EP3796898A1 - Zusammensetzung und verfahren zur linderung von gelenkschmerzen mit hyaluronsäure und bestandtellen aus eierschalenmembran - Google Patents

Zusammensetzung und verfahren zur linderung von gelenkschmerzen mit hyaluronsäure und bestandtellen aus eierschalenmembran

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Publication number
EP3796898A1
EP3796898A1 EP18740415.7A EP18740415A EP3796898A1 EP 3796898 A1 EP3796898 A1 EP 3796898A1 EP 18740415 A EP18740415 A EP 18740415A EP 3796898 A1 EP3796898 A1 EP 3796898A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
molecular weight
hyaluronic acid
astaxanthin
composition
hyaluronan
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP18740415.7A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
W. Stephen Hill
Patricia M. O'CONNELL
Umasudhan C. PALANISWAMY
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
US Nutraceuticals LLC
Original Assignee
US Nutraceuticals LLC
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US15/987,964 external-priority patent/US20180289735A1/en
Application filed by US Nutraceuticals LLC filed Critical US Nutraceuticals LLC
Publication of EP3796898A1 publication Critical patent/EP3796898A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/12—Ketones
    • A61K31/122—Ketones having the oxygen directly attached to a ring, e.g. quinones, vitamin K1, anthralin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/047—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates having two or more hydroxy groups, e.g. sorbitol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/065—Diphenyl-substituted acyclic alcohols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/095—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds, e.g. thiols
    • A61K31/10—Sulfides; Sulfoxides; Sulfones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/12—Ketones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7008—Compounds having an amino group directly attached to a carbon atom of the saccharide radical, e.g. D-galactosamine, ranimustine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
    • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
    • A61K31/7076—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines containing purines, e.g. adenosine, adenylic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A61K31/726—Glycosaminoglycans, i.e. mucopolysaccharides
    • A61K31/728—Hyaluronic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A61K31/737—Sulfated polysaccharides, e.g. chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis

Definitions

  • This invention relates to treating and alleviating joint pain and symptoms of osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the published‘587,‘249 and‘808 applications discuss the beneficial aspects of using krill oil in association with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • this krill and/or marine oil can be obtained by the combination of detailed steps as taught in the‘808 application, by placing krill and/or marine material in a ketone solvent, separating the liquid and solid contents, recovering a first lipid rich fraction from the liquid contents by evaporation, placing the solid contents and organic solvent in an organic solvent of the type as taught in the specification, separating the liquid and solid contents, recovering a second lipid rich fraction by evaporation of the solvent from the liquid contents and recovering the solid contents.
  • the resultant krill oil extract has also been used in an attempt to decrease lipid profiles in patients with hyperlipidemia.
  • The‘808 publication gives details regarding this krill oil as derived using those general steps identified above.
  • a dietary supplement composition is formulated in an oral dosage form and in a therapeutic amount to treat and alleviate symptoms of joint pain in an animal.
  • the dietary supplement composition includes eggshell membrane, astaxanthin, and pro-inflammatory low molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan having a molecular weight of 0.5 to 300 kilodaltons (kDa) and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan having a molecular weight greater than 300 kDa.
  • the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan is greater than 50 percent of the total for the low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan and effective to modulate the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan.
  • the eggshell membrane is about 60 to 80 percent by weight of the composition
  • the astaxanthin is about 12 to 16 percent by weight of the composition
  • the low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan are about 6 to 11 percent by weight of the composition.
  • the composition may further comprise Boswellia, and wherein the Boswellia is about 4 to 8 percent by weight of the composition.
  • the composition may include about 180 to 210 mg of eggshell membrane, about 25 to 60 mg of astaxanthin and about 15 mg to about 35 mg of the low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan.
  • the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan is greater than 90 percent of the total for the low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan.
  • the pro-inflammatory low molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan may comprise microbial fermented sodium hyaluronate fragments and the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan has an average of about 1,000 to 4,000 kDa.
  • the dietary supplement composition may further comprise glucosamine and one or more of chondroitin, Boswellia, curcumin, turmeric, lutein, zeaxanthin, methylsulfonymethane (MSM), or s-adenosyl -methionine and may further comprise collagen.
  • the composition may further include vitamin D3 and may comprise a human patient or non-human animal.
  • a method to treat and alleviate symptoms of joint pain in an animal includes administering to the animal a therapeutic amount of a dietary supplement composition in an oral dosage form to treat and alleviate symptoms of joint pain in an animal.
  • the dietary supplement composition includes eggshell membrane, astaxanthin, and pro- inflammatory low molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan having a molecular weight of 0.5 to 300 kilodaltons (kDa) and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan having a molecular weight greater than 300 kDa.
  • the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan is greater than 50 percent of the total for the low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan and effective to modulate the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan.
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing a chemical structure of astaxanthin that can be used in accordance with a non-limiting example.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan of the current invention could have a molecular weight up to 1,000 kDa and up to 2,000 kDa.
  • hyaluronic acid could be descriptive of sodium hyaluronate and hyaluronan.
  • Other ranges could include that naturally found in the body of about 1,000 to 4,000 kDa or higher.
  • Homeostasis may be reached by stimulating production of non-immunogenic high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and bring a joint back to homeostasis.
  • Non-immunogenic hyaluronic acid typically has a higher molecular weight above 300 kDa and may extend up to several thousand kDa and may enhance the lower molecular weight immunogenic hyaluronic acid in humans, including pets and companion animals, and may modulate the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid may operate in cooperation with those three (3) primary enzymes found in the human body and in other mammals that operate to cleave the higher weight hyaluronic acid as explained further in this description. It is thus possible to modulate the impact of the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid using the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid is chondro-protective while the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid aids in joint lubrication.
  • the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid as a chondro-protective agent may help“decorate” chondroitin and glucosamine and other components in the connective tissue and may help stop the process that breaks down connective tissue and may encourage regeneration.
  • the low molecular weight fraction of the hyaluronic acid such as 0.5 to 300 kDa will help with the regeneration, while the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid above 300 kDa and up to 1,000, 2,000 or higher kDa such as 3,000 kDa or 4,000 kDa or even higher will aid lubrication.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid above 300 kDa and up to 1,000, 2,000 or higher kDa such as 3,000 kDa or 4,000 kDa or even higher will aid lubrication.
  • it may also aid in skin and hair health. Even as little as 1%, 2% and 3% to 4% of higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid incorporated with the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid could be beneficial.
  • the joint care composition may have as much as or greater than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or greater amounts of the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid relative to the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid or to the total of low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • some or most of the hyaluronic acid could be provided from eggshell membrane, which is both a source of collagen and hyaluronic acid.
  • the body is able to break down the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Having the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid and lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid with their various functions will be advantageous as explained later.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid may be a primary component in some examples with the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • the ratio of higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid to lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid can vary depending on the amount of desired modulation or regulation and other factors as described later.
  • Example amounts include not only the percentages described above, but ratios of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid to low molecular weight hyaluronic acid may be of 5:95; 10:90; 20:80; 30:70; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; 80:20; 85: 15; 90: 10; 95:5 and any ranges between each ratio of varying percentage, and even greater.
  • the composition as related to the krill oil includes EPA and DHA functionalized as marine phospholipids and acyltriglycerides derived from krill.
  • the krill, algae, roe extract and fish oil derived product and phospholipid compositions may include astaxanthin, such as esterified astaxanthin, and in one non-limiting example, low molecular weight polymers of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate (hyaluronan) in an oral dosage form.
  • pro-inflammatory low molecular weight microbial fermented sodium hyaluronate having a molecular weight of between 0.5 to 300 kDa, in another example between 0.5 to 230 kDa, and in yet another example, between 0.5 to 100 kDa.
  • Eicosapentaenoid Acid EPA* > 17 (15% in one example and 10% in another)
  • ANTIOXIDANTS mg/lOOg
  • the composition may include pro-inflammatory microbial fermented sodium hyaluronate fragments having a molecular weight of 0.5 to 300 kilodaltons (kDa), in an example, and 0.5 to 230 kDa, and 0.5 to 100 kDa, all in an oral dosage form.
  • kDa kilodaltons
  • Natural high molecular weight hyaluronic acid is the major hydrodynamic component of synovial fluid and importantly is known to be immuno-neutral to the innate immune system. It is nature’s bone joint shock absorbent and lubricant.
  • LMWtHA low molecular weight hyaluronic acid
  • LMWtHA fragments exhibit potent pro-inflammatory behavior. It therefore remains unclear why a pro-inflammatory component would elicit a favorable overall response in inflamed joint tissues. It is believed that such pro- inflammatory LMWtHA fragments promote site repair by simulation of the innate immune system repair mechanism and by simulating production of non-immunogenic high molecular weight hyaluronic acid bringing the joint back to homeostasis. A great deal of work by leading immunologists is still attempting to unravel all the aspects of the complicated signaling processes associated with the innate immune system.
  • hyaluronidase hyase
  • b-D-glucuronidase b-D-glucuronidase
  • b-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase hyaluronidase
  • the hyase will cleave the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid into smaller oligosaccharides, while the b-D-glucuronidase and b-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase further degrade the oligosaccharide fragments and remove non reducing terminal sugars.
  • the degradation products of the hyaluronan/hyaluronic acid, as oligosaccharides and low molecular weight hyaluronan exhibit typically pro-angiogenic properties and while catalyzing the hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid, the hyaluronidase lowers the viscosity of hyaluronic acid and increases tissue permeability. This cleavage may therefore speed dispersion and delivery of different drugs.
  • the hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan is a constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and therefore, the enzymes acting on the hyaluronan may lower the viscosity of hyaluronan, and thus, increase the tissue permeability.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • These enzymes are also referred to as HYAL-1 , HYAL-2, and HYAL-3.
  • Hyaluronan synthesis hyanthases (HASs) are membrane- bound enzymes and referred to typically as HAS-l, HAS-2, and HAS-3, and produce hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan molecules of different molecular sizes.
  • composition may be given, since even different humans, and of course, different pets and animals, each have a unique and different genetic make-up and may respond differently to different levels, percentages, ranges, concentrations, and weights of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and reach different levels of homeostasis depending also on ratios and quantities applied.
  • Hyaluronic acid as a glycosaminoglycan and as part of the extracellular matrix has a differential signaling based on its molecular weight, and thus, by modulating the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid with higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid, the composition may in effect employ different hyaluronic acid weights and quantities and exert different effects on macrophage activation and reprogramming.
  • the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid may induce an activated-like state that is confirmed by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes such as CD80, TNF, ILI2B, and NOS2 while also having enhanced secretion of nitric oxide and TNF-a.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid may promote a different activated-like state that is confirmed by the up regulation of pro-resolving gene transcription, such as IL10, ARG1, and MRC1 and enhanced arginase activity.
  • Macrophages may undergo phenotypic changes dependent on a molecular weight of the hyaluronic acid that corresponds to the pro-inflammatory response for low molecular weight hyaluronic acid or the pro-resolving response for high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, such as greater than 300 kDa. It is possible to regulate the inflammatory response of macrophages through the influence of the extracellular matrix polymers and molecular weights of hyaluronic acid.
  • hyaluronidases will degrade predominantly hyaluronic acid, but also may have some limited ability to degrade chondroitin and chondroitin sulfates, which in turn, may have an impact on homeostasis and other functions.
  • These HYALs hydrolyze the b-1 ,4 linkage of the hyaluronic molecule as a linear polysaccharide having the repeated b-1,4 link and D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and b-1,3 linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GLcNAc) disaccharide units. It can also degrade the chondroitin sulfates.
  • the HYAL-l and HYAL-2 act in concert to catabolize hyaluronic acid into tetrasaccharides.
  • the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid is usually anchored to the cell surface through CD44 and HYAL-2 and localized to lipid rafts in the cell membrane.
  • Hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan size may have an impact on cell receptor signaling and as part of the extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • the hyaluronic acid may have an important role in maintaining appropriate cell-cell communication.
  • the endogenous high molecular weight hyaluronic acid can be degraded by the hyaluronidases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) into the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid that can be depolymerized and the hyaluronic acid and its degradation products can bind several cell surface receptors such as CD44, RHAMM, HARE, LYVE1, layilin, TLR2, and TLR4.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • the size of the hyaluronic acid has an influence on receptor activation and its downstream signaling. This can also impact the toll-like receptors.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid may potentiate the differentiation of human monocytes into fibrocytes while the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid may inhibit fibrocyte differentiation. Thus, the use of both is advantageous in certain circumstances.
  • the hyaluronic acid radius of gyration time evolution is both pH- and phospholipid concentration-dependent. It has been found that dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine induces hydrophobic interactions in the system and may cause lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid to shrink and at high concentration be absorbed into phospholipid vesicles.
  • the hyaluronic acid both low and high molecular weight, may be derived from eggshell membrane or animal tissue or rooster combs as noted before.
  • the eggshell membrane may also provide not only hyaluronic acid, but also glucosamine, collagen, and other ingredients.
  • pro-inflammatory low molecular weight hyaluronic acid is around 300 kDa to about 320 kDa or less, with many skilled in the art using 300 kDa as the cut-off.
  • Low molecular weight hyaluronic acids and sodium hyaluronates are well known to act as pro-inflammatory agents and assumed up-regulators of the inflammatory cascade with respect to the innate immune system.
  • Some reports indicate that hyaluronic acid fragments induce expression of inflammatory genes and they are low molecular weight kDa.
  • Clinical trials by the inventors and their assignee have shown the effectiveness of the composition when using krill oil, together with the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan and astaxanthin in accordance with a non-limiting example.
  • the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid had a molecular weight of about 40 kDa in the trial, but could range from 0.5 to 100 kDa in an example, or 0.5 to 230 kDa, or 0.5 to 300 kDa in yet other examples.
  • compositions and method used in the previous clinical trials of the described subject matter when having krill oil, astaxanthin, and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid were directed to treating and alleviating joint pain.
  • the clinical subjects in the clinical trial did not have any confirmed osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the clinical study was directed to patients that have a non-disease state joint pain that is not associated with a disease state such as osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the composition was used as a supplement to treat and alleviate symptoms of joint pain of unknown etiology, including joint pain not associated with osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis in this example.
  • Astaxanthin is a component of the composition.
  • the clinical trials of the joint care composition with the krill oil, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid and astaxanthin proved the effectiveness of the composition with surprising beneficial results.
  • Related scientific literature indicates that in a lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory rat model, astaxanthin at just 1 mg/kg in vitro and in vivo: (1) down regulates TNF-alpha production by 75%; (2) down regulates prostaglandin E-2 production (PGE-2) by 75%; (3) inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression of nitric oxide by 58%; and (4) these effects on inflammatory markers were nearly as effective as prednisolone in this model.
  • PGE-2 prostaglandin E-2 production
  • NOS nitric oxide synthase
  • FIG. 1 shows an example of the astaxanthin as astaxanthin 3S, 3’S (3, 3’-dihydroxy-4, 4’-diketo-P-carotene).
  • the clinical trial of 15 mg astaxanthin alone is noted as beneficial.
  • Astaxanthin levels could vary from 0.5-2 mg and 0.5-4 mg and in one embodiment is 2-4 mg or 2-6 mg and as broad as 0.5-12 mg and 7-12 mg.
  • astaxanthin In induced uveitis, astaxanthin also showed dose dependent ocular antiinflammatory activity by suppression of NO, PGE-2 and TNF-Alpha by directly blocking NO synthase activity. Astaxanthin is also known to reduce C-Reactive Protein (C-RP) blood levels in vivo. For example, in human subjects with high risk levels of C-RP three months of astaxanthin treatment resulted in 43% of patients’ serum C-RP levels to drop below the risk level. This may explain why C-RP levels dropped significantly in the Deutsch study identified above.
  • C-RP C-Reactive Protein
  • Astaxanthin is so powerful that it has been shown to negate the pro-oxidant activity of Vioxx, a COX-2 inhibitor belonging to the NSAIDS drug class which is known to cause cellular membrane lipid peroxidation leading to heart attack and stroke. For this reason Vioxx was removed from the US market. Astaxanthin is absorbed in vitro by lens epithelial cells where it suppresses UVB induced lipid peroxidative mediated cell damage at umol/L concentrations. In human trials astaxanthin at 4mgs/day prevented post exercise joint fatigue following strenuous knee exercise when compared to untreated subjects. These results have been shown in:
  • a composition in one embodiment includes 300 mg of krill oil, 30 to 45 mg of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid, and 2 mg astaxanthin. It has now been found that 150 mg to 300 mg of krill oil is beneficial with one embodiment using 150 mg.
  • the astaxanthin can range from 0.5 to 2 mg, 2 to 4 mg, 0.5 to 6 mg, 0.5 to 8 mg, 0.5 to 10 mg, 0.5 to 12 mg, and 7 to 12 mg.
  • the use of added phospholipids and/or surfactants described below will aid in delivery of the astaxanthin.
  • the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid can vary from 10 to 70 mg, from 20 to 60 mg, from 25 to 50 mg, with one embodiment having 45 mg, and in another embodiment about 30 mg.
  • Astaxanthin has potent singlet oxygen quenching activity. Astaxanthin typically does not exhibit pro-oxidant activity unlike b-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and Vitamins A and E. Astaxanthin in some studies has been found to be about 50 times more powerful than Vitamin E, 1 1 times more powerful than b-carotene and three times more powerful than lutein in quenching of singlet oxygen. Astaxanthin is also well known for its ability to quench free radicals.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,527,533 discloses the benefits of astaxanthin for retarding and ameliorating central nervous system and eye damage. Astaxanthin crosses the blood-brain-retina barrier and this can be measured by direct measurement of retinal astaxanthin concentrations. Thus, Tso demonstrated protection from photon induced damage of photo-receptors, ganglion and neuronal cell damage.
  • DC dendritic cells
  • Blockade of the CD44-HA interaction leads to impaired T-Cell activation both in vitro and in vivo.
  • LMWtHA fragments specifically induce nitric oxide synthase in dendritic cells.
  • NO expression caused dendritic cell apoptosis (cell death).
  • DC’s are essential T-cell activators which function by presenting antigens to T-cells, thus apoptosis of DC’s may short circuit the adaptive immune system response.
  • CD44 is a glycoprotein responsible in part for lymphocyte activation (also known as T-cell activation) and is known to specifically bind to hyaluronic acid.
  • lymphocyte activation also known as T-cell activation
  • low molecular weight hyaluronic acid fragments appear to up- regulate the innate immune response, particularly in chronic inflammatory conditions where the innate immune system may in some way be compromised.
  • krill oil is typically produced from Antarctic krill (euphausia superba), which is a zooplankton (base of food chain). It is one of the most abundant marine biomass of about 500 million tons according to some estimates. Antarctic krill breeds in the pure uncontaminated deep sea waters. It is a non-exploited marine biomass and the catch per year is less than or equal to about 0.02% according to some estimates. Because krill is harvested in large amounts and world supply of krill is being depleted, substitutes for krill such as other marine based oils, including algae based oils, are now being studied, developed and used.
  • krill oil and some other marine based and plant based oils have an oil based phospholipid bound EPA and DHA uptake into cellular membranes that is far more efficient than triacylglyercide bound EPA and DHA, since liver conversion of triacylglycerides is itself inefficient and because phospholipid bound EPA and DHA can be transported into the blood stream via the lymphatic system, thus, avoiding liver breakdown.
  • krill, algae and some marine and plant based oil consumption does not produce the burp-back observed with fish oil based products. Because of this burp-back feature of fish oils, it has been found that approximately 50% of all consumers who try fish oil never buy it again.
  • Some algae based oils have EPA conjugated with phospholipid and glycolipid polar lipids, making the EPA uptake even more efficient.
  • Oral LD 50 600 mg/kg (rats);
  • NOAEL 465 mg/kg (rats); or
  • astaxanthin has three prime sources: 3 g astaxanthin per 240 g serving of non-farmed raised salmon or a 1% to 12% astaxanthin oleoresin or 1.5-2.5% beadlet derived from microalgae. Further verification is reflected in Lee et al., Molecules and Cells 16(1): 97-105, 2003; Ohgami et al., Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 44(6): 2694-2701, 2003; Spiller et al, Journal of the American College of Nutrition 21(5): October 2002; and Fry et al., University of Memphis, Human Performance Laboratories, 2001 and 2004, Reports 1 and 2.
  • the current composition has krill, algae, fish oil derived, roe, seed oil, or other phospholipid ingredients in combination with astaxanthin and low molecular weight polymers of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate in preferably an oral dosage form for the control of joint pain range of motion and stiffness. It should be understood that different proportions of the composition components and their percentages can be used depending on end use applications and other environmental and physiological factors when treating a patient.
  • the composition and method treats and alleviates symptoms of non-disease state joint pain and may be used to treat and alleviate symptoms of osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis in a patient by administering a therapeutic amount of the composition, including the krill oil or other algae based oil, fish oil derived product, roe, and other phospholipid materials in combination with astaxanthin and low molecular weight polymers of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate (hyaluronan) in an oral dosage form, preferably the low molecular weight polymers.
  • a therapeutic amount of the composition including the krill oil or other algae based oil, fish oil derived product, roe, and other phospholipid materials in combination with astaxanthin and low molecular weight polymers of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate (hyaluronan) in an oral dosage form, preferably the low molecular weight polymers.
  • the krill oil alone is derived from Euphasia spp., comprising Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids in the form of triacylglycerides and phospholipids, although not less than 1% EPA and 5% DHA has been found advantageous.
  • EPA Eicosapentaenoic
  • DHA Docosahexaenoic
  • the krill oil includes at least 15% EPA and 9% DHA, of which not less than 45% are in the form of phospholipids, and in another example 40%.
  • the composition can be delivered advantageously for therapeutic results with 1-4000 mg of oil, such as krill or algae based oil, delivered per daily dose.
  • 500 mg is a preferred amount for a single capsule dosage, and in another example 1,000 mg.
  • 0.1-50 mg astaxanthin are supplemented to the oil per daily dose, but a preferred amount is about 2-4 mg and 0.5 to 12 mg.
  • the composition of the algae based oils and their fatty acid profile varies from the fatty acid profiles of krill oil as explained below and shown in the tables. It is possible to also use wax esters and omega-3 salts and ethyl esters.
  • the composition may also include an n-3 (omega-3) fatty acid rich oil derived from fish oil, algae oil, flax seed oil, or chia seed oil when the n-3 fatty acid comprises alpha- linolenic, stearidonic, eicosapentaenoic or docosapentaenoic acid.
  • the composition may include naturally-derived and synthetic antioxidants that are added to retard degradation of fatty acids and astaxanthin.
  • phospholipid-bound fatty acid mixture including polyunsaturated EPA and DHA is Omega Choline 1520F as a phospholipid, omega-3 preparation, which is derived from natural fish oil and sold by Enzymotec Ltd.
  • Omega Choline 1520F is Omega Choline 1520F as a phospholipid, omega-3 preparation, which is derived from natural fish oil and sold by Enzymotec Ltd.
  • One example of such composition is described below:
  • the mixture of fish oil derived, choline based, phospholipid-bound fatty acid mixture including polyunsaturated EPA and DHA in one example comprises Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids in the form of triacylglycerides and
  • the omega choline includes at least 7% EPA and 12% DHA, of which not less than 15% are in the form of phospholipids.
  • the composition can be delivered advantageously for therapeutic results with 1-4000 mg of a mixture of fish oil and fish oil derived, choline based, phospholipid bound fatty acid mixture including polyunsaturated EPA and DHA delivered per daily dose. In one example, about 150 mg to about 300 mg is used. In another example, 2 to 4 mg astaxanthin are supplemented to the omega choline per daily dose, but may include a range of 0.5 to 4 mg, or 0.5 to 6 mg, 0.5 to 12 mg, or 7 to 12 mg, and other ranges as described before.
  • the composition may also include a natural or synthetic cyclooxygenase- 1 or -2 inhibitor comprising for example aspirin, acetaminophen, steroids, prednisone, or NSAIDs.
  • the composition may also include a gamma-linoleic acid rich oil comprising Borage ( Borago officinalis L.) or Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.), which delivers a metabolic precursor to PGEi synthesis.
  • the composition may also include an n-3 (omega-3) fatty acid rich oil derived from fish oil, algae oil, flax seed oil, chia seed oil or perilla seed oil wherein the n-3 fatty acid source comprises alpha-linolenic, stearidonic, eicosapentaenoic or docosapentaenoic acid.
  • the composition may include naturally-derived and synthetic antioxidants that are added to retard degradation of fatty acids such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, camosic acid or Camosol and/or astaxanthin.
  • herring roe extract As the source of phospholipids that may have some EPA and DHA. Synergistic results are obtained and vast improvements seen.
  • phospholipids from herring roe improved phospholipid and glucose tolerance in healthy, young adults as published by Bjomdal et al., Lipids in Health Disease, 2014, 13:82.
  • the pure roe phospholipid may be formed using extraction techniques. It is a honey-like product that is thinned or diluted with fish oil and/or perilla oil or other seed or plant oil, in an example.
  • the herring roe extract is processed in one example using extraction by ethanol.
  • Triacylglycerides are added and ethanol stripped out to have a robust solution.
  • Seed oil such as the perilla seed oil as described in the incorporated by reference‘904 patent, may be added back to the ethanol extract before stripping to thin and form a high level phospholipid blend.
  • the roe oil extract may be mixed with fish oil and/or seed oil, such as the perilla, or any other marine oil.
  • the herring egg roe extract is mixed with perilla seed oil of at least 1 : 1 and preferably as high as 6:1 ALA to LA with the concentrate as having at least 50%, and in another example 60% phospholipids, and in another example at least 30%, and in another example 40% triglycerides.
  • An example composition includes a combination of a roe extract from herring or a phospholipid rich roe extract with phospholipid bound EPA and DHA admixed with seed/fish oil and/or seed oil where the seed oil has a ratio of ALA to LA between 1 : 1 and 1 :6, and optionally including astaxanthin in one example of about 2-4 mg or 0.5 to 12 mg or other ranges as noted above, and the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid, such as described above.
  • the amount of roe egg extract mixed with the seed oil such as perilla oil varies and is about 150 to 500 mg, or 300 to 500 mg, or up to 1 ,000 mg daily dose in one example and may include hyaluronic acid.
  • plant based phospholipids may be used, including commercially available lecithins and an egg yolk derivative, including lysophospholipids and glycophospholipids to act as surfactants. It is possible to use sunflower-based phospholipids and natural plant-based oils and natural surfactant extracts.
  • the astaxanthin is enhanced with fats, surfactants, or phospholipids and can be delivered more efficiently with phospholipids and sunflower based and/or the lipophilic perilla oil as described before.
  • the perilla oil is formed as a shelf stable, supercritical, C02 fluid extracted seed oil derived from a cracked biomass of perilla fnitescens from 60 to 95 percent w/w of PUFAs in a ratio of from 4: 1 to 6: 1 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to linoleic acid (LA).
  • ALA alpha-linolenic acid
  • LA linoleic acid
  • the perilla frutescens derived seed oil is made in an example by subjecting the perilla frutescens seed to supercritical fluid C02 extraction to produce a seed oil extract; fractionating the resulting seed oil extract in separate pressure step-down stages for collecting light and heavy fractions of seed oil extract; and separating the heavy fraction from the light fraction to form the final seed oil from the heavy fraction.
  • Selected antioxidants are included in another example and the perilla oil includes a mixture of selected lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants.
  • Lipophilic antioxidants can be used either alone or in combination with at least one of: a) phenolic antioxidants including at least one of sage, oregano, and rosemary; b) tocopherol; c) tocotrienol(s); d) carotenoids including at least one of astaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin; e) ascorbylacetate; f)
  • a hydrophilic antioxidant or sequesterant may include hydrophilic phenolic antioxidants including at least one of grape seed extract, tea extracts, ascorbic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, and malic acid.
  • a peroxide value of this perilla seed oil is under 10.0 meq/Km.
  • this perilla seed oil is from 85 to 95 percent w/w of PUFAs and the PUFAs are at least greater than 56 percent alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).
  • the perilla seed oil is shelf stable at room temperature up to 32 months.
  • this perilla seed oil is derived from a premilled or flake-rolled cracked biomass of perilla frutescens.
  • the mixture of selected antioxidants may include astaxanthin, phenolic antioxidants and natural tocopherols.
  • the perilla seed oil may also include at least one of dispersed nano- and micro-particles of rice or sugar cane based policosanol.
  • the composition is encapsulated into a single dosage capsule and referred to as a deep ocean caviar capsule.
  • the encapsulated composition includes herring caviar phospholipid extract (herring roe) perilla ⁇ perilla frutescens) seed extract, olive oil, Zanthin® astaxanthin ( Haematococcus pluvialis algae extract), gelatin, spice extract, non-GMO natural tocopherols, cholecalciferol, riboflavin, and methylcobalamin.
  • the composition includes fish as herring roe and tilapia gelatin. An example is set forth in the following chart.
  • Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) 1.7 mg; 100% DV
  • the processing components may contain a mix of marine omega-3 phospholipids derived from herring caviar and perilla seed oil. It may contain an 02BTM botanical peroxidation blocker, including spice extract, non-GMO tocopherols and ascorbyl palmitate. It can be packaged as a bulk product in sealed drums 45 and 190 kg net with inert headspace, complying with European and American standards for food products. It preferably stores at below room temperature. The product is protected against light and heat. If drums are opened for sampling, the headspace can be flushed with inert gas during sampling and prior to storing. ) Total n-3: ALA, EPA, DHA, 18:4, 20:4, 21 :5, 22:5
  • the astaxanthin may be made more bioavailable when incorporated or used with one of at least a phospholipid, glycolipid, and sphingolipid and optionally with food and/or pharmaceutical grade diluents. Lower dosages as compared to the 15 mg used in previous clinical trials may be used.
  • the astaxanthin is at least about 0.1 to about 15 percent by weight of the at least one phospholipid, glycolipid, and sphingolipid.
  • the astaxanthin in an example is derived from a natural or synthetic ester or synthetic diol.
  • a pharmaceutical or food grade diluent may be added.
  • a dietary supplement composition is formed and can be formulated in a therapeutic amount to treat and alleviate symptoms of joint pain in a person having joint pain.
  • the triglycerides have two types of molecules as a glycerol and three fatty acids, while the phospholipids contain glycerol and fatty acids, but have one glycerol molecule and two fatty acid molecules. In place of that third fatty acid, a polar group is instead attached to the glycerol molecule so that the phospholipids are partly hydrophilic as compared to hydrophobic triglycerides. Lysophospholipids may be used as a derivative of a phospholipid in which one or both acyl derivatives have been removed by hydrolysis.
  • Lecithin and its derivatives may be used as an emulsifier and surfactant as a wetting agent to reduce surface tension of liquids.
  • Other phospholipids may be used. Different phospholipids include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, and lyso- Phosphatidylserine.
  • phospholipids may include those products mentioned before, including phosphatidic acid.
  • Various compositions such as lecithin may be hydrolyzed enzymatically and have a fatty acid removed by phospholipase to form the lysophospholipids that can be added to the roe extract as explained above.
  • One phospholipase is phospholipase A2 where the fatty acid is removed at the C2 position of glycerol. Fractionation may be used.
  • the glycolipids are primarily derivatives of ceramides where a fatty acid is bonded or connected to the amino alcohol sphingosine. It should be understood that the phospholipid sphingomyelin is also derived from a ceramide. Glycolipids, however, contain no phosphates in comparison to the phospholipids. The fat is connected to a sugar molecule in a glycolipid and are fats bonded to sugars. Because it is built from a sphingosine, fat and sugar, some refer to it as a glycosphingolipid.
  • a sphingolipid is a lipid that contains a backbone of sphingoid basis and set of alphatic amino alcohols that include the sphingosine.
  • the phospholipid and other components may be derived from at least one of a plant, algae and animal source, or a synthetic derivative thereof.
  • the phospholipid and other components may be derived from at least one of soybean, sunflower, grapeseed, egg yolk, krill, fish body, fish roe, squid, and algae.
  • the phospholipid and other components may be formed as compound rich mono- or di-glcerides or fatty acids where the fatty acid contains between 2 and 20 carbon atoms.
  • the composition is formed by dispersing the astaxanthin and phospholipid and optionally a diluent under high shear conditions.
  • the diluent may be a pharmaceutical or food grade diluent as known to those skilled in the art.
  • the astaxanthin is about 2 to about 10 percent by weight of the phospholipid and glycolipid and derived from a natural or synthetic ester or synthetic diol. In yet another example, 50 to 500 mg of phospholipid, glycolipid, and sphingolipid may be used.
  • the dietary supplement composition may be formulated into a single dosage capsule.
  • the astaxanthin may be derived from Haematococcus pluvialis algae, Pfaffia, krill, or by synthetic routes, in the free or synthetic diol, monoester or diester form, both natural and synthetic, at a daily dose of 0.5-8 mg or 0.5-12 mg, in one example, and in another example, 1-2 mg, 2-4 mg, 1-6 mg, and other ranges, and up to 12 mg, including 7-12 mg.
  • the polymers of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate (hyaluronan) can be derived from microbial fermentation or animal tissue.
  • hyaluronan can be delivered per daily dose and preferably between 10 and 70 mgs/dose and at 20 to 60, 25 to 50, and 35 and 45 mg per dose.
  • the hyaluronan is micro- or nano-dispersed within the composition in one preferred example.
  • the hyaluronic acid is derived from a biofermenation process and has a molecular weight between 0.5 and 100 kilodaltons (kDa), and in another example, up to 300 kDa and preferably 0.5 to 300 kDa, and in another example, from 0.5 to 230 kDa as low molecular weight hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan.
  • a preferred range is 0.5 to 300 kDa.
  • the polymers of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate (hyaluronan) are derived from microbial fermentation or animal tissue.
  • the pure low molecular weight hyaluronic acid oligomers in an example are derived principally and practically from microbial fermentation, but could also be derived from hydrolyzed animal tissues. This microbial fermentation process is known to produce
  • Human hyaluronic acid is typically synthesized in the body naturally or taken from the diet such as from chicken, beef, and other natural sources.
  • This natural hyaluronic acid has high molecular weight, i.e., greater than 300 kDa, as compared to microbial fermented sodium hyaluronate that is low molecular weight and defined in the literature as about 0.5 to 300 kDa.
  • the hyaluronic acid naturally found in the body is a polymer of acidified glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-glucosamine, which under physiological pH of about 7.4, exists as free acid, with partial sodium, potassium and ammonium salts.
  • Streptococcus in one example is used to ferment the sodium hyaluronate and is a mutant strain. Therefore, the resulting low molecular weight hyaluronic acid is obtained from a mutant strain of streptococcus bacteria.
  • the fermentation process is followed by isolation and denaturation of the organism and its proteins with ethanol and heat. This is followed by filtration.
  • the molecular weight is chemically modified with acid aqueous chemical hydrolysis as a chemical reaction.
  • the final product is isolated by ethanol precipitation of the sodium salt and drying to produce pro-inflammatory low molecular weight microbially fermented sodium hyaluronate fragments.
  • This low molecular weight sodium hyaluronate is a chemical reaction degradation product of a mutant strain streptococcus bacterial fermentation.
  • An example sodium hyaluronate is manufactured by fermentation using the bacterial strain streptococcus zooepidemicus.
  • the production strain is a non-hemolytic mutant of a parent strain, NCTC 7023.
  • the production strain is produced by nitroso-guanidine mutagenesis with a unique ribosomal genome sequence not naturally found in nature.
  • This manufacturing process has three main stages of 1) fermentation, 2) purification, and 3) refining.
  • the fermentation begins with a seed culture from the mutant production strain.
  • a starter culture inoculates the seed tank, which contains a broth medium that is grown out to become the seed broth.
  • the seed broth is transferred to a fermenter containing the sterilized culture medium and a culturing temperature of 33-37 degrees Celsius is maintained until fermentation is complete within 22-30 hours.
  • This fermentation broth is mixed with ethanol to obtain precipitated, crude sodium hyaluronate.
  • the 50-70% ethanol concentration used during purification inactivates the streptococcus organism.
  • the crude product is dissolved in purified water and filtered to remove both impurities and inactivated microbial fragments.
  • the water has a temperature of 50-70 degrees Celsius when used in the dissolution step and inactivates any remaining streptococcus organism.
  • the target molecular weight sodium hyaluronate is then obtained by controlling the pH, temperature and holding time in the dissolution step. The higher the pH and temperature in the specified range, and the longer the holding time in the specified range, the lower the resulting molecular weight of the sodium hyaluronate will be.
  • the filtrate containing the chemical hydrolysis derived low molecular weight hyaluronic acid produced during the chemical molecular weight modification step is then precipitated with ethanol, followed by washing or dehydrating. The precipitate is dried under vacuum to yield the final low molecular weight, microbial fermented sodium hyaluronate.
  • the hyaluronic acid may include elastin, elastin precursors, and collagen.
  • the hyaluronic acid may be contained in a matrix form with chondroitin sulfate and naturally occurring hydrolyzed collagen Type II nutraceutical ingredients and form lower weight molecules that the body may more readily absorb and deliver to different areas of the body as required.
  • Fresh chicken sternal cartilage could be cut and suspended in aqueous solution followed by treating the cartilage with a proteolytic enzyme to form a hydrolysate.
  • the proteolytic enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing collagen Type II to fragments having a lower molecular weight.
  • the hydrolysate is sterilized and filtered and concentrated and then dried to form powder enriched collagen Type II powder that is then isolated and includes a percentage of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid or other molecular weight of hyaluronic acid could also be derived from the hydrolyzed collagen as derived from the bovine collagen Type I or the chicken sternal cartilage collagen Type II, or even a natural eggshell membrane that includes some hyaluronic acid, which can be extracted from the eggshell membrane.
  • the hyaluronic acid may be processed to increase its molecular weight using cross-linking techniques as compared to using a low molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • the eggshell membrane can still be used to obtain the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. It may be possible to use enzymatic degradation of eggshell membrane that undergoes manipulation to purify the hyaluronic acid.
  • the hyaluronic acid may be derived from dehydrated rooster combs such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,806,259 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0183709, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, where the hyaluronic acid may be further processed. Often it is a higher molecular weight and will be processed to obtain a lower molecular weight of the desired 0.5 to 300 kDa. In many teachings, a certain molecular weight hyaluronic acid is processed to increase its molecular weight.
  • the hyaluronic acid may also be obtained from human umbilical cords or other techniques such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,141,973, the disclosure which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and further processed to obtain the desired molecular weight.
  • compositions that include about 50 mg of an active ingredient, for example, hyaluronic acid and a cartilage, such as a Type II collagen when astaxanthin is added.
  • an active ingredient for example, hyaluronic acid
  • a cartilage such as a Type II collagen when astaxanthin is added.
  • boron is used.
  • the composition includes 30-50 mg of collagen and about 4-6 mg of boron and 2-4 mg of hyaluronic acid with an average of each of the component ranges.
  • a cartilage blend as a mixture of cartilage and salt is about 40 mg with boron as 5 mg and hyaluronic acid as 3.3 mg.
  • the cartilage blend includes cartilage and potassium chloride to provide 10 mg of undenatured Type-2 collagen.
  • another composition to include the astaxanthin with the composition that is formed from glucosamine hydrochloride such as about 1.25 to 1.75 or about 1.5 grams and methylsulfonymethane (MSM) of about 500 to 1,000 and about 750 mg and including the addition of chondroitin sulfate of about 150 to 250 and about 200 mg. It also may include the joint fluid as hyaluronic acid, such as 1-5 mg and about 3.3 mg, and also vitamin D3 and other components such as antioxidants.
  • MSM methylsulfonymethane
  • the astaxanthin can vary between 2 to 4 mg or 0.5 to 12 mg and other ranges as disclosed above. It should be understood that the astaxanthin and the at least one of phospholipid, glycolipid, and sphingolipid or other components as described above may be used for many different purposes and results. It may be used to aid in treating or improving blood lipid profiles and reducing LDL per-oxidation in humans. It may be used to counter or treat depression and other neurological disorders. It may be used for respiratory illnesses and skin ailments or diseases.
  • composition may include a natural or synthetic cyclooxygenase- 1 or -2 inhibitor comprising for example aspirin, acetaminophen, steroids, prednisone, or NSAIDs.
  • the composition may also include a gamma-linoleic acid rich oil comprising Borage (Borago officinalis L.) or Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.), which delivers a metabolic precursor to PGEi synthesis.
  • a gamma-linoleic acid rich oil comprising Borage (Borago officinalis L.) or Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.), which delivers a metabolic precursor to PGEi synthesis.
  • the composition may also include an n-3 (omega-3) fatty acid rich oil derived from fish oil, algae oil, flax seed oil, chia seed oil, or perilla seed oil.
  • the n-3 fatty acid comprises alpha-linolenic, stearidonic, eicosapentaenoic or docosapentaenoic acid.
  • an algae based oil may be used instead of krill oil. Hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed collagen and elastin derived from eggshell membranes can also be advantageously added.
  • the composition may also include anti- inflammatory and/or natural joint health promoting compounds comprising at least one of preparations of green lipped mussel ( Perna canaliculus), Boswellia serrata, curcumin, turmeric (Curcuma longa ), stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica ), Andrographis, Cat’s claw ( Uncaria tomentosa ), bromelain, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine sulfate, s-adenosyl- methionine, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins or flavonoids.
  • MSM methylsulfonylmethane
  • the composition may include naturally-derived and synthetic antioxidants that are added to retard degradation of fatty acids and astaxanthin.
  • Different compositions may use different ingredients in combination with the krill, algae or other oil, including the seed based oil, roe extract, and phospholipid and other surfactants.
  • the astaxanthin and hyaluronate may be combined with different ingredients and supplemental compositions for more specific purposes.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprises a krill, fish, algae, roe extract or plant based oil and/or phospholipid and/or surfactant in combination with astaxanthin and hyaluronate optionally combined with one or more ingredients including but not limited to glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, collagen, methylsulfonmethane, a gamma-linoleic acid or omega-3 fatty acid rich oil a cyclooxgenase inhibitor or a lipogenase inhibitor for the treatment of symptoms related to non-disease joint pain and/or joint diseases, including but not limited to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • a dietary supplement acceptable composition comprises a krill, algae, fish, roe extract, or plant based oil and/or other phospholipid and/or surfactant in combination with astaxanthin and hyaluronate optionally combined one or more ingredients, including but not limited to, glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, collagen,
  • methylsulfonmethane a gamma-linoleic acid or omega-3 fatty acid rich oil a cyclooxgenase inhibitor or a lipoxygenase inhibitor for the treatment of symptoms related to non-disease joint pain and/or joint diseases, including but not limited to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • a medical food acceptable composition comprises a krill, algae, fish, roe extract, or plant based oil and/or other phospholipid and/or surfactant in combination with astaxanthin and hyaluronate and optionally combined with one or more ingredients including glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, collagen, methylsulfonmethane, a gamma-linoleic acid or omega-3 fatty acid rich oil, a cyclooxgenase inhibitor or a lipoxygenase inhibitor for the treatment of symptoms related to non-disease joint pain and/or joint diseases, including but not limited to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • a composition is formulated in a therapeutic amount to treat and alleviate symptoms of non-disease joint pain and/or joint diseases, including osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis, wherein the composition includes a krill, algae, fish, roe extract, or plant based oil and/or other phospholipid and/or surfactant in combination with astaxanthin and polymers of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate (hyaluronan) in an oral dosage form.
  • This composition includes other active constituents as explained and identified above relative to the method and composition.
  • the composition oil is used with the HA, such as the low molecular weight HA, and astaxanthin to treat non-disease joint pain in one example, but can be used to treat osteoarthritis.
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and is a disease in which the cartilage that acts as a cushion between the bones in joints begins to wear away causing bone on bone joint swelling and joint pain. It is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage along with peri-articular bone response. It affects both sexes, mainly in the fourth and fifth decades of life. The knee joint is most commonly affected joint. At present the management is by pharmacological and non -pharmacological therapy. Corrective surgical therapy and or joint replacement therapy in some cases may not be possible.
  • CAMs complementary and alternative medicines
  • Glucosamine and chondroitin alone or in combination are widely marketed as dietary supplements to treat joint pain due to OA.
  • Two major clinical trials on glucosamine and chondroitin failed to show any significant improvement in WOMAC score over placebo except in the highest quartile of patients studied.
  • a pure diol of the S, S’ astaxanthin including a synthetic diol with a surfactant and/or the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. It is possible to use that pure diol in combination with the EPA rich algae based oil or other fish, roe extract, or plant based oil and/or phospholipid and/or surfactant as described above, and which is admixed with either astaxanthin derived from Haematococcus pluvialis or the free diol form in substantially pure S,S’ enantiomer form. It is possible to add synthetically derived mixed enantiomers of the diol.
  • the diol of the S, S’astaxanthin is possible because in cases of krill oil and possibly algae based oils and Hp derived and other types, there are principally diesters and monoesters respectively with very little diol, which is insoluble. Some research indicates that it may be many times more bioavailable than either the monoester or diester form. It is possible to synthesize asymmetrically the S,S’ pure diol. Despite the pure diol’s poor solubility in some examples, there may be an active transport mechanism related to its bioavailability, or conversely, that only in the diol form is the monoester or diester forms transferred from the intestines to the blood.
  • the phospholipid or glycolipid based product presenting EPA and/or DHA along with the added astaxanthin in its various forms and especially the S,S’ enantiomeric form in principally monoester form from Haematococcus pluvialis or pure diol form from asymmetric synthesis could be viable.
  • astaxanthin (3,3’-dihydroxy-p-p-carotene-4,4’-dione) is a xanthophyll carotenoid found in many marine species including crustaceans, salmonid fish and algae. Astaxanthin cannot be synthesized by mammals, but when consumed in the diet has shown effectiveness as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent and with benefit to eye health, heart health, and the immune system.
  • Astaxanthin has a hydroxyl group on each b-ionone moiety, therefore it can be found in its free (diol) form as well as mono- or di-esterified.
  • astaxanthin is commonly found as a mixture: primarily mono-esters of C 12-08 fatty acids and lesser amounts of di-ester and free diol.
  • Synthetic astaxanthin is commonly provided in only the free diol form.
  • the astaxanthin molecule has two E/Z chiral centers and three optical R/S isomers.
  • Haematococcus pluvialis algae produces natural astaxanthin solely in the (3S,3’S) isomer. This is explained in the article from Renstrom B., G. Borch, O. Skulberg and S. Liaane- Jensen,“Optical Purity of (3S,3’S) Astaxanthin From Haematococcus Pluvialis,”
  • yeast Phaffia rhodozyma synthesizes only the 3R,3’R configuration. This is explained in the article from Andrewes A. and M. Starr entitled,
  • Wild salmon predominately contain the ( 3S,3 IS) form with a (3S ’ S ), (3R,3’ S ), and ( 3R,3 ) isomer ratio of 22: 1 :5. This is explained in the article from Turujman, S, W.
  • astaxanthin produced by traditional synthesis will contain a racemic mixture in a ( 3S,3’ S ), ( 3R,3’S meso ), ( 3R,3 ) ratio of 1 :2: 1. This ratio is also seen in many species of shrimp, which are able to racemize (35,3’5) to the meso form. This is explained in the article from Schiedt, K., S. Bischof and E.
  • Astaxanthin for use in human food supplements is currently derived from the cultivated freshwater algae Haematococcus pluvialis. This algae produces 35,3’5 astaxanthin ester in a fatty acid matrix which can be isolated with solvent or carbon dioxide extraction. This oily extract can be used directly in edible formulations or further processed into solid powder or beadlet preparations. Many clinical studies have been conducted with H. pluvialis derived astaxanthin to demonstrate beneficial health effects and safety. Food additive approvals for astaxanthin-rich algae extracts have been approved for many suppliers in the US and EU.
  • Haematococcus algae cultivation for use in dietary supplements cannot always match demand for use of astaxanthin in dietary supplements.
  • Use of synthetic astaxanthin diol can also benefit applications which need a concentrated, standardized astaxanthin source.
  • racemic synthetic astaxanthin sources are used as a colorant in Salmonid aquaculture as a feed ingredient.
  • This racemic mixture may have limited use since only one-quarter of the compound is the 35,3’5 isomer commonly found in natural Salmon and has been studied in humans for efficacy and safety.
  • Astaxanthin may also be synthesized with in a stereospecific manner, so that the output is exclusively the generally accepted 3S,3’S isomer in a free diol form.
  • the free diol crystals can be suspended in a vegetable oil or solid beadlet for use in edible preparations or pill, capsule, tablet form.
  • the 3S,3’S product has the advantage of greater consistency than algal preparations and also with lower odor. Therefore algal-derived astaxanthin can be replaced with synthetic 35,3’5 astaxanthin diol in existing formulations with the same or increased
  • hyaluronic acid alone and/or in combination with astaxanthin is beneficial and synergistic.
  • low molecular weight hyaluronic acid in its different forms can be given to patients in an amount from 1-500 mg per day and preferably about 10-70 mg per day, and in another example, 20-60 mg, 25-50 mg, 35 mg, and 45 mg.
  • Astaxanthin of about 2-4 mg may be added in an example, but could range from 0.5 to 4 mg a day, and 7-12 mg range in another example, or 0.5 to 12 mg.
  • the hyaluronic acid may be given in the form of a pro-inflammatory low molecular weight sodium hyaluronate fragments that are about 0.5-300 kDa corresponding to the pro-inflammatory low molecular weight fragments.
  • astaxanthin and phospholipids such as from krill oil, algae oil, roe, fish oil product, or plant based oils helps in delivering the hyaluronic acid, still the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid and in the form of the fragments preferably is still small enough to enter through the gut and be used in an oral administration.
  • astaxanthin with the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. It may be used with higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Different amounts can be used, and in one example, 2-4 mg per day, and in another example, 0.5-12 mg per day can be used with low molecular weight hyaluronic acid such as the amount of 1-500 mg and preferably about 10-70 mg and with 0.5-12 mg or 4-12 mg of astaxanthin. About 40-120 mg of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid may be used in an example. A dosage of astaxanthin may be about 6-8 mg and the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid could be in the range of about 60-80 mg.
  • hyaluronic acid fragments such as the pro-inflammatory low molecular weight sodium hyaluronate fragments are potent as innate immune system cell receptors signaling molecules associated with the inflammatory cascade and the oral hyaluronic acid in the form of low molecular weight fragments can reach joints as compared to the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid that is injected since it is not orally administered.
  • the joint care composition that employs both low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid may be used to treat different mammals and animals, including for example, a human patient or a non-human animal, such as a dog or companion pet.
  • hyaluronic acid, collagen, and glucosamine could be derived from eggshell membrane, which could be added as a component of the joint care composition and provide a source of higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid, e.g., about 300 kDa and up to and above 1,000 kDa or 2,000 kDa, 3,000 kDa, or 4,000 kDa and ranges in between or higher, and help modulate the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • Both water soluble and non- water soluble eggshell membrane can be used.
  • a water soluble eggshell membrane sold under the trade name BiovaFlex may be used.
  • This water soluble eggshell membrane includes collagen, elastin, the amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine, and different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including glucosamine, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid.
  • GAGs glycosaminoglycans
  • An example water soluble eggshell membrane is Biovaflex® that is a chicken eggshell membrane and water soluble, off white powder.
  • An example physical property chart for the water-soluble eggshell membrane is shown below:
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid above 300 kDa and upwards to and above 1 ,000 kDa to 2,000 kDa, or have an average of about 1 ,000 kDa to 4,000 kDa or greater in an embodiment may be employed with lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid of 0.5 to 300 kDa.
  • the formulation or composition may be in the form of soft chews such as for pets and companion animals and include eggshell membrane such as the hydrolyzed, water- soluble eggshell membrane, astaxanthin, added hyaluronic acid used for lubrication and shock absorption, and in an example, the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid and some lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid, Boswellia serrata to support integrity of joints and connective tissue, and vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol.
  • eggshell membrane such as the hydrolyzed, water- soluble eggshell membrane, astaxanthin, added hyaluronic acid used for lubrication and shock absorption, and in an example, the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid and some lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid, Boswellia serrata to support integrity of joints and connective tissue, and vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol.
  • Varying amounts of these components may be used as an acceptable joint care composition for mammal and animal use, including companion animals.
  • a larger portion of eggshell membrane in a formulation as an active ingredient such as 60% to 80% by weight for the eggshell membrane relative to those other active components as the added hyaluronic acid, Boswellia serrata, astaxanthin, and vitamin D3.
  • the composition by weight may include 6% to 11% of hyaluronic acid, including a combination of high and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid, 4% to 8% of Boswellia serrata, 12% to 16% of astaxanthin, and a minor component as 150 IU of vitamin D3.
  • about 190 mg to 200 mg of eggshell membrane may be combined with about 20 mg to 28 mg of the sodium hyaluronate having both low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, but especially the higher molecular weight variety, about 10 mg to 20 mg of Boswellia serrata extract having about 65% Boswellic acids, about 30 mg to 50 mg of astaxanthin, and about 100 to 200 IU of vitamin D3.
  • These listed percentages and amounts can also vary as much as 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% or more with ranges therebetween.
  • the range of eggshell membrane could be even wider at 180 mg to 210 mg and reduced to about 193 mg to 197 mg.
  • the sodium hyaluronate could range higher at about 15 mg to 35 mg, or reduced to about 22 mg to 26 mg.
  • the Boswellia could range wider at about 8 mg to about 22 mg or reduced to about 12 mg to about 18 mg.
  • the astaxanthin could range from 25 mg to 60 mg and be reduced in range from about 35 mg to 45 mg.
  • Vitamin D3 could range from 120 to 180 or 130 to 170 IU.
  • One example for a 6 gram chew may include about 200 mg of eggshell membrane, about 25 mg of hyaluronic acid as the sodium hyaluronate, about 15 mg of Boswellia serrata, about 40 mg of astaxanthin such as derived from Haematococcus pluvialis, and about 150 IU of vitamin D3.
  • the amounts can vary from a few mg and vary as much as 3% to 5% or more.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid over 300 kDa is at least greater than 50% of the total added hyaluronic acid and aids to regulate any lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid as described above.
  • the 200 mg of eggshell membrane may also include some hyaluronic acid, and a majority as higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid, but also some lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • the added hyaluronate/hyaluronic acid may have a majority of higher molecular weight
  • hyaluronate/hyaluronic acid is substantially a higher molecular weight above 300 kDa and closer in an example to 1,000 kDa or more and the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid may be almost 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, or even lesser amounts such as 50% or 55% with the residual or remaining hyaluronic acid portion being the hyaluronate/hyaluronic acid that is below about 300 kDa and within a range of about 0.5 to 300 kDa.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid could also vary in molecular weight, but is above the 300 kDa.
  • it could be an average of about 3,000 kDa to 4,000 kDa corresponding to the average molecular weight in human synovial fluid and could range from 300 to 1,000 kDa; or 300 to 1,800; 1,000 to 1,800; 300 to 2,000; 300 to 3,000; or 1,000 to 3,000; or 1,000 to 4,000 kDa or an average therebetween. It is possible to have ranges up to 20,000 kDa but that upper range would be less normal even though that higher molecular weight may be contained in vivo, but in very small amounts.
  • the 6 gram soft chews may be used for the body weight of a dog over 80 pounds as a non-limiting example.
  • the joint care composition may also be formulated as capsules.
  • the higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid may be a primary component in some examples with the lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • the ratio of higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid to lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid can vary depending on the amount of desired regulation and other factors as described later.
  • Example amounts include not only the percentages described above, but also ratios of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid to low molecular weight hyaluronic acid of 5:95; 10:90; 20:80; 30:70; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; 80:20; 85: 15; 90: 10; 95:5; and any range between each ratio of varying percentage and even greater.
  • 25 mg of added hyaluronic acid could have as much as 24 mg of higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid and 1 mg of lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid and those ratios could be 24.5 mg/0.5 mg (for high to low); 23 mg/2 mg; 22 mg/3 mg; 21 mg/4 mg; 20 mg/5 mg; to as low as 1 mg/24 mg and various quantities and ratios between these ranges such as in increments of 0.25 or 0.5 mg for either the high or low molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
  • the amount of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid could be as little as 0.01% to 0.1% or 0.1% to 1.0% with that small amount of hyaluronic acid having regulated by the greater amount of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid. It is possible to have different ratios such as about 15 mg/lO mg or about 12.5 mg/l2.5 mg or 10 mg/l5 mg or 5 mg/20 mg or different ranges therebetween.
  • glucosamine hydrochloride as an amino sugar or glucosamine sulfate as well as chondroitin sulfate.
  • glucosamine hydrochloride as an amino sugar or glucosamine sulfate as well as chondroitin sulfate.
  • Different avocado, soybean and unsaponifiables may be used as well as omega-3 fatty acids and MSM/DMSO and eggshell membrane.
  • the Boswellia serrata as a tree extract may have an NSAID-like effect and operate similar to pentacyclic triterpenic acids to support structural integrity of joints and connective tissue.
  • the hydrolyzed water-soluble eggshell membrane may be made with different manufacturing techniques to produce an eggshell membrane extract having minor amounts of chondroitin sulfate, hexosamines and glucosamine.
  • the extract may be processed to formulate a greater amount of proteins, collagen and other components. Any amounts of glucosamine and chondroitin as part of the eggshell membrane may be small amounts.
  • the manufacturing process for the water-soluble eggshell membrane is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 8,211,477 to Strohbehn et al., the disclosure which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the eggshell membrane component could include 88% protein, including 15% as collagen, 20% as elastin, and 1% calcium all as substantially water-soluble, partially hydrolyzed, proteins and/or water-soluble sodium salts containing less than 1% hyaluronic acid as more fully described in Tables 1 and 2 of the incorporated by reference‘477 patent at column 31. It is possible also to use a Natural Eggshell Membrane (NEMTM) product that is substantially less soluble than the hydrolyzed and water-soluble eggshell membrane product.
  • NEMTM Natural Eggshell Membrane
  • An example is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0180025 to Long et al., the disclosure which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • NEMTM Water insoluble Natural Eggshell Membrane
  • bioavailability and/or intake into the body via the stomach or intestinal wall are examples of the bioavailability and/or intake into the body via the stomach or intestinal wall.
  • the vitamin D3 as cholecalciferol has been found beneficial and is a secosteroid with one ring open and helps support healthy bones. It has often been used for rickets treatment and may be an effective choice as a dietary supplement composition with other components as described above.
  • the Boswellia serrata may support the integrity of joints and connective tissue and may operate as a potent five-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitor. Curcuma longa , known as turmeric, may also be used.
  • chondrocytes The modulating effects of NR-INF-02 on cartilage synthesis markers (Type II collagen degradation and glycosaminoglycans) and degradation markers (chondrocyte apoptosis, eicosanoids, cytokine and senescence) in the knee cells was investigated and the researchers noted that NR-INF-02 attenuated 1L- 1 b-induced chondrocyte cytotoxicity, apoptosis and release of chondrocyte degradation markers, NR-INF-02 attenuated IL- 1 b-induced chondrocyte cytotoxicity, apoptosis and release of chondrocyte degradation markers such as IL-6, IL-8, COX-2, PGE2, TNF-2, ICAM-1 in NHAC-kn cells.
  • the NF-INF-02 protected IL- ⁇ -induced damage to synthesis markers such as glycosaminoglycans, Type II collagen, and further attenuated H 2 0 2
  • NR-INF-02 could have alleviated osteoarthritic pain and functional disability due to its inhibitory effect on catabolic factors like IL- 1 b and TNFa (tumor necrosis factor alpha), which are typically involved in cartilage degeneration.
  • catabolic factors like IL- 1 b and TNFa (tumor necrosis factor alpha)
  • TNFa tumor necrosis factor alpha
  • NR-INF-02 had reduced joint pain caused by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), with both single and multiple doses improving their hind paw weight distribution.
  • MIA monosodium iodoacetate
  • NF-INF-02’s inhibitory impact on catabolic and nociceptive factors like cytokines and eicosanoids could have achieved these results.
  • the NR-INF-02 may demonstrate cartilage homeostasis in chondrocytes by inhibiting the cartilage degradative markers and improving the synthesis markers.
  • Turmeric may be included and includes curcumin that blocks some enzyme that causes inflammation by also combating free radical damage. Curcumin has been found to lower some levels of CRP and inhibit COX-2 as an enzyme and promote the production of brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The curcumin may help the immune system dissolve abnonnal proteins and lower LDL, but increase HDL.
  • the phytochemical components of turmeric may include diarylheptanoids that include numerous curcuminoids, such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Also, different essential oils are present in turmeric, including turmerone, germacrone, atlantone, and zingiberene. Curcumin may be found in both the keto and enol form. The enol exists in organic solvents and the keto form in water.
  • terpenoids Natural Inhibitors of NF-kB Signaling With Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Potential,” Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65 (2008), 2979-2999.
  • Mono-terpenoids may be used such as aucubin, limonene, a-pinene, and catalposide with different sites of binding, translocation or degradation.
  • Natural sesquiterpenes such as costunolide, artemisinin, humulene, parthenolide, helenalin A, ergolide, zerumbone, and valerenic acid may be used.
  • Natural diterpenoids may include acanthoic acid, oridonin, taxol, comosol, and other ginkgolides.
  • Different triterpenoids may be ginsenocides, glycyrrhizim, betulin, and lupeol.
  • Other natural carotenoid tetraterpenoids may include lycopene, beta- carotene and lutein. Zeaxanthin could be used, such as trans-zeaxanthin.
  • phenolic compounds and different terpenoids may be used, including plant-derived medicinal extracts from different flavonoids and terpenoids. Many different compounds have generally the same type of antioxitive properties, but also specific properties for individual substances that undergo distinct interactions with different regulatory proteins. Many plant-derived therapeutic ingredients modulate NF-kB signaling that has a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancer. It is well known that terpenoids are formed from the five-carbon isoprene unit (C 5 H 8 ). They are also termed isoprenoids. The terpenoids are plant secondary metabolites along with the different alkaloids and flavonoids. [00131] Terpene synthases are enzymes that synthesize diverse and complex terpenoid molecules. Three prenyltransferases synthesize linear prenyl pyrophosphates and include GPP (geranyl pyrophosphate), FPP (famesyl pyrophosphate) and GGPP (geranylgeranyl
  • pyrophosphates These prenyl pyrophosphates are the precursors for different terpene synthases involved in the catalysis of monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids.
  • the NF-kB signaling system is a pleiotrophic mediator of inducible and tissue-specific gene control. This signaling system also operates in non-immune cells.
  • NF-kB/REL complexes contain homoor heterodimers of the protein components of NF-kB and Rel families ln an example, the Rel family contains RelA/p65, c-Rel and RelB proteins.
  • the NF-kB family contains p50 (pi 05) and p52 (plOO) proteins.
  • NF-kB complexes are trapped in the cytoplasm by binding to the inhibitory IkB proteins (IkBa, IkBB, IkBg, IkBe and Bcl3).
  • IkBa, IkBB, IkBg, IkBe and Bcl3 the inhibitory IkB proteins
  • the release of IkB protein from the RHD domain of Rel protein reveals the NLS domain, and the NF-kB complex is translocated into the nucleus. At this point, it activates the transcription of different genes, the more important of which may be inflammatory genes.
  • the NF-kB system is a master regulator of immune responses and an ancient signaling pathway in the host defense of multicellular organisms.
  • NF-kB signaling Several powerful inhibitors of NF-kB signaling are natural terpenes, e.g. helenalin A and parthenolide sesquiterpene lactones.
  • the sesquiterpenoids are well-known inhibitors of NF-kB signaling, but the diterpenoid and triterpenoid classes also contain several potent inhibitors of NF-kB signaling.
  • Iridoids are monoterpenoids occurring as plant based glycoside derivatives.
  • Aucubin is a common iridoid glycoside found in different oriental medicinal plants and inhibits the degradation of IkBa protein. It also prevents the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-kB complex in stimulated mast cells. Aucubin can act as an anti-inflammatory compound and be protective against hepatotoxicity. It also has anti-tumoral activity.
  • Catalposide is another iridoid glycoside which inhibits the activation of NF-kB system in inflammatory models.
  • the degradation of IkBa protein was inhibited and the translocation of the p65 subunit to the nuclei was inhibited.
  • the anti-inflammatory target of catalposide may be upstream to the cytokine signaling since catalposide also attenuated TNF-a- induced p38 and ERK phosphorylation.
  • Genipin is another potential use and corresponds to the metabolically hydrolyzed aglycone product of geniposide. It is classified as belonging to the iridoid glycoside
  • Genipin is an effective anti-inflammatory compound in RAW264.7 macrophages and could inhibit the expression of iNOS and NO production in LPS(lipopolysaccharide)- stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Genipin also blocks the degradation of IkBb protein, which is evidence of the inhibition of NF-kB signaling.
  • Limonene and its derivatives perillyl alcohol, perillic acid and menthol are cyclic aromatic monoterpenes. Limonene, menthol and perillyl alcohol inhibit NF-kB signaling in lymphoma cells and induce NF-kB-dependent apoptosis.
  • Conifer trees are a rich source of pinene, a bicyclic monoterpene, which is a powerful inhibitor of the NFkB system and a-pinene exposure inhibited the translocation of NF-kB/p65 protein into nuclei in LPS -stimulated THP-l cells.
  • the pre-treatment of cells with a-pinene increased the expression of IkBa protein, which may have been attributable to the inhibition of LPS-induced NF-kB signaling.
  • Sesquiterpenes have three isoprene units generally forming mono-, bi- or tricyclic compounds.
  • Parthenolide is found in feverfew and is known as a powerful natural inhibitor of NF-kB signaling. Parthenolide alkylates cysteine-38 in the p65 subunit of NF-kB inhibits DNA binding of NF-kB complex.
  • Helenalin A is a sesquiterpene lactone, which has been prepared from Arnica flos , mountain flowers. Arnica-based herbal tincture has been used locally to treat haematoma, rheumatic diseases and skin inflammation.
  • Helenalin A can alkylate the p65 subunit of NF-kB complex and hence inhibit the DNA binding of that complex and the transcription of NF-kB dependent genes. Helenalin A can also target other proteins such as 5 -lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 synthase, which affect inflammatory responses.
  • Costunolide is a sesquiterpene lactone in the root product prepared from the medicinal Saussurea costus plant. Costunolide inhibits the phosphorylation of IkB proteins and the nuclear localization of NF-kB complex, and also inhibits the basic inflammatory signaling pathway induced by LPS by inhibiting NF-kB activation and downstream gene expression.
  • Artemisinin is another related compound and has anti-cancer, anti-angiogenesis, antifungal and immunosuppressive properties.
  • Artemisinin is an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone with complex polycyclic rings and functions via protein alkylation. This is a typical property of sesquiterpene lactones.
  • the NF-kB transcription system may be one of the targets, since artemisinin inhibits the LPS-induced activation of NF-kB signaling.
  • Artesunate is a synthetic artemisinin derivative that also inhibits activation of NF-kB signaling and the production of pro- inflammatory cytokines induced by TNF-a treatment in human synoviocytes.
  • Artemisolide is a sesquiterpene-monoterpene lactone found in different Artemisia species and inhibits the LPS-induced activation of NF-kB signaling in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Artemisolide targets the IKKb subunit at the cysteine- 179 residue in the IKK complex and inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling.
  • Ergolide inhibits NF-kB activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage.
  • the nuclear translocation of NF-kB complex was also inhibited and the degradation of IkB protein was inhibited. It was found these effects were blocked by cysteine supplementation, which indicates the alkylation of the IkB kinases.
  • Isodeoxyelephantopin is an anti-inflammatory compound and also potentiates apoptosis and inhibits osteoclasto genesis via the suppression of NF-kB activation.
  • Isodeoxyelephantopin inhibited cytokine-induced NFkB activation via suppression of the action of IKK complex.
  • Nepalolide A is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the Carpesium nepalense plant and inhibits the LPS- and cytokine-induced activation of NF-kB signaling in C6 glioma cells.
  • Zerumbone is a cyclic sesquiterpene lactone. Zerumbone blocked the function of the IKK complex as a result of reduced protein phosphorylation and degradation of IkB proteins, subsequently leading to a decrease in the nuclear translocation of NF-kB complex and gene expression.
  • Huperzine A can inhibit of NF-kB signaling and it can suppress inflammatory responses.
  • Humulene (a-caryophyllene) is a monocyclic sesquiterpene isolated from the oils of Humulus lupulus and can reduce LPS-induced NF-kB activation and the inflammatory response. Valerenic acid is another possible component and is a powerful inhibitor of NF-kB activation and cytokine expression. Diterpenes contain four isoprene units and have the basic structure of C20H32 and the medicinal products are diterpenoids.
  • Acanthoic acid a pimarane diterpene, inhibits the LPS-induced activation of IkBa phosphorylation and the nuclear DNA binding of NF-kB complex in Raw 264.7 cells. Furthermore, acanthoic acid and its analogues reduced LPS-induced cytokine synthesis and pro- inflammatory response. Acanthoic acid can prevent fibrosis and nodular formation in rat lung.
  • Camosol and camosic acid are an abundant abietane type of diterpene
  • Camosol inhibits activation of the NF-kB system in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and inhibits IkBa phosphorylation and the reduction in the expression of iNOS and NO production was dose- dependent. Camosol also suppresses the metastatic potential of mouse melanoma cells due to the suppression of metalloproteinase-9 expression via downregulation of NF-kB and c-Jun- mediated signaling. The antioxidant capacity of camosol may be the mechanism of inhibition of NF-kB signaling.
  • Ginkgo biloba extracts contain several flavonoids and terpenoids such as ginkgolides A, B and C, which are diterpenes, and bilobalide, which is an active sesquiterpene.
  • Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits NF-kB signaling and reduces the level of inflammatory response. However, they induced changes similar to those of EGb extract by inhibiting the DNA binding of NF-kB complex and iNOS activation.
  • Kahweol and cafestol are coffee-specific dietrpenoids and affect cholesterol metabolism, blood pressure, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome. Kahweol and cafestol also inhibit inflammatory responses in macrophages. Kahweol suppresses NF-kB-dependent transcriptional activation. It is believed this is due to inhibition of the nuclear DNA binding of NF-kB complex. Kahweol can inhibit IKK activity in LPS-activated macrophages and prevent the degradation of IkB proteins.
  • Tanshinone IIA is the major active diterpene quinone and has some activity against immunological disorders, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer.
  • Tanshinone IIA inhibits NF-kB signaling and inflammatory responses and suppresses NF-kB signaling, inhibiting both the IKKa/b and NIK activation, and subsequently phosphorylation of IkBa protein and the nuclear translocation of NF-kB complex.
  • Triptolide is a diterpenoid triepoxide in extracts from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, and inhibits NF-kB signaling and inhibits the phosphorylation of IkBa protein as translocation of the NF-kB complex into nuclei and finally DNA binding of the complex.
  • Triptolide inhibits NF-kB signaling in T-lymphocytes via upregulation of IkBa protein express. This kind of triptolide-induced inhibition of NF-kB signaling could account for the inflammation and immunosuppressive responses, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and cause apoptosis of cancer cells.
  • Andalusol is a tetracyclic kaurene diterpene which inhibits NF-kB signaling and inflammatory responses and inhibits the activation of IKKb and NIK kinases, and the nuclear DNA binding of the NF-kB complex in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
  • Hypoestoxide is a cyclic diterpene from Hypoestes rosea and inhibits the IKKb activation and inflammatory responses and colorectal cancer.
  • the covalent interaction of kamebakaurin with p50-Cys62 makes it a possible ingredient to interfere with the DNA-binding activity of the NF-kB complex and subsequently with the transactivation of NF-kB -dependent genes, e.g.
  • Ponicidin is an e «/-kaurane diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, and may inhibit cell cycle progression and induce apoptosis in tumorous cells.
  • Another kaurane diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, oridonin can also inhibit the proliferation of cancerous cells and trigger their apoptotic cell death as well as enhance the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages.
  • Poincidin and oridonin are effective inhibitors of NF-kB signaling.
  • These kaurane types of diterpenoids may interfere either with the NF-kB complex formation or its binding to DNA.
  • Taxol is another component that combats several cancer diseases. It has the generic name of paclitaxel. Taxol binds to the CD18 protein, which in turn, activates the multi-protein TLR4 complex and downstream signaling cascades including the NF-kB signaling.
  • Triterpenes are formed from six isoprene units with 30 carbons, but in nature, triterpenes occur as complex cyclic structures called triterpenoids.
  • Celastrol a quinone methide triterpenoid could inhibit the activation of NF-kB by different stimuli both in human Jurkat and U937 cells.
  • Celastrol inhibited the constitutively active IKKb kinase in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Celastrol can activate the heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) and induce the expression of HSP70 protein.
  • HSF1 heat shock transcription factor 1
  • Boswellic acid can bind and inhibit IKKa and IKKb kinases and subsequently modulate downstream NF-kB signaling.
  • Betulin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that may have therapeutic potential against different cancers, such as melanoma, and against infections, such as HIV, and against different kinds of inflammation. Betulinic acid could suppress the activation of IKKa induced by a variety of typical NF-kB activators. Betulinic acid also may downregulate NF-kB-dependent gene expression. [00153] Lupeol inhibits NF-kB signaling, including phosphorylation of IkBa protein, DNA binding of NF-kB complex and NF-kB-dependent reporter gene activity. Lupeol could inhibit several signaling pathways, such as Akt-dependent pathways. For that reason, it may have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Ursolic acid and its isomer, oleanolic acid are pentacyclic triterpenes. Ursolic acid inhibits the activation of NF-kB signaling induced by a variety of carcinogenic agents in several cell lines and inhibits IkBa kinase activation, IkBa protein phosphorylation and degradation, p65 nuclear translocation and the DNA binding of NF-kB complex, as well as the NF-kB-dependent gene expression.
  • the synthetic derivatives of oleanolic and ursolic acid triterpenoids, 2-cyano-3,l2-dioxoolean-l,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), and its C-28 methyl ester (CDDO-Me) and C28 imidazole (CDDO-Im) are potent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agents.
  • CCDO-Me inhibits IKKa kinase, and thus, IkBa protein phosphorylation and degradation and the NF-kB-dependent transactivation of the reporter gene.
  • CDDO-Me and CDDO-Im could inhibit IKKb kinase by directly binding to Cys-l79 and inhibits the enzymatic activity of IKKb.
  • Ginseng such as Panax Ginseng, interacts with the signaling pathways regulating the inflammation-to-cancer cascades. Ginseng and ginsenosides inhibit NF-kB signaling, either directly or indirectly. Different ginsenosides may suppress the activation of IKKa kinase and the phosphorylation and degradation of IkBa protein, as well as DNA binding of the NF-kB complex.
  • Glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid glycosidic saponin and includes glycyrrhizic acid. These components may inhibit NF-kB signaling and inhibit glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary neurons. The calcium-mediated activation of the NF-kB system may be suppressed by glycyrrhizic acid.
  • Avicins are plant stress metabolites and Avicin G can inhibit DNA binding of NF-kB complex and the expression of N-kB-dependent genes.
  • Saikosaponins are biologically active triterpenoid saponins and can inhibit NF-kB signaling, which is associated with inhibition of T cell activation and apoptosis of cancer cells.
  • Saikosaponin D inhibits the phosphorylation of IkBa protein, but saikosaponin also increases the protein level of inhibitory IkBa protein.
  • Saikosaponin D also inhibits activation of JNK signaling, suggesting that the molecular target of saikosaponin would be upstream from the IKK and NF-kB complexes.
  • Carotenoid terpenes are pigmented tetraterpenes typically containing eight isoprenoid units with conjugated double bonds that provide the strong light absorption and bright color of the compounds.
  • Carotenoids are powerful antioxidants which have therapeutic effects in several chronic illnesses, such as in cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Carotenoids can also protect against inflammatory responses and cancer, thus, carotenoids may modulate redox- sensitive signaling pathways, such as NF-kB signaling.
  • Lycopene is an antioxidant resulting from the double bonds present in its structure.
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress activate NF-kB signaling, and hence all antioxidants, e.g. phytochemicals, can prevent NF-kB-dependent signaling.
  • the inflammatory signaling induced by LPS and TNF cytokines is mediated via ROS-dependent signaling.
  • Lycopene can inhibit NF-kB signaling. Lycopene, for instance, can inhibit nuclear localization and DNA binding of NF-kB complex, as well as reducing macrophage activation.
  • Carotenes are cyclic tetraterpenes that include several isomers.
  • b-Carotene suppresses LPS-induced NF-kB signaling and the expression of inflammatory genes in
  • b-Carotene blocks the degradation of IkBoc protein, the nuclear translocation of the p65 protein and the DNA binding of NF-kB complex and the LPS-induced expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-a and IL- 1 b expression.
  • b-Carotene increased the production of ROS and simultaneously the DNA binding of NF-kB complex in cancer cells, and in tumor cells, b-carotene can have pro-oxidant characteristics.
  • this component causes growth inhibition, which may be due to the oxidation of b-carotene and carotenoid-derived aldehyde production. This induces oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death, as has been observed in RPE cells.
  • Lutein is a cyclic tetraterpene carotenoid with several conjugated double bonds which absorb blue light and endow a yellow-orange color to the molecule.
  • This lipophilic xanthophyll is a dihydroxy derivative of b-carotene.
  • Zeaxanthin has therapeutic effects similar to lutein, especially in the protection of the eye against age-related macular degeneration and cataract. Astaxanthin is a tetraterpenoid xanthophyll and inhibited the activation of IKKa kinase, and blocked IkBa protein degradation and the nuclear translocation of the NF-kB p65 subunit.
  • astaxanthin suppressed the expression of inflammatory NF-kB-dependent genes and could suppress endotoxin-induced uveitis by inhibiting NFkB signaling in the rat.
  • the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid of 0.5 to 300 kDa may be used alone for joint relief, and of course, as described above, mixed with higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid for beneficial results.
  • the inventors have determined through continued research, pre-clinical and clinical trials that the pro-inflammatory low molecular weight (0.5 to 300 kDa) microbial fermented sodium hyaluronate fragments may also be used alone as a stand-alone product to treat and alleviate symptoms of joint pain.
  • NIS Natural Immune Systems, Inc.
  • Labs evaluated the effects of a formulation (sold commercially as a product having krill oil, astaxanthin and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid as FlexPro MD) and several individual and certain combinations of ingredients against the formulation in both LPS stimulated and in non-LPS stimulated mouse macrophage cell line in light of earlier work on the effects of the formulation on mice and the likely mechanism of action associated with the product using a well-known murine (mouse) RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line.
  • MMP-12 metalloproteinase- 12
  • Hyaluronic acid SEC analysis performed SEC analysis performed on a YMC-Pack Diol-300 5*m, 300 A 300 x 6.0 mm, with a 48 x 4.6mm guard of same material.
  • algae based oil having been found advantageous in an example.
  • This algae based oil provides an algae sourced EPA or an EPA/DHA based oil in which oils are present in phospholipid and glycerolipid forms, as glycolipids.
  • Different algae based oils derived from different microalgae may be used.
  • One preferred example algae based oil has the EPA titre higher than the DHA as compared to a class of omega-3’s from fish oils that are triacylglycerides. These algae based oils are rich in EPA and in the phospholipid and glycolipid forms.
  • An example marine based algae oil is produced by Parry Nutraceuticals as a division of EID Parry (India) Ltd. as an omega-3 (EPA) oil.
  • omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA. It is known that fish and krill do not produce omega-3 fatty acids but accumulate those fatty acids from the algae they consume. Omega-3 bioavailability varies and is made available at the site of physiological activity depending on what form it is contained. For example, fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids in a triglyceride form that are insoluble in water and require emulsification by bile salts via the formation of micelles and subsequent digestion by enzymes and subsequent absorption. Those omega-3 fatty acids that are bound to polar lipids, such as phospholipids and glycolipids, however, are not dependent on bile for digestion and go through a simpler digestion process before absorption.
  • polar lipids such as phospholipids and glycolipids
  • omega-3 fatty acids such as from an algae based oil
  • these omega-3 fatty acids have greater bioavailability for cell growth and functioning as compared to the omega-3 triglycerides of fish oil.
  • algae that contain EPA conjugated with phospholipid and glycolipid polar lipids or contain EPA and DHA conjugated with phospholipids and glycolipids.
  • the term“algae” or“microalgae” may be used interchangeably to each other with microalgae referring to photosynthetic organisms that are native to aquatic or marine habitats and are too small to be seen easily as individual organisms with the naked eye.
  • photoautotropic refers to growth with light as the primary source of energy and carbon dioxide as the primary source of carbon.
  • biomass may encompass algae or microalgae and the term“biomass” may refer to a living or recently dead biological cellular material derived from plants or animals.
  • the term“polar” may refer to the compound that has portions of negative and/or positive charges forming negative and/or positive poles.
  • oil may refer to a combination of fractionable lipid fractions of a biomass. As known to those skilled in the art, this may include the entire range of various hydrocarbon soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble, or relatively insoluble in water as known to those skilled in the art.
  • the microalgae may also include any naturally occurring species or any genetically engineered microalgae to have improved lipid production.
  • the following first table shows the specification of an algae based oil as manufactured by Parry Nutraceuticals identified above, followed by a second table for a fatty acid profile chart of that algae based oil.
  • a third table is a comparative chart of the fatty acid profiles for non-algae based oils. These charts show that the algae based oil has a high EPA content of phospholipids and glycolipids.
  • nannochloropsis oculata as a source of EPA.
  • Another algae that may be used is thalassiosira weissflogii such as described in U.S. Patent No. 8,030,037 assigned to the above-mentioned Parry Nutraceuticals, a Division of EID Parry (India) Ltd., the disclosure which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Other types of algae as disclosed include chaetoceros sp. or prymnesiophyta or green algae such as chlorophyta and other microalgae that are diamons tiatoms.
  • the chlorophyta could be tetraselmis sp. and include prymnesiophyta such as the class prymnesiophyceae and such as the order isochrysales and more specifically, isochrysis sp. or pavlova sp.
  • algae/fungi phospholipid/glycolipid sources include: grateloupia turuturu; porphyridium cruentum; monodus subterraneus; phaeodactylum tricornutum; isochrysis galbana; navicula sp.; pythium irregule; nannochloropsis sp.; and nitzschia sp.
  • Grateloupia Turuturu Halymeniaceae , Rhodophyta is the Correct Name of the Non-Native Species in the Atlantic Known as Grateloupia Doryphora ,” Eur. J. Phycol. (2002), 37: 349-359, as authored by Brigitte Gavio and Suzanne Fredericq, the disclosure which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Porphyridium cruentum is a red algae in the family porphyridiophyceae and also termed rhodophyta and is used as a source for fatty acids, lipids, cell-wall polysaccharides and pigments. The polysaccharides of this species are sulphated. Some porphyridium cruentum biomass contains carbohydrates of up to 57%.
  • Monodus subterraneus is described in an article entitled,“Biosynthesis of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) in the Fresh Water Eustigmatophyte Monodus Subterraneus (. Eustigmatophyceae ),” J. Phycol, 38, 745-756 (2002), authored by Goldberg, Shayakhmetova, and Cohen, the disclosure which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the biosynthesis of PUFAs from algae is complicated and the biosynthesis from this algae is described in that article.
  • Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a diatom and unlike most diatoms, it can grow in the absence of silicon and the biogenesis of silicified ffustules is facultative.
  • Isochrysis galbana is a microalgae and used in the bivalve aquaculture industry.
  • Navicula sp. is a boat-shaped algae and is a diatom.
  • P ythium irregule is a soilbome pathogen found on plant hosts.
  • Nannochloropsis sp. occurs in a marine environment, but also occurs in fresh and brackish water.
  • the species are small, nonmotile spheres that do not express any distinct morphological feature.
  • These algae have chlorophyll A and lack chlorophyll B and C. They can build high concentrations of pigment such as astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and canthaxinthin. They are about 2-3 micrometers in diameter. They may accumulate high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
  • Nitzschia sp. is a pinnate marine diatom and usually found in colder waters and associated with both Arctic and Antarctic polar sea ice where it is a dominant diatom. It produces a neurotoxin known as domoic acid which is responsible for amnesic shell fish poisoning. It may grow exponentially at temperatures between -4 and -6 degrees C. It may be processed to form and extrapolate the fatty acids.
  • microalgae As a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, microalgae competes with other micro-organisms such as fungi and bacteria. There may be some bacterial strains that could be an EPA source, but microalgae has been found to be a more adequate and readily available source. Microalgae is a good source of oil and EPA when derived from phaeodactylum, isochrysis and monodus. The microalgae phaeodactylum tricornutum produces a high proportion of EPA.
  • strains and species of microalgae, fungi and possibly bacteria that can be used to source EPA include the following:
  • Different microalgae may be used to form the algae based oil comprising glycolipids and phospholipids and at least EPA and/or EPA/DHA. Examples include:
  • the microalgae may be from one of the following classes: Bacillariophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, and Chrysophyceae.
  • the microalgae may be from one of the following genera: Nannochloropsis, Chlorella, Dunaliella, Scenedesmus, Selenastrum, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Spirulina, Amphora, and Ochromonas.
  • microalgae species include: Achnanthes orientals, Agmenellum spp., Amphiprora hyaline , Amphora coffeiformis, Amphora coffeiformis var. linea, Amphora coffeiformis var. punctata, Amphora coffeiformis var. taylori, Amphora coffeiformis var. tenuis, Amphora americanissima, Amphora strigissima var.
  • Botryococcus sudeticus Bracteococcus minor
  • Chlorella miniata Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella mutabilis, Chlorella nocturna, Chlorella ovalis, Chlorella parva, Chlorella photophila, Chlorella pringsheimii, Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella protothecoides var. acidicola, Chlorella regularis, Chlorella regularis var. minima, Chlorella regularis var. umbricata, Chlorella reisiglii, Chlorella saccharophila, Chlorella saccharophila var.
  • Chlorella salina Chlorella simplex, Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella sp., Chlorella sphaerica, Chlorella stigmatophora, Chlorella vanniellii, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella vulgaris fo. tertia, Chlorella vulgaris var. autotrophica, Chlorella vulgaris var. viridis, Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris, Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris fo. tertia, Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris fo.
  • Fragilaria sp. Gleocapsa sp., Gloeothamnion sp., Haematococcus pluvialis, Hymenomonas sp., Isochysis aff. galbana, Isochrysis galbana, Lepocinclis, Micractinium, Micractinium,
  • Monoraphidium minutum Monoraphidium sp., Nannochloris sp., Nannochloropsis salina, Nannochloropsis sp., Navicula acceptata, Navicula biskanterae, Navicula pseudotenelloides, Navicula pelliculosa, Navicula saprophila, Navicula sp., Nephrochloris sp., Nephroselmis sp., Nitschia communis, Nitzschia alexandrina, Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia communis, Nitzschia dissipata, Nitzschia frustulum, Nitzschia hantzschiana, Nitzschia inconspicua, Nitzschia intermedia, Nitzschia microcephala, Nitzschia pusilla, Nitzschia pusilla elliptica, Nitzschia pusilla monoensis, Nitzschia quadrangular, Nitzschia sp., O
  • yeast that can be used include Cryptococcus curvatus, Ctyptococcus terricolus, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipofer, Endomycopsis vernalis, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula gracilis, Candida 107,
  • Saccharomyces paradoxus Saccharomyces mikatae, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, any Ctyptococcus, C. neoformans, C. bogoriensis, Yarrowia Upolytica, Apiotrichum curvatum, T bombicola, T. apicola, T. petrophilum, C. tropicalis, C. Upolytica, and Candida albicans. It is even possible to use a biomass as a wild type or genetically modified fungus.
  • Non-limiting examples of fungi that may be used include Mortierella, Mortierrla vinacea, Mortierella alpine, Pythium debatyannm, Mucor circinelloides, Aspergillus ochraceus,
  • bacteria may be used that includes lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, whether naturally occurring or by genetic engineering.
  • bacteria include: Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter sp. any actinomycete, Mycobacterium tuberculosis , any streptomycete, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas sp., R. erythropolis, N. erthopolis, Mycobacterium sp., B., U. zeae, U. maydis, B. lichenformis, S. marcescens, P. fluorescens, B. subtilis, B. brevis, B. polmyma, C. lepus, N. erthropolis,
  • T. thiooxidans D. polymorphis, P aeruginosa and Rhodococcus opacus.
  • Possible algae sourced, EPA/DHA based oils that are derived from an algae and contain glycol and phospholipid bound EPA and/or EPA/DHA and may include a significant amount of free fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids and glycolipids in the range of 35-40% or more of total lipids are disclosed in the treatise“Chemicals from Microalgae” as edited by Zvi Cohen, CRC Press, 1999.
  • Nannochloropis Oculata in Krill Oil in Healthy Young Males as published in Lipids in Health and Disease, 2013, 12:102 by Kagan et al.
  • the EPA in that algae oil was higher than that of krill oil by about 25.06 to 13.63 for fatty acid composition as the percent of oil.
  • the algae oil was provided at 1.5 grams of EPA and no DHA as compared to krill oil that was provided at 1.02 grams EPA and 0.54 grams DHA.
  • This difference may relate to the different chemical composition and possibly the presence of the glycolipids where the presence of DHA in krill oil limits the incorporation of EPA into plasma lipids.
  • the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids within glycolipids as found in the algae oil, but not in a krill oil may be an effective system for delivering EPA to humans.
  • Microalgae can be cultured photoautotrophically outdoors to prepare concentrated microalgae products containing Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in fish oil. Both are very important for human and animal health.
  • the concentrated microalgae products as disclosed in the‘037 patent may contain EPA and DHA and lipid products containing EPA and DHA purified from microalgae.
  • the concentrated microalgae composition may be prepared by cultivating microalgae photoautotrophically outdoors in open ponds under filtered sunlight in a continuous or batch mode and at a dilution rate of less than 35% per day.
  • the microalgae may be harvested in the exponential phase when the cell number is increasing at a rate of at least 20% of maximal rate.
  • the microalgae is concentrated.
  • at least 40% by weight of lipids in the microalgae are in the form of glycodiacylglycerides,
  • phosphodiacylglycerides or a combination thereof and at least 5% by weight of the fatty acids are DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof.
  • the microalgae are Tetraselmis sp. cultivated at above 20°C or in another example at above 30°C.
  • the EPA yield in the microalgae has been found to be at least 10 mg/liter culture.
  • the microalgae can be Isochrvsis sp. or Pavlova sp. in another example, or are Thalassiosira sp. or Chaetecoros sp.
  • the microalgae may be different diatoms and are cultivated photoautotrophically outdoors in open ponds for at least 14 days under filtered sunlight and at least 20% by weight of the fatty acids are EPA.
  • the use of this algae based oil overcomes the technical problems associated with the dwindling supplies of fish oil and/or Antarctic krill, which are now more difficult to harvest and obtain and use economically because these products are in high demand.
  • a major difference between fish oils and algae based oils is their structure.
  • Fish oils are storage lipids and are in the form of triacylglycerides.
  • the algae based oils as lipids are a mixture of storage lipids and membrane lipids.
  • the EPA and DHA present in algae based oils is mainly in the form of glycolipids and a small percentage is in the form of phospholipids. Glycolipids are primarily part of chloroplast membranes and phospholipids are part of cell membranes.
  • The‘037 patent describes various methods for culturing microalgae
  • shade cloth or netting can be used for this purpose. It was determined that for most strains, the optimal solar intensity for growth, for maintaining a pure culture, and for omega-3 fatty acid accumulation was about 40,000 to 50,000 lux, approximately half of the 110,000 lux of full sunlight. Shade cloth or netting is suitable for filtering the sunlight to the desired intensity.
  • the dilution rate is 15-40% per day or 15-35% per day, and in yet other examples, the dilution rate is 10-30%, 10-35%, or 10-40% per day.
  • Another technique to successfully culture microalgae photoautotrophically outdoors and produce EPA and EPA/DHA is to harvest the microalgae in exponential phase rather than stationary phase.
  • Harvesting in exponential phase reduces the risk of contamination in outdoor photoautotrophic cultures and has surprisingly been found to give a good yield of EPA and DHA.
  • To drive fat accumulation in microbial cultures the cultures are harvested in stationary phase because cells in the stationary phase tend to accumulate storage lipids.
  • The‘037 patent teaches that EPA and DHA accumulate in large amounts as membrane lipids in cultures harvested in the exponential phase.
  • the membrane lipids containing EPA and DHA are predominantly phosphodiacylglycerides and glycodiacylglycerides, rather than the
  • triaclyglycerides found in storage lipids are harvested often when cell number is increasing at a rate at least 20% of the maximal rate, i.e., the maximal rate achieved at any stage during the outdoor photoautotrophic growth of the harvested culture.
  • the cultures are harvested in exponential phase when cell number is increasing at a rate of at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50% of maximal rate. It is also possible to use recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Example 1 The strain Thalassiosira sp. is a diatom and this strain used was isolated from Bay of Bengal, and it dominates during summer months. This example strain was isolated from seawater collected near Chemai, India, and the culture was maintained in open tubs. The particular strain was identified as Thalassiosira weissflogii, which is capable of growth at high temperatures (35-38°C). The fatty acid profile was good even when the alga was grown at high temperature with 25-30% EPA (as a percentage of fatty acids).
  • Culturing The lab cultures were maintained in tubs in an artificial seawater medium, under fluorescent lights (3000-4000 lux) and the temperature was maintained at 25 °C. Initial expansion of the culture was done under laboratory condition in tubs. The dilution rate was 15% to 30% of the total culture volume per day. Once the volume was 40-50 liters, it was transferred to an outdoor pond. The outdoor ponds were covered with netting to control the light (40,000 to 50,000 lux). The dilution continued until the culture reached 100,000 liters volume. The culture was held in 500 square meter ponds at this time with a culture depth of 20 cm. The culture was stirred with a paddle wheel and C02 was mixed to keep the culture pH neutral.
  • Example 2 The strain Tetraselmis sp. is in the division Chlorophyta and the class Prosinophyceae or Micromanadophyceae. This strain was obtained from the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, India. It was isolated from the local marine habitats in India.
  • the culture was maintained in flasks in artificial seawater medium, and expanded as described for Thalassiosira. With culture outdoors in open ponds as described for Thalassiosira, the strain gave a good lipid yield (200-300 mg/liter) and an EPA content of 6-7% of fatty acids.
  • Example 3 The strain Chaetoceros sp. is another diatom strain obtained from the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, India, and isolated from local marine habitats in India. Chaetoceros sp. was maintained in flasks and cultivated in outdoor ponds
  • Example 1 photoautotrophically as described in Example 1. It gave similar EPA productivity and EPA content as Thalassiosira as described in Example 1.
  • Example 4 The strain Isochry is sp. is in the Prymnesiophyta, class
  • Prymnesiophyceae order Isochrysidales. lt was obtained from the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, India, and isolated from local marine habitats in India. It was maintained and grown as described in Example 1. It was expanded from laboratory culture to a 50,000 liter outdoor pond culture in 14-15 days with a dilution rate of 15-30% per day. The lipid content at harvest was 100-150 mg lipids/liter. The rate of lipid production was 25-50 mg/liter/day. DHA was 10-12% of total fatty acids.
  • Example 5 Harvesting and Drying: The harvesting may be done by flocculation.
  • the commonly used flocculants include Alum with polymer and FeC13 with or without polymer and chitosan.
  • the concentration of flocculent will depend on the cell number in the culture before harvest. The range may vary from 100 ppm to 500 ppm.
  • harvesting is done by filtration using appropriate meshes. Removal of adhered chemicals (other than salt) is accomplished by washing the cells in low salinity water.
  • the harvested slurry is then taken for spray drying.
  • the slurry is sometimes encapsulated to prevent oxidation.
  • concentration of encapsulating agent may vary from 0.1 to 1.0% on a dry weight basis.
  • Modified starch is a suitable encapsulating agent.
  • the spray dryer is usually an atomizer or nozzle type.
  • the inlet temperature ranges from 160 to l90°C and the outlet temperature ranges from 60 to 90°C.
  • the spray dried powder is used immediately for extraction. If storage is required, the powder is packed in aluminum laminated pouches and sealed after displacing the air by nitrogen. The packed powder is stored at ambient temperature until further use.
  • Example 6 Extraction of EPA/DE1A is carried out using a wet slurry or dry powder and solvents, which include hexane, ethanol, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, isopropanol and cyclohexane and water, either alone or in combination of two solvents.
  • the solvent to biomass ratio depends on the starting material. If it is a slurry, the ratio is 1:2 to 1 : 10. With a spray dried powder, on the other hand, the ratio is 1:4 to 1:30.
  • the extraction is carried out in an extraction vessel under inert atmosphere, with temperature ranges from 25 to 60°C and with time varying from one hour to 10 hours. Solvent addition is made one time or in parts based on the lipid level in the cells.
  • the mixture is passed through a centrifuge or filtration system to remove the cell debris.
  • the lipid in the filtrate is concentrated by removing the solvent by distillation, which is carried out under vacuum.
  • the resulting product is a crude lipid extract, which contains approximately 10% omega-3 fatty acid (EPA/DHA).
  • the extract can be used as it is or purified further to enrich the omega-3 fatty acids. Further purification may involve removal of unsaponifiables such as pigments, sterols and their esters.
  • the algae based oil composition may be used for different purposes as described.
  • the astaxanthin and surfactant may optionally be admixed with low molecular weight hyaluronic acid as described above or UC-II.
  • the astaxanthin in the presence of a surfactant may be at below 4 mg/day and as noted before, optionally admixed with the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid or UC-II and/or as a chicken sternum collagen isolate.
  • the phospholipid may have little EPA and DHA.
  • a preferred astaxanthin concentration is about 2-4 mg and a chicken sternum collagen isolate can be about 40 mg and have a range of 30 to about 50 mg.
  • surfactants such as plant based phospholipids and commercially available lecithins that are modified and including egg yolk compositions and/or sea based oils such as from perilla may be used. Sea based phospholipids and lysolipid, also referred to as lysophospholipid, counterparts may be used.
  • a non-omega-3 platform may be used with the current invention.
  • the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid as described may vary from 1-500 mg, 10-70 mg, 35 mg, or 45 mg, and other ranges as described, and is a preferred low molecular weight microbial fermented product as described above.
  • Patient subjects were clinically examined by the Principal Investigator and team. X ray and blood samples were drawn at the commencement and at the end of study period. The case record forms were filled by the Principal Investigator and rechecked by the Clinical research associate. Sixty patient subjects completed the study. Ten were drop outs due to various reasons but not on account of intolerance to the astaxanthin oleoresin complex or placebo control. The results were tabulated by the expert data entry operators under supervision of Biometric expert. The results were subjected to Statistical analysis by an independent analyst.
  • Osteoarthritis symptoms were based on Western Ontario and McMasters Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index, VAS scale, Lequesne’s functional scale as well as Sleep score as additional parameters besides radiological investigations. Further the assessment of Osteoarthritis symptoms based on haematological studies, specifically MMP3 (Matrix metalloproteinase 3) in clinical parameters since Osteoarthritis patients show elevated levels of MMP3 in blood as well as in synovial fluid. The elevated levels cause significant tissue damage through cartilage destruction.
  • WOMAC Western Ontario and McMasters Universities
  • WQMAC Score The Western Ontario McMaster (WOMAC) is a validated instrument designed specifically for the assessment of lower extremity pain and function in Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. The patients were assessed on their pain, stiffness and difficulty in carrying out day-to-day activities.
  • WOMAC Western Ontario McMaster
  • the pain index was assessed for Activities - a) in walking on flat surface, going up or down on flat surface, at night while in bed, sitting or lying, standing upright; b) Stiffness - after first wakening in morning, after sitting/lying or resting later in the day; and c) difficulty in descending stairs, ascending stairs, standing up from a chair, while standing, bending to floor to pick up objects, walking on flat ground, getting in and out of autorickshaw/bus/car, going shopping, on rising from bed, while lying on bed, while sitting on chair, going on/off toilet, doing heavy domestic duties such as moving heavy boxes/scrubbing floor/lifting shopping bags, doing light domestic duties such as cleaning
  • VAS Visual Analog Scale
  • Pain parameters were assessed in Osteoarthritis patients taking astaxanthin oleoresin and the Placebo group using VAS. The assessment was carried out in a) Pain parameters - pain while using stairs, pain while walking on flat ground, pain while standing upright, pain while sitting or lying down, pain at night in bed b) Physical functions - going downstairs, going upstairs, sitting, getting up from sitting, standing, bending to floor, walking on flat ground, getting into or out of automobiles, shopping, putting on socks/stockings, taking off socks/stockings, getting into bed, getting out of bed, getting into or out of bath tub, getting on or off toilet seat, during heavy household chores, during light household chores, getting into lotus position.
  • the summary of results of Pain parameters (Pain + Physical) scores are given in Table 5.
  • Laquesne’s Index - Laquesne’s index is the Functional index for Osteoarthritis of the knee. Assessment is carried out on a) Pain/discomfort - during nocturnal bed rest, morning stiffness or regressive pain after rising, after standing for 30 minutes; and b) Physical functions - maximum distance walked, activities of daily living like able to climb up a standard flight of stairs, able to climb down a standard flight of stairs, able to squat or bend on the knees, able to walk on uneven ground.
  • the Laquesne’s index results are given in Table 6.
  • Sleep Scale - Sleep is an important element of functioning and well being. Sleep Scale was originally developed in the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) intended to assess the extent of sleep problems. The Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale includes 12 items assessing sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, somnolence, quantity of sleep, snoring, and awakening short of breath or with a headache.
  • MOS Medical Outcomes Study
  • a sleep problems index grouping items from each of the former domains, is also available. This assessment evaluated the psychometric properties of MOS-Sleep Scale in Osteoarthritis patients taking Astaxanthin oleoresin complex and Placebo group. The results on Sleep scale MOS is given in Table 7.
  • MMP3 Microx Metalloproteinase 3
  • MMP3 Microx metalloproteinase 3
  • the results of the MMP3 analysis on Osteoarthritis patients before and after 3 months of administering with astaxanthin oleoresin complex are given in FIG. 2.
  • WOMAC INDEX exhibited significant differences (P0.001). This score is unique for the functional abilities in patients with chronic joint disorders such as Osteoarthritis.
  • VAS Pain parameters Pain -t-Physical score: There were significant reductions in the mean scores at the end of treatment for patients taking astaxanthin oleoresin complex but not for Placebo P ( ⁇ 0.001). It is suggestive of improvement in the pain related aspects of
  • Laquesne’s index (Functional Index for OA of knee): There were significant reductions in the mean scores at the end of treatment for patients taking Astaxanthin oleoresin complex but not for Placebo (P ⁇ 0.05).
  • Astaxanthin helps to get better sleep as is evident from sleep score. This is due to reduction in pain and other symptoms of the disorder MMP3 did not show significant change but the trend is towards reduction. Reduction in MMP3 levels are suggestive of improving cartilage health due to reduction in the process of cartilage destruction in a positive manner although there is neither direct proof to this effect nor statistically significant effect in the present study. No change in the radiological picture was seen. No noteworthy side effect/intolerance was noted during the study period. Astaxanthin oleoresin complex appears to be safe for general consumption. [00229] Astaxanthin oleoresin complex extracted through polar solvents from Haematococcus pluvialis alga may be suitable for the patients in the early stage of the
  • Osteoarthritis to prevent the progression of the disorder. It may be useful to the patients with established Osteoarthritis to provide symptomatic relief from pain and improved quality of life. Astaxanthin oleoresin complex improves symptoms like pain as well as quality of physical activities of daily life in a significant manner. Osteoarthritis is seen to mark its presence at a younger age in India. It would be appropriate to initiate the treatment with Astaxanthin oleoresin complex right from the beginning as soon as the diagnosis is arrived at. Study with larger sample size at different centers is recommended to study the mechanism of action of astaxanthin oleoresin complex in Osteoarthritis further.
  • Table 3 Total Health Assessment Score
  • Table 4 WOMAC Score
  • the composition as described and useful for joint pain also has potential ocular benefit since it includes the hyaluronic acid, which may be the lower or higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid or any combination thereof and benefits the eye.
  • the composition includes in an example the astaxanthin that is beneficial to the eye. It is possible to add other components to the composition that include lutein and trans-zeaxanthin. Also, besides eggshell membrane, other components could be added such as a carrier, including a lipid or fatty acid.
  • the range of components may include about 4.0 to 6.0 of astaxanthin such derived from Haematococcus pluvialis (Hp), 10 to 12 mg of lutein, and 1.0 to 2.5 mg of zeaxanthin such as in a single dosage capsule. These amounts can vary by a few percentage points and up to 5%, 10%, 15% or 20%.
  • the eggshell membrane and its components could help as a carrier. Any carrier if used could be about 5% to 60% by weight of a
  • composition and the carrier could be about 50 to 700 mg.
  • the astaxanthin could be about 0.1 to 16% by weight of the carrier such as lipid or fatty acid, the lutein about 0.4 to 30% by weight of the lipid or fatty acid, and the trans-zeaxanthin about 0.04 to 24% by weight of the carrier such as the lipid or fatty acid.
  • Many phospholipids could enhance absorption of carotenoids, for example, lutein alone or other components and even coenzyme Q10.
  • This composition may be used also as an eye care composition that is
  • a therapeutically effective amount to prevent, retard or treat eye and central nervous system diseases or injuries, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, dry eye syndrome due to glandular inflammation and other central nervous system degenerative diseases, photic injury, ischemic diseases, and inflammatory diseases, including related to the
  • cardiovascular system It may also be used for treating photo-induced ocular fatigue and associated reduction in speed of ocular focus in humans.
  • Different phospholipids may be incorporated, including at least one of
  • This phospholipid may be derived from at least one of a plant, algae and animal source or synthetic derivative and can include a mixture of antioxidants that are admixed with the phospholipid alone or with the seed oil extract alone or admixed with the phospholipid and seed oil extract.
  • Phospholipids may be obtained from a marine based source such as krill oil or a plant based source such as soybean, safflower and sunflower as non-limiting examples. Another example is phospholipids from egg yolk. The phospholipids may have no phospholipid bound EPA or DHA in some examples, and in other examples, the phospholipids may include some EPA or DHA.
  • Phospholipids may include glycophospholipids and lyso-phospholipids.
  • the phospholipids may be used to deliver small amounts of active ingredients and include in an example the plant based phospholipids and commercially available lecithins and egg yolk and seed based oils.
  • Phospholipids increase the bioavailability of an added substrate.
  • One example includes phospholipids derived from vegetable sources, which usually do not contain long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA’s).
  • PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • antioxidants such as the Valensa OTB® per oxidation blocker system as a stabilizer to ensure that any botanical extract reaches a consumer in an efficacious and safe form. Stabilization with any OTB® components may increase shelf life and continued product quality and is advantageous over using preservatives to stabilize natural materials, which is often seen as a negative by consumers.
  • the OTB® per oxidation blocker system used by Valensa is 100% natural, non-GMO, and protects sensitive oils and particularly the highly unsaturated oils derived from fish and botanicals from the manufacture to
  • the OTB® per oxidation blocker in an example, is a synergistic proprietary formulation of powerful natural compounds including astaxanthin, phenolic antioxidants and natural tocopherols such as described above. This technology prevents destructive oxidative, photochemical and rancification reactions. It protects expensive and sensitive compounds such as carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and can boost the effectiveness of other antioxidants such as vitamin E because it chemically quenches stable vitamin E free radicals.
  • the antioxidants have in-vivo activity to protect both products and people. Further information is found in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Nos. 9,295,698 and 9,295,699, the disclosures which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • carotenoids have been found important with their antioxidant properties. About ten carotenoids are found in human serum. The major carotenoids in human serum are beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein. Small amounts of zeaxanthin, phytofluene, and phytoene are found in human organs. However, of the ten carotenoids found in human serum, only two, trans- and/or meso-zeaxanthin and lutein, have been found in the human retina. Zeaxanthin is the predominant carotenoid in the central macula or foveal region and is concentrated in the cone cells in the center of the retina, i.e., the fovea. Lutein is predominantly located in the peripheral retina in the rod cells.
  • the eye preferentially assimilates zeaxanthin over lutein in the central macula which is a more effective singlet oxygen scavenger than lutein. It has been theorized that zeaxanthin and lutein are concentrated in the retina because of their ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals, and thereby limit or prevent photic damage to the retina.
  • Beta-carotene and lycopene the two most abundant carotenoids in human serum, either have not been detected or have been detected only in minor amounts in the retina.
  • Beta-carotene is relatively inaccessible to the retina because beta-carotene is unable to cross the blood-retinal brain barrier of the retinal pigmented epithelium effectively.
  • canthaxanthin another carotenoid, canthaxanthin, can cross the blood-retinal brain barrier and reach the retina.
  • Canthaxanthin like all carotenoids, is a pigment and can discolor the skin.
  • Canthaxanthin provides a skin color that approximates a suntan, and accordingly has been used by humans to generate an artificial suntan.
  • an undesirable side effect in individuals that ingested canthaxanthin at high doses for an extended time was the formation of crystalline canthaxanthin deposits in the inner layers of the retina. Therefore, the blood-retinal brain barrier of the retinal pigmented epithelium permits only particular carotenoids to enter the retina.
  • the carotenoids other than zeaxanthin and lutein that do enter the retina cause adverse effects, such as the formation of crystalline deposits by canthaxanthin, which may take several years to dissolve. Canthaxanthin in the retina also caused a decreased adaptation to the dark.
  • Human serum typically contains about ten carotenoids.
  • the major carotenoids in human serum include beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein. Small amounts of zeaxanthin, phytofluene and phytoene are also found in human organs. However, of all of these carotenoids, only zeaxanthin and lutein are found in the human retina.
  • the retina also has the highest concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids of any tissue in the human body. These polyunsaturated fatty acids are highly susceptible to free radical and singlet oxygen induced decomposition. Therefore, there is a need to protect these polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make up a portion of the cellular membrane bi-layer, from photo induced free radical or singlet oxygen degradation.
  • zeaxanthin is the predominant carotenoid found in the central portion of the retina and more specifically is located in concentration in the retinal cones located in the central area of the retina (i.e., the macula). Lutein, on the other hand, is located in the peripheral area of the retina in the rod cells. Therefore, the eye preferentially accumulates zeaxanthin over lutein in the critical central macular retinal area, (zeaxanthin interestingly, is a much more effective singlet oxygen scavenger than lutein), where the greatest level of light impinges.
  • Lutein is a xanthophyll and found in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots and modulates light energy and acts as non-photochemical quenching agents. It may be derived from egg yolks and animal fats in some examples. It is known that the human retina accumulates lutein and zeaxanthin. Zeaxanthin predominates the macula lutea while lutein may predominate elsewhere in the retina and serve as a photo-protectant for the retina from the damaging effects of free radicals produced by blue light, especially. Lutein is isomeric with zeaxanthin by differing in the placement of one double bond.
  • zeaxanthin such as prepared by a Wittig reaction that yields 96-98% of trans-(3R, 3R)-zeaxanthin and minor quantities of cis-zeaxanthin.
  • Zeaxanthin is insoluble in water generally and somewhat soluble in ethanol like other carotenoids and soluble in chloroform. The hydroxyl groups on two of the outermost carbon atoms would make xanthophylls such as zeaxanthin more water soluble than other very hydrophobic carotenoids.
  • the astaxanthin may be made more bioavailable when incorporated or used with one of at least a phospholipid, glycolipid, and sphingolipid and optionally with food and/or pharmaceutical grade diluents.
  • the lutein is also made more bioavailable and this may work in conjunction with a phospholipid.
  • the composition includes hyaluronic acid, such as derived from microbial fermentation and other sources, including hydrolyzed animal tissues, and could range from 0.5 to 300 kDa and include higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid having a molecular weight up to 1,000 to 2,000 kDa, and even 1,000 kDa to 3,000 kDa or 4,000 kDa or higher. It could be derived from chicken sternal cartilage extract.
  • the hyaluronic acid may include elastin, elastin precursors, and collagen.
  • the hyaluronic acid may be contained in a matrix form with chondroitin sulfate and naturally occurring hydrolyzed collagen Type II nutraceutical ingredients and form lower weight molecules that the body may more readily absorb and deliver to different areas of the body as required.
  • Fresh chicken sternal cartilage could be cut and suspended in aqueous solution followed by treating the cartilage with a proteolytic enzyme to form a hydrolysate.
  • the proteolytic enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing collagen Type II to fragments having differing molecular weight.
  • the hydrolysate is sterilized and filtered and concentrated and then dried to form powder enriched collagen Type II powder that is then isolated and includes a percentage of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Examples of manufacturing techniques can be found in U.S.
  • hyaluronic acid could also be derived from the hydrolyzed collagen as derived from the bovine collagen Type I or the chicken sternal cartilage collagen Type II, or even a natural eggshell membrane that includes some hyaluronic acid, which can be extracted from the eggshell membrane.
  • a pure diol of the S, S’astaxanthin including a synthetic diol with the surfactant. It can be mixed with the CQ10 or lutein alone. It is possible to add synthetically derived mixed enantiomers of the diol. It is possible to synthesize asymmetrically the S,S’ pure diol. Despite the pure diol’s poor solubility in some examples, there may be an active transport mechanism related to its bioavailability, or conversely, that only in the diol form is the monoester or diester forms transferred from the intestines to the blood.
  • Some proposals as supplements for eye health have used specific ratios of lutein and zeaxanthin, such as a 5 : 1 ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin with a beadlet delivery technology to protect the carotenoids and provide greater stability during manufacturing.
  • This use of lutein and zeaxanthin has been found advantageous in blue light protection, which is important when some users are in constant use of computer screens.
  • Some of these compositions also use a specific ratio of zeaxanthin isomers (R,R-and R,S[meso]-zeaxanthin) at a 5: 1 ratio where the lutein is dominant.
  • Astaxanthin and a carrier such as including a lipid or fatty acid or combination is not used in many of these formulations and not suggested, since the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are normally found in the eyes, but astaxanthin is not.
  • the eggshell membrane may be advantageous in this example.

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