latency, or robustness against interference] from a set of relative channel access patterns with different transmission properties [eg different latency, or different robustness against interference]. In exemplary embodiments, the end point can be designed to transmit [for example transmit or receive] a data packet, which is divided into a plurality of sub-data packets, according to the relative channel access pattern, the plurality of sub-data packets in each case only one Have part of the data packet.

In embodiments, the information may include a state of a sequence generator [e.g. a periodic number sequence generator or a deterministic random number generator] to generate a number sequence, the number sequence determining the channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the information can be a number [e.g. a time slot index and / or a beacon index] of a sequence of numbers [e.g. a periodic time slot index sequence and / or periodic beacon index sequence], the number sequence determining the channel access pattern.

Further embodiments provide a base station of a communication system, the communication system in a frequency band [e.g. a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; e.g. ISM Band], which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the base station being designed to receive a signal [e.g. a beacon signal], the signal comprising information about a network-specific channel access pattern, the network-specific channel access pattern indicating a frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system [e.g. a chronological sequence of frequency resources that can be used for communication of the communication system (e.g. distributed over the frequency band), the base station being designed to transmit data using a relative channel access pattern [e.g. to send or receive], the relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel strip riffsmusers [e.g. indicates the relative channel access pattern which of the resources released or usable by the network-specific channel access pattern for the communication of the communication system are actually to be used for the transmission of data by the base station].

In embodiments, the allocation of resources of the relative channel access pattern to be used for the transmission can be a subset of the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific

Channel access pattern [e.g. the relative channel access pattern comprising only a subset of the resources of the network-specific channel access pattern].

In the case of exemplary embodiments, the base station does not know in advance which relative jump pattern from an end point is used.

In embodiments, the base station can be designed to determine the relative jump pattern used by means of a detection [e.g. B. by correlation and threshold decision].

In embodiments, the relative channel access pattern may be different from another relative channel access pattern based on which the base station transmits other data [e.g. sends and / or receives, e.g. transmits to another subscriber and receives from another subscriber], differentiate, the other relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern that can be used.

In embodiments, the relative channel access pattern in the frequency direction can be at most a subset [e.g. at most one resource, i.e. indicate one or no resource] of the plurality of adjacent or spaced apart resources of the network-specific channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the relative channel access pattern may be one for at least one time jump [eg, for at least one time slot or time slot index] in the frequency direction specify a different resource from the plurality of adjacent or spaced-apart resources of the network-specific channel access pattern than another relative channel access pattern based on which the base station transmits other data [eg sends and / or receives, eg sends to another subscriber and receives from another subscriber], the other relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern.

In embodiments, at least two resources [e.g. Frequency channels or frequency channel indices] of the plurality of adjacent or spaced-apart resources in the frequency direction can be assigned different symbol rates and / or a different number of symbols.

In embodiments, the base station can be configured to the relative

Channel access patterns from a set [e.g. Stock] of M relative channel access patterns, the M relative channel access patterns indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern, the M relative channel access patterns being different [e.g. differ from one resource in at least the assignment].

In embodiments, the base station can be configured to the relative

Select channel access patterns based on an inherent parameter from the set of M relative channel access patterns. In embodiments, the intrinsic parameter can be a digital signature of the telegram [e.g. B. CMAC (One-key MAC)] or a code word for the detection of transmission errors [z. B. a CRC].

In embodiments, the base station may be configured to determine the relative channel access pattern depending on requirements of the data to be transmitted for transmission properties [e.g. Latency, or robustness against interference] from a set of relative channel access patterns with different transmission characteristics [e.g. different latency, or different robustness against interference].

In embodiments, the base station may be configured to determine the relative channel access pattern depending on requirements of the data to be transmitted for transmission properties [e.g. Latency, or robustness against interference].

In embodiments, the base station may be configured to transmit as data a data packet that is divided into a plurality of sub-data packets according to the relative channel access pattern [e.g. to send or receive], the plurality of sub-data packets each comprising only a part of the data packet.

Further exemplary embodiments create a communication system with at least one of the end points described above and one of the base stations described above.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for operating an end point of a communication system, the communication system in a frequency band [for example a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; eg ISM Band] communicates wirelessly, which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication is being used. The method comprises a step of receiving a signal [for example a beacon signal], the signal having information about a network-specific channel access pattern, the network-specific channel access pattern being a frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system specifies [for example a chronological sequence of frequency resources which can be used for the communication of the communication system (for example distributed over the frequency band)]. The method further comprises a step of transmitting data using a relative channel access pattern, the relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern that can be used [for example, the relative Channel access pattern indicates which of the resources released or usable by the network-specific channel access pattern for the communication of the communication system are actually to be used for the transmission of data through the end point].

Further embodiments provide a method for operating a base station of a communication system, the communication system in a frequency band [e.g. a license-free and / or license-free frequency band; e.g. ISM Band] communicates wirelessly, which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. The method comprises a step of sending a signal [e.g. of a beacon signal], the signal comprising information about a network-specific channel access pattern, the network-specific channel access pattern indicating a frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system [e.g. a chronological sequence of frequency resources that can be used for the communication of the communication system (e.g. distributed over the frequency band)]. The method further comprises a step of transmitting data using a relative channel access pattern, the relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern [e.g. indicates the relative channel access pattern which of the resources released or usable by the network-specific channel access pattern for the communication of the communication system are actually to be used for the transmission of data by the base station].

Further exemplary embodiments create a controller for a subscriber of a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication is used, wherein the controller is designed to determine a network-specific channel access pattern, the network-specific channel access pattern indicating a frequency and / or time hopping-based allocation of resources of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system, the controller being designed to determine a relative channel access pattern to be determined, the relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for a transmission of data of the subscriber from the frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern that can be used.

In embodiments, the relative channel access pattern may differ from another relative channel access pattern based on which the subscriber transmits other data [e.g. sends and / or receives] or based on which another subscriber [e.g. End point and / or base station] of the communication system transmits data [e.g. sends and / or receives], differentiate, the other relative channel access pattern an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the usable frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific

Indicates channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the relative channel access pattern in the frequency direction can be at most a subset [for example at most one resource, ie one or no resource] indicate the plurality of adjacent or spaced resources of the network-specific channel access pattern.

In embodiments, the relative channel access pattern in the frequency direction may indicate a different resource from the plurality of adjacent or spaced resources of the network-specific channel access pattern than another relative channel access pattern based on which the subscriber transmits other data [e.g. sends and / or receives] or based on which another subscriber [e.g. End point and / or base station] of the communication system transmits data [e.g. transmits and / or receives], the other relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for the transmission from the frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern that can be used.

In embodiments, at least two resources [e.g. Frequency channels or frequency channel indices] of the plurality of adjacent or spaced-apart resources in the frequency direction can be assigned different symbol rates and / or different numbers of symbols.

In embodiments, the controller can be designed to control the relative

Channel access patterns depending on requirements of the data to be transmitted regarding transmission properties [e.g. Latency, or robustness against interference] from a set of relative channel access patterns with different transmission characteristics [e.g. different latency, or different robustness against interference].

In embodiments, the controller can be designed to control the relative

To generate channel access patterns depending on the requirements of the data to be transmitted regarding transmission properties [eg latency, or robustness against interference]. In exemplary embodiments, the controller can be designed to pseudorandomly determine the channel access pattern as a function of a state of a number sequence generator for generating a number sequence or a number of a number sequence.

In embodiments, the controller may be configured to change the channel access pattern depending on individual information of the communication system [e.g. an intrinsic information of the communication system, e.g. a network-specific identifier].

In embodiments, the controller can be configured to

the individual information of the communication system

to map time information and frequency information using a mapping function, the time information and frequency information describing a resource of the channel access pattern.

In exemplary embodiments, the controller can be designed to, depending on the state of the number sequence generator or a number of the number sequence derived from the state of the number sequence generator, or the number of the number sequence, and

an individual information of the communication system

determine a pseudo random number R, the pseudo random number R determining the channel access pattern. In exemplary embodiments, the controller can be designed to determine a resource [for example frequency channel and / or time slot, or frequency channel index and / or time slot index] of the channel access pattern based on the pseudo random number R.

Further exemplary embodiments provide a method for operating a subscriber of a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication. The method comprises a step of determining a network-specific channel access pattern, the network-specific channel access pattern indicating a frequency- and / or time-jump-based allocation of resources of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system. The method further comprises a step of determining a relative channel access pattern, the relative channel access pattern indicating an allocation of resources to be used for a transmission of data of the subscriber from the frequency and / or time-based allocation of resources of the network-specific channel access pattern that can be used.

Although some aspects have been described in connection with a device, it goes without saying that these aspects also represent a description of the corresponding method, so that a block or a component of a device is also to be understood as a corresponding method step or as a feature of a method step. Analogously, aspects that have been described in connection with or as a method step also represent a description of a corresponding block or detail or feature of a corresponding device. Some or all of the method steps can be carried out by a hardware apparatus (or using a H a rd wa re-Appa rats), such as a microprocessor, a programmable computer or an electronic circuit. In some embodiments, some or more of the most important process steps can be performed by such an apparatus.

Depending on the specific implementation requirements, exemplary embodiments of the invention can be implemented in hardware or in software. The implementation can be performed using a digital storage medium, such as a floppy disk, DVD, Blu-ray disc, CD, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM or FLASH memory, hard drive, or other magnetic or optical memory are carried out, on which electronically readable control signals are stored, which can interact with a programmable computer system in this way or Interact so that the respective procedure is carried out. The digital storage medium can therefore be computer-readable.

Some exemplary embodiments according to the invention thus comprise a data carrier which has electronically readable control signals which are able to interact with a programmable computer system in such a way that one of the methods described herein is carried out.

In general, exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be implemented as a computer program product with a program code, the program code being effective to carry out one of the methods when the computer program product runs on a computer.

The program code can, for example, also be stored on a machine-readable carrier.

Other embodiments include the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein, the computer program being stored on a machine readable medium.

In other words, an exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a computer program which has a program code for performing one of the methods described here when the computer program runs on a computer.

Another exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a data carrier (or a digital storage medium or a computer-readable medium) on which the computer program for carrying out one of the methods described herein is recorded. The data carrier, the digital storage medium or the computer-readable medium are typically objective and / or non-transitory or non-temporary.

A further exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a data stream or a sequence of signals which represents the computer program for carrying out one of the methods described herein. The data stream or the sequence of signals can, for example, go there be configured to be transferred over a data communication link, for example over the Internet.

A further exemplary embodiment comprises a processing device, for example a computer or a programmable logic component, which is configured or adapted to carry out one of the methods described herein.

Another embodiment includes a computer on which the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein is installed.

A further exemplary embodiment according to the invention comprises a device or a system which is designed to transmit a computer program for carrying out at least one of the methods described herein to a receiver. The transmission can take place electronically or optically, for example. The receiver can be, for example, a computer, a mobile device, a storage device or a similar device. The device or the system can comprise, for example, a file server for transmitting the computer program to the recipient.

In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (e.g., a field programmable gate array, an FPGA) can be used to perform some or all of the functionality of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, a field programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor to perform one of the methods described herein. In general, in some embodiments, the methods are performed by any hardware device. This can be a universally usable hardware such as a computer processor (CPU) or hardware specific to the method, such as an ASIC.

For example, the devices described herein can be implemented using a hardware apparatus, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware apparatus and a computer.

The devices described herein, or any components of the devices described herein, may at least partially be implemented in hardware and / or in software (computer program). For example, the methods described herein can be implemented using a hardware apparatus, or using a computer, or using a combination of a handheld device and a computer. The methods described herein, or any components of the methods described herein, may be performed at least in part by hardware and / or software.

The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. It is to be understood that modifications and variations in the arrangements and details described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the following claims and not by the specific details presented based on the description and explanation of the exemplary embodiments herein.

bibliography

[1] DE 10 201 1 082 098 B4

[2] IEEE Std. 802.15.4 - 2015 - IEEE Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Networks,

2015

[3] G. Kilian, H. Petkov, R. Psiuk, H. Lieske, F. Beer, J. Robert, and

A. Heuberger, “Improved coverage for low-power telemetry Systems using telegram Splitting,” in Proceedings of 2013 European Conference on Smart Objects, Systems and Technologies (SmartSysTech), 2013

[4] G. Kilian, M. Breiling, H.H. Petkov, H. Lieske, F. Beer, J. Robert, and A.

Heuberger, “Increasing Transmission Reliability for Telemetry Systems Using Telegram Splitting,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 63, no.3, pp. 949-961, Mar. 2015

[5] http://www.aip.de/groups/soe/local/numres/bookcpdf/c13-2.pdf

List of abbreviations

CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

LPWAN: Low Power Wide Area Network

LSB: Least Significant Bit (s)

MSB: Most Significant Bit (s)

PAN: Personal Area Network

TLS: Transport Layer Security

TSMA: Telegram splitting multiple access

Claims

1. Data transmitter (106) of a communication system (102), the communication system (102) communicating wirelessly in a frequency band that is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the data transmitter (106) being designed to transmit a data packet that is to be sent to divide into a plurality of sub-data packets, each of which is shorter than the data packet, the data transmitter (106) being designed to transmit a data signal (122) which has the plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with a jump pattern (116) in order to transmit the plurality of sub-data packets in a distributed manner according to a frequency and / or time hopping-based occupancy of the frequency band specified by the hopping pattern, the data transmitter (106) being designed to base the hopping pattern (116) on a basic hopping pattern (126) derive from a shift in the basic hopping pattern (126) in frequency and / or time.

2. The data transmitter (106) according to the preceding claim, wherein the shift of the basic jump pattern (126), based on which the data transmitter (106) derives the jump pattern (116) from the basic jump pattern (126), from a shift of the same basic jump pattern, based on which another data transmitter (106) of the communication system derives a different jump pattern (117) from the same basic jump pattern (126).

3. Data transmitter (106) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data transmitter (106) is designed, when deriving the jump pattern (116) from the basic jump pattern (126), to an outside of a permissible frequency and / or to shift the jump of the jump pattern (116) lying in the time range based on a cyclical shift into the permissible frequency and / or time range.

4. Data transmitter (106) according to the preceding claim, wherein the cyclical shift of the jump pattern, which is based on a limit of the permissible frequency and / or time range by a time and / or frequency value outside the permissible frequency and / or time range (116) is shifted by the same time and / or frequency value starting from an opposite limit of the frequency and / or time range into the permissible frequency and / or time range.

5. Data transmitter (106) according to one of claims 3 to 4, wherein the cyclical shift of the jump of the hopping pattern (116) lying outside the permissible frequency and / or time range into the permissible frequency and / or time range takes place based on a modulo operation .

6. Data transmitter (106) according to one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the permissible frequency range lies within band limits of the frequency band.

7 data transmitter (106) according to one of claims 3 to 6, wherein the communication system (102) accesses the frequency band based on successive time segments, the permissible time range being within one of the time segments.

8 data transmitter (106) according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein the permissible frequency range is divided into frequency channels, wherein the frequency value is a number of frequency channels.

9. Data transmitter (106) according to one of claims 4 to 8, wherein the permissible time range is divided into time slots, the time value being a number of time slots.

10. Data transmitter (106) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the basic hopping pattern (126) indicates an uneven occupancy of frequency channels into which the frequency band is divided.

1 1. Data transmitter (106) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the data transmitter (106) is configured to the jump pattern (116) from the basic jump pattern (126) based on a random or pseudo-random shift of the basic jump pattern (126) in frequency and / or derive time.

12. Data transmitter (106) according to the preceding claim, wherein the pseudo-random shift of the basic jump pattern (126) is based on an intrinsic parameter of the data transmitter (106).

13. Data transmitter (106) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data transmitter (106) is designed to provide at least two of the plurality of sub-data packets with pilot sequences.

14. Data transmitter (106) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data transmitter (106) is designed to receive a control signal (120) of the communication system (102), the control signal (120) having information about the basic jump pattern (126) .

15. Data transmitter (106) according to the preceding claim, wherein the data transmitter (106) is designed to synchronize in time and / or frequency with the control signal (120).

16. Data transmitter (106) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data transmitter (106) is designed to receive a control signal (120) of the communication system (102), the control signal (120) providing information about an admissible frequency and / or time range for transmitting the data signal (122) with the plurality of sub-data packets, the data transmitter (106) being designed to transmit the data signal (122) with the plurality of sub-data packets within the permissible frequency and / or time range transfer.

17. Data transmitter (106) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data transmitter (106) is designed to receive a control signal (120), the control signal (120) having information about a channel access pattern (110), the channel access pattern ( 110) specifies a frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment of the frequency band that can be used for the communication of the communication system, wherein the data transmitter (106) is designed to determine the channel access pattern (110) based on the information about the channel access pattern (110), whereby the Jump pattern (1 16) is a relative channel access pattern (116), the relative channel access pattern (1 16) specifying the occupancy to be used of the usable frequency and / or time-based occupancy indicated by the channel access pattern (110), the data transmitter (106) being designed to use the data signal (122) to transmit the plurality of sub-data packets in at least one by the relative channel z access pattern (110) specified subset of the usable frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment of the frequency band specified by the channel access pattern (110).

18. Data transmitter (106) according to one of the preceding claims, the data transmitter (106) being an end point of the communication system (102).

19. Data receiver (104) of a communication system, wherein the communication system (102) communicates wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the data packet being transmitted into a plurality of sub for the transmission of a data packet within the communication system (102) - data packets which are each shorter than the data packet, and the plurality of sub-data packets are transmitted in a subset of usable resource elements (112) of the communication system (102) by means of a data signal (122) corresponding to a jump pattern (116), wherein at least two of the plurality of sub-data packets have a pilot sequence, the hopping pattern (116) being derived from a basic hopping pattern (126) based on a shift in the basic hopping pattern (126) in frequency and / or time, the data receiver (104 ) is designed to be controlled by the communication system (102) r Transmission of the sub-data packets comprising the pilot sequence of the plurality of sub-data packets usable resource elements (112) or the resource elements (112) of the communication system (102) usable for the transmission of the plurality of sub-data packets each correlate with a reference sequence in order to to obtain the usable resource elements (112) correlation results and to convert the correlation results into an at least one-dimensional array of correlation results (166), the data receiver (104) being designed to correlate the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results ( 116) with an at least one-dimensional array of reference values (168), the at least one-dimensional array of reference values (168) being derived from the basic jump pattern (126).

20. Data receiver (104) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data receiver (104) is configured to the plurality of sub-data packets based on the correlation of the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results (166) with the at least one-dimensional array of reference values (168).

21. Data receiver (104) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results (166) is a two-dimensional array of correlation results (166), wherein the at least one-dimensional array of reference values (168) is a two-dimensional Array of reference values (168).

22. The data receiver (104) according to the preceding claim, wherein the data receiver (104) is designed to perform a two-dimensional correlation of the two-dimensional array of correlation results (166) with the two-dimensional array of reference values (168).

23. The data receiver (104) according to claim 22, wherein the two-dimensional correlation is a two-dimensional cross correlation in the time domain.

24. The data receiver (104) according to claim 22, wherein the data receiver (104) is designed to carry out the two-dimensional correlation in the frequency domain.

25. The data receiver (104) according to claim 24, wherein the data receiver (104) is designed to transform the two-dimensional array of correlation results (166) into the frequency domain in order to obtain a transformed version of the two-dimensional array of correlation results, wherein the data receiver (104) is configured to transform the two-dimensional array of reference values (168) into the frequency domain to obtain a transformed version of the two-dimensional array of reference values, the data receiver (104) being configured to to mirror either the two-dimensional array of correlation results (166) or the two-dimensional array of reference values (168) before the transformation into the frequency domain, the data receiver (104) being designed to reflect the transformed version of the two-dimensional array of Multiplying the correlation results and the transformed version of the two-dimensional array of reference values element by element to obtain a two-dimensional multiplication result, the data receiver (104) being designed to transform the multiplication result into the time domain in order to obtain an overall correlation result.

The data receiver (104) of claim 24, wherein the data receiver (104) is configured to transform the two-dimensional array of correlation results (166) into a virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results, the data receiver (104) being configured to transform the two-dimensional array of reference values (168) into a virtual one-dimensional level of reference values, wherein the data receiver (104) is configured to translate the virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results into the frequency domain to a transformed version of the virtual one-dimensional level of To obtain correlation results, the data receiver (104) being designed to transform the virtual one-dimensional level of reference values into the frequency domain in order to obtain a transformed version of the virtual one-dimensional level of reference values, wherein the data receiver (104) is configured to mirror either the virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results or the virtual one-dimensional level of reference values before the transformation into the frequency domain, wherein the data receiver (104) is configured to reflect the transformed version of the virtual one-dimensional level of correlation results or multiply the transformed version of the virtual one-dimensional level of reference values in order to obtain a multiplication result, the data receiver (104) being designed to transform the multiplication result into the time domain in order to obtain an overall correlation result.

27. Data receiver (104) according to one of claims 21 to 26, wherein the two-dimensional array of correlation results (166) and the two-dimensional array of reference values (168) have the same array size.

28. Data receiver (104) according to one of claims 21 to 27, the usable resource elements (112) of the communication system (102) corresponding to the position of the usable resource elements (112) in time and frequency elements of the two-dimensional array of correlation results (166 ) assigned.

29. Data receiver (104) according to one of claims 21 to 28, wherein the at least one-dimensional array of reference values (168) corresponds to the basic jump pattern (126).

30. Data receiver (104) according to one of claims 21 to 29, wherein elements of the two-dimensional array of reference values (168) which are assigned to resource elements which have a sub-data packet in accordance with the basic jump pattern (126) have a reference value which the Correlation length reflects the correlation of the pilot sequence with the reference sequence.

31. Data receiver (104) according to the preceding claim, wherein the remaining elements of the two-dimensional array of reference values (168) have zero as a reference value.

32. Data receiver (104) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the usable resource elements (112) of the communication system are defined by frequency channels and time slots.

33. Data receiver (104) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data receiver (104) is designed to transmit a control signal (120) based on which a data transmitter (106) of the communication system (102) can synchronize.

34. Data receiver (104) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data receiver (104) is designed to transmit a control signal (120), wherein the control signal (120) is information about one of the data transmitter (106) of the communication system (102 ) frequency and / or time range to be used.

35. Data receiver (104) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the data receiver (104) is designed to transmit a control signal (120), wherein the control signal (120) information about that of the communication system (102) for transmitting the plurality of resource elements (112) that can be used by sub-data packets.

36. Data receiver (104) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data receiver (104) is designed to transmit a control signal (120), the control signal (120) providing information about a channel access pattern (110) The channel access pattern (1 10) is a frequency and / or time hopping based one that can be used for the communication of the communication system (102)

Indicates occupancy of resource elements of the frequency band, the channel access pattern (110) indicating the resource elements (112) that can be used by the communication system (102) for transmitting the plurality of sub-data packets, the hopping pattern (116) being a relative channel access pattern (116), wherein the relative channel access pattern (116) indicates the occupancy to be used of the usable frequency and / or time-based occupancy indicated by the channel access pattern (110).

37. Data receiver (104) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the data receiver (104) is a base station (104).

38. Data receiver (104) according to the preceding claim, wherein the base station (104) is battery operated.

39. Method (300) for sending a data packet in a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the method comprising:

Splitting (302) a data packet awaiting transmission into a plurality of sub-data packets, each of which is shorter than the data packet,

Deriving (304) a hopping pattern from a basic hopping pattern based on a shift of the basic hopping pattern in frequency and / or time,

Sending (306) a data signal with the plurality of sub-data packets in accordance with the hopping pattern, so that the plurality of sub-data packets are distributed according to a frequency and / or time hopping-based assignment of the frequency band indicated by the hopping pattern.

40, method (400) for transmitting data between participants in a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the method comprising:

Sending (402) a first data signal with a first plurality of sub-data packets according to a first hopping pattern by a first participant of the communication system,

Sending (404) a second data signal with a second plurality of sub-data packets corresponding to a second branch pattern by a second participant of the communication system, the first branch pattern and the second branch pattern being derived from the same basic branch pattern, the first branch pattern being based on a first shift the basic jump pattern is derived in frequency and / or time, the second jump pattern being derived based on a second shift of the basic jump pattern in frequency and / or time, the first shift and the second shift being different.

41. Method (500) for receiving data in a communication system, the communication system communicating wirelessly in a frequency band which is used by a plurality of communication systems for communication, the data packet being transmitted into a plurality of sub-systems for transmitting a data packet within the communication system. Data packets which are each shorter than the data packet, and the plurality of sub-data packets are transmitted by means of a data signal corresponding to a jump pattern in a subset of usable resource elements of the communication system, at least two of the plurality of sub-data packets having a pilot sequence, wherein the hopping pattern is derived from a basic hopping pattern based on a shift in the basic hopping pattern in frequency and / or time, the method comprising:

Correlating (502) the resource elements that can be used by the communication system for transmitting the pilot sequence-containing sub-data packets of the plurality of sub-data packets or those that can be used by the communication system for transmitting the plurality of sub-data packets Resource elements of the communication system each with a reference sequence in order to obtain correlation results for the resource elements that can be used, transferring (504) the correlation results into an at least one-dimensional array of correlation results,

Performing (506) a correlation between the at least one-dimensional array of correlation results and the at least one-dimensional array of reference values, the at least one-dimensional array of reference values being derived from the basic jump pattern.

42. Computer program for performing the method according to one of the preceding claims.