EP3824567B1 - Transmission of csi report to base station for eirp-constrained transmissions - Google Patents

Transmission of csi report to base station for eirp-constrained transmissions Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3824567B1
EP3824567B1 EP19749060.0A EP19749060A EP3824567B1 EP 3824567 B1 EP3824567 B1 EP 3824567B1 EP 19749060 A EP19749060 A EP 19749060A EP 3824567 B1 EP3824567 B1 EP 3824567B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
base station
csi
eirp
cases
downlink transmission
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EP19749060.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3824567A1 (en
Inventor
Srinivas YERRAMALLI
Xiaoxia Zhang
Jing Sun
Seyed Ali Akbar Fakoorian
Chih-Hao Liu
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Qualcomm Inc
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
    • H04B7/0621—Feedback content
    • H04B7/0626—Channel coefficients, e.g. channel state information [CSI]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0417—Feedback systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/101—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for measurement of specific parameters of the transmitter or components thereof
    • H04B17/102—Power radiated at antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
    • H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
    • H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
    • H04B17/318—Received signal strength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
    • H04B7/0636—Feedback format
    • H04B7/0645—Variable feedback
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/30—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
    • H04W52/36—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power with a discrete range or set of values, e.g. step size, ramping or offsets
    • H04W52/367—Power values between minimum and maximum limits, e.g. dynamic range
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/42—TPC being performed in particular situations in systems with time, space, frequency or polarisation diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/08—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA
    • H04W74/0833—Random access procedures, e.g. with 4-step access

Definitions

  • the following relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to channel state information (CSI) computation for effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)-constrained transmissions.
  • CSI channel state information
  • EIRP effective isotropic radiated power
  • Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power).
  • Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems.
  • 4G systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems
  • 5G systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems.
  • a wireless multiple-access communications system may include a number of base stations or network access nodes, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).
  • UE user equipment
  • wireless devices may be limited by one or more transmission constraints. For instance, regulatory agencies (e.g., Federal Communications Commission (FCC)) may set a total power limit (e.g., EIRP limit), which may be based on whether the spectrum in use is unlicensed or licensed, whether the frequency band is in use, etc. Further, in some cases, in addition to the total power limit in unlicensed spectrum, wireless devices may be limited by an overall power spectral density (PSD) limit. In some cases, a UE may not be aware a base station is operating under EIRP constraints, which may impact channel quality reporting.
  • FCC Federal Communications Commission
  • the described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, or apparatuses that support channel state information (CSI) computation for effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) constrained transmissions.
  • CSI channel state information
  • EIRP effective isotropic radiated power
  • the described techniques provide for different CSI measurement and reporting techniques based on an operating mode (i.e., standard mode, or EIRP-constrained mode) at the base station.
  • regulatory guidance may impose a total power limit, and/or a power spectral density (PSD) limit, which may be based in part on frequency band in use, unlicensed or licensed spectrum, etc.
  • PSD power spectral density
  • EIRP limits may be specified per unit bandwidth (e.g., 1 megahertz (MHz) bandwidth).
  • EIRP limitations may be applied on a per RB basis.
  • EIRP constraints may be accounted for to improve reporting accuracy, as well as optimize uplink power.
  • a UE may employ different modes of CSI reporting based on explicit signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC)), or path loss measured at the UE.
  • RRC Radio Resource Control
  • the base station may signal a scaling factor to account for a transmit power backoff in EIRP-constrained mode, reduce the scheduled modulation and coding scheme (MCS) (e.g., modulation depth), and increase the scheduled rank, modify the mapping scheme used for downlink (e.g., Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), or NR-PDSCH) transmissions, provide an offset applicable for EIRP-constrained scenarios, or a combination thereof.
  • MCS modulation and coding scheme
  • PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
  • NR-PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
  • the base station may switch to a different transmission scheme (e.g., space time block coding (STBC), or space frequency block coding (SFBC)).
  • STBC space time block coding
  • SFBC space frequency block coding
  • the network or base station may introduce antenna port selection, for example, while utilizing a codebook based precoding scheme.
  • the base station may select a subset of possible codebooks to specify for port selection when the number of antennas exceeds a threshold. That is, under EIRP constraints, the base station may only use a subset of antenna ports to compensate for the smaller scaling factor.
  • the payload size may be calculated to be independent of the number of layers used. In such cases, the UE may utilize a combination of the number of layers used for transport block size (TBS) determination, and the number of actual transmission layers to compute/report CSI.
  • TBS transport block size
  • a method of wireless communications at a UE may include receiving a downlink transmission from a base station over a wireless channel, selecting, based on the received downlink transmission, a CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, where the CSI computation mode is based on an EIRP constraint, measuring a set of one or more CSI reference signals (CSI-RSs) from the base station to obtain a CSI measurement, and transmitting a CSI report to the base station based on the selected CSI computation mode and the CSI measurement.
  • CSI-RSs CSI reference signals
  • the apparatus may include a processor, memory in electronic communication with the processor, and instructions stored in the memory.
  • the instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to receive a downlink transmission from a base station over a wireless channel, select, based on the received downlink transmission, a CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, where the CSI computation mode is based on an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) constraint, measure a set of one or more CSI-RSs from the base station to obtain a CSI measurement, and transmit a CSI report to the base station based on the selected CSI computation mode and the CSI measurement.
  • EIRP effective isotropic radiated power
  • the apparatus may include means for receiving a downlink transmission from a base station over a wireless channel, selecting, based on the received downlink transmission, a CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, where the CSI computation mode is based on an EIRP constraint, measuring a set of one or more CSI-RSs from the base station to obtain a CSI measurement, and transmitting a CSI report to the base station based on the selected CSI computation mode and the CSI measurement.
  • a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications at a UE is described.
  • the code may include instructions executable by a processor to receive a downlink transmission from a base station over a wireless channel, select, based on the received downlink transmission, a CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, where the CSI computation mode is based on an EIRP constraint, measure a set of one or more CSI-RSs from the base station to obtain a CSI measurement, and transmit a CSI report to the base station based on the selected CSI computation mode and the CSI measurement.
  • receiving the downlink transmission from the base station may include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving in the downlink transmission an indication of the CSI computation mode, where selecting the CSI computation mode may be further based on the indication of the CSI computation mode.
  • Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for determining a pathloss of the downlink transmission, where selecting the CSI computation mode may be further based on the pathloss of the downlink transmission.
  • Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for scaling the CSI measurement based on the selected CSI computation mode, where the CSI report may be based on the scaled CSI measurement.
  • Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving a scaling factor for the selected CSI computation mode from the base station, where the CSI measurement may be scaled using the received scaling factor.
  • Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving from the base station a transport block size scaling factor, determining a transport block size based on the transport block size scaling factor and using the determined transport block size to receive one or more of: the downlink transmission or a second downlink transmission.
  • Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for using, based on the CSI computation mode, STBC/SFBC to receive one or more of: the downlink transmission or a second downlink transmission.
  • Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for adjusting a measured pathloss of the base station based on the base station operating according to the EIRP constraint and setting an uplink power for a random access procedure with the base station based on the scaling.
  • the apparatus may include a processor, memory in electronic communication with the processor, and instructions stored in the memory.
  • the instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to select a CSI computation mode for a wireless channel based on an EIRP constraint at the base station, perform a downlink transmission to a UE over the wireless channel, the downlink transmission indicating the CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, transmit a set of one or more CSI-RSs over the wireless channel in accordance with the EIRP constraint, and receive from the UE a CSI report based on the selected CSI computation mode and the transmitted set of CSI-RSs.
  • the apparatus may include means for selecting a CSI computation mode for a wireless channel based on an EIRP constraint at the base station, performing a downlink transmission to a UE over the wireless channel, the downlink transmission indicating the CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, transmitting a set of one or more CSI-RSs over the wireless channel in accordance with the EIRP constraint, and receiving from the UE a CSI report based on the selected CSI computation mode and the transmitted set of CSI-RSs.
  • Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting a pathloss offset parameter to the UE based on the EIRP constraint.
  • the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of a multi-antenna array may be defined by a government body or regulatory agency (e.g., Federal Communications Commission (FCC)), and may be a function of the antenna configuration and the data multiplexing scheme.
  • the EIRP for a multi-antenna array may be expressed by the sum of all conducted power across all antenna elements, the element gain, and the directional gain of antenna array. It should be noted that the EIRP for a single antenna equals the total power radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna so as to attain the same signal strength as the actual source in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam. That is, the EIRP of a transmitter is the product of a transmitted power and an antenna gain.
  • transmitted signals may be considered to be correlated if one or more criteria are satisfied. For instance, if the same digital data is transmitted from two or more antennas (or antenna elements) in a given symbol period, independent of their respective coding and phase shifts, or, if correlation exists between two or more transmitted signals at any frequency and/or time delay, or, if multiple transmitters focus energy in a given direction, transmitter output signals may be considered to be correlated. Additionally, or alternatively, if the transmitter operating mode combines correlated and uncorrelated techniques, the output signals may be considered correlated.
  • signals transmitted in one or more of the following modes may be considered correlated, fixed or adaptive transmit beamforming mode (e.g., phased array modes, closed loop multiple input multiple output (MIMO) modes, Transmitter Adaptive Antenna modes, Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT) modes, Statistical Eigen Beamforming (EBF) modes, etc.).
  • Cyclic Delay Diversity or Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) modes including modes used in Wireless LAN (WLAN) systems (e.g., 802.11n).
  • WLAN Wireless LAN
  • 802.11n cyclic delay diversity
  • each transmit antenna may carry the same digital data with a different cyclic delay.
  • transmitted signals may be highly correlated at certain frequencies, and lower at others.
  • the correlation may be dependent on the time delay (e.g., lower correlation at zero time delay). In some cases, correlations may also be dependent on one or more bandwidths specified (e.g., by the FCC) for in-band Power Spectral Density (PSD) measurements. For instance, correlation may be higher over bandwidths subject to reductions in PSD when the directional gain exceeds a threshold. In some examples, STBC, and/or spatial multiplexing-MIMO may be considered to be uncorrelated schemes.
  • regulatory guidance may impose a total power limit, and/or a PSD limit. In some cases, such limits may be based in part on frequency band in use, unlicensed or licensed spectrum, etc.
  • EIRP limits may be specified per unit bandwidth (e.g., 1 megahertz (MHz) bandwidth). In one example, assuming a user equipment (UE) allocation exceeds 1 MHz bandwidth (e.g., more than 1 resource block (RB) at 60 kilohertz (kHz) subcarrier spacing), EIRP limitations may be applied on a per RB basis.
  • CSI Channel State Information
  • the base station or network may use the reported CSI in order to indicate an uplink power for the UE.
  • the CSI report may contain quality information including Channel Quality Information (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), rank indicator (RI), etc.
  • CQI Channel Quality Information
  • PMI precoding matrix indicator
  • RI rank indicator
  • CSI reporting may be performed periodically (e.g., using Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), or aperiodically (e.g., using Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)).
  • PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
  • PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
  • a received vector y may be expressed in terms of a channel transmission matrix H, vector x , and a noise vector n .
  • x may be a represented by the total input power ( P ) and an input vector s for each antenna.
  • the signal to noise interference ratio (SINR) may be expressed as a function of the total transmit power ( P ), Noise ( N o )and a transmission matrix H .
  • the SINR may be: P h 1 + h 2 + h 3 + h 4 2 4 N 0
  • the SINR may be: P h 1 ⁇ h 2 + h 3 ⁇ h 4 2 4 N 0
  • the base station may be transmitting under EIRP constraints. In such cases, beamforming may be taken into account.
  • a UE may be configured with an EIRP-constrained CSI reporting mode based on peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and error vector magnitude (EVM) requirements within certain jurisdictions, a desired communication range, or any other power limiting factors.
  • a base station may be configured to transmit at a lower power than a maximum allowed EIRP if a short communication range (e.g., indoor deployment) is desired.
  • limiting the transmit power e.g., ⁇ 36 decibel-milliwatts (dBm) may serve to mitigate interference experienced by other devices in the vicinity.
  • a UE may employ different modes of CSI reporting based on explicit signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC)) from the base station, or path loss measured at the UE.
  • RRC Radio Resource Control
  • the base station may configure, via a Radio Resource Management (RRM) report triggering event, a path loss threshold value for a certain cell.
  • RRM Radio Resource Management
  • the UE measured path loss exceeds the threshold (e.g., on a beam, a group of beams, or average over beams)
  • the base station may trigger deployment of an EIRP-constrained CSI reporting mode.
  • the UE may compensate for the added path loss in its uplink transmissions, for instance, based on power backoff at the base station.
  • the base station may determine when an EIRP limit is reached, and may signal the UE to enable an EIRP-constrained reporting mode. It should be noted that in a typical operating mode (i.e., no EIRP constraints), the base station may operate at maximum power. Further, the base station may be configured to optimize the time, frequency, and/or spatial use of the transmission mode (e.g., via rate control). In some cases, the base station may be configured to implement power control (e.g., UE transparent).
  • power control e.g., UE transparent
  • mapping for data transmissions may be modified, for example, while operating in EIRP-constrained mode.
  • conventional techniques and sequences for mapping the NR-PDSCH may be based on layer first, then precoding, then frequency-time resources for each codeblock.
  • the mapping sequence may include codeblock first, then total number of transmission layers, then frequency-time resources.
  • the alternate technique may alleviate concerns related to transmission power penalties.
  • one or more portions of the transport block (TB) may be generated based on a redundancy version ID i for layer i.
  • the open path loss estimation for uplink power control may not match with the actual path loss experience on uplink.
  • the UE may estimate a larger path loss than needed due to lower transmit from the base station, and may subsequently compensate by transmitting with a higher than needed initial transmit power.
  • the base station may provide an offset, which may be applicable for EIRP-constrained scenarios.
  • the uplink power setting for one or more transmissions e.g., random access channel (RACH)
  • RACH random access channel
  • the offset value may be signaled in Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI).
  • RMSI Remaining Minimum System Information
  • aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of a wireless communications system. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to process flows, apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the wireless communications system 100 includes base stations 105, UEs 115, and a core network 130.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, or a New Radio (NR) network.
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • LTE-A Pro LTE-Advanced Pro
  • NR New Radio
  • wireless communications system 100 may support enhanced broadband communications, ultra-reliable (e.g., mission critical) communications, low latency communications, or communications with low-cost and low-complexity devices.
  • ultra-reliable e.g., mission critical
  • Base stations 105 may wirelessly communicate with UEs 115 via one or more base station antennas.
  • Base stations 105 described herein may include or may be referred to by those skilled in the art as a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation Node B or giga-nodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or some other suitable terminology.
  • Wireless communications system 100 may include base stations 105 of different types (e.g., macro or small cell base stations).
  • the UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of base stations 105 and network equipment including macro eNBs, small cell eNBs, gNBs, relay base stations, and the like.
  • Each base station 105 may be associated with a particular geographic coverage area 110 in which communications with various UEs 115 is supported. Each base station 105 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110 via communication links 125, and communication links 125 between a base station 105 and a UE 115 may utilize one or more carriers. Communication links 125 shown in wireless communications system 100 may include uplink transmissions from a UE 115 to a base station 105, or downlink transmissions from a base station 105 to a UE 115. Downlink transmissions may also be called forward link transmissions while uplink transmissions may also be called reverse link transmissions.
  • the geographic coverage area 110 for a base station 105 may be divided into sectors making up only a portion of the geographic coverage area 110, and each sector may be associated with a cell.
  • each base station 105 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of cells, or various combinations thereof.
  • a base station 105 may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving geographic coverage area 110.
  • different geographic coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may overlap, and overlapping geographic coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may be supported by the same base station 105 or by different base stations 105.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro or NR network in which different types of base stations 105 provide coverage for various geographic coverage areas 110.
  • the term "cell” refers to a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station 105 (e.g., over a carrier), and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID)) operating via the same or a different carrier.
  • a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of devices.
  • MTC machine-type communication
  • NB-IoT narrowband Internet-of-Things
  • eMBB enhanced mobile broadband
  • the term "cell” may refer to a portion of a geographic coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over which the logical entity operates.
  • a UE 115 may also refer to a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or an MTC device, or the like, which may be implemented in various articles such as appliances, vehicles, meters, or the like.
  • WLL wireless local loop
  • IoT Internet of Things
  • IoE Internet of Everything
  • MTC massive machine type communications
  • Base stations 105 may communicate with the core network 130 and with one another.
  • base stations 105 may interface with the core network 130 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or other interface).
  • Base stations 105 may communicate with one another over backhaul links 134 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or other interface) either directly (e.g., directly between base stations 105) or indirectly (e.g., via core network 130).
  • At least some of the network devices may include subcomponents such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC).
  • an access network entity may communicate with UEs 115 through a number of other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, or a transmission/reception point (TRP).
  • TRP transmission/reception point
  • various functions of each access network entity or base station 105 may be distributed across various network devices (e.g., radio heads and access network controllers) or consolidated into a single network device (e.g., a base station 105).
  • Wireless communications system 100 may also operate in an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz), also known as the millimeter band.
  • EHF extremely high frequency
  • wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between UEs 115 and base stations 105, and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be even smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some cases, this may facilitate use of antenna arrays within a UE 115.
  • mmW millimeter wave
  • the propagation of EHF transmissions may be subject to even greater atmospheric attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. Techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.
  • wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands.
  • wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology in an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz ISM band.
  • LAA License Assisted Access
  • LTE-U LTE-Unlicensed
  • NR NR technology
  • an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz ISM band.
  • wireless devices such as base stations 105 and UEs 115 may employ listen-before-talk (LBT) procedures to ensure a frequency channel is clear before transmitting data.
  • LBT listen-before-talk
  • operations in unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation (CA) configuration in conjunction with component carriers (CCs) operating in a licensed band (e.g., LAA).
  • CA carrier aggregation
  • CCs component carriers
  • Operations in unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, peer-to-peer transmissions, or a combination of these.
  • Duplexing in unlicensed spectrum may be based on frequency division duplexing (FDD), time division duplexing (TDD), or a combination of both.
  • FDD frequency division duplexing
  • TDD time division duplexing
  • base station 105 or UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, MIMO communications, or beamforming.
  • wireless communications system 100 may use a transmission scheme between a transmitting device (e.g., a base station 105) and a receiving device (e.g., a UE 115), where the transmitting device is equipped with multiple antennas and the receiving devices are equipped with one or more antennas.
  • MIMO communications may employ multipath signal propagation to increase the spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers, which may be referred to as spatial multiplexing.
  • the multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas.
  • a base station 105 may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115. For instance, some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a base station 105 multiple times in different directions, which may include a signal being transmitted according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions in different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by the base station 105 or a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for subsequent transmission and/or reception by the base station 105.
  • some signals e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals
  • Transmissions in different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by the base station 105 or a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for subsequent transmission and/or reception by the base station 105.
  • Some signals may be transmitted by a base station 105 in a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as a UE 115).
  • the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based at least in in part on a signal that was transmitted in different beam directions.
  • a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the base station 105 in different directions, and the UE 115 may report to the base station 105 an indication of the signal it received with a highest signal quality, or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.
  • a receiving device may try multiple receive beams when receiving various signals from the base station 105, such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals.
  • a receiving device may try multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at a set of antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at a set of antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as "listening" according to different receive beams or receive directions.
  • the antennas of a base station 105 or UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays, which may support MIMO operations, or transmit or receive beamforming.
  • one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower.
  • antennas or antenna arrays associated with a base station 105 may be located in diverse geographic locations.
  • a base station 105 may have an antenna array with a number of rows and columns of antenna ports that the base station 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115.
  • a UE 115 may have one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations.
  • one or more types of data multiplexing schemes may be deployed to optimize throughput by providing additional data capacity.
  • MIMO spatial multiplexing may transmit independent and separately encoded data signals (i.e., streams) from each of the multiple transmitting antennas.
  • the space dimension may be reused (or multiplexed) more than once.
  • N ant N ss > 1, which may be referred to as a pure spatial multiplexing scheme.
  • spatial multiplexing may be combined with beamforming and/or CDD.
  • the transmitter output signals may be considered to be correlated, and the number of antenna elements may exceed the number of spatial streams (i.e., 1 ⁇ N ss ⁇ N ant ) .
  • wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack.
  • PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
  • a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer may in some cases perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate over logical channels.
  • RLC Radio Link Control
  • a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels.
  • the MAC layer may also use hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) to provide retransmission at the MAC layer to improve link efficiency.
  • HARQ hybrid automatic repeat request
  • the RRC protocol layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a base station 105 or core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data.
  • transport channels may be mapped to physical channels.
  • UEs 115 and base stations 105 may support retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully.
  • HARQ feedback is one technique of increasing the likelihood that data is received correctly over a communication link 125.
  • HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)), forward error correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ)).
  • FEC forward error correction
  • ARQ automatic repeat request
  • HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in poor radio conditions (e.g., signal-to-noise conditions).
  • a wireless device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, where the device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received in a previous symbol in the slot. In other cases, the device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.
  • the radio frames may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) ranging from 0 to 1023.
  • SFN system frame number
  • Each frame may include 10 subframes numbered from 0 to 9, and each subframe may have a duration of 1 ms.
  • a subframe may be further divided into 2 slots each having a duration of 0.5 ms, and each slot may contain 6 or 7 modulation symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may contain 2048 sampling periods.
  • a subframe may be the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100, and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI).
  • TTI transmission time interval
  • a smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be shorter than a subframe or may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) or in selected CCs using sTTIs).
  • a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots containing one or more symbols.
  • a symbol of a mini-slot or a mini-slot may be the smallest unit of scheduling.
  • Each symbol may vary in duration depending on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation, for example.
  • some wireless communications systems may implement slot aggregation in which multiple slots or mini-slots are aggregated together and used for communication between a UE 115 and a base station 105.
  • carrier refers to a set of radio frequency spectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting communications over a communication link 125.
  • a carrier of a communication link 125 may include a portion of a radio frequency spectrum band that is operated according to physical layer channels for a given radio access technology.
  • Each physical layer channel may carry user data, control information, or other signaling.
  • a carrier may be associated with a pre-defined frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute radio frequency channel number (EARFCN)), and may be positioned according to a channel raster for discovery by UEs 115.
  • E-UTRA evolved universal terrestrial radio access
  • E-UTRA absolute radio frequency channel number
  • Carriers may be downlink or uplink (e.g., in an FDD mode), or be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode).
  • signal waveforms transmitted over a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM)).
  • MCM multi-carrier modulation
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
  • DFT-s-OFDM discrete Fourier transform-spread-OFDM
  • the organizational structure of the carriers may be different for different radio access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.). For example, communications over a carrier may be organized according to TTIs or slots, each of which may include user data as well as control information or signaling to support decoding the user data.
  • a carrier may also include dedicated acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals or system information, etc.) and control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier. In some examples (e.g., in a CA configuration), a carrier may also have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers.
  • Physical channels may be multiplexed on a carrier according to various techniques.
  • a physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed on a downlink carrier, for example, using time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques.
  • control information transmitted in a physical control channel may be distributed between different control regions in a cascaded manner (e.g., between a common control region or common search space and one or more UE-specific control regions or UE-specific search spaces).
  • a carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the radio frequency spectrum, and in some examples the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a "system bandwidth" of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100.
  • the carrier bandwidth may be one of a number of predetermined bandwidths for carriers of a particular radio access technology (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 MHz).
  • each served UE 115 may be configured for operating over portions or all of the carrier bandwidth.
  • some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a predefined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or RBs) within a carrier (e.g., "in-band" deployment of a narrowband protocol type).
  • a resource element may consist of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbol period and subcarrier spacing are inversely related.
  • the number of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme).
  • the more resource elements that a UE 115 receives and the higher the order of the modulation scheme the higher the data rate may be for the UE 115.
  • a wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of a radio frequency spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., spatial layers), and the use of multiple spatial layers may further increase the data rate for communications with a UE 115.
  • Devices of the wireless communications system 100 may have a hardware configuration that supports communications over a particular carrier bandwidth, or may be configurable to support communications over one of a set of carrier bandwidths.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may include base stations 105 and/or UEs 115 that can support simultaneous communications via carriers associated with more than one different carrier bandwidth.
  • Wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 on multiple cells or carriers, a feature which may be referred to as CA or multi-carrier operation.
  • a UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink CCs and one or more uplink CCs according to a CA configuration.
  • CA may be used with both FDD and TDD CCs.
  • wireless communications system 100 may utilize enhanced component carriers (eCCs).
  • eCC may be characterized by one or more features including wider carrier or frequency channel bandwidth, shorter symbol duration, shorter TTI duration, or modified control channel configuration.
  • an eCC may be associated with a CA configuration or a dual connectivity configuration (e.g., when multiple serving cells have a suboptimal or non-ideal backhaul link).
  • An eCC may also be configured for use in unlicensed spectrum or shared spectrum (e.g., where more than one operator is allowed to use the spectrum).
  • An eCC characterized by wide carrier bandwidth may include one or more segments that may be utilized by UEs 115 that are not capable of monitoring the whole carrier bandwidth or are otherwise configured to use a limited carrier bandwidth (e.g., to conserve power).
  • an eCC may utilize a different symbol duration than other CCs, which may include use of a reduced symbol duration as compared with symbol durations of the other CCs.
  • a shorter symbol duration may be associated with increased spacing between adjacent subcarriers.
  • a device such as a UE 115 or base station 105, utilizing eCCs may transmit wideband signals (e.g., according to frequency channel or carrier bandwidths of 20, 40, 60, 80 MHz, etc.) at reduced symbol durations (e.g., 16.67 microseconds).
  • a TTI in eCC may consist of one or multiple symbol periods. In some cases, the TTI duration (that is, the number of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable.
  • Wireless communications systems such as an NR system may utilize any combination of licensed, shared, and unlicensed spectrum bands, among others.
  • the flexibility of eCC symbol duration and subcarrier spacing may allow for the use of eCC across multiple spectrums.
  • NR shared spectrum may increase spectrum utilization and spectral efficiency, specifically through dynamic vertical (e.g., across the frequency domain) and horizontal (e.g., across the time domain) sharing of resources.
  • EIRP constraints may be accounted for in order to improve reporting accuracy, as well as optimize uplink power.
  • a UE 115 may employ different modes of CSI reporting based on explicit signaling (e.g., RRC), or path loss measured at the UE 115.
  • the base station 105 may signal a scaling factor to account for a transmit power backoff in EIRP-constrained mode, reduce the scheduled MCS (e.g., modulation depth) and increase the scheduled rank, modify the mapping scheme used for downlink (e.g., PDSCH, or NR-PDSCH) transmissions, provide an offset applicable for EIRP-constrained scenarios, or a combination thereof.
  • the base station 105 may switch to a different transmission scheme (e.g., STBC, or SFBC).
  • the EIRP of a multi-antenna array may be regulated by a government body or agency (e.g., FCC), and may be a function of the antenna configuration and the data multiplexing scheme.
  • the EIRP for a multi-antenna array may be expressed by the sum of conducted power across all antenna elements, element gain, and directional gain of antenna array. It should be noted that the EIRP for a single antenna equals the total power radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna so as to attain the same signal strength as the actual source in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam. That is, the EIRP of a transmitter is the product of a transmitted power and an antenna gain.
  • signals transmitted in one or more of the following modes may be considered correlated, fixed or adaptive transmit beamforming mode (e.g., phased array modes, closed loop MIMO modes, Transmitter Adaptive Antenna modes, MRT modes, Statistical EBF modes, etc.), CDD or CSD modes, including modes used in WLAN systems (e.g., 802.11n).
  • CDD modes each transmit antenna may carry the same digital data with a different cyclic delay.
  • transmitted signals may be highly correlated at certain frequencies, and lower at others.
  • the correlation may be dependent on the time delay (e.g., lower correlation at zero time delay).
  • the correlations may also be dependent on one or more bandwidths specified (e.g., by the FCC) for in-band PSD measurements. For instance, correlation may be higher over bandwidths subject to reductions in PSD when the directional gain exceeds a threshold.
  • STBC, and/or spatial multiplexing-MIMO may be considered uncorrelated schemes.
  • EIRP limits may be set as a function of frequency (e.g., per 1 MHz bandwidth). In one example, assuming a UE 115 allocation exceeds 1 MHz bandwidth (e.g., more than 1 RB at 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), EIRP limitations may be applied on a per RB basis.
  • the UE 115-a may transmit a rank indication in order to indicate the SINR experienced at the UE. Further, the base station 105-a may select a transmission scheme (e.g., transmit diversity, spatial multiplexing, etc.) based on the rank indication. In these cases, the base station 105-a may switch to transmit diversity (i.e., same data stream via multiple antennas) if the SINR is poor (below a certain threshold), in order to improve reliability. Conversely, the base station may switch to MIMO with spatial multiplexing if the SINR is at or above a certain threshold, which may improve reliability. In some cases, the rank may equal the lower number between the number of transmit antennas and the number of receive antennas.
  • a transmission scheme e.g., transmit diversity, spatial multiplexing, etc.
  • the SINR may be described by the following equation: P h 1 ⁇ h 2 + h 3 ⁇ h 4 2 4 N 0
  • the UE 115-a may be configured with an EIRP-constrained CSI reporting mode, which may be based on a maximum PAPR and/or EVM, desired communication range, or any other power limiting factors.
  • the base station 105-a may be configured to transmit at a lower power than a maximum allowed EIRP if a short communication range (e.g., indoor deployment) is desired.
  • limiting the transmit power e.g., ⁇ 36 dBm may serve to mitigate interference experienced by other wireless devices in the vicinity.
  • the base station 105-a may configure, via a Radio Resource Management (RRM) report triggering event, a path loss threshold value for a certain cell.
  • RRM Radio Resource Management
  • the base station may trigger deployment of an EIRP-constrained CSI reporting mode.
  • the UE 115-a may compensate for the added path loss in its transmissions over uplink 205, for instance, based on power backoff at the base station 105-a.
  • the network or base station may introduce antenna port selection, for example, while utilizing a codebook based precoding scheme. For instance, the base station may select a subset of possible codebooks to specify for port selection, which may be based in part on the number of antennas exceeding a threshold. That is, to compensate for a smaller scaling factor (i.e., for the precoding matrix) under EIRP constraints, the base station may only use a subset of antennas since the scaling factor is inversely proportional to the number of transmitting antennas.
  • the payload size may be calculated to be independent of the number of layers used. In such cases, the UE 115-a may utilize a combination of the number of layers used for TBS determination, and the number of actual transmission layers to compute/report CSI.
  • the UE 115-b may determine a path loss based in part on a transmission received from base station 105-b (not shown). In some cases, the UE 115-b may transmit a RRM report (or any other measurement report) at 310, indicating the path loss.
  • the base station 105-b may determine if an EIRP limit is reached. As previously described, in some cases, the base station 105-b may have configured, via a RRM report triggering event, a path loss threshold value. In such cases, if the path loss reported by UE 115-b at 310 exceeds the threshold (e.g., on a beam, a group of beams, or average over beams), the base station 105-b may trigger deployment of an EIRP-constrained CSI reporting mode.
  • the threshold e.g., on a beam, a group of beams, or average over beams
  • the base station 105-b may transmit an indication of the CSI reporting mode (i.e., normal mode, or EIRP-constrained mode) to use to the UE 115-b.
  • the CSI reporting mode i.e., normal mode, or EIRP-constrained mode
  • the base station 105-b may determine a scale factor value, such as N ss N ant , for each precoding matrix for Type 1 single, and multiple panel codebooks.
  • N ss may refer to the number of spatial streams also known as the rank of the transmission
  • N ant may refer to the total number of antenna ports used at the base station 105-b.
  • the base station 105-b may specify the scaling factor to the UE 115-b. Further, at 330, the base station 105-b may transmit one or more CSI-RSs to the UE 115-b for channel estimation.
  • the UE 115-b may measure and compute the CSI-RS received at 330.
  • the UE 115-b may apply the scaling factor received at 325 to a precoding matrix estimated (or received) from transmissions from the base station 105-b.
  • the precoding matrix may be based on the antenna configuration, and one or more weighting parameters used in downlink transmissions. For instance, the precoding matrix may imply a set of weights applied during the precoding process.
  • the base station 105-b may signal the precoding matrix used (e.g., via downlink control information (DCI)).
  • DCI downlink control information
  • the UE 115-b may multiply the scaling factor to the precoding matrix, and then evaluate the best precoding matrix
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a process flow 400 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • process flow 400 may be implemented by aspects of wireless communication system 100 and/or 200.
  • Process flow 400 may include a base station 105-c, and a UE 115-c.
  • the base station 105-c may be an example of a base station 105 of FIGs. 1 or 2
  • the UE 115 may be example of UEs 115 of FIGs. 1 or 2 .
  • the base station 105-c may perform a connection establishment according to established connection establishment techniques.
  • the base station 105 and the UEs 115 may operate in mmW spectrum.
  • the UE 115-c may determine a path loss based in part on a transmission received from base station 105-c (not shown). In some cases, the UE 115-c may transmit a RRM report (or any other measurement report) at 410, indicating the path loss.
  • the base station 105-c may determine if an EIRP limit is reached.
  • the base station 105-c may have configured, via a RRM report triggering event, a path loss threshold value. In such cases, if the path loss reported by UE 115-c at 410 exceeds the threshold (e.g., on a beam, a group of beams, or average over beams), the base station 105-c may trigger deployment of an EIRP-constrained CSI reporting mode.
  • the base station 105-c may transmit an indication of the CSI reporting mode (i.e., normal mode, or EIRP-constrained mode) to the UE 115-c.
  • the CSI reporting mode i.e., normal mode, or EIRP-constrained mode
  • the base station 105-c may introduce antenna port selection, for example, while utilizing a codebook based precoding scheme.
  • the base station 105-c may down-select, and use only a subset of antennas for codebook selection.
  • the base station 105-c may select a subset of possible codebooks for port selection, which may be based on the number of antennas exceeding a threshold.
  • using a subset of antenna elements, as opposed to all, may help compensate for a smaller scaling factor (i.e., for the precoding matrix) under EIRP constraints.
  • the scaling factor is inversely proportional to the number of transmitting antennas.
  • current techniques for codebook selection may be based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) matrices, and may utilize all antenna elements.
  • DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
  • the base station 105-c may specify the precoder to UE 115-c.
  • the precoder may be based on a number of antenna ports in use by the base station 105-c, where the number of antenna ports in use by the base station 105-c is fewer than a total number of antenna ports of the base station 105-c.
  • the UE 115-c may receive CSI-RS transmissions from the base station 105-c.
  • the UE 115-c may measure the received CSI-RS based in part on the precoder received at 425.
  • the UE 115-c may report the measured CSI-RS to the base station 105-c. Further, the UE 115-c may utilize the measured CSI-RS for uplink power control.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a process flow 500 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • process flow 500 may be implemented by aspects of wireless communication system 100 and/or 200.
  • Process flow 500 may include a base station 105-d, and a UE 115-d.
  • the base station 105-d may be an example of a base station 105 of FIGs. 1 or 2
  • the UE 115 may be example of UEs 115 of FIGs. 1 or 2 .
  • the base station 105-d may perform a connection establishment according to established connection establishment techniques.
  • the base station 105 and the UEs 115 may operate in mmW spectrum.
  • the base station 105-d may determine if an EIRP limit is reached.
  • the base station 105-d may have configured, via a RRM report triggering event, a path loss threshold value. In such cases, if the path loss reported by UE 115-d at 510 exceeds the threshold (e.g., on a beam, a group of beams, or average over beams), the base station 105-d may trigger deployment of an EIRP-constrained CSI reporting mode.
  • the base station 105-d may transmit an indication of the CSI reporting mode (i.e., normal mode, or EIRP-constrained mode) to the UE 115-d.
  • the CSI reporting mode i.e., normal mode, or EIRP-constrained mode
  • the base station 105-d may determine a TB size, which may be calculated to be independent of the number of layers used. In some aspects, this may serve to optimize the reliability for a transmission. For instance, decreasing the number of bits in a TB may allow for a higher energy per symbol.
  • the base station 105-d may transmit the number of layers used for TB size determination, in addition to the number of layers used for the actual transmission.
  • the TB size may be determined based on a configured value of a number of layers, which may be different from the number of layers used for transmission.
  • the base station 105-d may also transmit a TBS scale factor.
  • the indications may be transmitted in DCI over a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) (or NR-PDCCH).
  • PDCH physical downlink control channel
  • the base station 105-d may transmit one or more CSI-RS to the UE 115-d. Further, at 535, the UE 115-d may measure and compute one or more CSI-RSs, based in part on the steps at 520 and 525. In some cases, the UE 115-d may utilize a combination of the number of layers used for TB determination, and the number of actual transmission layers to compute/report CSI.
  • the UE 115-d may transmit a CSI report to the base station 105-d in an uplink transmission.
  • FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the device 605 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein.
  • the device 605 may include a receiver 610, a communications manager 615, and a transmitter 620.
  • the device 605 may also include a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
  • the receiver 610 may receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions, etc.). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 605.
  • the receiver 610 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 920 described with reference to FIG. 9 .
  • the receiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
  • the communications manager 615 may receive a downlink transmission from a base station over a wireless channel, measure a set of one or more CSI-RSs from the base station to obtain a CSI measurement, transmit a CSI report to the base station based on the selected CSI computation mode and the CSI measurement, and select, based on the received downlink transmission, a CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, where the CSI computation mode is based on an EIRP constraint.
  • the communications manager 615 may be an example of aspects of the communications manager 910 described herein.
  • the communications manager 615 may be implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware) executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the communications manager 615, or its sub-components may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in the present disclosure.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field-programmable gate array
  • the communications manager 615 may be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations by one or more physical components.
  • the communications manager 615, or its sub-components may be a separate and distinct component in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the communications manager 615, or its sub-components may be combined with one or more other hardware components, including but not limited to an input/output (I/O) component, a transceiver, a network server, another computing device, one or more other components described in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
  • I/O input/output
  • the transmitter 620 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 605.
  • the transmitter 620 may be collocated with a receiver 610 in a transceiver module.
  • the transmitter 620 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 920 described with reference to FIG. 9 .
  • the transmitter 620 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
  • the actions performed by the communications manager 615 as described herein may be implemented to realize one or more potential advantages.
  • One implementation may improve the efficiency of a UE 115, as the actions performed by the communications manager 615 may down-select the number of antennas, which may lead to a smaller scaling factor for a smaller number of antennas.
  • Another implementation that may improve the efficiency of the UE 115 may be that the communications manager 615 may select a subset of codebooks for a higher number of antennas, or may select different scaling factors for the precoding matrix.
  • the communications manager 615 described herein may be implemented as a chipset of a wireless modem, and the receiver 610 and the transmitter 620 may be implemented as sets of analog components (e.g., amplifiers, filters, phase shifters, antennas, etc.).
  • the wireless modem may obtain and decode signals from the receiver 610 over a receive interface, and may output signals for transmission to the transmitter 620 over a transmit interface.
  • FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a device 705 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the device 705 may be an example of aspects of a device 605 or a UE 115 as described herein.
  • the device 705 may include a receiver 710, a communications manager 715, and a transmitter 730.
  • the device 705 may also include a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
  • the receiver 710 may receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions, etc.). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 705.
  • the receiver 710 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 920 described with reference to FIG. 9 .
  • the receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
  • the operating mode component 725 may select, based on the received downlink transmission, a CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, where the CSI computation mode is based on an EIRP constraint.
  • FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a communications manager 805 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the communications manager 805 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 615, a communications manager 715, or a communications manager 910 described herein.
  • the communications manager 805 may include a channel state component 810, an operating mode component 815, a pathloss component 820, a scaling component 825, a precoder component 830, a TB component 835, a rank component 840, a mapping component 845, and a power control component 850.
  • Each of these modules may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
  • the TB component 835 may determine a transport block size based on a rank of the downlink transmission. In some examples, the TB component 835 may use the determined transport block size to receive one or more of: the downlink transmission or a second downlink transmission. In some examples, the TB component 835 may determine the transport block size based on the received rank parameter. In some examples, the TB component 835 may receive from the base station a transport block size scaling factor. In some examples, the TB component 835 may determine a transport block size based on the transport block size scaling factor. In some examples, the TB component 835 may use the mapping of the different portions of the code block and the different transmit layers to receive the transport block.
  • the rank component 840 may receive from the base station a first rank parameter associated with a transport block size and a second rank parameter indicating a transmission rank.
  • the mapping component 845 may map different portions of a code block of the data transmission to different transmit layers. In some examples, the mapping component 845 may map the different transmit layers to frequency and time resources.
  • FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a system 900 including a device 905 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the device 905 may be an example of or include the components of device 605, device 705, or a UE 115 as described herein.
  • the device 905 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, including a communications manager 910, an I/O controller 915, a transceiver 920, an antenna 925, memory 930, and a processor 940. These components may be in electronic communication via one or more buses (e.g., bus 945).
  • buses e.g., bus 945
  • the communications manager 910 may receive a downlink transmission from a base station over a wireless channel, measure a set of one or more CSI-RSs from the base station to obtain a CSI measurement, transmit a CSI report to the base station based on the selected CSI computation mode and the CSI measurement, and select, based on the received downlink transmission, a CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, where the CSI computation mode is based on an EIRP constraint.
  • the I/O controller 915 may manage input and output signals for the device 905.
  • the I/O controller 915 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 905.
  • the I/O controller 915 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral.
  • the I/O controller 915 may utilize an operating system such as iOS ® , ANDROID ® , MS-DOS ® , MS-WINDOWS ® , OS/2 ® , UNIX ® , LINUX ® , or another known operating system.
  • the I/O controller 915 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device.
  • the I/O controller 915 may be implemented as part of a processor.
  • a user may interact with the device 905 via the I/O controller 915 or via hardware components controlled by the I/O controller 915.
  • the transceiver 920 may communicate bi-directionally, via one or more antennas, wired, or wireless links as described herein.
  • the transceiver 920 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver.
  • the transceiver 920 may also include a modem to modulate the packets and provide the modulated packets to the antennas for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the antennas.
  • the wireless device may include a single antenna 925. However, in some cases the device may have more than one antenna 925, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions.
  • the memory 930 may include random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM).
  • RAM random access memory
  • ROM read only memory
  • the memory 930 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 935 including instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform various functions described herein.
  • the memory 930 may contain, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
  • the processor 940 may include an intelligent hardware device, (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof).
  • the processor 940 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller.
  • a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 940.
  • the processor 940 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 930) to cause the device 905 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions).
  • the code 935 may include instructions to implement aspects of the present disclosure, including instructions to support wireless communications.
  • the code 935 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or other type of memory. In some cases, the code 935 may not be directly executable by the processor 940 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein.
  • the functions performed by a processor 940 and components in communication with the processor 940 may improve the efficiency of the functions of a UE 115.
  • the functions performed by a processor 940 may also improve reporting accuracy and optimize uplink power, by executing code 935 to improve CSI reporting according to EIRP constraints as described herein.
  • FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a base station 105 as described herein.
  • the device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a communications manager 1015, and a transmitter 1020.
  • the device 1005 may also include a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
  • the receiver 1010 may receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions, etc.). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005.
  • the receiver 1010 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1320 described with reference to FIG. 13 .
  • the receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
  • the communications manager 1015 may select a CSI computation mode for a wireless channel based on an EIRP constraint at the base station, transmit a set of one or more CSI-RSs over the wireless channel in accordance with the EIRP constraint, receive from the UE a CSI report based on the selected CSI computation mode and the transmitted set of CSI-RSs, and perform a downlink transmission to a UE over the wireless channel, the downlink message indicating the CSI computation mode for the wireless channel.
  • the communications manager 1015 may be an example of aspects of the communications manager 1310 described herein.
  • the communications manager 1015 may be implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware) executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the communications manager 1015, or its sub-components may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in the present disclosure.
  • code e.g., software or firmware
  • the functions of the communications manager 1015, or its sub-components may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in the present disclosure.
  • the transmitter 1020 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 1005.
  • the transmitter 1020 may be collocated with a receiver 1010 in a transceiver module.
  • the transmitter 1020 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1320 described with reference to FIG. 13 .
  • the transmitter 1020 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
  • FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a device 1105 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the device 1105 may be an example of aspects of a device 1005 or a base station 105 as described herein.
  • the device 1105 may include a receiver 1110, a communications manager 1115, and a transmitter 1130.
  • the device 1105 may also include a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
  • the receiver 1110 may receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions, etc.). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1105.
  • the receiver 1110 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1320 described with reference to FIG. 13 .
  • the receiver 1110 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
  • the communications manager 1115 may be an example of aspects of the communications manager 1015 as described herein.
  • the communications manager 1115 may include a channel state component 1120 and an operating mode component 1125.
  • the communications manager 1115 may be an example of aspects of the communications manager 1310 described herein.
  • the channel state component 1120 may select a CSI computation mode for a wireless channel based on an EIRP constraint at the base station, transmit a set of one or more CSI-RSs over the wireless channel in accordance with the EIRP constraint, and receive from the UE a CSI report based on the selected CSI computation mode and the transmitted set of CSI-RSs.
  • the operating mode component 1125 may perform a downlink transmission to a UE over the wireless channel, the downlink message indicating the CSI computation mode for the wireless channel.
  • the transmitter 1130 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 1105.
  • the transmitter 1130 may be collocated with a receiver 1110 in a transceiver module.
  • the transmitter 1130 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1320 described with reference to FIG. 13 .
  • the transmitter 1130 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
  • FIG. 12 shows a block diagram 1200 of a communications manager 1205 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the communications manager 1205 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1015, a communications manager 1115, or a communications manager 1310 described herein.
  • the communications manager 1205 may include a channel state component 1210, an operating mode component 1215, a scaling component 1220, a precoder component 1225, a TB component 1230, a rank component 1235, a mapping component 1240, and an EIRP component 1245. Each of these modules may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
  • the channel state component 1210 may select a CSI computation mode for a wireless channel based on an EIRP constraint at the base station. In some examples, the channel state component 1210 may transmit a set of one or more CSI-RSs over the wireless channel in accordance with the EIRP constraint. In some examples, the channel state component 1210 may receive from the UE a CSI report based on the selected CSI computation mode and the transmitted set of CSI-RSs.
  • the operating mode component 1215 may trigger perform a downlink transmission to a UE over the wireless channel, the downlink message indicating the CSI computation mode for the wireless channel. In some examples, the operating mode component 1215 generates an indication of the CSI computation mode, where the downlink transmission includes the indication of the CSI computation mode. In some examples, the operating mode component 1215 may use, based on the CSI computation mode, STBC/SFBC to transmit one or more of: the downlink transmission or a second downlink transmission.
  • the precoder component 1225 may identify a precoder of the base station, the precoder based at least in on part on a number of antenna ports in use by the base station, where the number of antenna ports in use by the base station is fewer than a total number of base station antenna ports.
  • the TB component 1230 may determine a transport block size based on a rank of the downlink transmission. In some examples, the TB component 1230 may use the determined transport block size to transmit one or more of: the downlink transmission or a second downlink transmission. In some examples, the TB component 1230 may determine a transport block size. In some examples, the TB component 1230 may use the determined transport block size and the indicated transmission rank to transmit one or more of: the downlink transmission or a second downlink transmission. In some examples, the TB component 1230 may use the mapping of the different portions of the code block and the different transmit layers to transmit the transport block.
  • the mapping component 1240 may map different portions of a code block of the transport block to different transmit layers. In some examples, the mapping component 1240 may map the different transmit layers to frequency and time resources.
  • FIG. 13 shows a diagram of a system 1300 including a device 1305 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the device 1305 may be an example of or include the components of device 1005, device 1105, or a base station 105 as described herein.
  • the device 1305 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, including a communications manager 1310, a network communications manager 1315, a transceiver 1320, an antenna 1325, memory 1330, a processor 1340, and an inter-station communications manager 1345. These components may be in electronic communication via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1350).
  • buses e.g., bus 1350
  • the communications manager 1310 may select a CSI computation mode for a wireless channel based on an EIRP constraint at the base station, transmit a set of one or more CSI-RSs over the wireless channel in accordance with the EIRP constraint, receive from the UE a CSI report based on the selected CSI computation mode and the transmitted set of CSI-RSs, and perform a downlink transmission to a UE over the wireless channel, the downlink message indicating the CSI computation mode for the wireless channel.
  • the network communications manager 1315 may manage communications with the core network (e.g., via one or more wired backhaul links). For example, the network communications manager 1315 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115.
  • the wireless device may include a single antenna 1325. However, in some cases the device may have more than one antenna 1325, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions.
  • the processor 1340 may include a hardware device, (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof).
  • the processor 1340 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller.
  • a memory controller may be integrated into processor 1340.
  • the processor 1340 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 1330) to cause the device 1305 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions).
  • the inter-station communications manager 1345 may manage communications with other base station 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 in cooperation with other base stations 105. For example, the inter-station communications manager 1345 may coordinate scheduling for transmissions to UEs 115 for various interference mitigation techniques such as beamforming or joint transmission. In some examples, the inter-station communications manager 1345 may provide an X2 interface within an LTE/LTE-A wireless communication network technology to provide communication between base stations 105.
  • the code 1335 may include instructions to implement aspects of the present disclosure, including instructions to support wireless communications.
  • the code 1335 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or other type of memory. In some cases, the code 1335 may not be directly executable by the processor 1340 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein.
  • FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the operations of method 1400 may be implemented by a UE 115 or its components as described herein.
  • the operations of method 1400 may be performed by a communications manager as described with reference to FIGs. 6 through 9 .
  • a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the functions described herein.
  • a UE may perform aspects of the functions described herein using special-purpose hardware.
  • the UE may receive a downlink transmission from a base station over a wireless channel.
  • the operations of 1405 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1405 may be performed by a channel state component as described with reference to FIGs. 6 through 9 .
  • the UE may select, based on the received downlink transmission, a CSI computation mode for the wireless channel, where the CSI computation mode is based on an EIRP constraint.
  • the operations of 1410 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1410 may be performed by an operating mode component as described with reference to FIGs. 6 through 9 .
  • the UE may measure a set of one or more CSI-RSs from the base station to obtain a CSI measurement.
  • the operations of 1415 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1415 may be performed by a channel state component as described with reference to FIGs. 6 through 9 .
  • FIG. 15 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 that supports CSI computation for EIRP-constrained transmissions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the operations of method 1500 may be implemented by a base station 105 or its components as described herein.
  • the operations of method 1500 may be performed by a communications manager as described with reference to FIGs. 10 through 13 .
  • a base station may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the base station to perform the functions described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, a base station may perform aspects of the functions described herein using special-purpose hardware.
  • the base station may perform a downlink transmission to a UE over the wireless channel, the downlink message indicating the CSI computation mode for the wireless channel.
  • the operations of 1510 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by an operating mode component as described with reference to FIGs. 10 through 13 .
  • the base station may transmit a set of one or more CSI-RSs over the wireless channel in accordance with the EIRP constraint.
  • the operations of 1515 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1515 may be performed by a channel state component as described with reference to FIGs. 10 through 13 .
  • the base station may receive from the UE a CSI report based on the selected CSI computation mode and the transmitted set of CSI-RSs.
  • the operations of 1520 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1520 may be performed by a channel state component as described with reference to FIGs. 10 through 13 .
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
  • SC-FDMA single carrier frequency division multiple access
  • a CDMA system may implement a radio technology such as CDMA2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc.
  • CDMA2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards.
  • IS-2000 Releases may be commonly referred to as CDMA2000 1X, 1X, etc.
  • IS-856 TIA-856) is commonly referred to as CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), etc.
  • UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and other variants of CDMA.
  • a TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
  • An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, etc.
  • UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband
  • E-UTRA Evolved UTRA
  • IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
  • WiMAX IEEE 802.16
  • IEEE 802.20 Flash-OFDM
  • UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
  • LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro are releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA.
  • UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, and GSM are described in documents from the organization named "3rd Generation Partnership Project" (3GPP).
  • a macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider.
  • a small cell may be associated with a lower-powered base station 105, as compared with a macro cell, and a small cell may operate in the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed, etc.) frequency bands as macro cells.
  • Small cells may include pico cells, femto cells, and micro cells according to various examples.
  • a pico cell for example, may cover a small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider.
  • Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
  • a non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer.
  • non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.

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