EP3830057A1 - Couche de protection pour produit refractaire - Google Patents
Couche de protection pour produit refractaireInfo
- Publication number
- EP3830057A1 EP3830057A1 EP19742399.9A EP19742399A EP3830057A1 EP 3830057 A1 EP3830057 A1 EP 3830057A1 EP 19742399 A EP19742399 A EP 19742399A EP 3830057 A1 EP3830057 A1 EP 3830057A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- treated
- product
- protective layer
- less
- molten
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 29
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 210000000416 exudates and transudate Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001887 electron backscatter diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000399 optical microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 206010073306 Exposure to radiation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002003 electron diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035876 healing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013532 laser treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013081 microcrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
- C03B5/42—Details of construction of furnace walls, e.g. to prevent corrosion; Use of materials for furnace walls
- C03B5/43—Use of materials for furnace walls, e.g. fire-bricks
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K10/00—Welding or cutting by means of a plasma
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
- B23K26/354—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment by melting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B32/00—Thermal after-treatment of glass products not provided for in groups C03B19/00, C03B25/00 - C03B31/00 or C03B37/00, e.g. crystallisation, eliminating gas inclusions or other impurities; Hot-pressing vitrified, non-porous, shaped glass products
- C03B32/02—Thermal crystallisation, e.g. for crystallising glass bodies into glass-ceramic articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
- C03B5/23—Cooling the molten glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/062—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/0072—Heat treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/34—Coated articles, e.g. plated or painted; Surface treated articles
- B23K2101/35—Surface treated articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
- B23K2103/54—Glass
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
- F27D1/0003—Linings or walls
- F27D1/0006—Linings or walls formed from bricks or layers with a particular composition or specific characteristics
Definitions
- the invention relates to a molten refractory product, in particular a block, covered, at least partially, by a protective layer.
- It also relates to a process for treating the surface of an uncoated refractory product, by irradiation with laser radiation, in order to obtain a product according to the invention.
- the invention finally relates to a glass furnace, the internal coating of which comprises at least one block according to the invention.
- the molten blocks most often comprise an intergranular amorphous phase connecting crystallized grains.
- the problems posed by sintered blocks and by molten blocks, and the technical solutions adopted to solve them, are therefore generally different.
- a composition developed for manufacturing a sintered block is therefore not a priori usable as such for manufacturing a molten block, and vice versa.
- Molten blocks are obtained by melting a mixture of appropriate raw materials in an electric arc furnace or by any other suitable technique. The molten material is then conventionally poured into a mold, then solidified. Generally, the product obtained then undergoes a controlled cooling cycle to bring it to room temperature without fracturing.
- the molten blocks used for the refractory lining of a glass furnace can typically comprise between 10% and 95% of Zr0 2 .
- Blocks with low or medium Zr0 2 content have good characteristics but can be improved with regard to exudation and corrosion by molten glass or by its vapors.
- Molten blocks with high or even very high content of Zr0 2 generally comprising more than 80%, even more than 85% or even more than 90% by mass of Zr0 2 , are known for their very high resistance to corrosion and their ability not to stain glass product, not to generate defects in the glass and to slightly exude. Their resistance to glass vapors is still room for improvement.
- US2007 / 0141348 describes a refractory product whose surface is exposed to laser irradiation in order to reduce the reactivity of its surface and the bubbling in contact with the molten glass. However, this treatment does not effectively protect a molten refractory block comprising more than 10% of Zr0 2 by mass.
- An object of the invention is to respond, at least partially, to this need.
- the invention relates to a method for treating a molten refractory product comprising more than 10% of Zr0 2 by mass, or “base product”, said method comprising the following steps:
- the fusion of the Zr0 2 grains makes it possible to obtain a very dense and homogeneous protective layer which confers excellent resistance to corrosion by glass vapors. and greatly reduces the tendency for exudation from the treated surface.
- the inventors also attribute the results obtained, and in particular the conservation of remarkable mechanical properties, and in particular the absence of cracks, by the very small thickness (measured according to the direction of the depth). of the protective layer.
- the adhesion of the protective layer is also remarkable. Remarkably, the results are also obtained for molten base products comprising more than 80% by mass of ZG0 2 .
- the surface to be treated is heated to a temperature above 2,500 ° C, preferably above 2,700 ° C, preferably above 2,750 ° C, preferably above 2,800 ° C , preferably greater than 2,900 ° C, preferably greater than 3,000 ° C;
- the surface to be treated is irradiated by means of an incident laser beam or of plasma radiation, conventionally with a plasma torch;
- the surface to be treated is heated, preferably by laser irradiation, to melt the base product to a depth greater than 50 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 100 ⁇ m, and / or preferably less than 1,500 ⁇ m, preferably less than 1,200 ⁇ m, less than 1,000 ⁇ m, preferably less than 700 ⁇ m, preferably less than 500 ⁇ m;
- the surface to be treated is supplied with an exposure energy greater than 50 J / mm 3 , preferably greater than 100 J / mm 3, the exposure energy being the ratio between the surface power of the beam and the speed of movement of the incident beam on the surface to be treated;
- the molten surface region is cooled by exposing it to the open air;
- the cooling rate is greater than 100 ° C / second, preferably greater than 500 ° C / second;
- the basic product is a block, preferably a block having a mass greater than 1 kg, preferably greater than 5 kg, or even greater than 10 kg;
- the surface to be treated represents more than 10%, more than 30%, more than 60%, more than 80%, even 100% of the surface of a face, or even of several faces, or even of all the faces of the product basic ;
- step a the product has, before step a), a chemical composition such as:
- steps a) and b) make it possible to plug up surface imperfections or cracks on the basic product.
- the invention therefore also relates to a method for sealing a cavity, for example a crack, on the surface of a basic product, said method comprising steps a) and b), and optionally c), the surface to be treated including said cavity, or even being specifically determined to include said cavity.
- the surface to be treated does not extend continuously beyond a distance of 10 mm from the edge of said cavity.
- the cavity is therefore treated locally.
- the invention also relates to a molten refractory product protected by a protective layer, preferably manufactured according to a method according to the invention, the product comprising, under the protective layer, plus 10% of Zr0 2 by mass, the protective layer.
- the average surface of the zirconia crystallites is less than 2 pm 2 , or even less than or equal to 1 pm 2 ;
- the thickness of the protective layer is less than 1,500 ⁇ m, or even less than 1,000 ⁇ m;
- the porosity of the protective layer is less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, preferably less than 3%, preferably less than 2%, preferably less than 1%, the porosity being the percentage of the surface occupied by pores in a cutting plane perpendicular to the surface to be treated. This porosity is preferably measured in a polished section, obtained with a scanning microscope along a section plane perpendicular to the treated surface.
- the “hot face” is a face exposed inside the oven, that is to say in contact with the molten material, for example glass or a metal, and / or with the gaseous environment of this material.
- the cold side is conventionally the opposite side to the hot side. The hot and cold sides of a block are interconnected
- the thickness of a block is conventionally its smallest dimension. It conventionally measures the distance between the hot face, in contact with the atmosphere of the oven, and the opposite cold face.
- the average surface of zirconia crystallites is the arithmetic average of the surfaces measured for each crystallite in a section plane perpendicular to the surface treated.
- shots of the section plane are acquired using a scanning microscope, and then analyzed.
- the area over which the surfaces of the crystallites is measured is preferably greater than 100 pm 2 , preferably greater than 500 pm 2 , preferably greater than 1000 pm 2 .
- the magnification is conventionally adapted to the size of the crystallites to be measured. For example, a magnification of 5,000 to 10,000 makes it possible to measure surfaces of crystallites typically between 0.1 and 5 ⁇ m 2 . A magnification of 10,000 to 25,000 makes it possible to measure surfaces of crystallites typically between 0.01 and 0.5 ⁇ m 2 .
- Conventional image analysis techniques possibly after binarization of the images to improve the contrast, can be implemented.
- the - Porosity is the percentage of the surface occupied by pores in a section plane perpendicular to the surface to be treated.
- the perpendicular cross-sectional plane can be arbitrary.
- the section plane images used to measure the area occupied by pores are acquired by means of a Electronique scanning microscope. Those skilled in the art know that the area of the images used must be sufficient for the measurements to be significant.
- the area of the protective layer on an image represents a surface greater than 100 ⁇ m 2 , preferably greater than 500 ⁇ m 2 , preferably greater than 1000 ⁇ m 2 in order to obtain a representative surface.
- section plane images used represent the entire thickness of the protective layer.
- the area occupied by the pores can be measured by conventional image analysis techniques, well known to those skilled in the art, possibly after binarization of the image in order to increase the contrast.
- Porosity is the percentage ratio of the sum of pore surfaces on the surface of the protective layer shown in the image.
- the equivalent diameter of the section of a beam is the diameter of a disc having the same area as this section.
- a “grain” is a crystallized element, having a homogeneous composition or a eutectic composition, and having a size greater than 10 ⁇ m.
- crystallite is a crystallized element having a surface greater than 0.1 pm 2 and less than 10 pm 2 , the surfaces being measured on an image taken by optical microscopy on a section of the product.
- Gram size means the half-sum of the overall length and the overall width of a grain, the length and the width being measured on an image taken under optical microscopy on a section of the product, the width being measured in a direction perpendicular to said length.
- grain of Zr0 2 is meant a grain comprising more than 80%, preferably more than 90%, preferably more than 95%, preferably more than 98% of Zr0 2 , in percentages by mass on the basis oxides.
- FIG. 2A shows the structure of a block according to Comparative Example 1 and Figure 2B shows a detail of this structure showing grains of Zr0 2 not melted;
- FIG. 3 to 5 show other blocks according to the present invention, having a different Zr0 2 content, the protective layer also being formed by laser irradiation;
- FIG. 6 and 7 show, with greater magnification, the structure of the zirconia crystallites present in the protective layer of the blocks according to Figures 4 and 5 of the present invention, respectively;
- Figures 8A to 8C show a cross section of an ER1681 block, and more precisely the structure of an amorphous phase of the protective layer before (Fig. 8A) and after annealing (Fig. 8B and 8C), Figure 8C showing, thanks to a high magnification, the appearance of new zirconia microcrystals within the protective layer of the annealed block;
- FIGS. 9A to 9C show the appearance of a molten refractory block with a crack before treatment (FIG. 9A) and after exposure to a laser beam on different discoidal surfaces (FIG. 9B and 9C), FIG. 9C showing, thanks to a high magnification, the filling of crack 20.
- Figures 3 to 5 show cracks. They are due to polishing during the preparation of the polished section.
- step a a molten refractory product comprising more than 10% of Zr0 2 by mass, or “base product”, is treated.
- the basic product is a dense molten product, that is to say having a total porosity, less than 10% by volume, the total porosity being given by the following relationship:
- Total porosity 100 x (absolute density - apparent density) / absolute density
- the measurement of the apparent density is carried out according to ISO5017 standard on a bar taken from the heart of the product, in a healthy zone.
- the absolute density is measured on ground powder using a helium pycnometer.
- the basic product is conventionally obtained by melting a charge composed of refractory grains, pouring the liquid bath thus obtained in a mold, then cooling to solidify the liquid mass.
- the basic product is obtained by electrofusion.
- the basic product is conventionally a molten refractory block.
- this refractory block has a maximum thickness greater than 50 mm, or even greater than 100 millimeters.
- the treatment method according to the invention does not lead to the appearance of macrocracks on the surface of such blocks.
- the block can be chosen in particular from the group consisting of nose bricks, burner arches, tank blocks, but also parts of the superstructure of a glass furnace.
- the surface to be treated is preferably a part or all of the hot face of the block, that is to say of the surface in contact with molten glass and / or with the gases which extend above the glass in fusion.
- the surface to be treated comprises the entire outer surface of the block.
- the basic product conventionally comprises an intergranular binding phase, connecting crystallized grains.
- the crystallized grains comprise grains of Zr0 2 and, optionally, corundum-zirconia eutectics.
- the zirconium in the basic product is mainly present in the form of grains. These grains, monocrystalline or polycrystalline, are preferably made of Zr0 2 for more than 95%, more than 98%, more than 99%, or substantially 100% of their mass.
- the average grain size is preferably greater than 10 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 20 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 30 ⁇ m and / or less than 200 ⁇ m, preferably less than 100 ⁇ m.
- the basic product preferably consists, for more than 90% of its mass, of one or more oxides chosen from the group consisting of Zr0 2 , AI 2 C> 3 , Si0 2 , Cr 2 Ü 3 , Y 2 C > 3 , and Ce0 2 .
- Zr0 2 , AI 2 C> 3 and Si0 2 together represent more than 90% of the mass of the basic product.
- the basic product preferably contains more than 15% of Zr0 2 , more preferably comprises between 26 and 95% of Zr0 2 .
- the composition of the basic product is such that, for a total of more than 90%, more than 95%, or even more than 98%:
- the binding phase preferably comprises one or more amorphous or glass-ceramic phases, preferably a silicate phase. It preferably represents between 5 and 50%, preferably between 10 and 40% by mass of the basic product.
- the phase is a silicate phase whose mass proportion of Na 2 0 is less than 20%, preferably less than 10% and / or the mass proportion of AI 2 03 is less than 30%, in mass percentage over the base of the oxides of the silicate phase.
- the mass content of Na 2 0 and B2O3 is less than 2%, in mass percentage based on the oxides of the basic product.
- the basic product is initially dry, that is to say that it has a percentage of moisture is less than or equal to 1%, preferably less than 0.5%, in percentage by mass.
- the surface to be treated is then irradiated by means of an incident beam, laser or plasma radiation, so as to transmit to this surface an exposure energy greater than 50 J / mm 3 , preferably greater than 75 J / mm 3 , preferably greater than 100 J / mm 3 , or even greater than 150 J / mm 3 and / or less than 500 J / mm 3 , 400 J / mm 3 or 300 J / mm 3 .
- the exposure energy is the ratio between the surface power of the indicative beam and the speed of movement of the incident beam on the surface to be treated. It is adapted, depending on the composition of the Zr0 2 grains, in order to melt them. Preferably, the temperature is above 2800 ° C.
- Areal power is the ratio of the power, in Watt, of the incident beam divided by the area, in mm 2 , of the section of the incident beam when it meets the surface of the basic product, or "impact surface".
- the power of the incident beam is preferably greater than 10 W, 20 W, 30 W, 40 W and / or less than 400 W, 300 W, 200 W, 100 W.
- the equivalent diameter of the section of the incident beam, at the level of the impact surface is preferably greater than 10 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 20 ⁇ m, and / or less than 100 ⁇ m, preferably less than 80 ⁇ m, 60 pm, 50 pm or 40 pm.
- the cross-section of the incident beam can be of varied shape, for example of circular cross-section, or of rectangular cross-section (laser beam called "in line").
- a rectangular section advantageously allows faster treatment of a large area.
- the direction of advance of the incident beam is perpendicular to the long side of the rectangular section.
- the smallest dimension (or "width") of the cross section of the incident beam at the impact surface is between 10 and 500 ⁇ m, preferably between 10 and 100 ⁇ m.
- a beam moving along this width, close to that of the Zr0 2 grains on the surface of the molten base product, is particularly well suited to obtain a very dense and homogeneous protective layer.
- the width of the beam is adapted as a function of the average size of the Zr0 2 grains present on the surface of the basic product.
- the larger the average grain size the larger the beam width.
- the beam width is between 0.5 and 2 times the average size of the Zr0 2 grains.
- the surface power of the incident beam is preferably greater than 5,000 W / mm 2 , preferably greater than 7,000 W / mm 2 , preferably greater than 10,000 W / mm 2 , or even greater than 15,000 W / mm 2 , and / or preferably less than 50,000 W / mm 2 , preferably less than 30,000 W / mm 2 , or even less than 25,000 W / mm 2 .
- the energy supplied to the impact surface must be supplied in a very short time, in order to limit the surface damage to the basic product and therefore the depth of reflow.
- the incident beam must therefore move quickly.
- the speed of movement of the incident beam at the impact surface relative to the surface to be treated, in mm / s, is preferably greater than 20 mm / s, preferably greater than 30 mm / s, greater than 40 mm / s, preferably greater than 50 mm / s, preferably greater than 75 mm / s, and / or less than 500 mm / s, or even less than 300 mm / s, or even less than 100 mm / s.
- a laser is preferably used, preferably of the "CO2" type, of wavelength 1065 + 1-5 nanometers, and of average power of laser beam between 10 and 100 Watt, preferably between 20 and 60 W.
- the laser equipment can include an aiming device helping to position the laser beam.
- the laser equipment can for example be a laser processing machine supplied by CERLASE.
- the incident beam is conventionally obtained by focusing a primary beam.
- the equivalent diameter of the primary beam is less than 1000 micrometers.
- the focal distance has an impact on the shape and size of the incident beam. In general, the shorter the focal distance, the higher the power per unit area.
- the focal distance is preferably between 50 and 500 mm, preferably between 60 and 400 mm, more preferably between 70 and 300 mm. It is preferably between 150 mm and 200 mm.
- the uniformity of the treatment, and therefore of the protective layer is improved.
- such a focal distance is advantageously compatible with the widths of the laser beam described above, and in particular with a width of between 10 and 100 ⁇ m. It is possible to use a pulsed laser to heat the surface to be treated, which makes it possible to obtain very high powers during pulses (power peaks). However, such a laser emits only intermittently.
- the laser used is not pulsed or is a pulsed laser in the pulse frequency is greater than 300 KHz.
- Vectorization conventionally represents the distance, edge to edge, between two adjacent lines processed by the incident beam, in microns. If the vectorization is too high or too low, the fusion will be less homogeneous.
- the vectorization is preferably between 0.2 and 2 times, preferably between 0.5 and 1.5 times the width of the beam, preferably between 20 and 80 microns, preferably between 30 and 50 microns.
- the incident beam passes at most once over an area of the surface to be treated.
- step b) the surface region of the molten base product is rapidly cooled to form the protective layer.
- Additional cooling means for example for blowing air at room temperature or at a lower temperature, can also be used.
- the protective layer can be thermally reprocessed, preferably by heating
- the rate of temperature rise being preferably greater than 5 ° C / h 10 ° C / h, and / or preferably less than 80 ° C / h, preferably less than 50 ° C / h, preferably less than 30 ° C / h,
- the rate of descent in temperature is preferably greater than 5 ° C / h 10 ° C / h, and / or preferably less than 80 ° C / h, preferably less than 50 ° C / h, preferably less than 30 ° C / h.
- Step c) is preferably carried out in air, with a rate of temperature rise from 10 ° C / h to 1500 ° C, a plateau at this temperature for 24 hours, then a controlled descent to 50 ° C / h.
- the Zr0 2 of the amorphous phase can thus recrystallize in the form of zirconia crystallites as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.
- These crystallites preferably have an average surface of less than 5 pm 2 , 3 pm 2 , 2 pm 2 , or even less than 1 pm 2 , and / or greater than 0.1 pm 2 , 0.2 pm 2 , or 0, 5 pm 2 .
- treated product The product resulting from the process is called "treated product". It consists of a substrate and the protective layer, which extends over the surface of the substrate.
- the substrate is not significantly modified by the process for manufacturing the protective layer.
- the characteristics relating to the basic product are therefore applicable to the substrate.
- the average thickness of the protective layer depends on the nature of the basic product and on the parameters of exposure to the highly energetic beam, in particular the pfd and the relative speed of movement of the beam relative to the basic product.
- the average thickness of the protective layer is preferably between 50 and 2000 ⁇ m, preferably between 100 and 1000 ⁇ m, more preferably between 100 and 700 ⁇ m, or even between 100 and 500 ⁇ m. It is preferably greater than 200 ⁇ m.
- the protective layer has a composition substantially similar to that of the substrate, and therefore of the base product.
- the characteristics relating to the composition of the basic product are therefore applicable to the protective layer.
- the protective layer preferably comprises the elements Zr, Al, Si and O.
- the protective layer however has a lower content by mass of elements Na and / or Si than that of the substrate. These elements can indeed volatilize during step a).
- the mass ratio of the content of S1O2 in the protective layer to the content of S1O2 in the substrate is preferably less than 1.0, preferably less than 0.9, or even less than 0.8, and / or preferably more than 0, 1, preferably more than 0.3, preferably more than 0.5.
- the mass ratio of the Zr0 2 content in the protective layer to the Zr0 2 content in the substrate is preferably greater than 1.0, preferably greater than 1.1, or even greater than 1.2, and / or preferably less than 2.0, preferably less than 1.8, more preferably less than 1.6.
- the protective layer can be completely amorphous. It can also have some zirconia crystallites dispersed in an amorphous binder phase. Finally, it can be substantially made up of zirconia crystallites, the zirconia crystallites being almost contiguous until forming a substantially continuous phase, in particular when the basic product has a chemical composition comprising more than 80%, or even more than 90% of Zr0 2 in mass.
- the protective layer consists, for more than 50%, more than 70%, more than 80%, or even more than 90% by volume, of a dense amorphous phase and / or of zirconia crystallites.
- the zirconia crystallites are preferably single crystals, that is to say crystallites having the same structure as a zirconia single crystal.
- the average surface of the zirconia crystallites is greater than 0.2 pm 2 , or even greater than 0.5 pm 2 , and / or preferably less than 5 pm 2 , preferably less than 3 pm 2 , preferably less at 2 pm 2 , preferably less than 1.0 pm 2 .
- the protective layer may also comprise crystallites comprising AI 2 Ü 3 , or even corundum.
- the protective layer consists, for more than 50%, more than 70%, more than 80%, even more than 90%, or even substantially 100% by volume, of a dense amorphous phase and / or of crystallites. zirconia and / or crystallites containing AI 2 C> 3 .
- the protective layer comprises, in percentage by volume, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95%, or even substantially 100% of amorphous phase and of zirconia crystallites. This percentage can in particular be evaluated by image processing and observation with the EDX SEM.
- FIG. 1 shows, on the surface of a substrate 8, the presence of a protective layer 10 comprising zirconia in the form of an AZS amorphous phase 12 and some seeds of zirconia crystallites 14. Zirconia crystallites 14 are also visible in Figures 6 and 7.
- FIG. 2A illustrates the surface attack of the basic product and FIG. 2A shows in particular the presence on the surface of the grains of Zr0 2 16 which have not melted.
- Figures 3 to 5 show cracks. They are due to polishing during the preparation of the polished section.
- Basic products in the form of basic blocks of dimensions 500 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm were produced by a process of melting raw materials in an arc furnace, then casting in mold and solidification.
- the basic blocks, dry and free of dust, were then subjected to a laser beam from a CERLASE treatment machine.
- the treatment was carried out in air, at atmospheric pressure, the vectorization being 40 ⁇ m, with a single pass.
- the operation of the laser was managed by a control unit directly connected to the laser fiber. The blocks obtained were then observed.
- Table 1 presents the different laser exposure parameters, and the measurement and observation results on the blocks after exposure to radiation by the laser beam.
- Example 1 according to the invention shows the presence of a dense protective layer ( Figure 1).
- the microprobe and scanning electron microscope analysis by backscattered electron diffraction or EBSD ("Electron BackScatter Diffraction") of the protective layer reveals the absence of Kikuchi figures, and therefore the presence of an amorphous phase AZS, almost pure AI 2 O3 - Zr0 2 - S1O 2 (AI 2 O3: 50-51%, Zr0 2 : 39-41%, S1O 2 : 10-1 1%, percentages by mass).
- the protective layer therefore has a higher Zr0 2 content than the base block (and therefore the substrate) and a significantly lower S1O 2 content.
- a block according to Example 1 treated with a laser is then annealed in air (step c)) with a rise in temperature at 10 ° C / h to 1500 ° C, a plateau at this temperature for 24 h, then a descent temperature controlled at 10 ° C / h. It then has a dense amorphous protective layer containing zirconia crystallites with an average surface area of 0.68 ⁇ m 2 , as shown in FIGS. 8A to C.
- Comparative example 1 shows that a basic block of composition identical to example 1 according to the invention, subjected to irradiation according to parameters close to those of US2007 / 0141348, does not have a homogeneous protective layer dense with zirconia, even with a low laser displacement speed and a high surface power.
- This example confirms the impossibility of obtaining a protective layer according to the invention with such an exposure energy on a molten base product.
- Examples 2 to 4 show that it is also possible to obtain a dense and perfectly adherent protective layer by laser irradiation of blocks having very different Zr0 2 contents, up to almost 95% by mass of ZG0 2 .
- the composition of the protective layer is close to that of the substrate, with however a higher Zr0 2 content and a lower silica content than in said substrate.
- Two sets of cylindrical test pieces with a diameter of 60 mm and a height of 40 mm were taken from a basic block, that is to say not treated with laser, from Example 1.
- a base (discoid) surface of each cylindrical test piece of the first series was exposed to laser radiation as defined above.
- the samples of the second series (control series) were not treated, and were kept as a control.
- Each of the test pieces of the two series was then subjected to a corrosion test with sodium sulphate.
- each of the test pieces was sealed with aluminous cement to a 50 mm diameter platinum crucible containing about 60 g of sodium hydroxide, in a position in which the base surface treated (for the test pieces of the first series) or not (for the test pieces of the second series) was above and in front of the sodium sulphate bath, so as to close the crucible.
- These assemblies were placed in an oven at a temperature at 1500 ° C., for 100 h.
- Table 1 provides the percentage reduction in the penetration depth of a test piece from the first series treated with laser on that of the control test piece according to the following calculation:
- the lower base surface and partially the periphery of the test pieces of the first series were exposed to laser radiation. For the periphery, only 2/3 of the height of each test piece, starting from its lower base, was thus treated.
- test pieces from the two series were not processed and were kept as a witness. Each of the test pieces from the two series was then placed in an oven, suspended by a key over a platinum crucible to collect the exudate.
- % reduction of exudate 100 x (% vol. exuded sample control series -% vol. exuded sample first series) / (% vol. exuded sample series).
- the lower base surface and partially the periphery of the test pieces of the first series were exposed to laser radiation. For the periphery, only 2/3 of the height of each test piece, starting from its lower base, was thus treated.
- test pieces from the two series were then subjected to a test consisting in rotating the immersed samples in a soda-lime glass bath brought to 1500 ° C.
- the speed of rotation around the axis of the sample holder was 6 revolutions per minute. Such a speed makes it possible to very frequently renew the corrosion interface and therefore makes the test much more demanding.
- the test lasted 48 hours.
- This percentage of change measures the improvement in the corrosion resistance of a laser-treated test piece compared to an untreated laser test piece.
- Table 1 shows a significant improvement of the blocks according to the invention compared to the comparative blocks of the same composition.
- the corrosion test in contact with the molten glass carried out for example n ° 4 shows that it is even possible to increase the performance of the block with a very high content of Zr0 2 .
- the invention makes it possible to protect molten refractory products containing more than 10% of Zr02 by mass in order to give them better resistance against corrosion by molten glass vapors, and lower exudation.
- steps a) and b) make it possible to plug cavities on the surface of a basic product, and in particular cracks or craters which may be sites of preferential corrosion.
- the surface to be treated does not extend continuously, that is to say without being interrupted, beyond a distance of 10 mm, 5 mm, or 3 mm from the edge of said cavity .
- the cavity has the shape of a crack 20.
- FIG. 9B represents three discoidal surfaces to be treated 22, which extends along the crack 20.
- the cavity is substantially a center of the surface to be treated. In one embodiment,
- the length of the cavity is at least 1 cm or more than 10% of the length of the base block;
- the depth of the cavity is preferably less than 1 cm; and or
- the width of the cavity is greater than 100 pm and / or less than 1000 pm, the length and width of a cavity being that of its opening on the surface to be treated.
- the cavity is plugged with a material identical to that of the protective layer.
- This material can therefore include one or more of the characteristics of this protective layer.
- the plugging does not create additional defects.
- the invention therefore allows local healing of the basic product.
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Abstract
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1857216A FR3084666B1 (fr) | 2018-08-01 | 2018-08-01 | Couche de protection pour produit refractaire |
PCT/EP2019/070241 WO2020025496A1 (fr) | 2018-08-01 | 2019-07-26 | Couche de protection pour produit refractaire |
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US (1) | US11878933B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3830057A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP7259007B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN112789258B (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3084666B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2020025496A1 (fr) |
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GB2174384B (en) * | 1985-05-04 | 1987-07-22 | Stc Plc | Tube furnace |
FR2605310B1 (fr) * | 1986-10-16 | 1992-04-30 | Comp Generale Electricite | Procede de renforcement de pieces ceramiques par traitement au laser |
CH674813A5 (fr) * | 1987-07-31 | 1990-07-31 | Stopinc Ag | |
JP3518560B2 (ja) * | 1994-08-10 | 2004-04-12 | サンゴバン・ティーエム株式会社 | 高ジルコニア溶融耐火物 |
DE102004015357B4 (de) | 2004-03-30 | 2011-08-18 | Schott Ag, 55122 | Verfahren zur Behandlung von Feuerfestmaterial und Verwendung sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung und/oder Verarbeitung von Glasschmelzen und Vorrichtung |
FR2875497B1 (fr) | 2004-09-20 | 2006-12-08 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Produits azs a exsudation reduite |
DE602007012086D1 (de) * | 2006-05-16 | 2011-03-03 | Vesuvius Crucible Co | Feuerfester gegenstand und herstellungsverfahren dafür |
CN101429671B (zh) * | 2008-11-20 | 2011-08-03 | 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 | 一种铝合金表面氧化锆涂层的制备方法 |
FR2969145B1 (fr) * | 2010-12-16 | 2013-01-11 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Produit refractaire a haute teneur en zircone. |
CN104805345A (zh) * | 2015-04-30 | 2015-07-29 | 苏州统明机械有限公司 | 一种镁合金表面处理方法 |
WO2017026038A1 (fr) | 2015-08-10 | 2017-02-16 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Procédé de traitement d'oxyde de zirconium |
US9708225B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2017-07-18 | King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals | Laser ablation method for treating a zirconia containing ceramic surface |
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CN112789258B (zh) | 2023-02-17 |
WO2020025496A1 (fr) | 2020-02-06 |
JP7259007B2 (ja) | 2023-04-17 |
FR3084666A1 (fr) | 2020-02-07 |
US11878933B2 (en) | 2024-01-23 |
FR3084666B1 (fr) | 2022-05-13 |
US20210292211A1 (en) | 2021-09-23 |
CN112789258A (zh) | 2021-05-11 |
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