EP3743375A1 - Procede d'obtention de particules minerales enrobees de carbone - Google Patents
Procede d'obtention de particules minerales enrobees de carboneInfo
- Publication number
- EP3743375A1 EP3743375A1 EP19702234.6A EP19702234A EP3743375A1 EP 3743375 A1 EP3743375 A1 EP 3743375A1 EP 19702234 A EP19702234 A EP 19702234A EP 3743375 A1 EP3743375 A1 EP 3743375A1
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- Prior art keywords
- particles
- nano
- mineral
- gel
- carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/30—Compounds containing rare earth metals and at least one element other than a rare earth metal, oxygen or hydrogen, e.g. La4S3Br6
- C01F17/32—Compounds containing rare earth metals and at least one element other than a rare earth metal, oxygen or hydrogen, e.g. La4S3Br6 oxide or hydroxide being the only anion, e.g. NaCeO2 or MgxCayEuO
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G49/00—Compounds of iron
- C01G49/0018—Mixed oxides or hydroxides
- C01G49/0036—Mixed oxides or hydroxides containing one alkaline earth metal, magnesium or lead
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/20—Two-dimensional structures
- C01P2002/22—Two-dimensional structures layered hydroxide-type, e.g. of the hydrotalcite-type
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/85—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by XPS, EDX or EDAX data
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/88—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by thermal analysis data, e.g. TGA, DTA, DSC
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/04—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to obtaining a composite material comprising (nano) inorganic particles coated with carbon particles, for the purpose for example of giving these (nano) mineral particles improved electrochemical properties.
- Document WO2016207827 discloses a process for the synthesis of LiFePO 4 particles coated with carbon.
- the LiFePO 4 particles are synthesized during a heat treatment step, at a temperature of at least 500 ° C., at the same time as a carbon coating is formed on their surface.
- Document WO2010149681 discloses another process for the synthesis of LiFePO 4 particles coated with carbon.
- the LiFePO 4 particles are also synthesized during a heat treatment step, at 700 or 750 ° C, at the same time as a carbon coating is formed on their surface.
- HDLs Lamellar Double Hydroxides
- Mg (OH) 2 brucite
- the divalent cations employed are, for example, Mg (II), Mn (II), Fe (II), Co (II), Cu (II), Ni (II and Zn (II), and the trivalent cations involved are for example Al (III), Cr (III), Fe (III), Mn (III) and Co (III), which leads to an excess of positive charges in the sheet, or brucite layer, which is compensated by the presence
- Exchangeable interfoliary anions HDLs or structurally similar minerals have an affinity for anionic species, an affinity that depends in particular on the charge of the anion: CO 3 2 2 carbonate anions are among those with the highest affinity for these structures.
- the invention makes it possible to prepare a composite material comprising (nano) inorganic particles coated with carbon.
- These (nano) mineral particles can be of a varied chemical nature, including (nano) mineral particles undergoing thermal decomposition for temperatures below 700 ° C, and for which the use of the method of Ravet et al. (2001) is not suitable.
- the composite material comprising (nano) mineral particles coated with carbon has a porous structure, advantageously regular, particularly suitable for uses in the field of electrochemistry.
- the subject of the invention is a process for synthesizing a composite material comprising (nano) mineral particles coated with carbon, starting from a mixed organic-mineral gel, said gel comprising at least (nano) mineral particles. and a precursor of carbon.
- the method comprises a heat treatment step, preferably a pyrolysis step of the carbon precursor.
- particle is meant a fragment of solid material individualized and which can not be easily subdivided by the usual methods of separation.
- nano particles we mean objects that are particles and can be, in particular, nanometric particles, that is to say at least one of the dimensions is nanometric, called “nanoparticles”.
- gel is understood to mean a three-dimensional network of solids diluted in a liquid.
- organic-mineral mixed gel is understood to mean a gel comprising a suspension of (nano) solid mineral particles dispersed in a gel comprising said carbon precursor.
- carbon precursor or carbon source
- carbon precursor is understood to mean non-elementary molecules comprising, in addition to carbon atoms, other atoms, which can, following reaction (s), be converted into elemental carbon.
- pyrolysis is understood to mean the chemical decomposition of a substance under the action of heat, carried out in an oxygen-free environment or in an oxygen-poor atmosphere or operating at a temperature at which the combustion phenomena (that is to say the exothermic oxidation of gases, liquids or solids produced by the thermal decomposition) can not intervene.
- combustion phenomena that is to say the exothermic oxidation of gases, liquids or solids produced by the thermal decomposition
- the (nano) mineral particles can be of varied nature and of natural or synthetic origin.
- they may be oxides or mixed oxides, for example (nano) particles of triphylite and / or LiFePC, (nano) cerium oxide particles Ce0 2 , (nano) particles of doped cerium ( Ceo 8 Zro 2 O 2, Ceo 8 Smo 2 O 2 ), clay minerals and advantageously, anionic or cationic lamellar minerals having one or more non-zero valency element (s).
- the (nano) mineral particles are (nano) particles of Lamellar Double Hydroxides (HDLs).
- HDLs can be of the Mg / Al-Fe or Mg / Fe type, and preferentially of the Mg / Fe 4/2, Mg / Fe 6/2, Mg / Fe 8/2 type.
- the mineral particles are not particles of LiFePO 4 .
- the size of the (nano) mineral particles may be of the order of 10 mm to 10 nm, advantageously from 100 ⁇ m to 50 nm and more particularly from 5 ⁇ m to 50 nm.
- the size distribution of these (nano) particles is advantageously homogeneous, that is to say that the diameter of the (nano) particles varies at most 50% relative to the average diameter of the (nano) particle population, preferentially 20%, even more preferably 10%.
- the control of the Dispersion of the size of (nano) mineral particles can be achieved by laser granulometry.
- the control can be performed by electron microscopy.
- the synthesis step comprises a step of obtaining a homogenized suspension of (nano) mineral particles dispersed in a liquid.
- the liquid is a solvent of the carbon precursor.
- the carbon precursor is capable of gelling when placed in contact with a liquid.
- the carbon precursor may advantageously be a polysaccharide such as agarose, starch, chitin, guar gum, alginate, sucrose, cellulose acetate, pectin, a protein or a mixture of proteins such as gelatin, or a mixture thereof.
- the carbon precursor is not amylopectin.
- the carbon precursor is agarose.
- the carbon precursor has a molar mass of between 50 and 250,000 g. mol -1 , more preferably between 50 and 50,000 g. mol -1 , limits excluded, more advantageously between 60 and 35,000 g. mol -1 , limits excluded, more advantageously between 100 and 2000 g. mol -1 , limits excluded, even more optional between 300 and 1000 g. mol -1 , limits excluded.
- the use of low molecular weight molecules makes it possible to obtain degradation of the carbon precursor at lower temperatures.
- the viscosity of the gel may vary, but preferably it may be so high that the organic-inorganic mixed gel does not flow under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. More preferably, the viscosity of the mixed gel is sufficiently high that it does not deform by simple action of gravity.
- the organic-mineral mixed gel is a gel in which the (nano) mineral particles in suspension are preferentially distributed homogeneously in the gel, that is to say that the (nano) mineral particles are distributed substantially identically throughout the gel volume thus obtained. It depends on the ratio between the size of the (nano) mineral particles and that of the carbon particles.
- the carbon particles can be (nano) particles. This homogeneity can be controlled by scanning electron microscopy analysis, in particular by the backscattered electron technique or by EDS mapping.
- the preferred range of heat treatment temperatures can be determined by thermogravimetry.
- the resulting thermogram can make it possible to determine a range of optimum decomposition temperatures of the precursor of the carbon particles, preferably a range of temperatures allowing the precursor to be decomposed with a yield of between 80 and 100%, more preferably a range of temperatures allowing to decompose the precursor with a yield of between 90 and 100% and more preferably a range of temperatures leading to the total decomposition of the precursor into inorganic carbon particles. This method of determination is also part of the invention.
- the maximum thermal treatment temperature can be determined by the stability limit of said mineral which can be determined by thermogravimetry by following the decomposition phenomena of said mineral. This method is also an object of the invention. At this temperature can be subtracted 5 ° C, preferably 10 ° C and more preferably 15 ° C, the stability range to ensure the preservation of said mineral (i) (nano) mineral particles implemented in said process or (ii) ) a precursor of the (nano) mineral particles subsequently used in the electrochemical processes.
- precursor of (nano) mineral particles is meant any mineral which, suspended in an electrolyte, leads (i) to the formation of a mineral of interest to be used in the electrochemical processes or (ii) to the regeneration of the mineral used in the said process coating and thermally decomposed.
- the cited case (i) corresponds, for example, to the implementation in said process of amorphous mixed oxides which, introduced into an electrolyte, make it possible to obtain HDLs, for example (nano) mixed oxide particles.
- amorphs Mg 4 Fe 2 O 7 which, introduced in NaHCO 3 / Na 2 CO 3 buffer at pH 10, make it possible to obtain HDLs of the Mg 4 Fe 2 (CO 3 ) (OH) 2 , 4H 2 O type.
- cited case (ii) corresponds, for example, to the implementation in said method of (nano) particles of HDLs, such as for example (nano) particles of Mg Fe 2 (CO 3 ) (OH) i 2 , 4H 2
- (nano) particles of Mg Fe 2 (CO 3 ) (OH) i 2 , 4H 2 which, by heat treatment greater than 250 ° C., decompose into an amorphous mixed oxide Mg Fe 2 O 7 and which, dissolved in an electrolyte, for example NaHCO 3 / Na 2 CO 3 at pH 10, allow the regeneration of Mg Fe 2 (C0 3 ) (OH) i 2 , 4H 2 O HDLs as described in PCT application WO2006090069.
- the heat treatment temperature of the organic-mineral mixed gel results from a compromise between (i) the decomposition of the carbon precursor as previously described and the thermal stability domain of the (nano) inorganic particles used, or between (ii) the decomposition of the carbon precursor as previously described and the thermal stability domain of a precursor of the (nano) mineral particles subsequently used in the electrochemical processes.
- the choice of the precursor of the inorganic carbon particles can be conditioned by the thermal stability domain of the treated mineral (nano) particles insofar as the temperatures of the domain must allow the total or partial decomposition of the carbon precursor, such as as previously described.
- the heat treatment temperature of the organic-inorganic mixed gel must allow the total or partial decomposition of the carbonaceous precursor into inorganic carbon particles, in line with (i) the stability domain of the (nano) mineral particles or (ii) ) precursors of the (nano) mineral particles.
- the heat treatment such as heating, is conducted between 260 ° C and 500 ° C to result in a complete decomposition of the carbon precursor.
- the heat treatment is not carried out in the presence of a carbon-free reducing agent chosen from the list comprising hydrazine and its derivatives and hydoxylamine and its derivatives.
- the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature ranging from 180 ° C to 450 ° C, more preferably from 190 to 350 ° C, and even more preferably at a temperature ranging from 280 ° C to 300 ° C. This temperature can be maintained for a period of between 2 and 12 hours, ideally 4 hours.
- the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature ranging from 180 ° C to 450 ° C, preferably from 190 to 350 ° C, even more preferably from 280 to 300 ° C, and more preferably at 300 ° C. Alternatively, it is not carried out at 300 ° C. It is advantageously carried out at a temperature ranging from 180 ° C. to 300 ° C., excluded limits, preferably between 185 ° C. and 275 ° C., more preferably between 190 ° C. and 250 ° C., more preferably at 200 ° C. .
- the heat treatment may also be carried out under a slight vacuum (10 1 to 10 -2 mbar obtained, for example with a vane pump). This makes it possible to reduce the decomposition temperature of the carbon precursor. It is thus possible to obtain the decomposition of the molecule by heat treatment at temperatures below 300.degree. C., in particular 200.degree. C., even for large carbon precursor molecules, such as guar gum.
- the heat treatment is carried out in an oven.
- the thermal treatment step of the organic-mineral mixed gel may be preceded by a step of synthesis of the organic-inorganic mixed gel.
- the mixture of the carbon precursor and the (nano) inorganic particles may be carried out in the presence of a solvent of the carbon precursor and under conditions which subsequently allow gelling.
- the (nano) inorganic particles are distributed homogeneously in the gel.
- the (nano) inorganic particles may be dispersed in a liquid which may be the solvent of the carbon precursor. If this liquid is not the solvent of the carbon precursor, it will be necessary for the two liquids to be miscible.
- the liquid in which the (nano) mineral particles are dispersed can be aqueous or organic provided that the interaction of the solvent with the (nano) mineral particles allows both the obtaining of an organic gel from the precursor of the carbonaceous particles and the maintenance of the physicochemical properties of solids. Maintaining the physicochemical properties must be effective during the step of contacting the solvent and the (nano) mineral particles but also during the heat treatment step. The heat treatment must, in fact, allow the evaporation or decomposition of the solvent at temperatures compatible with the field of existence of the (nano) mineral particles.
- the liquid solvent is preferably water.
- the homogenized suspension consists of (nano) inorganic particles preserved at the end of their synthesis in the form of a suspension whose concentration is between 10 g / l and 400 g / l, or more than 400 g / l , also called "pulp", so as to have (nano) non-agglomerated solid particles (preferably having a homogeneous particle size distribution).
- the homogenized suspension can also be obtained by mixing mineral (nano) particles (preferably having a homogeneous particle size distribution) and the solvent.
- mixing can be carried out by applying, in a combined or sequential manner, at least:
- these steps are applied in a combined manner. These sequences can be repeated and the number of sequences by ultrasound and agitation is two to six, for example three.
- the homogenized suspension can be obtained under normal conditions of pressure and temperature (atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature of between 19 and 26 ° C., approximately 20 ° C.).
- the mixture of the homogenized suspension of (nano) mineral particles in a solvent with the carbon precursor is carried out in a water bath at a first temperature ranging from 25 to 60 ° C, preferably ranging from 30 to 50 ° C, even more preferably 40 ° C.
- this first step of heating the suspension comprising the (nano) mineral particles is carried out once the homogenization step carried out.
- the carbon precursor is introduced and the whole is kept stirred to allow sufficient dispersion of the carbon precursor.
- stirring is maintained for 30 minutes until complete dissolution of the carbon precursor.
- the gelation of the mixture can be initiated.
- This gelation can be performed by gradually raising, with stirring, the temperature of the mixture to a second temperature at least equal to 75 ° C, and preferably up to 80 ° C.
- the temperature to be reached is less than or equal to the boiling point of the liquid solvent.
- the gradual rise in temperature can be carried out for example by increasing the temperature in successive steps of 10 ° C every 2 minutes.
- the gelation is obtained by cooling to room temperature suspension of (nano) mineral particles in the agarose solution.
- Desiccation may also be completed or conducted by heating in an oven and in particular in conjunction with the heat treatment step (eg pyrolysis).
- the desiccation step of the gel can be carried out by lyophilization (cold drying by sublimation of water) in such a way as to maintain a porous and structured carbonaceous structure, prior to the heat treatment stage (heating) .
- the lyophilization procedure is carried out after a step of freezing the mixed-organic-mineral gel. This step is carried out in a freezer at -80 ° C for a period of between 30 minutes and 12 hours.
- the lyophilization step may, for example, be carried out for a period of between 2 minutes and 12 hours at -90 ° C.
- the lyophilization procedure should be optimized according to the power of the lyophilizer used.
- the desiccation / heat treatment protocol can be conducted by treatment with microwave radiation. This procedure can be carried out by applying a power of between 0.2 and 4 kW for a period of time. between 2 and 30 minutes, preferably.
- the invention also relates to the composite material comprising (nano) inorganic particles coated with carbon that can be obtained by the process described above.
- the composite material comprising (nano) mineral particles coated with carbon, within the meaning of the invention, is for example characterized by a homogeneous distribution of carbon and elements constituting the mineral particle. This can be demonstrated, for example, by elementary mapping carried out by energy dispersion spectroscopy, also called “energy dispersive analysis” (EDS).
- EDS energy dispersive analysis
- the composite material according to the invention comprises in particular a binary homogeneous mixture of (nano) inorganic particles and carbon particles, having a porous structure.
- the porous structure of the composite material is preferably spongiform.
- the (nano) mineral particles have, at least, a redox constitutive element and an intrinsic or induced ion exchange capacity.
- the (nano) inorganic particles are (nano) lamellar particles, preferably (nano) particles of clays and more preferably (nano) particles of anionic clays, HDL.
- the composite material has a porous structure.
- the pore size ranges from 0.05 to 800 ⁇ m, preferably from 2 to 500 ⁇ m and more preferably from 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the composite material according to the invention can be used in electrochemical processes and / or devices.
- its particular structure makes it possible to improve the conduction of the electrons when the composite material is placed in intimate contact with the surface of an electrode.
- the composite material may also constitute in itself the working surface of the electrode.
- treatment process for industrial effluents for example treatment of effluents resulting from the surface treatment of metals, aiming to concentrate metallic resources in order to valorize them, for example for the ideally selective recovery of chromium or zinc in solution,
- the composite material could be used for the implementation of electrochemical processes, for the manufacture of electrodes, flow batteries, fuel cells or devices for detecting or dosing one or more chemical species. or biological. These uses are also objects of the invention.
- FIG. 1 is a photograph obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using the secondary electrons (SE) technique, of a sub-nanometric HDL powder obtained according to the protocol described in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using the secondary electrons (SE) technique, of an agarose gel obtained during the process of Example 2 according to the invention, in the absence of (nano) mineral particles, after drying for 2 hours at 60 ° C.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- SE secondary electrons
- FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c are three photographs obtained by scanning electron microscopy of a mixed organic-mineral gel containing an intimate mixture of agarose and (nano) inorganic particles of HDL Mg / Fe, obtained according to the protocol described in FIG. Example 2 according to the invention.
- Figure 3a is an overview and Figures 3b and 3c are enlargements.
- FIG. 4 shows a photograph obtained by scanning electron microscopy of a gel containing an intimate mixture of agarose and (nano) HDL Mg / Fe mineral particles, after heat treatment at 200 ° C., obtained according to the protocol described in FIG. Example 2 of the invention.
- FIG. 5 shows an elemental map (C, Mg, O and Fe) carried out on the same gel as that of FIG. 4, containing an intimate mixture of agarose and (nano) mineral particles of HDL Mg / Fe, after treatment thermal at 200 ° C, obtained according to the protocol described in Example 2 of the invention. Mapping was performed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis.
- Figure 6a shows a control diffractogram obtained by X-ray diffraction of HDL as synthesized in Example 1.
- FIG. 6b shows a diffractogram obtained by X-ray diffraction of the product of the invention obtained in Example 2.
- FIG. 7 shows a thermogram of an agarose gel obtained during the process of example 2 according to the invention, in the absence of (nano) mineral particles.
- a sub-nanometer HDL powder of the Mg / Fe 6/2 type whose (nano) particles are not covered with carbon was used to make a comparison with the powder obtained by the process according to the invention to ensure that the coating process does not modify the internal crystalline structure of the mineral used.
- This pH controlled, for example, using a pH-meter WTW 196 sold by the company Grosseron and a combined microelectrode pH electrode InLab ®, micro marketed by Mettler-Toledo under the reference P0272L50S2A001, allows the precipitation and crystallization of HDLs Mg / Fe.
- the pH value for precipitation and crystallization of HDLs depends on the constituent elements of HDL, and is between 8 and 12; for example: pH 8 for HDLs Mg / Fe and pH 12 for HDLs Mg / AI.
- the precipitate of crystallized HDL was distributed in five tubes of a volume 200 ml, each made of a semi-permeable cellulose membrane with a porosity of 6-8000 Daltons of Sprectra brand / Por. Each tube thus prepared was closed at each of its two ends to form a dialysis rod. The precipitate thus introduced into the flange was washed by dialysis in deionized water for 5 days with stirring using a magnetic bar with daily renewal of all the deionized water. The product thus washed was then put to dry in an oven at 40 ° C for 12h. A sub-nanometric powder was obtained whose particle size was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi S4500) - J Mater Sci (2013) 48: 5273-5279.
- the product can also undergo freezing and lyophilization steps to obtain particles whose morphology, obtained during the synthesis steps, is preserved.
- the freezing step is to freeze a suspension mass for 24 hours at -80 ° C.
- This step may be followed by a lyophilization step (vacuum drying) which consists in subliming the water contained in the frozen mass, by drawing under vacuum, at a pressure of 0.02 mbar for 12 hours.
- This step can be performed using a Christ Alpha 2-4 LSC plus freeze-dryer.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the morphology visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using the secondary electrons (SE) technique, of the subnanometric HDL Mg / Fe powder thus obtained.
- the image obtained consists of two particulate entities that are distinguished by their size.
- the smallest (nano) particles have a size ranging from 50 nm to 200 nm.
- the largest (nano) particles have a size of 4pm.
- These are agglomerates consisting of (nano) smaller particles ranging in size from 50 to 200 nm. These agglomerates are generated during the drying step. They can be avoided by preserving the mineral, at the end of the washing, in the form of a suspension called pulp or paste.
- the suspension, of mineral particles, potentially sub-nanometric can take the appearance of a pulp, that is to say a suspension retaining flowability properties, or a paste that is to say a suspension having lost any flowability property.
- This precaution can allow according to the method to obtain a homogeneous composite material as described above.
- the (nano) particles can be treated as described above, and by not performing the drying step.
- the suspension, pulp or paste whose solid concentration is greater than or equal to 400 g / l, is maintained and stored in polyethylene bottles at room temperature. This storage route allows easy manipulation of the synthesized solids, generally in the form of nanoparticles, potentially sub-nanometric.
- nanometric particles of HDLs synthesized in Example 1 were suspended in demineralized water at a rate of 200 g of powder per liter of demineralized water under normal conditions of pressure and temperature (ambient T.sub. C and P atm ). These nanoparticles are indifferently the sub-particles nanoscale presented in the form of powder in Figure 1, or nanoparticles, potentially sub-nanometric, from the pulp or pulp.
- the dispersion of the nanoparticles was ensured by a sequence alternating ultrasound treatment at 30 Hertz for 30 minutes and stirring using a magnetic bar lasting 30 minutes.
- the dispersion of the (nano) mineral particles was controlled by laser granulometry on a Mastersize S long bed granulometer from Malvern Instruments SARL (University Club Park, 30 Rue Jean Rostand, 91893 Orsay Cedex, France ), suitable for measuring particle sizes in a range of 0.05 ⁇ m to 880 ⁇ m.
- a repetition of dispersion sequences by ultrasound and particle size control was carried out until an intrinsic particle size distribution with HDL and constant on the occasion of three successive measurements, characteristic of an optimized dispersion, ie corresponding a dispersion whose average diameter is close to 20 pm.
- the number of ultrasonic cycles / mechanical stirring was 3.
- the homogenized aqueous suspension of (nano) inorganic particles thus obtained was then heated to reach a temperature of 40 ° C.
- FIG. 3 presents a SEM image of the mixed gel obtained by mixing mineral particles originating from the pulp and the carbon precursor.
- the size of the composite nodules obtained is close to 1 ⁇ m, confirming the good state of dispersion of the HDL system in the carbon precursor.
- the state of dispersion (homogeneity) of the (nano) particles in the gel, presented in FIG. 3) was confirmed by EDS analysis of the gel after heat treatment, presented in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the temperature of the suspension was gradually raised to 80 ° C., that is to say in successive steps of 10 ° C. every 2 minutes, stirring with a magnetic stirrer.
- the increase in temperature has been carried out so as to make it possible to obtain a mixed organic-mineral gel which, after lowering the temperature to room temperature, because of its high viscosity, can not flow and does not deform by simple action of gravity.
- Figure 2 illustrates the morphology characterized by microscopy scanning electron (SEM), using the technique of secondary electrons (SE), an agarose gel obtained according to the protocol described in Example 2, in the absence of (nano) mineral particles. To facilitate the production of the photographs, the gel was previously dried at 60 ° C. for 2 hours.
- SEM microscopy scanning electron
- SE secondary electrons
- Figure 3-a shows an overview of the organic / inorganic gel thus obtained.
- the texture of the agarose gel alone is found in this mixture.
- Figures 3-b and 3-c show zoomed views of the mixture.
- the gel was previously dried at 60 ° C. for 2 hours.
- These photographs illustrate perfectly the coating of the (nano) mineral particles by the agarose gel.
- the (nano) coated particles form nodules whose size is between 800nm and 2pm.
- the dimensions of the nodules highlighted on these plates demonstrate the homogeneous dispersion of (nano) HDL particles in the agarose gel. In fact, the size of the nodules is greater than the size of the (nano) elementary particles in the HDL powder presented in FIG.
- the texture of the gel is identical to that of a gel made from the same colloidal substance, in which (nano) inorganic particles have not been introduced.
- the scanning electron microscopy of an organic-inorganic mixed gel the (nano) mineral particles are homogeneously dispersed in the gel, which is demonstrated by the size of the nodules that (nano) particles form with the gel.
- FIG. 4 shows a photograph obtained by scanning electron microscopy of the gel containing an intimate mixture of agarose and (nano) mineral particles of HDL Mg / Fe pyrolyzed at 200 ° C., obtained according to the protocol described in Example 2 of the invention, from mineral particles from the pulp.
- This picture shows crater-like structures, resulting from the bursting of the nodules previously illustrated in the photographs of Figure 3, under the effect of temperature.
- FIG. 5 shows an elemental map (C, Mg, O and Fe) made on this same gel containing an intimate mixture of agarose and (nano) HDL Mg / Fe mineral particles, after heat treatment at 200 ° C., obtained according to the protocol described in Example 2 of the invention.
- the mapping was performed by 25kV energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) analysis.
- iron is not limited to the periphery of the craters. This element appears homogeneously distributed over the entire sample, both on the edges and the crater bottoms. Indeed, iron is a relatively high molecular weight element. As a result, its response under the beam is assured even at the bottom of the craters. Mg, O and C have a lower molecular weight. As a result, the carbon resulting from the heat treatment of the agarose gel appears distributed homogeneously around the periphery of the craters generated by the heat treatment. It is the same for the elements Mg and O constituting the HDL. For these elements of lower molar mass, only those which outcrop on the surface are visible.
- FIGS. 6a and 6b show the results of the X-ray diffraction characterization of the HDL powder of Example 1 (FIG. 6a) and of the compound according to the invention resulting from the treatment at 200 ° C. of the intimate gel mixture.
- agarose and HDL of Example 2 made from mineral particles from the pulp.
- the diffractogram of FIG. 6a (HDL as synthesized, not having been subjected to the process according to the invention) has the characteristic peaks of the crystal structure of the HDLs.
- pyroaurite Mg 6 Fe 2 (OH) 6 (CO 3 ), (4H 2 O), at 13, 27, 40, 45, 53, 70 and 72 ° in 2 Q (theta)
- the diffractogram of FIG. 6b (product resulting from the treatment of HDLs by the process according to the invention) has the same characteristic peaks of pyroaurite. This demonstrates that the structure of the HDL is preserved after the heat treatment at 200 ° C. However, it is characterized by the presence of a diffusion hump, that is to say a modification of the background noise ranging from 10 to 80 degrees in 2 Q (theta), attributed to the presence of a phase carbonaceous amorph obtained by thermal treatment of agarose.
- the mineralogical characterization carried out by X-ray diffraction of (nano) coated particles makes it possible to confirm the persistence of the (nano) mineral particles initially introduced into the mixture.
- the invention is not limited to the embodiments presented and other embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Particularly when a characteristic of the method, material or use according to the invention is described as comprising an element, the invention also relates to the characteristic consisting essentially, or consisting of, this element. Thus, the dialysis can be carried out in membranes of brands other than Spectra / Por, having the same characteristics.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1850596A FR3077012B1 (fr) | 2018-01-25 | 2018-01-25 | Procede d'obtention de (nano)particules minerales enrobees de carbone |
| PCT/EP2019/051883 WO2019145492A1 (fr) | 2018-01-25 | 2019-01-25 | Procede d'obtention de particules minerales enrobees de carbone |
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| EP3743375A1 true EP3743375A1 (fr) | 2020-12-02 |
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| EP19702234.6A Pending EP3743375A1 (fr) | 2018-01-25 | 2019-01-25 | Procede d'obtention de particules minerales enrobees de carbone |
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| EP (1) | EP3743375A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3077012B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2019145492A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| FR2882549B1 (fr) | 2005-02-25 | 2007-05-11 | Rech S Geol Et Minieres Brgmet | Procede de synthese en phase aqueuse de composes de type hydroxydes doubles lamellaires |
| FR2893516B1 (fr) | 2005-11-18 | 2008-01-11 | Rech S Geol Et Minieres Brgmet | Procede de separation/purification d'un melange de gaz |
| JP5886193B2 (ja) * | 2009-06-24 | 2016-03-16 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | LiFePO4−炭素合成物を製造するための方法 |
| KR101586556B1 (ko) * | 2013-01-10 | 2016-01-20 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 탄소 코팅 리튬 인산철 나노분말 제조방법 |
| WO2016207827A1 (fr) * | 2015-06-23 | 2016-12-29 | University Of South Africa | Procédé sol-gel pour lifepo4/c nanométrique destiné à des batteries haute performance au lithium-ion |
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Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| PRINCE JULIA ET AL: "Proposed General Sol-Gel Method to Prepare Multimetallic Layered Double Hydroxides: Synthesis, Characterization, and Envisaged Application", CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, vol. 21, no. 24, 20 November 2009 (2009-11-20), US, pages 5826 - 5835, XP093321990, ISSN: 0897-4756, DOI: 10.1021/cm902741c * |
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| FR3077012A1 (fr) | 2019-07-26 |
| WO2019145492A1 (fr) | 2019-08-01 |
| FR3077012B1 (fr) | 2020-01-03 |
| WO2019145492A9 (fr) | 2019-10-17 |
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