EP3724987A1 - Verfahren zur bestimmung eines polradwinkels einer elektrischen maschine in einem kraftfahrzeug - Google Patents
Verfahren zur bestimmung eines polradwinkels einer elektrischen maschine in einem kraftfahrzeugInfo
- Publication number
- EP3724987A1 EP3724987A1 EP18811524.0A EP18811524A EP3724987A1 EP 3724987 A1 EP3724987 A1 EP 3724987A1 EP 18811524 A EP18811524 A EP 18811524A EP 3724987 A1 EP3724987 A1 EP 3724987A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electric machine
- electrical
- machine
- rotor
- voltage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/48—Arrangements for obtaining a constant output value at varying speed of the generator, e.g. on vehicle
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P23/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by a control method other than vector control
- H02P23/14—Estimation or adaptation of motor parameters, e.g. rotor time constant, flux, speed, current or voltage
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2105/00—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2105/30—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load the load networks being external to vehicles, i.e. exchanging power with vehicles
- H02J2105/33—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load the load networks being external to vehicles, i.e. exchanging power with vehicles exchanging power with road vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
- H02J7/1469—Regulation of the charging current or voltage otherwise than by variation of field
- H02J7/1492—Regulation of the charging current or voltage otherwise than by variation of field by means of controlling devices between the generator output and the battery
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
- Y02T10/92—Energy efficient charging or discharging systems for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors specially adapted for vehicles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for determining a Polradwin angle of an electrical machine having a rotor and a stator, with at least one phase winding, wherein the electrical machine is associated with a switching charge controller, the machine for controlling the electrical Ma and applying an electrical Memory is set up with electrical energy.
- the rotational angle position and the rotational speed of the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine are essential input variables for many functions of the electronic engine control. To determine them, marking conditions can be provided on a body rotating with the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine at equal angular intervals. The passing of a mark as a result of the crankshaft rotation, can be detected by a sensor and passed as an electrical signal to an evaluation electronics.
- This electronics determines for the respective rotational angular position of the crankshaft, the respectively deposited signal for the marking or measures a Zeitdiffe difference between two markers and can due to the known Winkelab states of two markings to each other, the angular velocity and determine the speed.
- the marks can be provided for example by teeth of a me-metallic gear, a so-called encoder wheel, wel che ken by their movement in the sensor a change in the magnetic field.
- a gap of some teeth can serve as a reference mark for the detection of the absolute position.
- cars usually use 60-2 teeth (uniform distribution of 60 teeth, with two left out), motor or motorcycles, for example, also use 36-2, 24-2 or 12-3 teeth.
- the resolution of the speed signal or the absolute detection of the rotational angular position by the number of teeth and by a reliable detection of the reference mark is determined.
- a generator In any modern vehicle with internal combustion engine, a generator is ver builds, which is driven by the rotation of the crankshaft and electrical signals that are used to supply the vehicle with electrical energy and charging the vehicle battery.
- the intended operation of a ve hicle without this generator, is not possible or only for a short time.
- a controller To regulate the battery voltage, a controller is used. Since the generator is designed to be permanently energized for many motor or motorcycles, its excitation to regulate the battery voltage can not be changed, as is often the case with passenger cars. Instead, the controller regulates e.g. by shorting the phases of the electric machine, the battery voltage to a setpoint.
- the generator described above is typically used cumulatively to the above-described NEN sensors for detecting the rotational speed or for detecting the rotational angular position of the crankshaft.
- the exact rotational position of the rotor of an unloaded electric machine can be read directly from the no-load voltage of the electric machine, since the relative phase position of the open-circuit voltage coincides with the rotational angular position of the rotor.
- the exact rotational position of the rotor can only be determined by additional consideration of the Polradwinkels. So with an exact determination of the rotational angle position of the crankshaft from Signa len of the electric machine is only possible if the Polradwinkel just if can be determined with sufficient accuracy. This is not readily possible with a loaded electrical machine.
- a corre sponding voltage regulation in particular a switching voltage regulation, in which at least one of the phases is short-circuited, further complicating a determination of the Polradwinkels.
- phase of the generator is provided as Refe rence, at which a pulsating DC voltage is applied.
- Such an arrangement can also be used to determine an estimate of the rotational angular position of the rotor of the electric machine and thereby also a rotational angular position of the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine based on the respective phase signals, which are each coupled directly or via sets.
- a corresponding voltage regulation which influences the electrical output variables of the electric machine, at least during the switching phases of the voltage regulator, as is customary, for example, in motorcycles in the context of a short-circuit control, would be unsuitable in this case since the characteristic signals for a determination of the rotational speed or the Rotary angular position of the shaft can not be reliably used to determine the speed or the angular position of the rotor.
- a high-resolution speed determination or a high-resolution determination of the Drehwinkelposi tion of the crankshaft and the rotor of the electric machine is not rea lformat here.
- the invention relates to a method for determining a Polradwinkels an electrical machine, which has a rotor and a stator, with at least one phase winding, wherein the electrical machine is associated with a switching charge controller, which alsschlagung for controlling the electric machine and Be an electric storage with electrical energy is set up.
- the charge controller has a first switching state, in which the electrical memory is subjected to electrical energy and the charge controller has fer ner another switching state in which the application of the electrical memory rule is at least partially suppressed, preferably completely prevented, wherein the Polradwinkel is determined in the first switching state by means of a first determination rule and in the further switching state by means of a further determination rule.
- the assignment of the charge controller can basically be made within the scope of the invention in the form that the charge controller is assigned directly to the electrical machine, but the charge controller can also be assigned externally in a separate unit, in particular an engine control unit or integrated in this.
- the inventive method has the advantage that by using different determination rules for the respective switching states of the state of charge (charging or not charging) a Polradwinkelaff at least in sections can be made in sections, since accordingly the Be moodungsvorschrift on the respective present system parameters, the mediation for He be used of the Polradwinkels, can be adjusted.
- the determination specification comprises either a model-based determination procedure for determining the rotor angle, in which the system parameter of the electric machine can be used for different operating conditions. For example, here the internal resistance and the coil inductance of the electrical machine, as well as their behavior of the ideal open-circuit voltage or the output voltage can be used as system parameters.
- the electric machine is actuated such that the electrical memory is acted upon with electrical shear energy, wherein in the further switching state, the electric machine is operated such that the current flow from the electric machine into the electrical storage by shorting at least one of the Phasenwick lungs or by power cut-offs of at least one of the phase windings is controlled without load, preferably is suppressed.
- a regulation of the electrical memory by means of a short circuit of at least one of the phases or current exemptions of the respective phases is particularly advantageous since this can be implemented particularly easily and inexpensively.
- Such regulations find particular use in motorized two-wheelers, especially in kos ten redesignen motorized two-wheelers, since the advantages mentioned above play a particularly important role.
- the short-circuit control is particularly widespread here, which has the disadvantage that the short-circuit control as sol che the phase signals of the electric machine particularly strongly influenced what a determination of the Polradwinkels from the phase signals particularly he sword.
- the determination rule can be based on a numerical model based on global machine sizes or a combination of a numerical model, which uses a characteristic map, in which several machine sizes are stored.
- the map here includes the Polradwinkel depending on corresponding parameters such. As the rotational speed or the output voltage of the generator. However, it may also be given to before, corresponding machine sizes, such. B. to capture the output voltage of the generator in response to the speed or the edge times between the edges of at least one phase signal and to deposit this in the map for further use in the numerical model.
- the voltage of the electrical memory is taken into account in the determination of the Polradwinkels the electric machine in the first determination rule.
- the battery voltage can be used in the determination of the Polradwinkels zoom. Basically, the battery voltage is only approximately considered to be constant, so they can actually be relevant in the determination of the rotor angle. Depending on the operating point, fluctuations or level reductions may occur. Since the operating voltage is usually measured continuously in a higher-level control unit, these changes can be detected gene and taken into account when determining the Polradwinkels accordingly.
- the Polradwinkelkennline or for several parameters a corresponding map for battery charging in the first switching state, in particular by a dependent of the battery voltage offset parameters are corrected. Also, further corrections of the characteristic or the respective maps such. As a tilt, strain o- upset or other deformations of the characteristic or map are basically possible.
- the dynamic transient transients in the time course of the Polradwinkels are characterized such that amplitudes of the Polradwinkels and / or operating parameters of the electric machine within the time duration of a dynamic transient process determined and as a measure of the consideration of the dynamic swing A be used in the determination of the Polradwinkels.
- the amplitudes of the temporal dynamics of the Polradwinkels within the dynamic transient events can be used as a measure of who the who, whether or not during the period of the dynamic transient effects ent speaking correction.
- a threshold value in which a lower threshold value for the amplitude of the Polradwinkelschwankung within the dynamic Zeitbe be based, where below the threshold no Anpas solution is made or above the threshold, a corresponding Correction of the Polradwinkels done in the time domain of the dynamic transient. If the effects of dynamic transient phenomena are too great, ie in particular the amplitudes are above a certain threshold value, these can be stored as application variables and used accordingly for the calculations of the rotor angle after the switching operations. A determination of the application variables can be carried out in particular by means of reference measurement or suitable simulation models.
- the switching operations in particular special switching operations that have a blocking of the flow of current from the electric machine into the electrical storage result, depending on at least one rotational angle position of the rotor can be performed.
- One of the measures has the advantage that the wiring of the electric machine Ma for voltage regulation of the electrical storage and a corre sponding attraction of machine parameters for determining the Polradwin angle are always carried out offset in time, which accordingly under consideration Be temporal minimum distances to the switching operations to order To ensure any transient phenomena, an undisturbed determination of the rotor angle from the machine parameters is possible.
- Al ternativ can also be provided that switching operations can be placed directly after the occurrence of signal edges and / or zero crossings of at least one phase signal, so that the dynamics in the course of the variables used for the determination of the Polradwinkels declined as best as possible, until in the course of the next Flank follows in the respective phase signal.
- the nature and extent of any correction in the time domain may also be different the dynamic transient occur when correcting a Polradwinkels to be determined.
- the map or the further map as reference variables on at least the Polradwinkel, the output voltage of the electric machine and the speed or the time between two edges of at least one phase signal.
- all machine parameters which are relevant for determining the rotor angle and the parameters dependent thereon can be stored in a corresponding characteristic map in order to be able to determine the rotor angle as accurately as possible, depending on the respective operating parameters of the electric machine.
- At least one stored in at least one of the maps value for the Polradwinkel is used in a first revolution of the rotor and this value corrected by a determined based on measurements value of the Polradwinkels within the time duration of the dynamic transients, wherein the corrected pole wheel angle is used in a further revolution of the rotor, in particular in the time range of further dynamic transient processes.
- learning such correction terms in the operation of the electric machine can be done.
- a further preferred embodiment of the invention may cumulatively or alternatively to drawing the time course of the measured quantities of electrical rule machine before a switching operation for extrapolation and the ba sierenden determination of the correction factors and the undisturbed course of electrical variables in a same or with respect to the Polradwinkelverlaufs comparable operating point be learned in which no switching occurs. From the comparison of the undisturbed - at least by one of the switching operations not disturbed - course with the course of the electrical variables after the switching operation and the use of the corresponding characteristics or the maps of the rotor angle also correction factors can be determined who the.
- Such a configuration is also advantageous because the corresponding operating or machine parameters, which are sometimes also appropriate fluctuations and degradation effects over time, used in a determina tion of the Polradwinkels during operation as a learning function who can.
- the Polradwinkel is used to determine the angular position of the rotor.
- the Polradwinkel In order to safely derive a corre sponding angular position of the rotor from the signals of an electric machine, it is necessary to ensure a correspondingly accurate determination of the Polradwinkels to the respective operating conditions of the electric machine. Exactly this is possible in the context of the procedure described above, whereby a correspondingly highly accurate determination of the Polradwin angle is possible, please include irrespective of the operating state of the electric machine.
- the at least one phase signal of the electric machine by means of an electronic scarf processing, in particular an engine control unit is processed.
- an electronic scarf processing in particular an engine control unit
- a corre sponding external processing of the phase signals and the associated values and associated rising edges and falling edges and a scheme in particular a charge control of the electrical memory in an engine control unit can be dispensed with additional control components who the, since the engine control unit is available anyway and also for this purpose a purpose is basically usable. This is advantageous, as a result ent speaking rule architecture can be simplified, which in addition costs can be saved costs.
- phase signals can basically be obtained in various ways. It is possible, for example, a consideration of the phase voltage against each other, a consideration of the phase voltage across the diodes of a connected rectifier against its potential the output terminals, if the stator of the electric machine in star connection with tappable star point, a consideration of the output voltage of the strands against the star point or a comparable evaluation of the phase currents.
- the rotational angular position of the crankshaft is used to control the internal combustion engine.
- a detection and processing of the phase signals of the electric machine by the engine control unit and a corresponding determination of the rotational angle position of the crankshaft from the rotational angular position of the rotor and any angular offset, given by the Polradwinkel, can accordingly to the Steue tion of the ignition timing or the moment of the internal combustion engine in Control device of the internal combustion engine are used.
- a Laderege ment of the battery, a control of the internal combustion engine and an improved determination of the angular position or the rotational speed of the crankshaft in Motorsteu er may be summarized, resulting in further synergy effects.
- the arithmetic unit used which is preferably designed as a motor control device for the internal combustion engine, a corresponding integrated circuit and / or stored on a memory computer program, which is or is set up to carry out the method steps described above.
- a data carrier in particular a memory in the form of software, and in the arithmetic unit for executing the proceedings is available or the provision of an integrated circuit, in particular special an ASIC, is advantageous because this causes very low costs, especially if an executive controller is still used for further tasks and therefore already exists.
- Suitable data carriers for providing the computer program are in particular magnetic, opti cal and electrical storage, as they are often known from the prior art be known. Further advantages and embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the description Be and the accompanying drawings.
- FIG. 1 A first figure.
- regulator circuits which are downstream of a rectifier of an electric machine and are arranged to control the battery voltage
- FIGS. 8a and 8b shows the course of a phase signal with a control intervention according to a first and an alternative second embodiment of the method
- a transmitter wheel 20 and an associated inductive Sen sor 10 are schematically shown, as used in the prior art for speed determination or for the approximate determination of the rotational angular position of the crankshaft become.
- the encoder wheel 20 is fixedly connected to a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine and the sensor 10 is fixedly mounted at a suitable location.
- the encoder wheel 20 usually made of a ferromagnetic material, has teeth 22 which are arranged on the outside at a distance 21 between two toughening NEN 22. At a location on the outside, the sender wheel 20 has a gap 23 in the length of a predetermined number of teeth. This gap 23 serves as a reference mark for detecting an absolute position of the encoder wheel 20th
- the sensor 10 has a bar magnet 11, on which a soft Magneti shear pole pin 12 is attached.
- the pole pin 12 in turn is surrounded by an induction coil 13.
- teeth 22 and empty spaces lying between each pair of teeth alternately pass the induction coil 13 of the sensor 10. Since the sender wheel and thus the teeth 22 are made of a ferromagnetic material, a signal is induced during rotation in the coil, which between a tooth 22 and an air gap can be the difference.
- an internal combustion engine 112 is shown, coupled to the directly or coupled sets an electric machine 30 is connected, wherein the electrical cal machine 30 is driven by the crankshaft 17 'of the internal combustion engine 112 is.
- the rotational speed n gene of the electric machine 130 and the rotational speed PBKM of the crankshaft 17 'and the angular position oti of the rotor of the electric machine 30 and the rotational angular position a of the crankshaft 17' are fixedly related to each other.
- the electric machine 30 is also associated with a La deregler LR, the power of an electrical storage S, in this case a Bat ter B, within the electrical system 110 according to the remaining Ka capacity of the battery B, supplied with energy.
- a computing unit in particular a Motorsteu er réelle 122 is provided which exchanges data via a communication link 124 with the electric machine 30 and with the internal combustion engine 112 and is adapted to control the internal combustion engine 112 and the electric machine 30 accordingly.
- the electric machine 30 is shown again in an enlarged form cal statically.
- the electric machine 30 has a shaft 17 pointing rotor 32 with a field winding and a stator 33 with stator winding on. It is therefore a foreign-excited machine, as is customary in particular in motor vehicles.
- magnets with Perma nentmagneten, d. H. permanently energized electrical machine used.
- both types of electrical machines can be used, wherein in particular the method according to the invention does not depend on the use of the respective type of electric machine - permanently excited electric machine or externally excited electric machine.
- the electric machine 30 is designed as an alternator, in which three mutually phase-shifted by 120 ° phase voltage sig nals are induced.
- Such three-phase generators are commonly used as generators in modern vehicles and are suitable for the implementation of a method according to the invention. In the context of inven tion can be used regardless of the number of their phases in principle all electric machines, in particular the erfindungsge Permitted method does not depend on the use of the respective type of electrical machine.
- the three phases of the alternator 30 are designated U, V, W. About trained as plus diodes 34 and minus diodes 35 rectifying element, the voltage dropping across the phases are rectified. Between the poles B + and B- is thus a generator voltage UG at which the Mi nuspol is grounded at. From such a three-phase generator 30, for example, a battery B or other consumers within the Bordnet 110 are supplied.
- the generator voltage UG which is formed by the envelopes of the positive and negative half-waves of the voltage waveforms U, V, W, shown.
- the stator 33 is shown schematically with the phases U, V, W, and the plus diodes 34 and minus diodes 35 of Figure 2b.
- the rectifier elements shown here in the form of positive diodes 34 and negative diodes 35 in the case of an active rectifier can also be designed as transistors, in particular MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) (not shown).
- MOSFETs metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- Uu, Uv, Uw alternatively designate the phase voltages of the associated Pha sen U, V, W, as they fall between an outer conductor and the neutral point of Sta tor 33.
- Uuv, Uvw, Uwu denote the voltages between two phases or their associated outer conductors.
- lu, lv, Iw denote the phase currents from the respective outer conductor of a phase U, V, W to the neutral point.
- I denotes the total current of all phases after rectification.
- the course of the phase voltages Uu, Uv, Uw in the first approximation is rectangular. This is explained in particular by the fact that either the positive or negative diodes conduct in the direction of flow through the generator voltage, and therefore either approximately 15-16 volts (battery charging voltage at 12V lead-acid accumulator and voltage at Plusdi oden), or minus 0.7 -1 volts (voltage to negative diodes) is measured. Be zugspotential the measurement is each mass. Other reference potentials such as the star point of the stator can also be selected. Although these give deviating signal characteristics, they do not change the evaluable information, their extraction and / or evaluation.
- the phase signals (Uu, Uv, Uw, Iu, Iv, Iw) can be obtained in various ways. For example, it is possible to determine the phase Voltages against each other (Uuv, Uuw, Uwu), a determination of the phase voltages across the diodes of a connected rectifier against its output terminals (B +, B-), if the stator of the electric machine in star connection with tappable star point, a consideration of the output voltage of Strands against the neutral point (Uu, Uv, Uw) or a comparable evaluation of the phase currents.
- the voltage signals are repeated six times by six magnets (in particular permanent magnets), the so-called pole pairs. Accordingly, per phase, i. H. per phase voltage Uu, Uv, Uw per revolution of the rotor 32, six falling edges FLD and six rising edges FLu (for the respective phases FLuu, FLvu, FLwu and FLUD, FLVD, FLWD).
- flanks define an angular section, namely exactly the Winkelab cut, which is covered by the magnets ask along the radial circumference of the stator. Accordingly, upon detection of the respective edges FLu, or FL D , with knowledge of an absolute reference point per revolution, which is characterized, for example, on the basis of a reference magnet with deviating from the other magnet characteristics of the phase voltage Uu, Uv, Uw, determines who the.
- a TTL signal can be generated for each phase voltage by means of a so-called Schmitt trigger and transmitted to a control unit.
- the required Schmitt triggers Kings nen either integrated in the control unit or in the control electronics, such as a controller, a controller for the battery voltage and / or in the case of an acti rect rectifier, in the respective generator controller or these also be assigned ex tern.
- the individual TTL signals can be used in particular for the Case of using a control device, in particular an engine control unit 122 (see Figure 2a), via one line, or by an upstream Kombina tion electronics or other suitably summarized, via only one lei device 124 (see Figure 2a) are transmitted.
- a control device in particular an engine control unit 122 (see Figure 2a)
- an upstream Kombina tion electronics or other suitably summarized via only one lei device 124 (see Figure 2a) are transmitted.
- the ends of the respective falling edges of the phase voltages Uu, Uv, Uw are each assigned values Wu, Wv, Ww, which are also referred to as Wu d , Wv d , Ww d .
- corresponding values Wu u , Wv u , Wwu can also be assigned to the rising edges FLu.
- These values can serve to detect a rotational angle position oti of the rotor 32 or an angle increment determined by the pole pairs of the stator 33.
- a He recognition of the rotational angular position oti of the rotor 32 based on the plateau regions of the phase signals or other areas in between is possible.
- the values can also be used to measure time differences Ati,
- flanks of the phases be evaluated in a variety of other ways, for example, by the time intervals of the rising edges FLu and falling edges FLD each of the same phases or from the respective phases to each other or by the time interval of rising edges FLu or falling Flan ken FLD the same phase , or all phases together.
- the zero crossings of the phase signals Uu, Uv, Uw can also be used for an improved resolution of the determination of the rotational angle position oti of the rotor 32 or a rotational speed detection n gene .
- the actual rotational position oti of the rotor 32 and its shaft 17 and there with the rotational angular position ot the crankshaft 17 ' can be from the electrical's signals of the electric machine 30, in particular the phase signals Uu, Uv, Uw, and the associated phase currents lu, lv, Iw determine only with unzu reaching accuracy, since in the case of a loaded electrical Ma machine 30 due to the current flow, there is a systematic error in the form of an angular offset between the phase position of the phase signals Uu, Uv, Uw, or lu, lv, Iw and the actual rotational angular position oti of the rotor 32 comes.
- FIG. 5a is a schematic representation of a single-phase simplified equivalent circuit diagram of an electrical machine is shown, and in Figure 5b is accordingly the relationship between the individual voltages or currents and their relative phase offset to each other in a vector diagram Darge presents.
- the findings determined from this single-phase equivalent circuit diagram can in principle be transferred to a multi-phase electric machine, as shown for example in the preceding description.
- a voltage equation for a loaded electrical machine can be derived, which reads as follows:
- the no-load voltage UP of the electric machine 30 corresponds to the ideal induced voltage which coincides with the rotational angular position oti of the rotor 32 with respect to the phase.
- corresponding to the angular displacement q which corresponds to the Polradwinkel equal to zero.
- the phase relationship of the open circuit voltage UP exactly reflects the geometric movement of the rotor 32 as the and thus indicates its exact angular position - in the unloaded state of the electric machine 30 - to.
- the output voltage U of the loaded generator 30 lags behind with respect to the phase of the induced open circuit voltage UP, where at the angular offset between U and UP by the angular offset q, the so-called Pole angle results. This is basically dependent on the coil current I and without knowledge of the coil current I not readily calculable.
- the ideal induced voltage (open-circuit voltage) UP of the electrical machine results from the product of machine constants, the excitation, and the angular velocity.
- a constant excitation results from the permanent magnets used and thus an ideal induced voltage proportional to the angular velocity. From the vector diagram of Figure 5 b) thus results for the angular offset q:
- the open-circuit voltage UP is basically proportional to the speed n G en of the electric machine 30.
- the above-mentioned formula simplifies, assuming a substantially constant amplitude of the output voltage U and the assumption that cp goes to zero and thus the second summand disappears, on the relation:
- the angular displacement q can be estimated sufficiently accurate in a first approximation even without knowledge of the current flow I, which is a very reliable determination of the angular displacement q between the phase position of the phase voltages Uu, Uv, Uw and the actual rotational angular position oti of the rotor 32 permits.
- the uncorrected rotational angular position otp hase from at least one of the phase signals Uu, Uv, Uw, lu, lv, Iw and the above be described determination of the Polradwinkels q, the actual angular position oti by: ctl »Ctphase + q in a particularly good approximation be determined.
- Fer ner also transient transition states in the form of dynamic transient between the switching states in a determination of the Polradwinkels q would be considered (see Figure 11). This will be discussed in the following. A continuous determination of the rotor angle q can therefore be ensured by the further embodiments of the method, as will be described in more detail in the context of Figures 7-12.
- the electric machine 30 of Figure 2b is shown schematically again in an enlarged form.
- the electric machine 30 has a shaft 17 having a rotor 32 with a field winding and a stator 33 with stator winding. It is therefore a foreign-excited machine, as is customary especially in motor vehicles. In particular, for motorcycles, especially in small and light motorcycles, but usually motors with permanent magnets, d. H. permanently energized electrical machine used.
- both types of electric machines can be used within the scope of the invention, wherein in particular the charge controller LR according to the invention does not depend on the use of the respective type of electric machine - permanently excited electric machine or externally excited electric machine.
- the electric machine 30 is designed as an alternator, in which three mutually phase-shifted by 120 ° phase voltage sig nals are induced.
- Such three-phase generators are usually used as generators in modern motor vehicles and are suitable for the use of a generator Ver downstream charge controller.
- all electric Ma machines can be used regardless of the number of their phases.
- the three phases of the alternator 30 are designated U, V, W.
- the rectifying element 36 which is designed as plus diodes DH of a first path 34a and minus diodes DL of a second path 35a, rectifies the voltages Uu, Uv, Uw dropping across the phases. Between the poles B + and B- there is thus a generator voltage U G at which the negative pole is grounded. From such a three-phase generator 30, for example, a battery B or other consumers within the electrical system 110 are supplied.
- a charge controller LR is provided with a control unit 40a, which is supplied by the generator voltage U G and a switch 42a in the event of voltage regulation of the battery B drives such that the paths 34a, 35a of the rectifier 36 are short-circuited.
- a further diode D is provided, which is arranged the type behind the rectifier 36, that this is prevented.
- the rectifier 36 is operated normally and thus beauf beat the battery B or the electrical storage S with electrical energy.
- FIG. 6b shows a further exemplary embodiment of a charge controller LR.
- Identical or similar elements to the first exemplary embodiment are represented by the same reference symbols or the same reference symbols, supplemented by a further letter b.
- this embodiment simplified from a schematic Darge presented, two-phase electric machine 30 with the phases U and V out go, in each case phase voltages Uu and Uv abut the phases.
- Figure 4a shows a single-phase machine with two out-guided coil ends. This consists of two coils whose one ends are executed forth and their other ends are connected and thus from the construction on her a single-phase machine.
- the peculiarity of this exemplary embodiment is that the control unit 40b which loads the switch 42b for charging and short circuiting the first branch 34b or second branch 35b of the rectifier 36 is arranged in an engine control unit 122. In this engine control unit 122, a speed detection device 45 is further arranged.
- This has a communication link 46 to a signal generator 47 which is connected to at least one of the phases (V) in order to determine the flanges FLu or FLv of the phase voltage Uu, Uv required for determining the rotational speed n of the electric machine 30 ,
- the basic determination of the rotational speed n has already been described in the introduction (in particular with reference to FIG. 4b).
- FIG. 6c shows a further embodiment of the charge regulator LR.
- the switch 42c is again controlled by the control unit 40c, wherein in a closed position of the switch 42c, the switch is conductive and the branches 35c, 34c (this necessary device not tillbil det) of the rectifier 36 shorts accordingly.
- the respective phase is short-circuited and overcharging of the battery B is prevented.
- Diodes DH of the first branch 34c of the rectifier 36 prevent in this case that, in the event of a short circuit of the respective phase U, V, W, the battery B is also short-circuited.
- transistors and in the lower path 35c diodes can be used.
- FIG. 6d describes a further exemplary embodiment of the charge regulator LR.
- the second path 35d of the rectifier 36 per phase, U, V, W depending Weil a switch 42d in the form of a transistor, which is shown in the form of a MOSFET transistor as a transistor with corresponding Inversdi ode.
- the transistor has in each case both a rectifying function in the lower path 35d of the rectifier and a short-circuiting function of the respec gene phase, which is associated with the respective transistor.
- the rectifier 36 can be short-circuited by a corresponding activation of the respective transistor 42d by the control unit 40d and thus the current flow I into the battery B can be prevented.
- a short-circuiting of the battery B is again prevented by the diodes DH in the first path 34d.
- FIG. 6e describes a further embodiment of the charge regulator LR.
- both the first path 34e with transistors TH and the second path 35e are equipped with transistors TL, which are the respective phases U, V, W associated.
- the respective transistors TH, TL are depending Weil acted upon by the control unit 40e, so that both a rectification of Pha senhoven Uu, Uv, Uw and a short-circuiting of the respective paths 34e, 35e can be done to charge control of the battery B.
- the control unit 40e is separated to the engine control unit 122 angeord net, wherein both by means of a data connection 125e, for off exchange of data or to control the control unit 40e by the engine control unit 122 or vice versa connected.
- the respective transistors TH, TL are turned on in each case in a path 35e, 34e, so that they become conductive.
- the corresponding transistors TH, TL of the respective other path should in each case be switched in the reverse direction, so that a short circuit of the battery B is prevented.
- FIG. 6f shows a further exemplary embodiment of the charge controller LR. In this case, this embodiment differs from the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 4d only in that the engine control unit 122 and the control unit 40f are structurally accommodated in a common housing, which offers synergistic advantages in order to control an internal combustion engine 112 or the electric machine 30 accordingly ,
- Engine control unit 122 may be either structurally separated or housed together in a common housing.
- FIGS. 7 a and b show the regulation of an operating voltage Us of an electrical store S according to a first embodiment (FIG. 7 a) and an alternative second embodiment (FIG. 7 b).
- one of the phase voltages Uu , v , w in the right ordinate is the operating voltage Us of the electric storage S and the abscissa represents the time in arbitrary units.
- an upper threshold Us oi n of Be operating voltage Us of the electrical memory and a lower threshold Us 0ii2 is shown in dashed lines , when reaching or undershooting and / or exceeding a ent speaking voltage regulation by the voltage regulator LR or 40 (see 6a to f) is initiated.
- phase voltage Uu , v , w is shown as a solid line and the operating clamping voltage Us of the electrical storage S is shown as a dashed dotted line in the diagram.
- This description of the diagrams of FIG. 7 is similar to the diagrams of FIGS. 8a, b and 9, which is why reference is generally made to these illustrations as well.
- the selection of the phase voltage shown here Uu is carried out merely as an example voltage of a single-phase electric machine or voltage of an exemplary phase of a multi-phase machine, the representation of the inventions to the invention process also at other phases of a multi-phase electric machine, as well a combination of the evaluation of the respec gene phases can be done together.
- the control intervention of the regulator 40 is again released, since the operating voltage Us of the electrical memory S again extends below the upper threshold value Us oi n.
- the further threshold Us 0ii2 indicates the lower tolerance range of the loading operating voltage Us of the electrical memory S, in which again a controller intervention occurs and the electrical memory S is recharged.
- FIG. 7a shows a scenario similar to the scenario shown in FIG. 7a, but with the regulator intervention being held over the second and third half-waves of the phase voltage Uu in order to match the operating voltage Us of the electrical memory in such a way that it again below the setpoint Us oi n drops.
- the expected half-wave of the phase voltage Uu which is suppressed by the corresponding control intervention of the charge controller 40, Gestri Chelt shown.
- FIGS. 8a and b Another scenario of voltage regulation of the operating voltage Us of the electrical storage S is shown in FIGS. 8a and b.
- FIG. 8a and b a dynamic behavior of the voltage regulator 40 or its activation is shown, in which the control intervention for controlling the operating voltage Us of the electrical memory S with the detection of an edge by means of the value Wu u begins, that is triggered by a corresponding edge, the crizein handle by the controller 40 is released again as soon as the battery voltage within the desired range between Usoin and Us 0 ii2 (see 8a) or, as shown in FIG. 8b, the charge control is then reactivated by the charge controller 40 when the operating voltage Us of the electrical store S has already dropped below the setpoint value Usoii2.
- FIG. 8a also takes into account a minimum time interval T min to the next edge FID. In this case, it is ensured that upon detection of the value WUD associated with the next falling FID of the phase voltage Uu, it has already assumed a stationary value.
- the current flow I in the electrical's memory S is suppressed or activated by a time-clocked control of the charge controller 40.
- This pulsed operation is preferably carried out within half a half-wave, so that both the rising edge Flu, and the falling edge FID by their characteristic values Wu u and WUD for exak th determination of the angular position of the rotor 32 and its speed n erstoff bar.
- the PWM time period is much smaller than the time constant of the electric machine, the timing of the switching is related to the determination of the time. The respective values are no longer of great importance, which is why it is no longer absolutely necessary to observe the phase signal for the switching processes.
- the present operating voltage Us of the electrical storage S is almost constant as shown. Basically, depending on the choice of the active times to n of the controller, in which a current application of the electrical SpeI chers S takes place, or the disabled times to ff , in which no Strombeauf tion of the electrical memory S, the current loading of the Bat terie be set ,
- the relevant manipulated variable here is the so-called duty cycle, which is given as the ratio between the on or off times of the control by the charge controller 40 as follows:
- a typical frequency of a corresponding clocked loading of the regulator 40 which can take place by means of a typical pulse width modulation (PWM), is in the range between 10 and 100 kHz, preferably 20 kHz. Basically, however, the frequency is sufficiently large to choose, so that even for high speeds n still enough switching operations between two voltage edges can be accommodated. However, the frequency is preferably selected so that it does not significantly contribute to a noise disturbance perceivable to a user.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- the estimate of the Polradwinkels or hereby also the estimation of the angular position a of the rotor 32 can thus by means of a single characteristic curve or a map, in which the Polradwinkel on the input variables A duty cycle and speed is carried out, as in a linear controller .
- the advantage of optimum voltage regulation of the operating voltage U s of the electrical memory S can thus be achieved by an appropriate selection of the drive frequency of the pulse width modulation and the pulse width, which are given by the duty cycle, on the one hand, as well reliable detection of the flanks by the characteristic values Wu u and WUD, on the other hand, be ensured, which are required for a determination of the secondary magnitudes of the Polradencies or the angular position of the rotor 32 and its speed.
- the setpoint Usoin or Usoi ⁇ the operating voltage clamping Us of the electrical storage S can be made dependent on different operating points and the engine speed of the electric machine. Furthermore, the setpoint values Usoin, S 0 112 of the operating voltage Us can also be made dependent on the internal combustion engine, such as corresponding loads or the mixture of fuel to combustion air (lambda).
- a corresponding control preferably by short circuit or load relief of the generator takes place (see Figures 6a to f) are effected, for example, in areas where a high-resolution Speed n or a determination of the rotational angle position Q of the rotor 32 erforder Lich, no control intervention is made.
- a Ausregel the electrical SpeI Chers S can be suppressed by the electric machine 30 to thereby a corresponding injection or ignition by a change in the operating voltage Us not to disturb.
- the control intervention takes place via a constant angle range with respect to the zero position of the rotor, whereby a highly accurate determination of the rotational angular position Q or of the Speed N is possible.
- 10a and b show corresponding characteristic curves for the rotor angle q over the rotational speed of the electrical machine for a first output voltage UG of 14 volts (see FIG. 10a) and for a further output voltage of the generator UG 2 volts (see FIG. shown.
- Corresponding characteristics can also be stored for further output voltages UG of the generator but also for further machine parameters of the electric machine 30 in a corresponding characteristic field Ok hh ⁇ , Ok hh 2.
- S2 of the switching charge controller LR can be selected according to a selected map Ok hh ⁇ , O KQPP 2 with the characteristic deposited therewith and from this the pole wheel angle q of the electric machine 30 can be determined.
- Figure 10a Assuming that the output voltage of the generator is approximately constant, e.g. is held at a battery voltage of about 14 volts, there is a good approximation of a pure dependence of the Polradwinkels q of the rotational speed n of the electric machine 30 resulting in the above formula for the Polradwinkel q the corresponding characteristic curve results in Figure 10a is set dar.
- the scenario shown in Figure 10a thus substantially forms the first switching state Sl, in which the electrical memory S, in this case, the battery B, is acted upon by electrical energy.
- the voltage regulator LR switches the output of the generator 30 in a short circuit-like state, if the connected to the electric machine 30 Battery B a corre sponding threshold in the capacity or the battery voltage reached.
- the output voltage UG of the generator 30 depends on the topology of the voltage regulator used. This output voltage UG is in the case of short circuit in about 0.1 to 3 volts, depending on the topology, and can approximation, as a constant - for the topology used - assumed become.
- this dynamic behavior is typical for the electric machine 30 and for the respective operating state in which the electrical machine 30 is located, which is why these dynamic transient events D are also present in the determination of the rotor angle q can be considered.
- the determination of the rotor angle q is divided essentially into three sections, namely a second determination rule K2 during the further switching state S2 in the left part of the figure, in which the charge controller LR prevents a transfer of electrical energy into the memory S.
- This condition is substantially stationary, as shown in FIG. In this state, the Polradwinkel 9s 2 is present.
- the amplitude variation of the amplitudes q occurs below a threshold value 9 S or a corresponding threshold band 9 S , the amplitude variation can be assumed to be approximately constant and the amplitude variation in the determination of the rotor angle q can only be used as a constant.
- this threshold value exceeds 9 s , the dynamic behavior within the Time T used for the determination of the Polradwinkels q.
- a possible variant of the application may be to specify the settling time T in dependence on the corresponding operating parameters, such as speed of the electric machine or its output voltage, and the times t, and amplitudes 9, the minima and maxima during the swivel process evaluate.
- the corresponding rotor angle q during the transient process in the time domain T it is possible to interpolate between the applied curve values.
- interpolation methods can be used, which use linear, quadratic or exponential interpolation.
- a corresponding correction can be adapted as needed or the accuracy can be increased almost as desired depending on the numerical complexity.
- corre sponding correction terms can then be calculated, which are used to correct the pole wheel angle q.
- the corresponding correction terms which are used to correct the edge time points or to correct the pole wheel angle q are also learned during operation. This will be illustrated with reference to FIG. Shown is the course of a typical phase signal Uu, as it can be detected on an electric machine 30.
- the rotor displacement angle increases from a first stationary level 8si to another steady-state level 8s.
- this additional rotor angle q 52 is superimposed by dynamic processes and has values which deviate from the values of the calculation conditions or characteristic diagrams belonging to the switching states.
- the determination of these deviating dynamic Polradwinkelhong can be determined by Extrapola tion of the speed signal.
- the pole wheel angle directly assumes its further stationary value 8s 2 after the switching operation.
- the angle between the Signalflan ken is calculated, which would result in purely stationary Polradwinkel .
- From the time intervals of the signal edges before the switching process or the associated speed curve n can be estimated by extrapolation of the time of occurrence of the first signal edge FL'uu after the switching operation assuming sta tionary Polradwinkel the time interval At korri .
- the associated angle relative to this time difference is determined from the difference between the measured and the estimated time interval ⁇ torri and used as a correction term for determining the first dynamic pole wheel angle k0rri after the switching operation.
- the second signal edge FLu d for determining At k0rr2 and the associated second dynamic pole wheel angle 8 korr2 can be traversed. If further flanks are affected by the dynamic transient effects of the rotor angle after the shift, corresponding correction terms can also be determined in the same way for these further edges.
- various extrapolation methods such as, for example, linear, quadratic, exponential or spline interpolation, can be used.
- the extrapolation method can be suitably selected.
- it makes sense to carry out the switching process and thus the Ermitt tion procedure at times at which the speed curve a has particularly low or known dynamics, so that the speed of rotation in the extrapolation can be easily taken into account and does not affect the result of the determination of the correction terms.
- the speed signal can also be a waveform of a comparable Be operating point from previous revolutions, which was not influenced by a gear Wegvor, used and the occurrence times of the uninfluenced or influenced signal edges compared and from the correction terms or correction factors for the calculation of the dy namischen Polradwinkels S kon -i, S korr 2 are determined.
- the particular correction terms or correction factors and the resulting dynamic Polradwinkel ö korri, ö kor ⁇ transition after a Heidelbergvor can be used in particular for determining the rotational angular position a of the rotor 32 of the electric machine 30. It is advantageous that also changing machine parameters can be taken into account in the course of time in the determination of the rotor angle q. This is particularly relevant in electrical machines 30, the properties of which change during operation Be over time. Accordingly, corresponding Degrada tion effects of the electric machine 30 during operation in the determination of the Polradwinkels q always be considered.
- step SU1 the electric machine 30 is peeled by means of the charge controller LR, in which case either the first switching state S1 or the further switching state S2 is taken.
- step SU2 is by means of a respective Determination rule Kl for the first switching state S1 and K2 for the wide ren switching state S2 of the Polradwinkel q determined in a stationary state of the electric machine 30.
- step SU3 dynamic transient events D in a time range T, which is typical for a respective electric machine 30, are taken into account in the determination of the Polradwin angle q.
- a corresponding correction based on changing operating parameters of the electric machine can also be taken into account during the operation of the electric machine 30 during the correction of the rotor angle q.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102017222842.3A DE102017222842A1 (de) | 2017-12-15 | 2017-12-15 | Verfahren zur Bestimmung eines Polradwinkels einer elektrischen Maschine in einem Kraftfahrzeug |
| PCT/EP2018/082924 WO2019115238A1 (de) | 2017-12-15 | 2018-11-29 | Verfahren zur bestimmung eines polradwinkels einer elektrischen maschine in einem kraftfahrzeug |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3724987A1 true EP3724987A1 (de) | 2020-10-21 |
Family
ID=64559697
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18811524.0A Pending EP3724987A1 (de) | 2017-12-15 | 2018-11-29 | Verfahren zur bestimmung eines polradwinkels einer elektrischen maschine in einem kraftfahrzeug |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3724987A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN111434025B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102017222842A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2019115238A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019212900A1 (de) * | 2019-08-28 | 2021-03-04 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Erkennung von Defekten in Gleichrichter-Spannungsreglermodulen |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4327485B4 (de) | 1993-08-16 | 2005-10-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Schaltungsanordnung zur Messung der Drehzahl eines Generators |
| US5663631A (en) * | 1994-07-19 | 1997-09-02 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Generator with circuitry for controlling power generation based on rotational speed |
| JP2014204451A (ja) * | 2013-04-01 | 2014-10-27 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 車両用発電電動機の制御装置およびその方法 |
-
2017
- 2017-12-15 DE DE102017222842.3A patent/DE102017222842A1/de active Pending
-
2018
- 2018-11-29 CN CN201880080283.1A patent/CN111434025B/zh active Active
- 2018-11-29 EP EP18811524.0A patent/EP3724987A1/de active Pending
- 2018-11-29 WO PCT/EP2018/082924 patent/WO2019115238A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2019115238A1 (de) | 2019-06-20 |
| CN111434025B (zh) | 2024-03-26 |
| CN111434025A (zh) | 2020-07-17 |
| DE102017222842A1 (de) | 2019-06-19 |
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