EP3837734A1 - Electricity production device for a submarine - Google Patents

Electricity production device for a submarine

Info

Publication number
EP3837734A1
EP3837734A1 EP19758364.4A EP19758364A EP3837734A1 EP 3837734 A1 EP3837734 A1 EP 3837734A1 EP 19758364 A EP19758364 A EP 19758364A EP 3837734 A1 EP3837734 A1 EP 3837734A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel cell
supplying
fuel
oxygenated gas
cell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP19758364.4A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Luc Rouveyre
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Naval Group SA
Original Assignee
Naval Group SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Naval Group SA filed Critical Naval Group SA
Publication of EP3837734A1 publication Critical patent/EP3837734A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04544—Voltage
    • H01M8/04559—Voltage of fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
    • H01M8/04022—Heating by combustion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
    • H01M8/04208—Cartridges, cryogenic media or cryogenic reservoirs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04574—Current
    • H01M8/04589—Current of fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04791—Concentration; Density
    • H01M8/04798—Concentration; Density of fuel cell reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1007—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
    • B63G8/00—Underwater vessels, e.g. submarines; Equipment specially adapted therefor
    • B63G8/08—Propulsion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to that of devices for producing electricity for submarines, of the type comprising a fuel cell.
  • Such batteries are known, for example from document FR 2 944 648.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to propose an improved electricity production device which overcomes this problem.
  • the subject of the invention is an electricity production device intended to be installed on board a submarine, comprising a fuel cell comprising at least one cell, means for supplying oxygenated gas, means for supplying hydrogenated fuel and means for discharging effluent gases, characterized in that the device for producing electricity comprises a unit for regulating the operating point in voltage and current of the fuel cell by adjusting a concentration of oxygenated gas in the fuel cell.
  • the device comprises one or more of the following characteristics, taken individually or according to all technically possible combinations:
  • the regulating unit is capable of varying the concentration of oxygenated gas in the cathode of the fuel cell cell in a range of 10 to 40%.
  • the regulating unit regulates a voltage at the output terminals of the fuel cell around a set voltage.
  • the means for supplying oxygenated gas comprise an oxygen tank, preferably capable of containing pure oxygen in the liquid phase, and means for supplying oxygenated gas to the cathode of the fuel cell cell , the regulating unit being capable of generating a signal for controlling the means for supplying oxygenated gas to adjust the concentration of oxygenated gas in the fuel cell.
  • the means for supplying oxygenated gas and the means for supplying hydrogenated fuel are capable of bringing the oxygenated gas and the hydrogenated fuel to a pressure adapted to the operating pressure of the fuel cell, and in this that the means for supplying oxygenated gas comprise a vaporizer capable of generating gaseous oxygen to supply the fuel cell, and a pump capable of introducing liquid oxygen into the vaporizer at a pressure adapted to the operating pressure P of the fuel cell.
  • the means for supplying hydrogenated fuel comprise a hydrocarbon tank and a pump capable of introducing hydrogenated fuel into the fuel cell at the operating pressure of the fuel cell.
  • the means for supplying hydrogenated fuel further comprise a downstream burner connected between the pump and the fuel cell, the downstream burner being supplied with oxidant by a bypass of the means for supplying oxygenated gas, said downstream burner a system for preheating hydrogenated fuel.
  • the fuel cell is located in a pressure-resistant enclosure whose internal pressure is maintained at the operating pressure of the fuel cell.
  • the operating pressure of the fuel cell is greater than or equal to 10 bars, and preferably greater than or equal to a maximum immersion pressure POmax of the submarine.
  • the invention also relates to a submarine comprising the above device.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a submarine equipped with an energy production device according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a detailed representation of an embodiment of the electricity production device with which the submarine of Figure 1 is equipped;
  • FIG. 3 shows the operating points of the fuel cell of the device of Figure 2 at constant oxygen concentration, for different oxygen concentrations.
  • FIG. 4 represents, as a function of time, different magnitudes of the fuel cell of the device of FIG. 2.
  • Figures 1 and 2 schematically represent a submarine 2 equipped with an electricity production device 4 capable of supplying electrical power.
  • the electricity production device 4 comprises a fuel cell 24.
  • the electricity production device 4 generates sufficient power to drive the propulsion means 6 of the submarine 2.
  • the fuel cell 24 is for example electrically connected to a network 80 for recharging batteries 82, the latter supplying electric power to an electric motor 84 driving the propulsion means 6.
  • the fuel cell 24 is of the proton-exchange membrane type capable of operating at high pressure.
  • the operating temperature T of the fuel cell is then between 60 ° and 90 ° C, and preferably of the order of 75 ° C.
  • the electricity production device 4 comprises an enclosure 8 inside which the fuel cell is located. Chamber 8 is slightly pressurized by forced ventilation in order to carry out an ATEX dezoning. This arrangement makes it possible to confine the fuel cell and to increase the safety of the device for producing electricity on board a submarine.
  • the electricity production device 4 comprises means for supplying oxygenated gas, indicated generally by the reference 11, and means for supplying hydrogenated fuel, indicated so general by reference 15.
  • the electricity production device 4 comprises means for discharging the effluents produced by the fuel cell, indicated generally by the reference 20.
  • the means for discharging the effluents 20 make it possible to recycle the by-products of the chemical reactions which take place in the fuel cell.
  • the fuel cell 24 comprises an assembly of electrochemical cells consisting of a cathode 26, forming the positive pole of an electric current generator, an anode 28, forming the negative pole of the generator. electric current, and a proton exchange membrane 30 separating the cathode 26 and the anode 28 while allowing the exchange of ions between the latter.
  • a fuel cell is known to those skilled in the art.
  • the stack comprises several cells, placed in series with one another.
  • the supply means Upstream of the fuel cell fuel cell system 24, the supply means supply pure oxygen to the loop supplying the cathode of the fuel cell.
  • the fuel cell 24 has a specific efficiency ⁇ which is strictly proportional to the cell voltage Ucell, according to the relationship:
  • ⁇ is the specific yield, expressed in kWh / kg H2 ;
  • Ucell is the cell voltage, ie the potential difference between the cathode 26 and the anode 28 of the cell, expressed in Volts; and 0.002 kg / mol H2-
  • curve D1 corresponds to a concentration of 19.5% in oxygen
  • curve D2 at a concentration of 26%
  • curve D3 at a concentration of 39%.
  • Each point of one of these curves corresponds to an electrical operating point of the fuel cell 24 and associates with a cell voltage Ucell (V), an intensity I (A / cm2).
  • the invention proposes to adopt another principle of regulation which consists, in the search for another operating point making it possible to increase the instantaneous power delivered by the fuel cell 24, to modify the concentration of oxygen in the cathode of the cell or cells of the fuel cell preferably while keeping the cell voltage constant.
  • the intensity at the operating point C is substantially identical to that of the operating point B, but it is obtained by adjusting the concentration of oxygen. This amounts to going from one polarization curve to another.
  • the intensity at point C is greater than that at point A.
  • these two operating points are characterized by an identical cell voltage and therefore by an identical efficiency h. Consequently, this regulation makes it possible to maintain a high efficiency h during the operation of the fuel cell 24, whatever the level of power delivered by the fuel cell to meet the need of the load connected to it.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a mode of implementation of this principle of regulation.
  • the fuel cell 24 is here directly connected to the network 80 allowing the batteries 82 of the submarine to be recharged.
  • the electricity production device 4 includes a regulation unit 90.
  • the regulation unit 90 takes, as feedback variable, the instantaneous value of the voltage on the network 80, that is to say the cell voltage Ucell, between the output terminals of cell 26.
  • the regulating unit 90 receives either directly a voltage setpoint Ucons or indirectly a yield setpoint from which the unit 90 deduces a voltage setpoint Ucons using the formula indicated above.
  • the regulation unit 90 generates a control signal S of the pump 14 so as to adapt the instantaneous supply of oxygenated gas in the cathode 26 so that the variation in the concentration of oxygenated gas in the cathode makes it possible to minimize, to every moment, the difference between the Ucell tension and the Ucons tension.
  • the regulation of the oxygen concentration makes it possible to follow the evolution of the voltage on the battery recharging network, which changes as a function of the battery charge level.
  • This regulation then eliminates the need to use a DC / DC converter to adapt the output voltage of the battery to the voltage of the battery charging network.
  • the imposed flow monitoring would then be managed by a pressure regulation H2 and 02: when the flow H2 increases, the pressure will also increase.
  • the regulator increases the valve opening setpoint of 02. Which will allow the consumption of excess H2 in the stack.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

This device, installed on board a submarine, comprises a fuel cell (24) that has at least one individual cell, oxygenated-gas supply means (12, 14, 32), hydrogenated-fuel supply means (16, 17, 18) and exhaust-gas evacuation means (20). It is characterized in that it has a control unit (90) for controlling the voltage operating point and current operating point of the fuel cell (24) by adjusting a concentration of oxygenated gas in the fuel cell.

Description

DISPOSITIF DE PRODUCTION D’ELECTRICITE POUR SOUS-MARIN  ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION DEVICE FOR SUBMARINE
L’invention a pour domaine celui des dispositifs de production d’électricité pour sous-marin, du type comprenant une pile à combustible. The invention relates to that of devices for producing electricity for submarines, of the type comprising a fuel cell.
Différents types de piles à combustible sont aujourd’hui connues. Cependant, pour une utilisation à bord d’un sous-marin, il est actuellement envisagé d’utiliser un système embarqué de production d’hydrogène à partir du reformage d’un hydrocarbure, associé à une pile à combustible fonctionnant à basse température et à basse pression.  Different types of fuel cells are known today. However, for use on board a submarine, it is currently envisaged to use an on-board system for producing hydrogen from the reforming of a hydrocarbon, associated with a fuel cell operating at low temperature and at low pressure.
De telles piles sont connues, par exemple du document FR 2 944 648.  Such batteries are known, for example from document FR 2 944 648.
Cependant, le rendement d’une telle pile n’est pas optimal, notamment en cas de variation de la puissance demandée par la charge électrique connectée aux bornes de la pile.  However, the efficiency of such a battery is not optimal, in particular in the event of variation of the power required by the electric charge connected to the terminals of the battery.
L’invention a donc pour but de proposer un dispositif de production d’électricité amélioré palliant à ce problème.  The object of the invention is therefore to propose an improved electricity production device which overcomes this problem.
Pour cela l’invention a pour objet un dispositif de production d’électricité destiné à être implanté à bord d’un sous-marin, comprenant une pile à combustible comportant au moins une cellule, des moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné, des moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné et des moyens d’évacuation des gaz effluents, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de production d’électricité comporte une unité de régulation du point de fonctionnement en tension et en courant de la pile à combustible par ajustement d’une concentration en gaz oxygéné dans la pile à combustible.  For this, the subject of the invention is an electricity production device intended to be installed on board a submarine, comprising a fuel cell comprising at least one cell, means for supplying oxygenated gas, means for supplying hydrogenated fuel and means for discharging effluent gases, characterized in that the device for producing electricity comprises a unit for regulating the operating point in voltage and current of the fuel cell by adjusting a concentration of oxygenated gas in the fuel cell.
Suivant des modes particuliers de l’invention, le dispositif comporte une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes, prisent isolément ou suivant toutes les combinaisons techniquement possibles :  According to particular modes of the invention, the device comprises one or more of the following characteristics, taken individually or according to all technically possible combinations:
- l’unité de régulation est propre à faire varier la concentration en gaz oxygéné dans la cathode de la cellule de la pile à combustible dans une gamme de 10 à 40 %.  - the regulating unit is capable of varying the concentration of oxygenated gas in the cathode of the fuel cell cell in a range of 10 to 40%.
- l’unité de régulation régule une tension aux bornes de sortie de la pile à combustible autour d’une tension de consigne.  - the regulating unit regulates a voltage at the output terminals of the fuel cell around a set voltage.
- les moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné comportent un réservoir d’oxygène, de préférence apte à contenir de l’oxygène pur en phase liquide, et des moyens d’amenée en gaz oxygéné à la cathode de la cellule de la pile à combustible, l’unité de régulation étant propre à générer un signal de contrôle des moyens d’amenée en gaz oxygéné pour ajuster la concentration en gaz oxygéné dans la pile à combustible.  the means for supplying oxygenated gas comprise an oxygen tank, preferably capable of containing pure oxygen in the liquid phase, and means for supplying oxygenated gas to the cathode of the fuel cell cell , the regulating unit being capable of generating a signal for controlling the means for supplying oxygenated gas to adjust the concentration of oxygenated gas in the fuel cell.
- les moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné et les moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné sont aptes à amener le gaz oxygéné et le combustible hydrogéné à une pression adaptée à la pression de fonctionnement de la pile à combustible, et en ce que les moyens d’amenée en gaz oxygéné comportent un vaporisateur apte à générer de l’oxygène gazeux pour alimenter la pile à combustible, et une pompe apte à introduire de l’oxygène liquide dans le vaporisateur à une pression adaptée à la pression de fonctionnement P de la pile à combustible. the means for supplying oxygenated gas and the means for supplying hydrogenated fuel are capable of bringing the oxygenated gas and the hydrogenated fuel to a pressure adapted to the operating pressure of the fuel cell, and in this that the means for supplying oxygenated gas comprise a vaporizer capable of generating gaseous oxygen to supply the fuel cell, and a pump capable of introducing liquid oxygen into the vaporizer at a pressure adapted to the operating pressure P of the fuel cell.
- les moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné comportent un réservoir d’hydrocarbure et une pompe apte à introduire du combustible hydrogéné dans la pile à combustible à la pression de fonctionnement de la pile à combustible.  - The means for supplying hydrogenated fuel comprise a hydrocarbon tank and a pump capable of introducing hydrogenated fuel into the fuel cell at the operating pressure of the fuel cell.
- les moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné comprennent, en outre, un brûleur aval connecté entre la pompe et la pile à combustible, le brûleur aval étant alimenté en comburant par une dérivation des moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné, ledit brûleur aval constituant un système de préchauffage du combustible hydrogéné.  the means for supplying hydrogenated fuel further comprise a downstream burner connected between the pump and the fuel cell, the downstream burner being supplied with oxidant by a bypass of the means for supplying oxygenated gas, said downstream burner a system for preheating hydrogenated fuel.
- la pile à combustible est implantée dans une enceinte résistante à la pression dont la pression interne est maintenue à la pression de fonctionnement de la pile à combustible.  - The fuel cell is located in a pressure-resistant enclosure whose internal pressure is maintained at the operating pressure of the fuel cell.
- la pression de fonctionnement de la pile à combustible est supérieure ou égale à 10 bars, et de préférence supérieure ou égale à une pression d’immersion maximale POmax du sous-marin.  - the operating pressure of the fuel cell is greater than or equal to 10 bars, and preferably greater than or equal to a maximum immersion pressure POmax of the submarine.
L’invention a également pour objet un sous-marin comportant le dispositif précédent.  The invention also relates to a submarine comprising the above device.
L’invention et ses avantages seront mieux compris à la lecture de la description qui va suivre, donnée uniquement à titre d’exemple, et faite en se référant aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :  The invention and its advantages will be better understood on reading the description which follows, given solely by way of example, and made with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
- la figure 1 est une représentation schématique d’un sous-marin équipé d’un dispositif de production d’énergie selon l’invention ;  - Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a submarine equipped with an energy production device according to the invention;
- la figure 2 est une représentation détaillée d’un mode de réalisation du dispositif de production d’électricité dont est équipé le sous-marin de la figure 1 ;  - Figure 2 is a detailed representation of an embodiment of the electricity production device with which the submarine of Figure 1 is equipped;
- la figure 3 représente les points de fonctionnement de la pile à combustible du dispositif de la figure 2 à concentration en oxygène constante, pour différentes concentrations en oxygène ; et,  - Figure 3 shows the operating points of the fuel cell of the device of Figure 2 at constant oxygen concentration, for different oxygen concentrations; and,
- la figure 4 représente, en fonction du temps, différentes grandeurs de la pile à combustible du dispositif de la figure 2.  FIG. 4 represents, as a function of time, different magnitudes of the fuel cell of the device of FIG. 2.
Les figures 1 et 2 représentent schématiquement un sous-marin 2 équipé d’un dispositif de production d’électricité 4 apte à fournir une puissance électrique.  Figures 1 and 2 schematically represent a submarine 2 equipped with an electricity production device 4 capable of supplying electrical power.
Le dispositif de production d’électricité 4 comporte une pile à combustible 24.  The electricity production device 4 comprises a fuel cell 24.
De préférence, le dispositif de production d’électricité 4 génère une puissance suffisante pour entraîner les moyens de propulsion 6 du sous-marin 2. La pile à combustible 24 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un réseau 80 de recharge de batteries 82, ces dernières alimentant en puissance électrique un moteur électrique 84 entraînant les moyens de propulsion 6. Preferably, the electricity production device 4 generates sufficient power to drive the propulsion means 6 of the submarine 2. The fuel cell 24 is for example electrically connected to a network 80 for recharging batteries 82, the latter supplying electric power to an electric motor 84 driving the propulsion means 6.
De préférence, la pile à combustible 24 est du type à membrane échangeuse de proton apte à fonctionner à une pression élevée. La température de fonctionnement T de la pile à combustible est alors entre 60° et 90°C, et de préférence de l’ordre de 75°C.  Preferably, the fuel cell 24 is of the proton-exchange membrane type capable of operating at high pressure. The operating temperature T of the fuel cell is then between 60 ° and 90 ° C, and preferably of the order of 75 ° C.
Le dispositif de production d’électricité 4 comporte une enceinte 8 à l’intérieure de laquelle est implantée la pile à combustible. L’enceinte 8 est légèrement pressurisée par une ventilation forcée afin de réaliser un dézonage ATEX. Cette disposition permet de confiner la pile à combustible et d’augmenter la sécurité du dispositif de production d’électricité embarqué à bord d’un sous-marin.  The electricity production device 4 comprises an enclosure 8 inside which the fuel cell is located. Chamber 8 is slightly pressurized by forced ventilation in order to carry out an ATEX dezoning. This arrangement makes it possible to confine the fuel cell and to increase the safety of the device for producing electricity on board a submarine.
Du côté amont de la pile à combustible, le dispositif de production d’électricité 4 comporte des moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné, indiqués de manière générale par la référence 1 1 , et des moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné, indiqués de manière générale par la référence 15.  On the upstream side of the fuel cell, the electricity production device 4 comprises means for supplying oxygenated gas, indicated generally by the reference 11, and means for supplying hydrogenated fuel, indicated so general by reference 15.
Du côté aval de l’enceinte 8, le dispositif de production d’électricité 4 comporte des moyens d’évacuation des effluents produits par la pile à combustible, indiqués de manière générale par la référence 20. Avantageusement, les moyens d’évacuations des effluents 20 permettent de recycler les sous-produits des réactions chimiques qui ont lieu dans la pile à combustible.  On the downstream side of the enclosure 8, the electricity production device 4 comprises means for discharging the effluents produced by the fuel cell, indicated generally by the reference 20. Advantageously, the means for discharging the effluents 20 make it possible to recycle the by-products of the chemical reactions which take place in the fuel cell.
En se référant plus particulièrement à la figure 2, la pile à combustible 24 comporte un assemblage de cellules électrochimiques constituées d’une cathode 26, formant le pôle positif d’un générateur de courant électrique, une anode 28, formant le pôle négatif du générateur de courant électrique, et une membrane échangeuse de protons 30 séparant la cathode 26 et l’anode 28 tout en autorisant l’échange d’ions entre ces dernières. Une telle pile à combustible est connue de l’homme du métier. En variante, la pile comporte plusieurs cellules, placées en série les unes des autres.  Referring more particularly to FIG. 2, the fuel cell 24 comprises an assembly of electrochemical cells consisting of a cathode 26, forming the positive pole of an electric current generator, an anode 28, forming the negative pole of the generator. electric current, and a proton exchange membrane 30 separating the cathode 26 and the anode 28 while allowing the exchange of ions between the latter. Such a fuel cell is known to those skilled in the art. As a variant, the stack comprises several cells, placed in series with one another.
En amont du système pile à combustible pile à combustible 24, les moyens d’alimentation fournissent de l’oxygène pur à la boucle alimentant la cathode de la pile à combustible.  Upstream of the fuel cell fuel cell system 24, the supply means supply pure oxygen to the loop supplying the cathode of the fuel cell.
Cependant, la pile à combustible 24 possède un rendement spécifique ^ qui est strictement proportionnel à la tension de cellule Ucell, selon la relation :  However, the fuel cell 24 has a specific efficiency ^ which is strictly proportional to the cell voltage Ucell, according to the relationship:
1 1
3600.1000 3600.1000
Où : ^ est le rendement spécifique, exprimée en kWh /kgH2 ; Or : ^ is the specific yield, expressed in kWh / kg H2 ;
F = 96485 C/mol est la constante de Faraday ;  F = 96485 C / mol is the Faraday constant;
Ucell est la tension de cellule, c’est-à-dire la différence de potentiel entre la cathode 26 et l’anode 28 de la cellule, exprimée en Volts ; et 0.002 kg/mol H2-Ucell is the cell voltage, ie the potential difference between the cathode 26 and the anode 28 of the cell, expressed in Volts; and 0.002 kg / mol H2-
Sur la figure 3, on a représenté différentes courbes, dites courbes de polarisation.In FIG. 3, various curves have been shown, called polarization curves.
Chaque courbe est caractéristique d’une concentration d’oxygène dans la cathode de la cellule de la pile à combustible. Ainsi la courbe D1 correspond à une concentration de 19,5 % en dioxygène ; la courbe D2 à une concentration de 26 % ; et la courbe D3 à une concentration de 39 %. Each curve is characteristic of an oxygen concentration in the cathode of the fuel cell cell. Thus the curve D1 corresponds to a concentration of 19.5% in oxygen; curve D2 at a concentration of 26%; and curve D3 at a concentration of 39%.
Chaque point d’une de ces courbes correspond à un point de fonctionnement électrique de la pile à combustible 24 et associe à une tension de cellule Ucell (V), une intensité I (A/cm2).  Each point of one of these curves corresponds to an electrical operating point of the fuel cell 24 and associates with a cell voltage Ucell (V), an intensity I (A / cm2).
Jusqu’à présent, pour répondre à une augmentation du besoin en puissance électrique du navire, on déplace le point de fonctionnement de la pile à combustible en augmentant l’intensité du courant délivré, mais en glissant sur une même de courbe de polarisation, c’est-à-dire en allant chercher un autre point de fonctionnement à concentration en dioxygène constante. Ceci est représenté par les points A et B le long de la courbe D1 de la figure 3.  Up to now, to meet an increase in the electrical power requirement of the ship, the operating point of the fuel cell has been moved by increasing the intensity of the current delivered, but by sliding on the same polarization curve, c that is to say by going to find another operating point with a constant oxygen concentration. This is represented by points A and B along the curve D1 in Figure 3.
Cependant, puisque la courbe de polarisation est décroissante, au point B, la tension de cellule est plus faible qu’au point A. En conséquence le rendement ^ a chuté. Compte tenu de la relation précédente, il a chuté proportionnellement à la différence des tensions de cellule entre les points de fonctionnement A et B.  However, since the polarization curve is decreasing, at point B, the cell voltage is lower than at point A. As a result the efficiency ^ has dropped. Given the previous relationship, it dropped in proportion to the difference in cell voltages between operating points A and B.
L’invention propose d’adopter un autre principe de régulation qui consiste, dans la recherche d’un autre point de fonctionnement permettant d’augmenter la puissance instantanée délivrée par le pile à combustible 24, à modifier la concentration en dioxygène dans la cathode de la ou des cellules de la pile à combustible de préférence tout en maintenant la tension de cellule constante.  The invention proposes to adopt another principle of regulation which consists, in the search for another operating point making it possible to increase the instantaneous power delivered by the fuel cell 24, to modify the concentration of oxygen in the cathode of the cell or cells of the fuel cell preferably while keeping the cell voltage constant.
Cela est par exemple représenté par les points de fonctionnement A et C sur la figure 3. L’intensité au point de fonctionnement C est sensiblement identique à celle du point de fonctionnement B, mais elle est obtenue par un ajustement de la concentration en dioxygène. Cela revient à passer d’une courbe de polarisation à l’autre. L’intensité au point C est supérieure à celle au point A. Cependant ces deux points de fonctionnement sont caractérisés par une tension de cellule identique et donc par un rendement h identique. Par conséquent, cette régulation permet de maintenir un rendement h élevé au cours du fonctionnement de la pile à combustible 24, quel que soit le niveau de puissance délivré par la pile à combustible pour répondre au besoin de la charge qui y est connectée. This is for example represented by the operating points A and C in FIG. 3. The intensity at the operating point C is substantially identical to that of the operating point B, but it is obtained by adjusting the concentration of oxygen. This amounts to going from one polarization curve to another. The intensity at point C is greater than that at point A. However, these two operating points are characterized by an identical cell voltage and therefore by an identical efficiency h. Consequently, this regulation makes it possible to maintain a high efficiency h during the operation of the fuel cell 24, whatever the level of power delivered by the fuel cell to meet the need of the load connected to it.
La figure 2 illustre un mode de mise en œuvre de ce principe de régulation. La pile à combustible 24 est ici raccordée directement au réseau 80 permettant la recharge des batteries 82 du sous-marin.  FIG. 2 illustrates a mode of implementation of this principle of regulation. The fuel cell 24 is here directly connected to the network 80 allowing the batteries 82 of the submarine to be recharged.
Le dispositif de production d’électricité 4 comporte une unité de régulation 90. The electricity production device 4 includes a regulation unit 90.
L’unité de régulation 90 prend, en tant que variable de rétroaction, la valeur instantanée de la tension sur le réseau 80, c’est-à-dire la tension de cellule Ucell, entre les bornes de sortie de la cellule 26. The regulation unit 90 takes, as feedback variable, the instantaneous value of the voltage on the network 80, that is to say the cell voltage Ucell, between the output terminals of cell 26.
L’unité de régulation 90 reçoit soit directement une consigne de tension Ucons ou indirectement une consigne de rendement à partir de laquelle l’unité 90 déduit une consigne de tension Ucons en utilisant la formule indiquée ci-dessus.  The regulating unit 90 receives either directly a voltage setpoint Ucons or indirectly a yield setpoint from which the unit 90 deduces a voltage setpoint Ucons using the formula indicated above.
L’unité de régulation 90 génère un signal de commande S de la pompe 14 de manière à adapter l’apport instantané de gaz oxygéné dans la cathode 26 de sorte que la variation de la concentration en gaz oxygéné dans la cathode permette de minimiser, à chaque instant, l’écart entre la tension Ucell et la tension Ucons.  The regulation unit 90 generates a control signal S of the pump 14 so as to adapt the instantaneous supply of oxygenated gas in the cathode 26 so that the variation in the concentration of oxygenated gas in the cathode makes it possible to minimize, to every moment, the difference between the Ucell tension and the Ucons tension.
C’est ce qui est représenté par les différents graphes expérimentaux de la figure 4 obtenus sur un démonstrateur. Alors que, grâce à la régulation, la tension G1 reste sensiblement constante au cours du temps (l’écart type sur la tension de cellule étant donnée par le graphe G2), l’intensité du courant (graphe G3) augmente en fonction des besoins des équipements connectés électriquement aux bornes de sortie de la pile à combustible 26. En conséquence, la puissance délivrée, qui est le produit de l’intensité par la tension, varie (courbe G4).  This is what is represented by the different experimental graphs in Figure 4 obtained on a demonstrator. While, thanks to the regulation, the voltage G1 remains substantially constant over time (the standard deviation on the cell voltage being given by the graph G2), the intensity of the current (graph G3) increases as required. equipment electrically connected to the output terminals of the fuel cell 26. Consequently, the power delivered, which is the product of the intensity by the voltage, varies (curve G4).
La régulation de la concentration en oxygène permet de suivre l’évolution de la tension sur le réseau de recharge des batteries, qui évolue en fonction du niveau de charge des batteries.  The regulation of the oxygen concentration makes it possible to follow the evolution of the voltage on the battery recharging network, which changes as a function of the battery charge level.
Cette régulation permet alors de s’affranchir d’avoir à utiliser un convertisseur DC/DC pour adapter la tension de sortie de la pile à la tension du réseau de recharge des batteries.  This regulation then eliminates the need to use a DC / DC converter to adapt the output voltage of the battery to the voltage of the battery charging network.
Le suivi de débit imposé serait alors gérer par une régulation de pression H2 et 02 : lorsque le débit H2 augmente, la pression va augmenter aussi.  The imposed flow monitoring would then be managed by a pressure regulation H2 and 02: when the flow H2 increases, the pressure will also increase.
L’automate de régulation augmente la consigne d’ouverture de la vanne d’02. Qui va permettre de consommer le surplus d’H2 dans le stack.  The regulator increases the valve opening setpoint of 02. Which will allow the consumption of excess H2 in the stack.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1.- Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) destiné à être implanté à bord d’un sous-marin (2), comprenant une pile à combustible (24) comportant au moins une cellule, des moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné (1 1 ), des moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné (15) et des moyens d’évacuation des gaz effluents (20), caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de production d’électricité (4) comporte une unité de régulation (90) du point de fonctionnement en tension et en courant de la pile à combustible (24) par ajustement d’une concentration en gaz oxygéné dans la pile à combustible. 1.- Device for producing electricity (4) intended to be installed on board a submarine (2), comprising a fuel cell (24) comprising at least one cell, means for supplying oxygenated gas (1 1), means for supplying hydrogenated fuel (15) and means for discharging the effluent gases (20), characterized in that the device for producing electricity (4) comprises a regulation unit (90 ) the operating point in voltage and current of the fuel cell (24) by adjusting a concentration of oxygenated gas in the fuel cell.
2.- Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que l’unité de régulation (90) est propre à faire varier la concentration en gaz oxygéné dans la cathode de la cellule de la pile à combustible (24) dans une gamme de 10 à 40 %. 2.- Device for producing electricity (4) according to claim 1, characterized in that the regulating unit (90) is capable of varying the concentration of oxygenated gas in the cathode of the cell of the fuel cell (24) in a range of 10 to 40%.
3.- Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l’unité de régulation (90) régule une tension aux bornes de sortie de la pile à combustible (24) autour d’une tension de consigne (U¥ns) . 3.- Device for producing electricity (4) according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the regulating unit (90) regulates a voltage at the output terminals of the fuel cell (24) around d '' a set voltage (U ¥ ns).
4 Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) selon l’une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce les moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné (1 1 ) comportent un réservoir d’oxygène (12), de préférence apte à contenir de l’oxygène pur en phase liquide, et des moyens d’amenée en gaz oxygéné à la cathode de la cellule de la pile à combustible (24), l’unité de régulation (90) étant propre à générer un signal de contrôle des moyens d’amenée en gaz oxygéné pour ajuster la concentration en gaz oxygéné dans la pile à combustible. 4 Device for producing electricity (4) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the means for supplying oxygenated gas (1 1) comprise an oxygen tank (12), preferably capable of containing pure oxygen in the liquid phase, and means for supplying oxygenated gas to the cathode of the fuel cell cell (24), the regulating unit (90) being capable of generating a signal for controlling the means of oxygenated gas to adjust the concentration of oxygenated gas in the fuel cell.
5.- Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné (1 1 ) et les moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné (15) sont aptes à amener le gaz oxygéné et le combustible hydrogéné à une pression adaptée à la pression de fonctionnement de la pile à combustible, et en ce que les moyens d’amenée en gaz oxygéné (1 1 ) comportent un vaporisateur (32) apte à générer de l’oxygène gazeux pour alimenter la pile à combustible (24), et une pompe (14) apte à introduire de l’oxygène liquide dans le vaporisateur à une pression adaptée à la pression de fonctionnement (P) de la pile à combustible. 5.- Device for producing electricity (4) according to claim 4, characterized in that the means for supplying oxygenated gas (1 1) and the means for supplying hydrogenated fuel (15) are capable of bringing the oxygenated gas and the hydrogenated fuel at a pressure adapted to the operating pressure of the fuel cell, and in that the oxygenated gas supply means (1 1) comprise a vaporizer (32) capable of generating oxygen gaseous for supplying the fuel cell (24), and a pump (14) capable of introducing liquid oxygen into the vaporizer at a pressure adapted to the operating pressure (P) of the fuel cell.
6.- Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) selon l’une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné (15) comportent un réservoir d’hydrocarbure (16) et une pompe (18) apte à introduire du combustible hydrogéné dans la pile à combustible (24) à la pression de fonctionnement (P) de la pile à combustible. 6.- Device for producing electricity (4) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the means for supplying hydrogenated fuel (15) comprise a hydrocarbon tank (16) and a pump (18 ) capable of introducing hydrogenated fuel into the fuel cell (24) at the operating pressure (P) of the fuel cell.
7.- Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d’alimentation en combustible hydrogéné (15) comprennent, en outre, un brûleur aval (50) connecté entre la pompe (18) et la pile à combustible (24), le brûleur aval (50) étant alimenté en comburant par une dérivation des moyens d’alimentation en gaz oxygéné (1 1 ), ledit brûleur aval (50) constituant un système de préchauffage du combustible hydrogéné. 7.- Device for producing electricity (4) according to claim 6, characterized in that the means for supplying hydrogenated fuel (15) further comprise a downstream burner (50) connected between the pump (18) and the fuel cell (24), the downstream burner (50) being supplied with oxidant bypassing the oxygen gas supply means (1 1), said downstream burner (50) constituting a system for preheating hydrogenated fuel.
8.- Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) selon l’une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la pile à combustible (24) est implantée dans une enceinte (8) résistante à la pression dont la pression interne est maintenue à la pression de fonctionnement (P) de la pile à combustible. 8.- Device for producing electricity (4) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fuel cell (24) is located in an enclosure (8) resistant to pressure whose internal pressure is maintained at the operating pressure (P) of the fuel cell.
9.- Dispositif de production d’électricité (4) selon l’une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la pression de fonctionnement (P) de la pile à combustible (24) est supérieure ou égale à 10 bars, et de préférence supérieure ou égale à une pression d’immersion maximale (POmax) du sous-marin (2). 9.- Electricity production device (4) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the operating pressure (P) of the fuel cell (24) is greater than or equal to 10 bars, and preferably greater than or equal to a maximum immersion pressure (POmax) of the submarine (2).
10.- Sous-marin équipé d’un dispositif de production d’électricité, caractérisé en ce que ledit dispositif de production d’électricité (4) est conforme à l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9. 10.- Submarine equipped with an electricity production device, characterized in that said electricity production device (4) is in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 9.
EP19758364.4A 2018-08-17 2019-08-16 Electricity production device for a submarine Pending EP3837734A1 (en)

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FR1800878A FR3085087B1 (en) 2018-08-17 2018-08-17 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION DEVICE FOR SUBMARINE
PCT/EP2019/072015 WO2020035594A1 (en) 2018-08-17 2019-08-16 Electricity production device for a submarine

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CA2623460A1 (en) * 2005-09-21 2007-03-29 Hydrogenics Corporation Air independent power production
FR2944648B1 (en) 2009-04-21 2011-10-21 Dcns DEVICE FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY FOR SUBMARINE COMPRISING A FUEL CELL
DE102015209802A1 (en) * 2015-05-28 2016-12-01 Thyssenkrupp Ag Fuel cell with humidifier

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