Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C305/00—Esters of sulfuric acids
  • C07C305/02—Esters of sulfuric acids having oxygen atoms of sulfate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C305/04—Esters of sulfuric acids having oxygen atoms of sulfate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C229/00—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/02—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/04—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
  • C07C229/06—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one amino and one carboxyl group bound to the carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/10—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one amino and one carboxyl group bound to the carbon skeleton the nitrogen atom of the amino group being further bound to acyclic carbon atoms or to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C229/12—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one amino and one carboxyl group bound to the carbon skeleton the nitrogen atom of the amino group being further bound to acyclic carbon atoms or to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings to carbon atoms of acyclic carbon skeletons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/54—Quaternary phosphonium compounds
  • C07F9/5407—Acyclic saturated phosphonium compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a zwitterionic pillararene derivative according to the preamble of claim 1 , to a nanoparticle comprising such zwitterionic pillararene derivative according to the preamble of claim 6, to in vitro and in vivo uses according to the preambles of claims 7 and 9 as well as to a method for manufacturing such a zwitterionic pillararene derivative according to the preamble of claim 15.
• biofilm-associated infections which account for over 80 percent of microbial infections in the body, make the situation worse in combating pathogenic agents. The less effective agents remain, the more difficult it becomes to treat biofilm-enclosed bacteria. The resulting biofilms are able to cause severe infections in the bloodstream, leading to increased patient morbidity and medical expenses.
• Antimicrobial agents based on small molecules developed so far have shown strong ability to combat planktonic bacteria and prevent biofilm formation. 4a 4b
• 4a 4b currently there are limited works about small molecules that can efficiently and specifically deal with pre-existing biofilms. 5a 5b Therefore, one of the big challenges in industry, agriculture and clinical medicine is how to effectively treat bacterial infections and biofilm-associated diseases.
• Antibiotics isolated from nature or prepared through chemical synthesis, quaternary ammonium compounds and other antibacterial agents have been widely used to combat the bacterial infections problem. 6
• the pace of antibiotic discovery is still far too slow.
• antimicrobial peptides, 6 cationic polymers, 7 nanoparticles 8 and photothermal/photodynamic agents 9a 9b have been designed and used to replace conventional antibiotics to decrease the possibility of antibiotic resistance.
• Considerable efforts have been made with respect to the development of antibacterial nanomaterials as complementary to antibiotics due to their high surface area to volume ratio, and their unique physical and chemical properties. 10
• Pillararenes as a burgeoning macrocycle species, have attracted much attention recently due to their particular pillar-shaped architectures and potentials in the preparation of functional assemblies used in different areas. 13a 13b
• the self-assemblies of pillararenes have rarely been used in controlling the biological function of chemical molecules, especially in the field of combating bacteria.
• Hou and co-workers designed a pillar[5]arene with peptides as a transmembrane channel that can insert into the lipid bilayer of Gram-positive bacteria to show antimicrobial activity. 153 15b
• the existing pillar[5]arenes designed for antibacterial purpose still have some challenges in facing planktonic bacteria and biofilm-matrix bacteria.
• WO 2017/025951 A1 discloses cationic pillar[n]arenes, in particular positively charged poly ammonium, poly-phosphonium and poly-imidazolium pillar[5-6]arene derivatives, capable of inhibiting or preventing biofilm formation, and facilitating existing biofilm decomposition.
• This object is achieved by a zwitterionic pillararene derivative having the features explained in claim 1 .
• Such zwitterionic pillararene derivative has a structure according to general formula
• D is 0S0 3 “ Y + , S0 3 “ Y + , or C0 2 “ Y + ,
• E is CH 3 or CH 2 -CH 3 ,
• X is Cl or Br
• Y is Na or K
• Z is N or P
• h is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10,
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, and
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.
• This zwitterionic pillar[h]arene demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and drug-resistant bacteria. Besides, it exhibited excellent antiseptic ability against young and mature biofilms. In addition, after transferring the zwitterionic pillar[h]arene to a filter paper (zone of inhibition test), it showed durable and highly antibacterial effects against bacterial colonies.
• pillararenes known from prior art were only active against Gram-positive bacteria, it was very surprising that the zwitterionic pillararenes described herein were also active against Gram-negative bacteria and drug-resistant bacteria. Additionally, the zwitterionic pillararenes exhibited their anti-bacterial activity already at very low concentrations. They were able to destroy pre-existing biofilms and bacterial colonies. These findings are particularly surprising since zwitterionic compounds are usually known to be bioinert. Thus, the inventors could not expect the achieved result.
• the new class of molecules is structurally distinct from the pillararene structures reported in literature 14a 14b 15a 15b .
• residue R corresponds to any of the following structures:
• h is 5 or 6.
• the zwitterionic pillararene derivative is a pillar[5]arene or a pillar[6]arene, respectively.
• a pillar[5]arene is particular appropriate.
• E is CH2-CH3. Then, the residue Z (i.e., the nitrogen or phosphor atom) is substituted by two ethylene residues.
• D is 0S0 3 “ Y + .
• the zwitterionic pillararene derivative is a sulfonate.
• a particular appropriate zwitterionic pillararene derivative comprises residue R corresponding to the following structure:
• Another particular appropriate zwitterionic pillararene derivative comprises a residue R corresponding to the following structure:
• Another particular appropriate zwitterionic pillararene derivative comprises a residue R corresponding to the following structure:
• Another particular appropriate zwitterionic pillararene derivative comprises a residue R corresponding to the following structure:
• All of the before-mentioned residues R are, in an embodiment, part of a pillar[5]arene or a pillar[6]arene, in particular of a pillar[5]arene.
• the present invention also relates to a nanoparticle comprising a plurality of zwitterionic pillararene derivative molecules according to the preceding explanations.
• a nanoparticle has a micelle-like structure. It turned out that the zwitterionic pillararene derivatives self-assemble (or aggregate) into such nanoparticles.
• the present invention also relates to the use of a zwitterionic pillararene derivative or of a nanoparticle according to the preceding explanations as anti-biofilm compound and/or as antibacterial compound.
• This use particularly refers to an in vitro use.
• the anti-biofilm compound is used for providing a substrate with biofilm- inhibiting properties.
• a substrate can be coated or otherwise provided with the zwitterionic pillararene derivative or the nanoparticle in an industrial process. The substrate can then be stored until it shall be used. Generally, the substrate can be used for different purposes, such as in vitro or in vivo purposes.
• the invention relates to method for preparing an anti-biofilm compound and/or an antibacterial compound by using a zwitterionic pillararene derivative or a nanoparticle according to the preceding explanations as active ingredient for promoting the anti-biofilm properties and/or antibacterial properties of the substrate.
• anti-biofilm relates to an activity against an established biofilm, i.e., a pre-existing or pre-fabricated biofilm.
• An established biofilm is, in an embodiment, a structure having a defined architecture and comprising microbial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).
• EPS extracellular polymeric substances
• An established biofilm typically provides an appropriate environment for an exchange of genetic material between microbial cells in the biofilm.
• the present invention relates to the first medical use of a zwitterionic pillararene derivative or a nanoparticle according to the preceding explanations as medicament.
• the medicament is an anti-biofilm medicament and/or an antibacterial medicament.
• the present invention relates to a method for treating a human or an animal in need thereof with a compound comprising a zwitterionic pillararene derivative or a nanoparticle according to the preceding explanations to prevent, inhibit and/or ameliorate a bacterial infection, to prevent the formation of a biofilm, to inhibit and/or ameliorate the growth of an existing biofilm, and/or to destroy and/or reduce an already formed biofilm.
• the animal is a mammal, in particular a rodent.
• the invention also relates to an article (an item) comprising a matrix.
• This matrix comprises at least two constituents, namely a matrix material on the one hand and a zwitterionic pillararene derivative or a nanoparticle according to the preceding explanations on the other hand. Due to the presence of the zwitterionic pillararene derivative or the nanoparticle in or on the matrix, the matrix and therewith the whole article exhibits the properties provided by the zwitterionic pillararene derivative or the nanoparticle.
• the zwitterionic pillararene derivative or the nanoparticle is embedded into the matrix material.
• a certain portion of the embedded zwitterionic pillararene derivative or the embedded nanoparticle is present on the surface of the matrix material and can thus interact with substances getting into contact with the surface of the matrix material.
• the zwitterionic pillararene derivative or the nanoparticle is additionally or alternatively coated onto a surface of the matrix material. Then, the concentration of the zwitterionic pillararene derivative or the nanoparticle on the surface of the matrix material can be adjusted as needed. In particular, higher surface concentrations of zwitterionic pillararene derivative or nanoparticle can often be achieved by coating than by embedding.
• the article is intended to be in contact with a human or animal body or a human or animal body fluid for a period of time lasting at least 6 hours, in particular at least 12 hours, in particular at least 24 hours, in particular at least 2 days, in particular at least 3 days, in particular at least 5 days, in particular at least 7 days, in particular at least 10 days, in particular at least 14 days, in particular at least 1 month, in particular at least 2 months, in particular at least 6 months, in particular at least 1 year, in particular at least 2 years, in particular at least 5 years, in particular at least 10 years.
• the first period of time last between 6 hours and 10 years or any other time interval that can be built up from the before-mentioned lower limits of the period of time (e.g., 12 hours to 5 years, 7 days to 2 years etc.).
• the article is a stent, a prosthesis, an implant, a hose, a catheter, a bag or a medical device used in connection to infuse a substance to a human or an animal or to withdraw the body fluid from a human or an animal.
• a medical device can be, in an embodiment, a port, a needle, a syringe or parts and fittings thereof.
• the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a zwitterionic pillararene derivative according to the preceding explanations.
• a zwitterionic pillar[h]arene can be prepared by a one-step reaction based on a basic pillararene framework.
• the manufacturing method comprises the following step: reacting a compound of general formula (II)
• E is CH 3 or CH 2 -CH 3 ,
• Z is N or P
• h is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10
• n 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, with a compound of general formula (III) wherein
• D is 0S0 3 “ Y + , S0 3 “ Y + , or C0 2 - Y + ,
• X is Cl or Br
• Y is Na or K
• n is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, to obtain a zwitterionic pillararene derivative having a structure according to general formula (I) explained above.
• the reaction is carried out during a reaction period of several days (in particular 1 to 6 days, in particular 2 to 5 days, in particular 3 to 4 days). In an embodiment, the reaction is carried out at room temperature.
• Organic solvents such as dimethyl formamide (DMF) are particular appropriate solvents.
• zwitterionic pillar[5]arene can be easily manufactured by mixing 1 equivalent of the pillar[5]arene derivative (M1 ) and 20 equivalents of sodium 6-chlorohexyl sulfate (M4) in DMF. After a reaction period of several days (in particular 1 to 6 days, in particular 2 to 5 days, in particular 3 to 4 days) at 90 °C, the zwitterionic pillar[5]arene (ZW-PA) results. This reaction is shown in the following sheme:
• Embodiments of the described zwitterionic pillararene derivative can be transferred in any desired combination to the described nanoparticle, to the described medical and uses non-medical uses and methods as well as to the described article, and in each case vice versa.
• Figure 1 A shows the structure and schematic representations of ZW-PA
• Figure 1 B shows the structure of ampicillin and of four model compounds M1 to M4 serving as control compositions
• Figure 1 C shows the antibacterial ability of ZW-PA against E.coli (plot (a)), S. aureus (plot (b)) and kanamycin-resistant E. coli (plot (c));
• Figure 2A shows the behavior of E. coli biofilms grown for 1 day, 3 days or 5 days in response to a treatment with PBS, ampicillin and ZW-PA nanoparticles for 24 h;
• Figure 2B shows the behavior of E. coli biofilms grown for 1 day, 3 days or 5 days in response to a treatment with PBS, polymyxin B and ZW-PA nanoparticles for 24 h;
• Figure 2C shows a quantitative evaluation of the results shown in Figure 2B
• Figure 3A shows the behavior of E. coli biofilms grown for 1 day in response to a treatment with PBS, ampicillin and ZW-PA nanoparticles for 24 h, 72 h or 120 h;
• Figure 3B shows the behavior of E. coli biofilms grown for 1 day in response to a treatment with PBS, polymyxin B and ZW-PA nanoparticles for 24 h, 72 h or 120 h;
• Figure 3C shows a quantitative evaluation of the results shown in Figure 3B
• Figure 4 shows the ability of ZW-PA to inhibit biofilm formation
• Figure 5 shows the ability of ZW-PA to eradicate an already formed biofilm
• Figure 6 shows a comparison between the antibacterial ability of ZW-PA and that of the model compounds M1 , M2, M3 and M4 of Figure 1 B against E. coli.
• a pillar[5]arene corresponding to the following structure was manufactured as zwitterionic pillararene derivative:
• ZW-PA zwitterionic pillar[5]arene
• polymyxin B was used in a concentration of 20 mM as positive control against E. coli (DH5a) and datomycin was used in a concentration of 20 mM as positive control against S. aureus (SH1000). Like in the case of ampicillin, no bacteria could be observed in these positive controls.
• Polymyxins are cationic, basic peptides that act like detergents. They can bind to the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and alter its structure, making it more permeable. The resulting water uptake leads to cell death. Daptomycin shows specific binding selectivity to the bilayer of Gram-positive bacteria. The molecule can efficiently form transmembrane channels in the bilayer of the bacteria and lead to the depolarization of the cell membrane, resulting in its high efficiency in killing bacteria.
• plots (m)-(r) represent the resulting biofilms of different stages after incubation with ZW-PA nanoparticles for 24 h.
• plot (n) almost all the cells from top to bottom in the biofilm were killed by ZW-PA nanoparticles (almost all cells are stained red).
• ZW-PA exhibited much better anti-biofilm ability than the same concentration of ampicillin.
• ZW- PA nanoparticles could still efficiently kill the cells in the biofilm matrix and reduce the cell density ( Figure 2A, plot (q)).
• ZW-PA could not entirely destroy the whole biofilm, as there were still 15 pm of biofilm remaining (see Figure 2, plot (r)).
• ZW-PA nanoparticles revealed much better anti-biofilm ability than ampicillin.
• Figure 2B shows similar experimental data as Figure 2A, but with polymyxin B instead of ampicillin as positive control.
• the scale bars in all plots of Figure 2B represent 50 pm.
• Figure 2B, plots (a), (b) and (c) correspond to Figure 2A, plots (a), (c) and (e).
• Figure 2B, plots (d), (e) and (f) correspond to Figure 2A, plots (m), (o) and (q).
• the positive controls with 200 pM polymyxin B are shown in Figure 2B, plots (g), (h) and (i).
• Polymyxin B treatment of a one-day old culture ( Figure 2B, plot (g)) led to many cells stained green (living cells) and only few cells stained red (dead cells).
• the ratio of dead to living cells increased in case of three-day old culture and further increased in case of a five-day old culture.
• polymyxin B is particularly efficient in treating bacteria already grown for a longer period of time. But even then, the relative amount of cells stained green was higher than in case of bacteria grown for one day and treated with ZW-PA.
• Figure 2C shows a quantitative evaluation of bacterial growth after treatment with PBS, polymyxin B, and ZW-PA nanoparticles at a concentration of 200 pM in each case for 1 day in different biofilm stages (1 day, 3 days, and 5 days), respectively.
• Statistically significant differences at the same period (p ⁇ 0.01 ) compared with PBS treated biofilms are indicated by ** .
• Both ZW-PA and polymyxin B were able to drastically decrease the optical density of the biofilms and thus revealed as potent anti-biofilm agents.
• Biofilms are considered to be highly resistant to antibacterial agents due to restricted penetration of antibacterial agents into biofilms, slow growth owing to nutrient limitation, expression of genes involved in the general stress response, and emergence of a biofilm- specific phenotype. Thus, it is important to investigate the emergence of resistances against a new antibacterial agent used for combating biofilms. Therefore, ZW-PA nanoparticles in a concentration of 200 nM were applied to a biofilm pre-fabricated for 1 day.
• Figure 3B shows similar experimental data as Figure 3A, but with polymyxin B instead of ampicillin as positive control.
• the scale bars in all plots of Figure 3B represent 50 pm.
• the biofilm formation was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) via live/dead staining (green: viable bacteria, red: dead bacteria).
• E. coli (DH5a) biofilms were grown in 8- well microplates for 1 day, then continuously exposed to PBS, ZW-PA nanoparticles, and polymyxin B at a concentration of 200 mM for another 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days, respectively (Figure 3A, plots (a) to (i)). After incubation with PBS, only cells stained green could be observed. Both in case of ZW-PA and polymyxin B the majority of the cells was stained red, irrespective of the chosen incubation period.
• Figure 3C shows a quantitative evaluation of bacterial growth after treatment with PBS, polymyxin B, and ZW-PA nanoparticles at a concentration of 200 mM in each case for another 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days, respectively, in one-day old biofilms.
• Statistically significant differences at the same period (p ⁇ 0.01 ) compared with PBS treated biofilms are indicated by ** .
• Both ZW-PA and polymyxin B were able to drastically decrease the optical density of the biofilms and thus revealed as potent anti-biofilm agents, even after 1 day of incubation.
• the biofilm eradication activity was also tested in order to further demonstrate the anti-biofilm ability of ZW-PA.
• the results are shown in Figure 5.
• the optical density at 600 nm (ODsoo) at a ZW-PA concentration of 200 mM was less than 0.1 . This indicates that more than 95 % of the previous present bacteria were removed.
• ZW-PA is an active biofilm eradicating compound at a concentration of 200 mM.
• ** This corresponds to a p value of less than 0.01 compared with the blank control (bacterial biofilm without added compounds).

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• 2017
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