EP3650238A1 - Method for marking workpieces and workpiece - Google Patents
Method for marking workpieces and workpiece Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3650238A1 EP3650238A1 EP18205412.2A EP18205412A EP3650238A1 EP 3650238 A1 EP3650238 A1 EP 3650238A1 EP 18205412 A EP18205412 A EP 18205412A EP 3650238 A1 EP3650238 A1 EP 3650238A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- marking
- workpiece
- ink
- fixing
- radiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II,IV) oxide Inorganic materials O1[Pb]O[Pb]11O[Pb]O1 XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
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- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GQUJEMVIKWQAEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(III) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]O[Ti]=O GQUJEMVIKWQAEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M7/00—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock
- B41M7/009—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock using thermal means, e.g. infrared radiation, heat
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/0041—Digital printing on surfaces other than ordinary paper
- B41M5/0047—Digital printing on surfaces other than ordinary paper by ink-jet printing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/0041—Digital printing on surfaces other than ordinary paper
- B41M5/0058—Digital printing on surfaces other than ordinary paper on metals and oxidised metal surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M7/00—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock
- B41M7/0072—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock using mechanical wave energy, e.g. ultrasonics; using magnetic or electric fields, e.g. electric discharge, plasma
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M7/00—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock
- B41M7/0081—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock using electromagnetic radiation or waves, e.g. ultraviolet radiation, electron beams
Definitions
- a method for marking workpieces is specified.
- One task to be solved is to specify a method with which a workpiece can be efficiently and permanently connected with a temperature-stable marking.
- the method is used to apply a marking to a workpiece.
- the marking it is preferably possible to uniquely identify the workpiece.
- the marking is, for example, a lettering, a number, an identification, a bar code or a matrix code, for example a data matrix code, for short DMC, or a QR code.
- the marking is preferably machine-readable.
- the method comprises the step of providing the at least one workpiece.
- the workpiece can be a blank.
- the blank is, for example, a metal sheet and / or a piece of metal to be processed, such as a cast part.
- the method comprises the step of applying at least one ink for a marking to the workpiece. It is possible that multi-colored markings should be created and that accordingly several different inks can be used. Only exactly one ink is preferably used.
- the ink is applied only locally.
- the ink is only applied to the workpiece where the ink is actually required for the marking. Subsequent removal of material colored in relation to the workpiece from the ink can thus be avoided.
- the method comprises the step of fixing the ink to the marking.
- the ink is preferably brought briefly to a temperature of at least 400 ° C or at least 500 ° C or at least 600 ° C. Alternatively or additionally, this temperature is at most 1200 ° C or at most 1000 ° C or at most 950 ° C.
- the components of the ink forming the marking are firmly connected to the workpiece by the action of temperature.
- the ink can be pre-dried when it is fixed, for example by evaporating a solvent.
- predrying it is particularly preferred if there is no or no pronounced temperature treatment. This means that predrying can take place at temperatures below 150 ° C. or below 100 ° C., preferably at room temperature, that is to say approximately 25 ° C.
- the workpiece is heated locally or only locally in an area with the marking during the fixing. Other areas of the workpiece are then not or not significantly affected by the temperature effect when fixing. In particular, non-significant means that the workpiece's mechanical, optical or functional properties do not change in a process-relevant manner. If heating is generally only local, for example for hot forming, then the area of the marking is also preferably heated. This means that there can then be several local temperature entries laterally and / or temporally.
- a fixing process can be carried out in two steps: First, there is drying, that is, the removal of water and / or organic solvents. This step is typically done at room temperature. This is followed by firing and / or sintering for compaction, for solidification and / or for contrast enhancement and / or long-term fixation of the marking at high temperatures of, for example, at least 250 ° C. or 400 ° C. A substrate material of the workpiece and ink pigments are integrally bonded by this temperature effect.
- the sintering of the ceramic pigments, in particular, and / or the adhesion promoter which is preferably likewise based on a glass, a ceramic or a glass ceramic, is preferably carried out.
- fixing is usually carried out in an oven environment that is either only used for this purpose or that primarily serves another purpose and can also fix the marking in parallel. If an oven is used for a main purpose other than to fix the marking, you have to rely on a position of the printer on or near the oven when printing the marking, or the marking must be so firmly connected to the component that it is already unburned the marking is not lost or damaged by handling the workpiece and other work steps. This reduces the flexibility of the possible uses and / or prevents relevant areas of the process chain from being identified using the marking.
- the, for example, printed area for the marking for sintering pigments and / or the adhesion promoter is locally heated.
- This local heating takes place, for example, by means of a laser, by means of induction, by means of an electrical resistance, electrodes being attached to the workpiece, or by means of high-energy light pulses.
- a process can also be used which leads to local heating and primarily serves another purpose, for example local heating for forming the workpiece.
- the information of the marking which is carried by the inorganic adhesion promoter and the pigments in the form of a pre-structured marking and which is preferably applied by means of inkjet printing, is thus firmly connected to the workpiece or component in the method described here by local heating.
- the described method and the marking generated with it can be used, for example, in the fields of application of direct part marking of metallic components, sheet metal forming, hot soldering and / or in metal casting.
- the ink additionally comprises an inorganic binder, which is preferably also contained in the finished marking.
- the inorganic binder is preferably present in the form of particles in the ink.
- An average particle diameter of the particles of the binder in the ink is preferably at least 10 nm or at least 0.1 ⁇ m or at least 0.2 ⁇ m and / or at most 0.1 mm or at most 50 ⁇ m or at most 10 ⁇ m.
- the ink contains ceramic pigments.
- the ceramic pigments preferably give the coloring and / or a contrast of the marking to the workpiece.
- the term "ceramic pigments" includes glass ceramics that have amorphous and crystalline sub-areas. It is possible that such a glass ceramic only forms when it is fixed in place, such a glass ceramic then being preferred consists of the binder and the ceramic pigments.
- the ceramic pigments and / or the finished marking are made from one or more of the following materials: oxides such as BeO, MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaO, TiO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , MnO, Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, SrO, Y 2 O 3 , BaO, CeO 2 , UO 2 ; Carbides such as Be 2 C, Be 4 C, Al 4 C 3 , SiC, TiC, Cr 3 C 2 , Mn 3 C, Fe 3 C, SrC 2 , YC 2 , ZrC, NbC, Mo 2 C, BaC 2 , CeC 2 , HfC, TaC, WC, UC; Nitrides such as Be 3 N 2 , BN, Mg 3 N 2 , AlN, Si 3 N 4 , Ca 3 N 2 , TiN, VN, CrN, Mn 3 N 2 , Sr 3 N 2 , ZrN, NbN, Mo 3
- oxidic glasses such as silicate or borate glasses
- multi-phase materials such as Al 6 Si 2 O 13
- mixed crystals such as those from the Al 2 O 3 -Cr 2 O 3 , MgSiO 4 , CaSiO 4 , ZrSiO 4 , MgAl 2 O 4 system , CaZrO 3 , SiAlON, AlON and / or B 4 C-TiB 2
- ceramic pigments with a non-stoichiometric composition.
- an average particle diameter of the ceramic pigments in the ink and / or in the finished marking is at least 10 nm or at least 50 nm or at least 0.1 ⁇ m and / or at most 30 ⁇ m or at most 5 ⁇ m or at most 500 nm or at most 200 nm.
- the term “average diameter” preferably refers to a D50 value, that is to say to a median value. It is possible that the average diameter of the ceramic pigments in the ink is larger or smaller than the average diameter of the particles of the binder, for example by at least a factor of 2.
- the marking has at least in a part of the near ultraviolet, the visible and / or the near-infrared spectral range, both with respect to the workpiece, a difference in reflectance and / or a difference in reflectance and / or an albedo difference of at least 15 percentage points or 25 percentage points or 40 percentage points .
- This difference is due to, for example, a color of the ceramic pigments and / or a difference in refractive index and / or a material-specific absorption difference and / or difference in emissivity of the ceramic pigments, in particular, to an environment of the pigments.
- the marking can be clearly distinguished from a surface of the workpiece due to its optical properties, for example by a camera or by the human eye.
- the marking has a high contrast to a surface of the workpiece, at least under suitable lighting conditions that can be used to read out the marking.
- the near ultraviolet spectral range is understood to mean in particular the range from 300 nm to 420 nm, the visible spectral range denotes wavelengths from 420 nm to 760 nm and the near infrared spectral range is wavelengths from 760 nm to 1500 nm.
- Optical filters can be used to read out the marking, for example blocking an excitation wavelength of a phosphor, so that then only the radiation generated by the phosphor due to the excitation is detected.
- the marking with regard to contrast and / or a difference in brightness meets the current standard ISO / IEC 15415, which is required for directly marked components.
- the ceramic pigments are made of Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and / or ZrO 2 .
- the binder preferably comprises SiO 2 as the main component.
- the temperature is at least 400 ° C. for at most 1 min or for applied for a maximum of 0.5 min or for a maximum of 10 s or for a maximum of 1 s.
- an energy source for reaching the relevant temperature in step C) is active on the ink and / or on the marking for a maximum of the stated time period.
- the workpiece is a metal sheet, such as an iron sheet or a steel sheet.
- a thickness of the metal sheet is, for example, at least 0.1 mm or 0.3 mm or 0.5 mm and / or at most 8 mm or 5 mm or 3 mm.
- the metal sheet can have a constant thickness or can also vary in thickness.
- the workpiece is subjected to hot forming in a step D), for example pressing or deep drawing, for example of stamped, planar sheets at a forming temperature.
- the deformation temperature is preferably at least 700 ° C. or at least 800 ° C. or at least 880 ° C.
- the deformation temperature is at most 1100 ° C or at most 1000 ° C or at most 950 ° C.
- the deformation temperature is approximately 920 ° C.
- the marking is preferably fixed at a temperature below the deformation temperature, for example at least 200 ° C. below the deformation temperature.
- the workpiece has a protective layer against scaling.
- the anti-scaling layer is designed to prevent oxidation of the metal sheet, in particular in the area of Prevent or slow down deformation temperature in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
- the scale protection layer comprises or consists of aluminum, silicon, zinc and / or at least one metal oxide.
- the anti-scaling layer is a layer made by hot-dip galvanizing or a layer made of an aluminum-silicon alloy.
- Protective layers made of or with metal oxides such as aluminum oxide can also be used.
- the scaling protection layer can also be a protective layer with particles on the nanometer scale, for example an x-tec coating from the manufacturer NANO-X GmbH.
- a thickness of the anti-scaling layer is, for example, at least 100 nm or 250 nm or 1 ⁇ m and / or at most 30 ⁇ m or 10 ⁇ m or 2 ⁇ m.
- a preferred composition of the anti-scaling layer is: 87% Al, 10% Si and 3% Fe. The preferred thickness of the anti-scaling layer is between 1 ⁇ m and 40 ⁇ m.
- the marking is generated directly on the anti-scaling layer.
- the ink can be printed on the anti-scaling layer.
- the ink is applied directly to the metal sheet.
- the marking can still be read, in particular machine-readable, even after step D). That means that the hot forming does not destroy the marking. However, it is possible, albeit not preferred that the area with the marking changes its shape during hot forming.
- fixing in step C) is carried out by means of a radiation flash.
- Radiation of the radiation flash is absorbed in the ink and / or on a workpiece surface. This applies the temperature for fixing.
- the flash of radiation can be short and last, for example, for a maximum of 1 s or 0.1 s or 0.01 s.
- the radiation flash is preferably incoherent radiation, but alternatively coherent radiation, that is to say laser radiation, can also be used.
- the radiation from the radiation flash is predominantly ultraviolet radiation.
- a wavelength of maximum intensity of the radiation flash is preferably between 250 nm and 370 nm inclusive.
- infrared radiation can be used, in particular with a wavelength of maximum intensity between 1 ⁇ m and 2 ⁇ m.
- a component is added to the ink that specifically absorbs the radiation. This component can also be realized by the ceramic pigments and / or by the inorganic binder.
- fixing in step C) takes place by means of electrical and / or magnetic fields.
- the heating takes place inductively, in particular via alternating magnetic fields, which can generate eddy currents locally in the area of the marking.
- the heating can be carried out without contact.
- a current can be impressed directly via an electrical contact for heating.
- the ink in step B) comprises at least one organic binder.
- the organic binder is, for example, an acrylic-based material.
- the binder therefore acts as a kind of adhesive for the ceramic pigments and the particles of the inorganic binder until the fixing takes place at high temperatures.
- the organic binder is preferably no longer present or at least has no function.
- the ink in step B) comprises at least one solvent, in particular water or an organic solvent such as an alcohol.
- the ink can be dried by evaporating the solvent. For example, drying such that the ink becomes smudge-proof.
- the ink can have a dispersant and / or a plasticizer.
- the ink can also be designed as a paste, for example as in the publication DE 602 18 966 T2 described. The disclosure content of this document with regard to the ink is included by reference.
- the dried ink preferably consists of the organic binder, the ceramic pigments and the inorganic binder.
- the finished marking preferably consists of the ceramic pigments and the inorganic binder, whereby these can be fused or sintered to form a ceramic or a glass ceramic.
- the ink consists of the solvent, the ceramic pigments and the inorganic binder and the dried ink and the fixed marking consist of the ceramic pigments and the inorganic binder. If the ink is free of an organic binder, the marking is less influenced when it is fixed, for example by decomposing the organic binder and / or by outgassing components of the possibly decomposed organic binder, whereby bubbles can form. Inks without organic binders can also be produced more cheaply.
- a form of the marking is already defined in step B). This means that in step C) no material is removed from the preferably dried ink or from the marking with which an information content of the marking is changed. The marking with regard to its information content is thus complete immediately after step B).
- the area with the marking which is heated in step C) during fixing has at most three times the size of the marking itself. This means that the marking and the heated area are approximately the same size.
- the area with the marking makes up at most 2% or at most 10% of the workpiece.
- the marking is therefore relatively small compared to the entire workpiece.
- the marking is at least in the area with the marking above Raised metal sheet of the workpiece. This means that the marking can be a relief that rises from the workpiece.
- the marking is planarized in a step E) after step C), preferably also after step D).
- This planarization takes place, for example, by painting with a paint.
- a lacquer can be applied continuously over the marking.
- the lacquer can be transparent to radiation used to read the marking.
- the lacquer is at least impervious to visible light. If, for example, the marking is intended to be read out in the infrared spectral range, the lacquer in the relevant spectral range can be permeable.
- fixing to the marking C) is carried out with a separate heating means.
- the heat source for applying the elevated temperature is only used for fixing and not for other process steps when machining the workpiece.
- a tool such as a forming tool, can be used as the heat source for fixing, with which other process steps can also be carried out.
- the fixing to the marking is preferably carried out simultaneously, that is to say simultaneously, with a further process step.
- the ink and the marking comprise at least one phosphor.
- a contrast between the marking and the workpiece can be increased by the at least one phosphor.
- the ceramic pigments consist of at least one ceramic or glass-ceramic phosphor.
- the phosphor can be set up to shorten the wavelength of an excitation radiation, also referred to as an upconversion, and convert infrared light into visible light, for example.
- the phosphor can convert short-wave light into long-wave light. It is possible that the phosphor in particular due to the temperatures during hot forming Luminescence properties is changed. This also enables quality control to be carried out to determine whether hot forming has been carried out with the correct process parameters.
- the phosphor is a thermoluminescent material, that is to say a material that is luminescent when a threshold temperature is reached.
- the threshold temperature is preferably at least 125 ° C. or 175 ° C.
- the phosphor then comprises as doping and / or as part of a crystal lattice or a host lattice preferably one or more of the following elements: Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb.
- the thermoluminescent phosphor is particularly preferably NaYF 4 : Er, Yb.
- the use of such phosphors is for example in the publication DE 10 2017 125 006 A1 described. The disclosure content of this document with regard to the use of such phosphors is included by reference.
- a workpiece is also specified.
- the workpiece is marked with a method as specified in connection with one or more of the above-mentioned embodiments. Features of the method are therefore also disclosed for the workpiece and vice versa.
- the workpiece has the marking, the workpiece only showing discoloration and / or a changed material structure in the region of the marking, which is caused by heating to a temperature of at least 400 ° C. in step C).
- the workpiece is preferably a hot-formed one Metal part or a metal blank, which is intended for hot forming.
- the minimum temperature for fixing the marking can be determined via the materials from which the marking is composed.
- the local discoloration and / or changed material structure of the workpiece at the marking can be used to determine the spatial area in which the temperature was applied for fixing to the workpiece, that is to say whether only local heating took place. For example, the local heating manifests itself when the marking is fixed in a tarnish around the marking.
- FIG. 1 An embodiment of a method for marking workpieces 1 is illustrated.
- a metal sheet 11 with a workpiece surface 10 is provided.
- the metal sheet 11 is preferably a steel sheet, for example a stamped but still flat sheet.
- Figure 2 it is shown that an ink 20 for a marking 2 is printed on the workpiece surface 10.
- the printing takes place with a printing nozzle 5.
- the marking 2 can thus be produced in a structured manner by means of ink jet printing.
- the marking 2 is already essentially generated with its final shape.
- the marking 2 is, for example, a lettering.
- the still moist ink 20 can preferably dry to a dried ink 20 'at room temperature.
- the dried ink 20 ' preferably adheres to the workpiece surface 10 in a smudge-proof manner, but would disappear again if there was greater friction or if solvents were to influence it.
- the dried tine 20 ' is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation with the aid of an irradiation head 31.
- the radiation concentrates on a small area 3 around the later, finished marking 2.
- the dried tine 20 ' is strongly heated, for example to about 600 ° C. This fixes the ink 20 'to the mark 2.
- the irradiation can be unstructured and coherent across the entire marking 2. This means that the marking 2 is then not scanned with a laser beam.
- the irradiation takes place, for example, with UV radiation around 360 nm with an energy density of approximately 8 J / cm 2 .
- the irradiation lasts only around 100 microseconds. Thermal loads on the metal sheet 11 outside the area 3 with the marking 2 can thus be greatly reduced.
- the radiation used is, in particular, incoherent radiation, for example from a flash lamp.
- Figure 4 the finished, fixed marking 2 is shown. Due to the irradiation and the associated temperature increase in the area 3, it is possible that a color change 6 occurs around the actual marking 2. However, the color change 6 is limited to a small area around the marking 2.
- the workpiece 1 is hot stamped.
- the fixed marking 2 can be applied in areas of the workpiece 1 which are affected by the hot stamping.
- the marking 2 is located outside of areas in which hot forming takes place.
- the hot stamping of the marking 2 is not or only slightly impaired in its legibility.
- the marking 2 is therefore already in an early production stage of the workpiece 1 and attachable and captive to the component regardless of other process steps. This enables efficient and reliable tracking of the workpiece even over long process chains.
- a coating 4 is applied to the workpiece surface 10 in areas or over the entire surface.
- the coating 4 is, for example, a lacquer. It is possible that the marking 2 is hidden by the coating 4 from the human eye, but the coating can optionally still be machine-readable.
- the ink 20 is applied to the workpiece 1.
- the ink 20 is composed of ceramic pigments 21, particles of an inorganic binder 22, an organic binder 23, a solvent 24 and a dispersing aid 25.
- the dried ink 20 ' is illustrated, which no longer has a solvent 24.
- the pigments 21 and the binder 22 as well as the optional dispersing aid 25 are held together via the organic binder 23, so that the dried ink 20 ′ is attached to the workpiece 1 in a smudge-proof manner.
- sintering and fixing to mark 2 has taken place.
- the organic binder 23 and the dispersing aid are no longer present or are only present in traces which no longer fulfill a specific function.
- sintering and / or fixing preferably coherent areas of marker 2 are formed for individual characters. Within a coherent area, the marking 2 preferably shows a homogeneous color impression for a viewer and / or for a camera.
- the contiguous areas can be formed as smooth elevations over the workpiece.
- the contiguous areas are preferably formed by a glass ceramic which is produced from the pigments 21 and the binder 22.
- the ink 20 as in the Figures 7 to 9 described, can also be used in all other exemplary embodiments.
- FIGS 10 and 11 are alternatives to the step of heating the Figure 2 shown.
- contact needles 32 are placed on the electrically conductive workpiece 1, wherein more than two contact needles 32 can be used. Via the contact needles 32, electrical currents are generated in the area 3 in the workpiece 1, which lead to a strong local heating of the workpiece 1 and thus the dried ink 20 '. In this way, the fixation to mark 2 can be carried out.
- eddy currents in particular can be used in the workpiece for fixing without contact via magnetic fields.
- a heating tip 33 near the ink 20 or the optionally dried ink 20 ' is heated, as a result of which the ink 20 is dried and heated or the already dried ink 20 ′ is heated and fixed to the marking 2.
- the heating tip 33 is preferably operated only over the dried ink 20 '. The whole is preferred Mark 2 completed in a single heating step with the heating tip 33.
- Figure 10 illustrates that the mark 2 is formed by a bar code.
- the marker 2 is a matrix code.
- Such types of markings 2 can accordingly also be used in all other exemplary embodiments.
- a separate heating means 31, 32, 33 is used in each case, which is used only for fixing the dried ink 20 ′ or for drying and fixing the ink 20.
- the fixation to mark 2 according to the Figures 12 to 14 combined with another process step.
- the workpiece 1 is provided with the only schematically indicated dried ink 20 '.
- the workpiece 1 is deformed with a shaping tool 34a, 34b. At least the forming tool 34b, which covers the dried ink 20 ', is heated.
- the resulting, hot-formed workpiece 1 with the finished marking 2 is in Figure 14 shown.
- the components shown in the figures preferably follow one another directly in the order given. Yourself in the Layers not in contact with figures are preferably spaced apart from one another. If lines are drawn parallel to one another, the corresponding areas are preferably also aligned parallel to one another. Unless otherwise indicated, the relative positions of the drawn components to one another are also correctly represented in the figures.
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Abstract
In einer Ausführungsform dient das Verfahren zum Markieren von metallischen Werkstücken (1), die nachfolgend warmumgeformt werden, und umfasst die folgenden Schritte:A) Bereitstellen des mindestens einen Werkstücks (1),B) lokales Aufbringen einer Tinte (20) für eine Markierung (2) auf das Werkstück (1),C) Fixieren der Tinte (20) zu der Markierung (2), wobei das Werkstück (1) lokal in einem Bereich (3) mit der Markierung (2) erhitzt wird und beim Fixieren an der Tinte (20) eine Temperatur von mindestens 400 °C appliziert wird.In one embodiment, the method is used for marking metallic workpieces (1) which are subsequently hot-formed, and comprises the following steps: A) providing the at least one workpiece (1), B) locally applying an ink (20) for a marking ( 2) on the workpiece (1), C) fixing the ink (20) to the marking (2), the workpiece (1) being heated locally in an area (3) with the marking (2) and when fixing on the Ink (20) a temperature of at least 400 ° C is applied.
Description
Es wird ein Verfahren zur Markierung von Werkstücken angegeben.A method for marking workpieces is specified.
Aus der Druckschrift
In der Druckschrift
Eine zu lösende Aufgabe besteht darin, ein Verfahren anzugeben, mit dem ein Werkstück effizient mit einer temperaturstabilen Markierung fest und dauerhaft verbunden werden kann.One task to be solved is to specify a method with which a workpiece can be efficiently and permanently connected with a temperature-stable marking.
Diese Aufgabe wird unter anderem durch ein Verfahren und durch ein Werkstück mit den Merkmalen der unabhängigen Patentansprüche gelöst. Bevorzugte Weiterbildungen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Ansprüche.This object is achieved, inter alia, by a method and by a workpiece with the features of the independent claims. Preferred developments are the subject of the dependent claims.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird mit dem Verfahren an einem Werkstück eine Markierung angebracht. Mit der Markierung ist es bevorzugt möglich, das Werkstück eindeutig zu identifizieren. Die Markierung ist zum Beispiel ein Schriftzug, eine Nummer, eine Kennzeichnung, ein Strichcode oder ein Matrixcode, zum Beispiel ein Data Matrix Code, kurz DMC, oder ein QR-Code. Bevorzugt ist die Markierung maschinenlesbar.According to at least one embodiment, the method is used to apply a marking to a workpiece. With the marking it is preferably possible to uniquely identify the workpiece. The marking is, for example, a lettering, a number, an identification, a bar code or a matrix code, for example a data matrix code, for short DMC, or a QR code. The marking is preferably machine-readable.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform umfasst das Verfahren den Schritt des Bereitstellens des mindestens einen Werkstücks. Bei dem Werkstück kann es sich dabei um einen Rohling handeln. Der Rohling ist zum Beispiel ein Metallblech und/oder ein weiterzuverarbeitendes Metallstück wie ein Gussteil.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the method comprises the step of providing the at least one workpiece. The workpiece can be a blank. The blank is, for example, a metal sheet and / or a piece of metal to be processed, such as a cast part.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform umfasst das Verfahren den Schritt des Aufbringens zumindest einer Tinte für eine Markierung auf das Werkstück. Es ist möglich, dass mehrfarbige Markierungen erzeugt werden sollen und dass demgemäß mehrere verschiedene Tinten zum Einsatz kommen können. Bevorzugt wird nur genau eine Tinte verwendet.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the method comprises the step of applying at least one ink for a marking to the workpiece. It is possible that multi-colored markings should be created and that accordingly several different inks can be used. Only exactly one ink is preferably used.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird die Tinte nur lokal aufgebracht. Insbesondere wird die Tinte nur dort auf dem Werkstück angebracht, wo die Tinte für die Markierung tatsächlich benötigt wird. Ein nachträgliches Entfernen von gegenüber dem Werkstück farbigem Material aus der Tinte kann somit unterbleiben.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the ink is applied only locally. In particular, the ink is only applied to the workpiece where the ink is actually required for the marking. Subsequent removal of material colored in relation to the workpiece from the ink can thus be avoided.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform umfasst das Verfahren den Schritt des Fixierens der Tinte zu der Markierung. Beim Fixieren wird die Tinte bevorzugt kurzzeitig auf eine Temperatur von mindestens 400 °C oder mindestens 500 °C oder mindestens 600 °C gebracht. Alternativ oder zusätzlich liegt diese Temperatur bei höchstens 1200 °C oder bei höchstens 1000 °C oder bei höchstens 950 °C. Durch die Temperatureinwirkung werden die die Markierung bildenden Bestandteile der Tinte fest mit dem Werkstück verbunden.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the method comprises the step of fixing the ink to the marking. When fixing, the ink is preferably brought briefly to a temperature of at least 400 ° C or at least 500 ° C or at least 600 ° C. Alternatively or additionally, this temperature is at most 1200 ° C or at most 1000 ° C or at most 950 ° C. The components of the ink forming the marking are firmly connected to the workpiece by the action of temperature.
Es ist möglich, dass beim Fixieren nicht mehr alle Bestandteile der ursprünglich aufgebrachten Tinte vorhanden sind. So kann die Tinte beim Fixieren bereits vorgetrocknet sein, zum Beispiel indem ein Lösungsmittel abgedampft ist. Bei einem solchen optionalen Vortrocknen erfolgt besonders bevorzugt keine oder keine ausgeprägte Temperaturbehandlung. Das heißt, das Vortrocknen kann bei Temperaturen unterhalb von 150 °C oder unterhalb von 100 °C erfolgen, bevorzugt bei Raumtemperatur, also ungefähr 25 °C.It is possible that not all components of the originally applied ink are present when fixing. For example, the ink can be pre-dried when it is fixed, for example by evaporating a solvent. With such an optional predrying, it is particularly preferred if there is no or no pronounced temperature treatment. This means that predrying can take place at temperatures below 150 ° C. or below 100 ° C., preferably at room temperature, that is to say approximately 25 ° C.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird das Werkstück beim Fixieren lokal oder nur lokal in einem Bereich mit der Markierung erhitzt. Übrige Bereiche des Werkstücks sind dann von der Temperatureinwirkung beim Fixieren nicht oder nicht signifikant betroffen. Nicht signifikant bedeutet insbesondere, dass sich das Werkstück in seinen mechanischen oder optischen oder funktionalen Eigenschaften nicht prozessrelevant ändert. Falls generell nur lokal erhitzt wird, zum Beispiel für eine Warmumformung, dann wird bevorzugt auch der Bereich der Kennzeichnung erwärmt. Das heißt, es kann dann lateral und/oder zeitlich mehrere lokale Temperatureinträge geben.According to at least one embodiment, the workpiece is heated locally or only locally in an area with the marking during the fixing. Other areas of the workpiece are then not or not significantly affected by the temperature effect when fixing. In particular, non-significant means that the workpiece's mechanical, optical or functional properties do not change in a process-relevant manner. If heating is generally only local, for example for hot forming, then the area of the marking is also preferably heated. This means that there can then be several local temperature entries laterally and / or temporally.
In mindestens einer Ausführungsform dient das Verfahren zum Markieren von bevorzugt metallischen Werkstücken, die nachfolgend warmumgeformt werden können, und umfasst die folgenden Schritte, insbesondere in der angegebenen Reihenfolge:
- A) Bereitstellen des mindestens einen Werkstücks,
- B) lokales Aufbringen einer Tinte für eine Markierung (2) auf das Werkstück,
- C) Fixieren der Tinte zu der Markierung, wobei das Werkstück lokal, insbesondere nur lokal, in einem Bereich mit der Markierung erhitzt wird und beim Fixieren an der Tinte eine Temperatur von mindestens 400 °C appliziert wird.
- A) providing the at least one workpiece,
- B) locally applying an ink for a marking (2) to the workpiece,
- C) Fixing the ink to the mark, taking the workpiece locally, in particular only locally, is heated in an area with the marking and a temperature of at least 400 ° C. is applied when fixed to the ink.
Mit dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren ist es möglich, eine bevorzugt dauerhafte Beschriftung und/oder Bedruckung von Produkten und Objekten, unter anderem zu deren Kennzeichnung, vorzunehmen.With the method described here, it is possible to preferably permanently label and / or print on products and objects, including for their identification.
Bei der Aufbringung von pigmentierten Tinten kann ein Fixierungsprozess in zwei Schritten erfolgen: Zuerst erfolgt ein Trocknen, das heißt, das Entfernen von Wasser und/oder von organischen Lösungsmitteln. Dieser Schritt erfolgt typischerweise bei Raumtemperatur. Danach erfolgt ein Brennen und/oder Sintern zur Verdichtung, zur Verfestigung und/oder zur Kontrastverstärkung und/oder langfristigen Fixierung der Kennzeichnung bei hohen Temperaturen von beispielsweise mindestens 250 °C oder 400 °C. Durch diese Temperatureinwirkung werden ein Substratmaterial des Werkstücks und Tintenpigmente stoffschlüssig verbunden. Außerdem erfolgt bevorzugt die Versinterung der insbesondere keramischen Pigmente und/oder des Haftvermittlers, der bevorzugt ebenfalls auf einem Glas, einer Keramik oder einer Glaskeramik basiert.When applying pigmented inks, a fixing process can be carried out in two steps: First, there is drying, that is, the removal of water and / or organic solvents. This step is typically done at room temperature. This is followed by firing and / or sintering for compaction, for solidification and / or for contrast enhancement and / or long-term fixation of the marking at high temperatures of, for example, at least 250 ° C. or 400 ° C. A substrate material of the workpiece and ink pigments are integrally bonded by this temperature effect. In addition, the sintering of the ceramic pigments, in particular, and / or the adhesion promoter, which is preferably likewise based on a glass, a ceramic or a glass ceramic, is preferably carried out.
Insbesondere in der Metallverarbeitung wird dafür bisher das gesamte Bauteil erwärmt, was zu relativ hohen Energiekosten führt und das Bauteil belastet. Dazu wird das Fixieren meist in einer Ofenumgebung durchgeführt, die entweder nur dafür betrieben wird oder die primär einem anderen Zweck dient und die Fixierung der Markierung parallel mit durchführen kann. Wird ein Ofen für einen anderen Hauptzweck als zum Fixieren der Markierung verwendet, so ist man bei der Bedruckung der Markierung auf eine Position des Druckers am oder nahe am Ofen angewiesen oder die Markierung muss bereits im ungebrannten Zustand so fest mit dem Bauteil verbunden sein, dass die Markierung nicht durch eine Handhabung des Werkstücks und durch andere Arbeitsschritte verloren geht oder beschädigt wird. Dies vermindert die Flexibilität der Einsatzmöglichkeiten und/oder verhindert, dass relevante Bereiche der Prozesskette mit Hilfe der Markierung erfasst werden können.In metal processing in particular, the entire component has been heated up to now, which leads to relatively high energy costs and stresses the component. For this purpose, fixing is usually carried out in an oven environment that is either only used for this purpose or that primarily serves another purpose and can also fix the marking in parallel. If an oven is used for a main purpose other than to fix the marking, you have to rely on a position of the printer on or near the oven when printing the marking, or the marking must be so firmly connected to the component that it is already unburned the marking is not lost or damaged by handling the workpiece and other work steps. This reduces the flexibility of the possible uses and / or prevents relevant areas of the process chain from being identified using the marking.
Bei dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren erfolgt dagegen nur eine lokale Erhitzung des zum Beispiel bedruckten Areals für die Markierung zur Versinterung von Pigmenten und/oder des Haftvermittlers. Dieses lokale Erhitzen erfolgt zum Beispiel mittels eines Lasers, mittels Induktion, mittels eines elektrischen Widerstandes, wobei Elektroden am Werkstück angebracht werden, oder mittels hochenergetischer Lichtimpulse. Alternativ kann auch ein Prozess genutzt werden, welcher zu einer lokalen Erhitzung führt und primär einem anderen Zweck dient, zum Beispiel einer lokalen Erwärmung für eine Umformung des Werkstücks.In the method described here, on the other hand, only the, for example, printed area for the marking for sintering pigments and / or the adhesion promoter is locally heated. This local heating takes place, for example, by means of a laser, by means of induction, by means of an electrical resistance, electrodes being attached to the workpiece, or by means of high-energy light pulses. Alternatively, a process can also be used which leads to local heating and primarily serves another purpose, for example local heating for forming the workpiece.
Die Informationen der Markierung, die vom anorganischen Haftvermittler und den Pigmenten in Form einer vorstrukturierten Kennzeichnung getragen wird und die bevorzugt mittels Tintenstrahldruck aufgebracht wird, wird bei dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren also durch lokales Erhitzen fest mit dem Werkstück oder Bauteil verbunden.The information of the marking, which is carried by the inorganic adhesion promoter and the pigments in the form of a pre-structured marking and which is preferably applied by means of inkjet printing, is thus firmly connected to the workpiece or component in the method described here by local heating.
Mit dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren ist insbesondere eine unmittelbare Fixierung der Markierung und damit Aufbringung entlang der gesamten Prozesskette, die das Werkstück zu durchlaufen hat, möglich. Im Vergleich zum Betrieb eines separaten Ofens sind Energieeinsparungen und Kosteneinsparung möglich. Ferner wird das Werkstück geschont. Es kann eine einfachere, damit besser verarbeitbare und kostengünstigere Tinte verwendet werden, da auf organische Binder insbesondere in der fertigen Markierung verzichtet werden kann. Weiterhin ist eine verbesserte Integration der Markierung in Metallverarbeitungsprozessen erreichbar.With the method described here, there is in particular a direct fixation of the marking and thus its application possible along the entire process chain that the workpiece has to go through. Energy savings and cost savings are possible compared to operating a separate furnace. The workpiece is also protected. A simpler ink, which is therefore easier to process and less expensive, can be used, since organic binders, in particular in the finished marking, can be dispensed with. Furthermore, an improved integration of the marking in metal processing processes can be achieved.
Das beschriebene Verfahren und die damit erzeugte Markierung können zum Beispiel in den Anwendungsfeldern des Direct part marking von metallischen Bauteilen, der Blechumformung, beim Heißlöten und/oder im Metallguss herangezogen werden.The described method and the marking generated with it can be used, for example, in the fields of application of direct part marking of metallic components, sheet metal forming, hot soldering and / or in metal casting.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform umfasst die Tinte zusätzlich ein anorganisches Bindemittel, das bevorzugt auch in der fertigen Markierung enthalten ist. In der Tinte liegt das anorganische Bindemittel bevorzugt in Form von Partikeln vor. Ein mittlerer Teilchendurchmesser der Partikel des Bindemittels in der Tinte liegt bevorzugt bei mindestens 10 nm oder mindestens 0,1 µm oder mindestens 0,2 µm und/oder bei höchstens 0,1 mm oder höchstens 50 µm oder höchstens 10 µm.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the ink additionally comprises an inorganic binder, which is preferably also contained in the finished marking. The inorganic binder is preferably present in the form of particles in the ink. An average particle diameter of the particles of the binder in the ink is preferably at least 10 nm or at least 0.1 µm or at least 0.2 µm and / or at most 0.1 mm or at most 50 µm or at most 10 µm.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform enthält die Tinte keramische Pigmente. Bevorzugt ist durch die keramischen Pigmente eine Farbgebung und/oder einen Kontrast der Markierung gegenüber dem Werkstück gegeben. Der Begriff "keramische Pigmente" schließt dabei Glaskeramiken, die amorphe und kristallene Teilgebiete aufweisen, mit ein. Es ist möglich, dass sich eine solche Glaskeramik erst durch das Fixieren bildet, wobei eine solche Glaskeramik dann bevorzugt aus dem Bindemittel und aus den keramischen Pigmenten besteht.In at least one embodiment, the ink contains ceramic pigments. The ceramic pigments preferably give the coloring and / or a contrast of the marking to the workpiece. The term "ceramic pigments" includes glass ceramics that have amorphous and crystalline sub-areas. It is possible that such a glass ceramic only forms when it is fixed in place, such a glass ceramic then being preferred consists of the binder and the ceramic pigments.
Beispielsweise sind die keramischen Pigmente und/oder die fertige Markierung aus einem oder aus mehreren der folgenden Materialien: Oxide wie BeO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, TiO2, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, ZnO, SrO, Y2O3, BaO, CeO2, UO2; Carbide wie Be2C, Be4C, Al4C3, SiC, TiC, Cr3C2, Mn3C, Fe3C, SrC2, YC2, ZrC, NbC, Mo2C, BaC2, CeC2, HfC, TaC, WC, UC; Nitride wie Be3N2, BN, Mg3N2, AlN, Si3N4, Ca3N2, TiN, VN, CrN, Mn3N2, Sr3N2, ZrN, NbN, Mo3N2, HfN, TaN, WN2, UN; Boride wie AlB4, CaB6, TiB2, VB2, CrB2, MnB, FeB, CoB, NiB, SrB6, YB6, ZrB2, NbB2, MoB2, BaB6, LaB6, CoB6, HfB2, TaB2, WB; Silicide wie CaSi, Ti5Si3, V5Si3, CrSi2, FeSi, CoSi, ZrSi2, NbSi2, MoSi2, TaSi2, WSi2. Auch oxidische Gläser, wie silikatische oder Boratgläser, sowie Multiphasenmaterialien, wie Al6Si2O13, oder gemischte Kristalle wie aus dem System Al2O3-Cr2O3, MgSiO4, CaSiO4, ZrSiO4, MgAl2O4, CaZrO3, SiAlON, AlON und/oder B4C-TiB2 können verwendet werden. Es ist auch möglich, keramische Pigmente mit einer nichtstöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung zu verwenden.For example, the ceramic pigments and / or the finished marking are made from one or more of the following materials: oxides such as BeO, MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaO, TiO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , MnO, Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, SrO, Y 2 O 3 , BaO, CeO 2 , UO 2 ; Carbides such as Be 2 C, Be 4 C, Al 4 C 3 , SiC, TiC, Cr 3 C 2 , Mn 3 C, Fe 3 C, SrC 2 , YC 2 , ZrC, NbC, Mo 2 C, BaC 2 , CeC 2 , HfC, TaC, WC, UC; Nitrides such as Be 3 N 2 , BN, Mg 3 N 2 , AlN, Si 3 N 4 , Ca 3 N 2 , TiN, VN, CrN, Mn 3 N 2 , Sr 3 N 2 , ZrN, NbN, Mo 3 N 2 , HfN, TaN, WN 2 , UN; Borides such as AlB 4 , CaB 6 , TiB 2 , VB2, CrB 2 , MnB, FeB, CoB, NiB, SrB 6 , YB 6 , ZrB 2 , NbB 2 , MoB 2 , BaB 6 , LaB 6 , CoB 6 , HfB 2 , TaB 2 , WB; Silicides such as CaSi, Ti5Si3, V 5 Si 3 , CrSi 2 , FeSi, CoSi, ZrSi 2 , NbSi 2 , MoSi 2 , TaSi 2 , WSi 2 . Also oxidic glasses, such as silicate or borate glasses, as well as multi-phase materials, such as Al 6 Si 2 O 13 , or mixed crystals such as those from the Al 2 O 3 -Cr 2 O 3 , MgSiO 4 , CaSiO 4 , ZrSiO 4 , MgAl 2 O 4 system , CaZrO 3 , SiAlON, AlON and / or B 4 C-TiB 2 can be used. It is also possible to use ceramic pigments with a non-stoichiometric composition.
Beispielsweise werden eines oder mehrere der folgenden Materialien für die keramischen Pigmente verwendet, allein oder in Kombination:
- lila Pigmente wie BaCuSi2O6, Kobalt-Orthophosphate wie NH4MnP2O7,
- blaue Pigmente wie schwefelhaltiges Sodiosilikat Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4, (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,SO4,Cl)1-2, Kobalt(II)stannat, CaCuSi4O10, BaCuSi4O10, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, Fe7(CN)18, YIn1-xMnxO3,
- grüne Pigmente wie CdS in Kombination mit Cr2O3, (Cr2O3·H2O), CoZnO2, Cu2CO3(OH)2, CuHAsO3 oder K[(Al,FeIII),(FeII,Mg)](AlSi3,Si4)O10(OH)2,
- Gelbpigmente wie As2S3, BiVO4, PbCrO4, K3Co(NO2)6, Fe2O3·H2O, PbSnO4, Pb(Sn,Si)O3, SnS2, Cadmiumsulfoselenid, PbCrO4 + PbO,
- rote Pigmente wie As4S4, Cd2SSe, Pb3O4, HgS,
- schwarze Pigmente wie Fe3O4, MnO2, Ti2O3.
- purple pigments such as BaCuSi 2 O 6 , cobalt orthophosphates such as NH 4 MnP 2 O 7 ,
- blue pigments such as sulfur-containing sodiosilicate Na 8-10 Al 6 Si 6 O 24 S 2-4 , (Na, Ca) 8 (AlSiO 4 ) 6 (S, SO 4 , Cl) 1-2 , Cobalt (II) stannate, CaCuSi 4 O 10 , BaCuSi 4 O 10 , Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 , Fe 7 (CN) 18 , YIn 1-x Mn x O 3 ,
- green pigments such as CdS in combination with Cr 2 O 3 , (Cr 2 O 3 .H 2 O), CoZnO 2 , Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 , CuHAsO 3 or K [(Al, FeIII), (FeII, Mg )] (AlSi 3 , Si 4 ) O 10 (OH) 2 ,
- Yellow pigments such as As 2 S 3 , BiVO 4 , PbCrO 4 , K 3 Co (NO 2 ) 6 , Fe 2 O 3 .H 2 O, PbSnO 4 , Pb (Sn, Si) O 3 , SnS 2 , cadmium sulfoselenide, PbCrO 4 + PbO,
- red pigments such as As 4 S 4 , Cd 2 SSe, Pb 3 O 4 , HgS,
- black pigments such as Fe 3 O 4 , MnO 2 , Ti 2 O 3 .
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform beträgt ein mittlerer Partikeldurchmesser der keramischen Pigmente in der Tinte und/oder in der fertigen Markierung mindestens 10 nm oder mindestens 50 nm oder mindestens 0,1 µm und/oder höchstens 30 µm oder höchstens 5 µm oder höchstens 500 nm oder höchstens 200 nm. Der Begriff "mittlerer Durchmesser" bezieht sich vorzugsweise auf einen D50-Wert, also auf einen Medianwert. Es ist möglich, dass in der Tinte der mittlere Durchmesser der keramischen Pigmente größer oder kleiner ist als der mittlere Durchmesser der Partikel des Bindemittels, beispielsweise um mindestens einen Faktor von 2.According to at least one embodiment, an average particle diameter of the ceramic pigments in the ink and / or in the finished marking is at least 10 nm or at least 50 nm or at least 0.1 μm and / or at most 30 μm or at most 5 μm or at most 500 nm or at most 200 nm. The term “average diameter” preferably refers to a D50 value, that is to say to a median value. It is possible that the average diameter of the ceramic pigments in the ink is larger or smaller than the average diameter of the particles of the binder, for example by at least a factor of 2.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform weist die Markierung zumindest in einem Teil des nahen ultravioletten, des sichtbaren und/oder des nahinfraroten Spektralbereichs sowohl gegenüber dem Werkstück einen Reflexionsgradunterschied und/oder einen Remissionsgradunterschied und/oder einen Albedounterschied von mindestens 15 Prozentpunkten oder 25 Prozentpunkten oder 40 Prozentpunkten auf. Dieser Unterschied wird zum Beispiel aufgrund einer Farbe der keramischen Pigmente und/oder aufgrund eines Brechungsindexunterschieds und/oder eines materialspezifischen Absorptionsunterschieds und/oder Emissionsgradunterschiedes der insbesondere keramischen Pigmente zu einer Umgebung der Pigmente erzielt.According to at least one embodiment, the marking has at least in a part of the near ultraviolet, the visible and / or the near-infrared spectral range, both with respect to the workpiece, a difference in reflectance and / or a difference in reflectance and / or an albedo difference of at least 15 percentage points or 25 percentage points or 40 percentage points . This difference is due to, for example, a color of the ceramic pigments and / or a difference in refractive index and / or a material-specific absorption difference and / or difference in emissivity of the ceramic pigments, in particular, to an environment of the pigments.
Mit anderen Worten ist die Markierung aufgrund ihrer optischen Eigenschaften von einer Oberfläche des Werkstücks deutlich unterscheidbar, beispielsweise durch eine Kamera oder durch das menschliche Auge. Anders ausgedrückt weist die Markierung zu einer Oberfläche des Werkstücks einen hohen Kontrast auf, zumindest unter geeigneten Beleuchtungsbedingungen, die zum Auslesen der Markierung verwendet werden können. Unter dem nahen ultravioletten Spektralbereich wird insbesondere der Bereich von 300 nm bis 420 nm verstanden, der sichtbare Spektralbereich bezeichnet insbesondere Wellenlängen von 420 nm bis 760 nm und der nahinfrarote Spektralbereich Wellenlängen von 760 nm bis 1500 nm.In other words, the marking can be clearly distinguished from a surface of the workpiece due to its optical properties, for example by a camera or by the human eye. In other words, the marking has a high contrast to a surface of the workpiece, at least under suitable lighting conditions that can be used to read out the marking. The near ultraviolet spectral range is understood to mean in particular the range from 300 nm to 420 nm, the visible spectral range denotes wavelengths from 420 nm to 760 nm and the near infrared spectral range is wavelengths from 760 nm to 1500 nm.
Zum Auslesen der Markierung können optische Filter verwendet werden, die zum Beispiel eine Anregungswellenlänge eines Leuchtstoffs blockieren, sodass dann nur die vom Leuchtstoff aufgrund der Anregung erzeugte Strahlung detektiert wird. Insbesondere erfüllt die Markierung hinsichtlich des Kontrasts und/oder eines Helligkeitsunterschieds die derzeitige Norm ISO / IEC 15415, welche für direkt markierte Bauteile gefordert wird.Optical filters can be used to read out the marking, for example blocking an excitation wavelength of a phosphor, so that then only the radiation generated by the phosphor due to the excitation is detected. In particular, the marking with regard to contrast and / or a difference in brightness meets the current standard ISO / IEC 15415, which is required for directly marked components.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform sind die keramischen Pigmente aus Al2O3, TiO2 und/oder ZrO2. Das Bindemittel umfasst als Hauptbestandteil bevorzugt SiO2.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the ceramic pigments are made of Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and / or ZrO 2 . The binder preferably comprises SiO 2 as the main component.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird im Schritt C) die Temperatur von mindestens 400 °C für höchstens 1 min oder für höchstens 0,5 min oder für höchstens 10 s oder für höchstens 1 s appliziert. Dies bedeutet insbesondere, dass eine Energiequelle zum Erreichen der betreffenden Temperatur im Schritt C) höchstens für die genannte Zeitspanne an der Tinte und/oder an der Markierung aktiv ist.According to at least one embodiment, in step C) the temperature is at least 400 ° C. for at most 1 min or for applied for a maximum of 0.5 min or for a maximum of 10 s or for a maximum of 1 s. This means in particular that an energy source for reaching the relevant temperature in step C) is active on the ink and / or on the marking for a maximum of the stated time period.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform ist das Werkstück ein Metallblech wie ein Eisenblech oder ein Stahlblech. Eine Dicke des Metallblechs liegt beispielsweise bei mindestens 0,1 mm oder 0,3 mm oder 0,5 mm und/oder bei höchstens 8 mm oder 5 mm oder 3 mm. Das Metallblech kann eine gleichbleibende Dicke aufweisen oder auch dickenvariiert sein.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the workpiece is a metal sheet, such as an iron sheet or a steel sheet. A thickness of the metal sheet is, for example, at least 0.1 mm or 0.3 mm or 0.5 mm and / or at most 8 mm or 5 mm or 3 mm. The metal sheet can have a constant thickness or can also vary in thickness.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform durchläuft das Werkstück nach dem Schritt C) in einem Schritt D) eine Warmumformung, zum Beispiel ein Pressen oder ein Tiefziehen beispielsweise gestanzter, planarer Bleche bei einer Verformtemperatur. Insbesondere bei Stahlblechen oder bei Eisenblechen liegt die Verformtemperatur bevorzugt bei mindestens 700 °C oder mindestens 800 °C oder mindestens 880 °C. Alternativ oder zusätzlich liegt die Verformtemperatur bei höchstens 1100 °C oder höchstens 1000 °C oder höchstens 950 °C. Insbesondere liegt die Verformtemperatur bei ungefähr 920 °C. Das Fixieren der Markierung erfolgt bevorzugt bei einer Temperatur unterhalb der Verformtemperatur, zum Beispiel bei mindestens 200 °C unterhalb der Verformtemperatur.According to at least one embodiment, after step C), the workpiece is subjected to hot forming in a step D), for example pressing or deep drawing, for example of stamped, planar sheets at a forming temperature. In the case of steel sheets or iron sheets in particular, the deformation temperature is preferably at least 700 ° C. or at least 800 ° C. or at least 880 ° C. Alternatively or additionally, the deformation temperature is at most 1100 ° C or at most 1000 ° C or at most 950 ° C. In particular, the deformation temperature is approximately 920 ° C. The marking is preferably fixed at a temperature below the deformation temperature, for example at least 200 ° C. below the deformation temperature.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform weist das Werkstück eine Verzunderungsschutzschicht auf. Die Verzunderungsschutzschicht ist dazu eingerichtet, eine Oxidation des Metallblechs insbesondere im Bereich der Verformtemperatur in einer sauerstoffhaltigen Atmosphäre zu verhindern oder stark zu verlangsamen.According to at least one embodiment, the workpiece has a protective layer against scaling. The anti-scaling layer is designed to prevent oxidation of the metal sheet, in particular in the area of Prevent or slow down deformation temperature in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform umfasst die Verzunderungsschutzschicht Aluminium, Silizium, Zink und/oder mindestens ein Metalloxid oder besteht hieraus. Beispielsweise handelt es sich bei der Verzunderungsschutzschicht um eine über Feuerverzinkung hergestellte Schicht oder um eine Schicht aus einer Aluminium-Silizium-Legierung. Auch Schutzschichten aus oder mit Metalloxiden wie Aluminiumoxid können zum Einsatz kommen. Ebenso kann es sich bei der Verzunderungsschutzschicht um eine Schutzschicht mit Partikeln auf der Nanometerskala handeln, beispielsweise um eine x-tec-Beschichtung des Herstellers NANO-X GmbH. Eine Dicke der Verzunderungsschutzschicht liegt beispielsweise bei mindestens 100 nm oder 250 nm oder 1 µm und/oder bei höchstens 30 µm oder 10 µm oder 2 µm. Eine bevorzugte Zusammensetzung der Verzunderungsschutzschicht lautet: 87 % Al, 10 % Si und 3 % Fe. Die bevorzugte Dicke der Verzunderungsschutzschicht liegt zwischen 1 µm und 40 µm.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the scale protection layer comprises or consists of aluminum, silicon, zinc and / or at least one metal oxide. For example, the anti-scaling layer is a layer made by hot-dip galvanizing or a layer made of an aluminum-silicon alloy. Protective layers made of or with metal oxides such as aluminum oxide can also be used. The scaling protection layer can also be a protective layer with particles on the nanometer scale, for example an x-tec coating from the manufacturer NANO-X GmbH. A thickness of the anti-scaling layer is, for example, at least 100 nm or 250 nm or 1 µm and / or at most 30 µm or 10 µm or 2 µm. A preferred composition of the anti-scaling layer is: 87% Al, 10% Si and 3% Fe. The preferred thickness of the anti-scaling layer is between 1 µm and 40 µm.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird die Markierung unmittelbar auf der Verzunderungsschutzschicht erzeugt. Das heißt, die Tinte kann auf der Verzunderungsschutzschicht aufgedruckt werden. Alternativ erfolgt das Aufbringen der Tinte unmittelbar auf das Metallblech.According to at least one embodiment, the marking is generated directly on the anti-scaling layer. This means that the ink can be printed on the anti-scaling layer. Alternatively, the ink is applied directly to the metal sheet.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform ist die Markierung auch nach dem Schritt D) noch lesbar, insbesondere maschinenlesbar. Das heißt, durch das Warmumformen wir die Markierung nicht zerstört. Jedoch ist es möglich, wenngleich nicht bevorzugt, dass der Bereich mit der Markierung seine Form bei der Warmumformung ändert.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the marking can still be read, in particular machine-readable, even after step D). That means that the hot forming does not destroy the marking. However, it is possible, albeit not preferred that the area with the marking changes its shape during hot forming.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform erfolgt das Fixieren im Schritt C) durch einen Strahlungsblitz. Dabei wird Strahlung des Strahlungsblitzes in der Tinte und/oder an einer Werkstückoberfläche absorbiert. Hierdurch wird die Temperatur zum Fixieren appliziert. Der Strahlungsblitz kann kurz sein und zum Beispiel für höchstens 1 s oder 0,1 s oder 0,01 s andauern. Bei dem Strahlungsblitz handelt es sich bevorzugt um inkohärente Strahlung, alternativ kann aber auch kohärente Strahlung, also Laserstrahlung, zum Einsatz kommen.According to at least one embodiment, fixing in step C) is carried out by means of a radiation flash. Radiation of the radiation flash is absorbed in the ink and / or on a workpiece surface. This applies the temperature for fixing. The flash of radiation can be short and last, for example, for a maximum of 1 s or 0.1 s or 0.01 s. The radiation flash is preferably incoherent radiation, but alternatively coherent radiation, that is to say laser radiation, can also be used.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform ist die Strahlung des Strahlungsblitzes überwiegend ultraviolette Strahlung. Eine Wellenlänge maximaler Intensität des Strahlungsblitzes liegt in diesem Fall bevorzugt zwischen einschließlich 250 nm und 370 nm. Alternativ kann infrarote Strahlung herangezogen werden, insbesondere mit einer Wellenlänge maximaler Intensität zwischen einschließlich 1 µm und 2 µm. Es ist möglich, dass der Tinte ein Bestandteil beigegeben ist, der die Strahlung gezielt absorbiert. Dieser Bestandteil kann auch durch die keramischen Pigmente und/oder durch das anorganische Bindemittel verwirklicht sein.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the radiation from the radiation flash is predominantly ultraviolet radiation. In this case, a wavelength of maximum intensity of the radiation flash is preferably between 250 nm and 370 nm inclusive. Alternatively, infrared radiation can be used, in particular with a wavelength of maximum intensity between 1 µm and 2 µm. It is possible that a component is added to the ink that specifically absorbs the radiation. This component can also be realized by the ceramic pigments and / or by the inorganic binder.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform erfolgt das Fixieren im Schritt C) mittels elektrischer und/oder magnetischer Felder. Beispielsweise erfolgt das Heizen induktiv, insbesondere über magnetische Wechselfelder, die lokal im Bereich der Markierung Wirbelströme generieren können. Das Heizen kann berührungslos durchgeführt werden. Alternativ kann über eine elektrische Kontaktierung zum Heizen direkt ein Strom eingeprägt werden.According to at least one embodiment, fixing in step C) takes place by means of electrical and / or magnetic fields. For example, the heating takes place inductively, in particular via alternating magnetic fields, which can generate eddy currents locally in the area of the marking. The heating can be carried out without contact. Alternatively, a current can be impressed directly via an electrical contact for heating.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform umfasst die Tinte im Schritt B) zumindest einen organischen Binder. Mit diesem Binder ist erreichbar, dass die Tinte bereits vor dem Schritt C) wischfest an dem Werkstück angebracht ist. Der organische Binder ist zum Beispiel ein Material auf Acrylatbasis. Der Binder wirkt also für die keramischen Pigmente und die Partikel des anorganischen Bindemittels als eine Art Klebstoff, bis das Fixieren bei hohen Temperaturen erfolgt. Nach dem Fixieren ist der organische Binder bevorzugt nicht mehr vorhanden oder zumindest funktionslos.According to at least one embodiment, the ink in step B) comprises at least one organic binder. With this binder it can be achieved that the ink is already wipe-proof on the workpiece before step C). The organic binder is, for example, an acrylic-based material. The binder therefore acts as a kind of adhesive for the ceramic pigments and the particles of the inorganic binder until the fixing takes place at high temperatures. After fixing, the organic binder is preferably no longer present or at least has no function.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform umfasst die Tinte im Schritt B) zumindest ein Lösungsmittel, insbesondere Wasser oder ein organisches Lösungsmittel wie ein Alkohol. Durch ein Abdampfen des Lösungsmittels kann die Tinte getrocknet werden. Beispielsweise wird durch ein solches Trocknen erreicht, dass die Tinte wischfest wird.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the ink in step B) comprises at least one solvent, in particular water or an organic solvent such as an alcohol. The ink can be dried by evaporating the solvent. For example, drying such that the ink becomes smudge-proof.
Zudem kann die Tinte ein Dispergiermittel und/oder einen Weichmacher aufweisen. Die Tinte kann auch als Paste gestaltet sein, etwa wie in der Druckschrift
Die getrocknete Tinte besteht bevorzugt aus dem organischen Binder, den keramischen Pigmenten und dem anorganischen Bindemittel. Die fertige Markierung besteht bevorzugt aus den keramischen Pigmenten und dem anorganischen Bindemittel, wobei diese zu einer Keramik oder zu einer Glaskeramik verschmolzen oder gesintert sein können.The dried ink preferably consists of the organic binder, the ceramic pigments and the inorganic binder. The finished marking preferably consists of the ceramic pigments and the inorganic binder, whereby these can be fused or sintered to form a ceramic or a glass ceramic.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform besteht die Tinte aus dem Lösungsmittel, den keramischen Pigmenten und dem anorganischen Bindemittel und die getrocknete Tinte sowie die fixierte Markierung bestehen aus den keramischen Pigmenten und dem anorganischen Bindemittel. Ist die Tinte frei von einem organischen Binder, wird die Markierung beim Fixieren weniger stark beeinflusst, beispielsweise durch ein Zersetzen des organischen Binders und/oder durch ein Ausgasen von Komponenten des eventuell zersetzten organischen Binders, wobei Blasen entstehen können. Außerdem sind Tinten ohne organische Binder kostengünstiger herstellbar.According to at least one embodiment, the ink consists of the solvent, the ceramic pigments and the inorganic binder and the dried ink and the fixed marking consist of the ceramic pigments and the inorganic binder. If the ink is free of an organic binder, the marking is less influenced when it is fixed, for example by decomposing the organic binder and / or by outgassing components of the possibly decomposed organic binder, whereby bubbles can form. Inks without organic binders can also be produced more cheaply.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird eine Form der Markierung bereits im Schritt B) definiert. Das heißt, im Schritt C) erfolgt keine Materialwegnahme aus der bevorzugt getrockneten Tinte oder aus der Markierung, mit welcher ein Informationsgehalt der Markierung verändert wird. Somit ist die Markierung hinsichtlich ihres Informationsgehalts bereits unmittelbar nach dem Schritt B) vollständig.According to at least one embodiment, a form of the marking is already defined in step B). This means that in step C) no material is removed from the preferably dried ink or from the marking with which an information content of the marking is changed. The marking with regard to its information content is thus complete immediately after step B).
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform weist der Bereich mit der Markierung, der im Schritt C) beim Fixieren erhitzt wird, höchstens ein Dreifaches einer Größe der Markierung selbst auf. Das heißt, die Markierung und der erhitzte Bereich sind in etwa gleich groß.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the area with the marking which is heated in step C) during fixing has at most three times the size of the marking itself. This means that the marking and the heated area are approximately the same size.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform macht der Bereich mit der Markierung höchstens 2 % oder höchstens 10 % des Werkstücks aus. Somit ist die Markierung im Vergleich zum gesamten Werkstück relativ klein.According to at least one embodiment, the area with the marking makes up at most 2% or at most 10% of the workpiece. The marking is therefore relatively small compared to the entire workpiece.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform ist die Markierung mindestens in dem Bereich mit der Markierung über ein Metallblech des Werkstücks erhaben. Das heißt, die Markierung kann ein Relief sein, das sich aus dem Werkstück erhebt.According to at least one embodiment, the marking is at least in the area with the marking above Raised metal sheet of the workpiece. This means that the marking can be a relief that rises from the workpiece.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird die Markierung in einem Schritt E) nach dem Schritt C), bevorzugt auch nach dem Schritt D), planarisiert. Dieses Planarisieren erfolgt zum Beispiel mittels Lackieren mit einem Lack. Ein solcher Lack kann durchgehend über die Markierung hinweg aufgebracht werden. Der Lack kann für eine zum Auslesen der Markierung verwendete Strahlung durchlässig sein. Alternativ oder zusätzlich ist der Lack zumindest für sichtbares Licht undurchlässig. Ist die Markierung zum Beispiel zum Auslesen im Infraroten Spektralbereich vorgesehen, so kann der Lack im betreffenden Spektralbereich durchlässig sein.According to at least one embodiment, the marking is planarized in a step E) after step C), preferably also after step D). This planarization takes place, for example, by painting with a paint. Such a lacquer can be applied continuously over the marking. The lacquer can be transparent to radiation used to read the marking. Alternatively or additionally, the lacquer is at least impervious to visible light. If, for example, the marking is intended to be read out in the infrared spectral range, the lacquer in the relevant spectral range can be permeable.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform erfolgt das Fixieren zur Markierung C) mit einem separaten Heizmittel. Das heißt, die Wärmequelle zum Applizieren der erhöhten Temperatur kommt nur zum Fixieren zum Einsatz und nicht auch für andere Prozessschritte bei der Bearbeitung des Werkstücks. Alternativ kann als Wärmequelle zum Fixieren ein Werkzeug, wie ein Verformwerkzeug, zum Einsatz kommen, mit dem auch andere Prozessschritte durchgeführt werden. Im letztgenannten Fall erfolgt also das Fixieren zur Markierung bevorzugt zeitgleich, also simultan, mit einem weiteren Prozessschritt.According to at least one embodiment, fixing to the marking C) is carried out with a separate heating means. This means that the heat source for applying the elevated temperature is only used for fixing and not for other process steps when machining the workpiece. Alternatively, a tool, such as a forming tool, can be used as the heat source for fixing, with which other process steps can also be carried out. In the latter case, the fixing to the marking is preferably carried out simultaneously, that is to say simultaneously, with a further process step.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform umfassen die Tinte und die Markierung mindestens einen Leuchtstoff. Durch den zumindest einen Leuchtstoff kann ein Kontrast zwischen der Markierung und dem Werkstück erhöht werden. Insbesondere bestehen die keramischen Pigmente aus zumindest einem keramischen oder glaskeramischen Leuchtstoff.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the ink and the marking comprise at least one phosphor. A contrast between the marking and the workpiece can be increased by the at least one phosphor. In particular, the ceramic pigments consist of at least one ceramic or glass-ceramic phosphor.
Der Leuchtstoff enthält bevorzugt einen oder mehrere der folgenden Stoffe oder besteht hieraus: Eu2+-dotierte Nitride wie (Ca,Sr)AlSiN3:Eu2+, Sr(Ca,Sr)Si2Al2N6:Eu2+, (Sr,Ca)AlSiN3*Si2N2O:Eu2+, (Ca,Ba,Sr)2Si5N8:Eu2+, (Sr,Ca)[LiA13N4]:Eu2+; Granate aus dem allgemeinen System (Gd,Lu,Tb,Y)3(Al,Ga,D)5(O,X)12:RE mit X = Halogenid, N oder zweiwertiges Element, D = dreiwertiges oder vierwertiges Element und RE = Seltenerdmetalle wie Lu3(All-xGax)5O12:Ce3+, Y3(Al1-xGax)5O12:Ce3+; Eu2+-dotierte Sulfide wie (Ca,Sr,Ba)S:Eu2+; Eu2+-dotierte SiONe wie (Ba,Sr,Ca)Si2O2N2:Eu2+; SiAlONe etwa aus dem System LixMyLnzSi12-(m+n)Al(m+n)OnN16-n; beta-SiAlONe aus dem System Si6-xAlzOyN8-y:REz; Nitrido-Orthosilikate wie AE2-x-aRExEuaSiO4-xNx, AE2-x-aRExEuaSi1-yO4-x-2yNx mit RE = Seltenerdmetall und AE = Erdalkalimetall; Orthosilikate wie (Ba,Sr,Ca,Mg)2SiO4:Eu2+; Chlorosilikate wie CaaMg(SiO4)4Cl2:Eu2+; Chlorophosphate wie (Sr,Ba,Ca,Mg)10(PO4)6Cl2:Eu2+; BAM-Leuchtstoffe aus dem BaO-MgO-Al2O3-System wie BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+; Halophosphate wie M5(PO4)3(Cl, F) : (Eu 2+, Sb3+, Mn2+) ; SCAP-Leuchtstoffe wie (Sr,Ba,Ca)5(PO4)3Cl:Eu2+.The phosphor preferably contains or consists of one or more of the following substances: Eu 2+ -doped nitrides such as (Ca, Sr) AlSiN 3 : Eu 2+ , Sr (Ca, Sr) Si 2 Al 2 N 6 : Eu 2+ , (Sr, Ca) AlSiN 3 * Si 2 N 2 O: Eu2 + , (Ca, Ba, Sr) 2 Si 5 N 8 : Eu 2+ , (Sr, Ca) [LiA1 3 N 4 ]: Eu 2+ ; Grenade from the general system (Gd, Lu, Tb, Y) 3 (Al, Ga, D) 5 (O, X) 12 : RE with X = halide, N or divalent element, D = trivalent or tetravalent element and RE = rare earth elements such as Lu 3 (Al lx Ga x) 5 O 12: Ce 3+, Y 3 (Al 1-x Ga x) 5 O 12: Ce 3+; Eu 2+ -doped sulfides such as (Ca, Sr, Ba) S: Eu 2+ ; Eu 2+ -doped SiONs such as (Ba, Sr, Ca) Si 2 O 2 N 2 : Eu 2+ ; SiAlONe from the system Li x M y Ln z Si 12- (m + n) Al (m + n) O n N 16-n ; beta-SiAlONe from the system Si 6-x Al z O y N 8-y : RE z ; Nitrido orthosilicates such as AE 2-xa RE x Eu a SiO 4-x N x , AE 2-xa RE x Eu a Si 1-y O 4-x-2y N x with RE = rare earth metal and AE = alkaline earth metal; Orthosilicates such as (Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg) 2 SiO 4 : Eu 2+ ; Chlorosilicates such as Ca a Mg (SiO 4 ) 4 Cl 2 : Eu 2+ ; Chlorophosphates such as (Sr, Ba, Ca, Mg) 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 : Eu 2+ ; BAM phosphors from the BaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 system such as BaMgAl 10 O 17 : Eu 2+ ; Halophosphates such as M 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (Cl, F): ( Eu 2+ , Sb 3+ , Mn 2+ ); SCAP phosphors such as (Sr, Ba, Ca) 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl: Eu 2+ .
Der Leuchtstoff kann zu einer Verkürzung der Wellenlänge einer Anregungsstrahlung, auch als Upconversion bezeichnet, eingerichtet sein und beispielsweise infrarotes Licht in sichtbares Licht umwandeln. Alternativ kann der Leuchtstoff kurzwelliges Licht in langwelliges Licht umwandeln. Es ist möglich, dass der Leuchtstoff insbesondere durch die Temperaturen während der Warmumformung in seinen Lumineszenzeigenschaften verändert wird. Hierdurch ist auch eine Qualitätskontrolle erzielbar, ob die Warmumformung bei korrekten Prozessparametern erfolgt ist.The phosphor can be set up to shorten the wavelength of an excitation radiation, also referred to as an upconversion, and convert infrared light into visible light, for example. Alternatively, the phosphor can convert short-wave light into long-wave light. It is possible that the phosphor in particular due to the temperatures during hot forming Luminescence properties is changed. This also enables quality control to be carried out to determine whether hot forming has been carried out with the correct process parameters.
Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei dem Leuchtstoff um ein thermolumineszierendes Material, das heißt um ein bei Erreichen einer Schwellentemperatur lumineszierendes Material. Bevorzugt liegt die Schwellentemperatur bei mindestens 125 °C oder 175 °C. Der Leuchtstoff umfasst dann als Dotierung und/oder als Bestandteil eines Kristallgitters oder eines Wirtsgitters bevorzugt eines oder mehrere der folgenden Elemente: Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb. Besonders bevorzugt handelt es sich bei dem thermolumineszierenden Leuchtstoff um NaYF4:Er,Yb. Die Verwendung solcher Leuchtstoffe ist zum Beispiel in der Druckschrift
Darüber hinaus wird ein Werkstück angegeben. Das Werkstück ist mit einem Verfahren markiert, wie in Verbindung mit einer oder mehrerer der oben genannten Ausführungsformen angegeben. Merkmale des Verfahrens sind daher auch für das Werkstück offenbart und umgekehrt.A workpiece is also specified. The workpiece is marked with a method as specified in connection with one or more of the above-mentioned embodiments. Features of the method are therefore also disclosed for the workpiece and vice versa.
In mindestens einer Ausführungsform weist das Werkstück die Markierung auf, wobei das Werkstück nur im Bereich der Markierung eine Verfärbung und/oder eine veränderte Materialstruktur aufweist, die durch ein Erhitzen auf eine Temperatur von mindestens 400 °C im Schritt C) verursacht ist. Das Werkstück ist bevorzugt ein warmumgeformtes Metallteil oder ein Metallrohling, der für eine Warmumformung vorgesehen ist.In at least one embodiment, the workpiece has the marking, the workpiece only showing discoloration and / or a changed material structure in the region of the marking, which is caused by heating to a temperature of at least 400 ° C. in step C). The workpiece is preferably a hot-formed one Metal part or a metal blank, which is intended for hot forming.
Über die Materialien, aus denen die Markierung zusammengesetzt ist, lässt sich die minimale Temperatur zum Fixieren der Markierung bestimmen. Über die lokale Verfärbung und/oder veränderte Materialstruktur des Werkstücks an der Markierung lässt sich bestimmen, in welchem räumlichen Bereich die Temperatur zum Fixieren am Werkstück appliziert wurde, ob also nur ein lokales Erhitzen erfolgte. Beispielsweise äußerst sich das lokale Erhitzen beim Fixieren der Markierung in einer Anlauffarbe um die Markierung herum.The minimum temperature for fixing the marking can be determined via the materials from which the marking is composed. The local discoloration and / or changed material structure of the workpiece at the marking can be used to determine the spatial area in which the temperature was applied for fixing to the workpiece, that is to say whether only local heating took place. For example, the local heating manifests itself when the marking is fixed in a tarnish around the marking.
Nachfolgend werden ein hier beschriebenes Verfahren und ein hier beschriebenes Werkstück unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnung anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Gleiche Bezugszeichen geben dabei gleiche Elemente in den einzelnen Figuren an. Es sind jedoch keine maßstäblichen Bezüge dargestellt, vielmehr können einzelne Elemente zum besseren Verständnis übertrieben groß dargestellt sein.A method described here and a workpiece described here are explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing using exemplary embodiments. The same reference numerals indicate the same elements in the individual figures. However, no true-to-scale references are shown; rather, individual elements can be exaggerated in size for better understanding.
Es zeigen:
-
schematische perspektivische Darstellungen von Schritten eines hier beschriebenen Verfahrens zur Markierung von hier beschriebenen Werkstücken,Figuren 1bis 6 -
Figuren 7 bis 9 schematische Schnittdarstellungen von Schritten eines hier beschriebenen Verfahrens zur Markierung von hier beschriebenen Werkstücken, -
schematische perspektivische Darstellungen von Fixierschritten hier beschriebener Verfahren zur Markierung hier beschriebener Werkstücke, undFiguren 10 und 11 -
Figuren 12 bis 14 schematische perspektivische Darstellungen von Schritten eines hier beschriebenen Verfahrens zur Markierung von hier beschriebenen Werkstücken.
-
Figures 1 to 6 schematic perspective representations of steps of a method described here for marking workpieces described here, -
Figures 7 to 9 schematic sectional representations of steps of a method described here for marking workpieces described here, -
Figures 10 and 11 schematic perspective representations of fixing steps described methods for marking workpieces described here, and -
Figures 12 to 14 schematic perspective representations of steps of a method described here for marking workpieces described here.
In den
In
Nach dem Aufdrucken kann die noch feuchte Tinte 20 bevorzugt bei Raumtemperatur zu einer getrockneten Tinte 20' trocknen. Die getrocknete Tinte 20' haftet bevorzugt wischfest auf der Werkstückoberfläche 10, würde jedoch bei stärkerer Reibung oder bei Einfluss von Lösungsmitteln wieder verschwinden.After printing, the still
Gemäß
Die Bestrahlung erfolgt zum Beispiel mit UV-Strahlung um 360 nm mit einer Energiedichte von ungefähr 8 J/cm2. Die Bestrahlung dauert zum Beispiel lediglich rund 100 µs an. Damit lassen sich thermische Belastungen des Metallblechs 11 außerhalb des Bereichs 3 mit der Markierung 2 stark reduzieren. Bei der verwendeten Strahlung handelt es sich insbesondere um inkohärente Strahlung, zum Beispiel aus einer Blitzlampe.The irradiation takes place, for example, with UV radiation around 360 nm with an energy density of approximately 8 J / cm 2 . For example, the irradiation lasts only around 100 microseconds. Thermal loads on the
In
Im optionalen Schritt der
Mit dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren ist die Markierung 2 also bereits in einem frühen Fertigungsstadium des Werkstücks 1 und unabhängig von anderen Prozessschritten anbringbar und unverlierbar mit dem Bauteil verbunden. Damit ist eine effiziente und zuverlässige Nachverfolgung des Werkstücks auch über lange Prozessketten hinweg möglich.With the method described here, the marking 2 is therefore already in an early production stage of the
Gemäß dem optionalen Schritt der
In den
In
Gemäß
Die zusammenhängenden Gebiete können als glatte Erhebungen über das Werkstück gebildet sein. Bevorzugt sind die zusammenhängenden Gebiete durch eine Glaskeramik gebildet, die aus den Pigmenten 21 und dem Bindemittel 22 erzeugt ist.The contiguous areas can be formed as smooth elevations over the workpiece. The contiguous areas are preferably formed by a glass ceramic which is produced from the
Die Tinte 20, wie in den
In den
Demgegenüber wird gemäß
Zudem ist in
Gemäß den
So wird gemäß
Somit ist es nicht zwingend erforderlich, zum Fixieren der Markierung 2 ein separates Heizmittel 31, 32, 33 bereitzustellen. Entsprechendes kann in allen anderen Ausführungsbeispielen gelten.It is therefore not absolutely necessary to provide a separate heating means 31, 32, 33 for fixing the
Die in den Figuren gezeigten Komponenten folgen, sofern nicht anders kenntlich gemacht, bevorzugt in der angegebenen Reihenfolge jeweils unmittelbar aufeinander. Sich in den Figuren nicht berührende Schichten sind bevorzugt voneinander beabstandet. Soweit Linien parallel zueinander gezeichnet sind, sind die entsprechenden Flächen bevorzugt ebenso parallel zueinander ausgerichtet. Ebenfalls, soweit nicht anders kenntlich gemacht, sind die relativen Positionen der gezeichneten Komponenten zueinander in den Figuren korrekt wiedergegeben.Unless otherwise indicated, the components shown in the figures preferably follow one another directly in the order given. Yourself in the Layers not in contact with figures are preferably spaced apart from one another. If lines are drawn parallel to one another, the corresponding areas are preferably also aligned parallel to one another. Unless otherwise indicated, the relative positions of the drawn components to one another are also correctly represented in the figures.
Die hier beschriebene Erfindung ist nicht durch die Beschreibung anhand der Ausführungsbeispiele beschränkt. Vielmehr umfasst die Erfindung jedes neue Merkmal sowie jede Kombination von Merkmalen, was insbesondere jede Kombination von Merkmalen in den Patentansprüchen beinhaltet, auch wenn dieses Merkmal oder diese Kombination selbst nicht explizit in den Patentansprüchen oder Ausführungsbeispielen angegeben ist.The invention described here is not limited by the description based on the exemplary embodiments. Rather, the invention encompasses every new feature and every combination of features, which includes in particular every combination of features in the patent claims, even if this feature or this combination itself is not explicitly specified in the patent claims or exemplary embodiments.
- 11
- Werkstückworkpiece
- 1010th
- WerkstückoberflächeWorkpiece surface
- 1111
- Metallblech (Stahlblech)Sheet metal (sheet steel)
- 22nd
- Markierungmark
- 2020th
- Tinteink
- 20'20 '
- getrocknete Tintedried ink
- 2121
- keramische Pigmenteceramic pigments
- 2222
- anorganisches Bindemittelinorganic binder
- 2323
- organischer Binderorganic binder
- 2424th
- Lösungsmittelsolvent
- 2525th
- DispergierhilfsmittelDispersing agents
- 33rd
- Bereich mit der Markierung, der erhitzt wirdMarked area that is being heated
- 3131
- BestrahlungskopfRadiation head
- 3232
- KontaktnadelContact pin
- 3333
- HeizspitzeHeating tip
- 3434
- VerformwerkzeugForming tool
- 44th
- Beschichtung (Lack)Coating
- 55
- DruckdüsePressure nozzle
- 66
- VerfärbungDiscoloration
Claims (15)
bei dem die Tinte (20) keramische Pigmente (21) enthält, die eine Farbgebung und/oder einen Kontrast der Markierung (2) gegenüber dem Werkstück (1) bewirken,
wobei die Tinte (20) zusätzlich ein anorganisches Bindemittel (22) enthält, das auch in der fertigen Markierung (2) enthalten ist, und
wobei die Tinte (20) mittels eines Druckverfahrens aufgebracht wird.Method according to the preceding claim,
in which the ink (20) contains ceramic pigments (21) which bring about a coloring and / or a contrast of the marking (2) with respect to the workpiece (1),
wherein the ink (20) additionally contains an inorganic binder (22) which is also contained in the finished marking (2), and
wherein the ink (20) is applied by means of a printing process.
bei dem die Tinte (20) im Schritt B) aus einem Lösungsmittel (24), den keramischen Pigmenten (21) und dem anorganischen Bindemittel (22) sowie optional einem Dispergierhilfsmittel (25) besteht und die Markierung (2) nach dem Schritt C) aus den keramischen Pigmenten (21) und dem anorganischen Bindemittel (22) besteht.Method according to claim 2,
in which the ink (20) in step B) consists of a solvent (24), the ceramic pigments (21) and the inorganic binder (22) and optionally a dispersing aid (25) and the marking (2) after step C) consists of the ceramic pigments (21) and the inorganic binder (22).
bei dem die Tinte (20) im Schritt B) einen organischen Binder (23) umfasst, sodass die getrocknete Tinte (20') aufgrund des organischen Binders (23) bereits vor dem Schritt C) wischfest ist.Method according to claim 1 or 2,
in which the ink (20) in step B) comprises an organic binder (23), so that the dried ink (20 ') due to the organic binder (23) is smudge-proof even before step C).
bei dem im Schritt C) die Temperatur von mindestens 400 °C für höchstens 1 min appliziert wird.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which in step C) the temperature of at least 400 ° C is applied for a maximum of 1 min.
bei dem das Werkstück (1) ein Eisenblech oder ein Stahlblech (11) ist,
wobei die Temperatur beim Fixieren im Schritt C) zwischen einschließlich 500 °C und 1200 °C liegt,
wobei das Werkstück (1) nach dem Schritt C) in einem Schritt D) eine Warmumformung durchläuft, und
wobei die Markierung (2) auch nach dem Schritt D) noch lesbar ist.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which the workpiece (1) is an iron sheet or a steel sheet (11),
the temperature when fixing in step C) is between 500 ° C and 1200 ° C,
wherein the workpiece (1) undergoes hot forming in a step D) after step C), and
the marking (2) being legible even after step D).
bei dem das Fixieren im Schritt C) durch einen Strahlungsblitz erfolgt,
wobei Strahlung des Strahlungsblitzes inkohärent ist und in der Tinte (20) und/oder an einer Werkstückoberfläche (10) absorbiert wird und hierdurch die Temperatur zum Fixieren appliziert wird,
wobei die Strahlung des Strahlungsblitzes überwiegend ultraviolette Strahlung ist.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which the fixing in step C) takes place by means of a flash of radiation,
radiation of the radiation flash is incoherent and is absorbed in the ink (20) and / or on a workpiece surface (10) and the temperature is thereby applied for fixing,
the radiation of the radiation flash is predominantly ultraviolet radiation.
bei dem das Fixieren im Schritt C) berührungslos und mittels Induktion erfolgt.Method according to one of claims 1 to 6,
in which the fixing in step C) takes place without contact and by means of induction.
bei dem eine Form der Markierung (2) bereits im Schritt B) definiert wird, sodass im Schritt C) keine Materialwegnahme aus der Tinte (20) oder aus der Markierung (2) erfolgt, welche einen Informationsgehalt der Markierung (2) ändert.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which a form of the marking (2) is already defined in step B), so that no material is removed in step C) from the ink (20) or from the marking (2), which changes an information content of the marking (2).
bei dem der Bereich (3) mit der Markierung (2), der im Schritt C) beim Fixieren erhitzt wird, höchstens ein Dreifaches einer Größe der Markierung (2) selbst aufweist, wobei der Bereich (3) mit der Markierung (2) höchstens 10 % des Werkstücks (1) ausmacht.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which the area (3) with the marking (2), which is heated in step C) during fixing, has at most three times the size of the marking (2) itself, the area (3) with the marking (2) at most Accounts for 10% of the workpiece (1).
bei dem mindestens in dem Bereich (3) mit der Markierung (2) die Markierung (2) über ein Metallblech (11) des Werkstücks (1) erhaben ist.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which at least in the area (3) with the marking (2) the marking (2) is raised above a metal sheet (11) of the workpiece (1).
bei dem in einem Schritt E) nach dem Schritt C) die Markierung (2) planarisiert wird,
wobei im Schritt E) ein Lack (4) durchgehend über die Markierung (2) hinweg aufgebracht wird.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which the marking (2) is planarized in a step E) after step C),
wherein in step E) a lacquer (4) is applied continuously over the marking (2).
bei dem im Schritt C) ein eigenes Heizmittel (31, 32, 33) zum Einsatz kommt, das für keine weiteren Prozessschritte zur Bearbeitung des Werkstücks (1) verwendet wird.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which a separate heating means (31, 32, 33) is used in step C), which is not used for any further process steps for machining the workpiece (1).
bei dem die Tinte (20) und die Markierung (2) mindestens einen Leuchtstoff umfassen.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
in which the ink (20) and the marking (2) comprise at least one phosphor.
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DE102022207444A1 (en) | 2022-07-21 | 2024-02-01 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Process for producing components from a powdery material |
DE102023116057B3 (en) | 2023-06-20 | 2024-09-26 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein | Method for reading a marking |
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WO2018065228A1 (en) * | 2016-10-05 | 2018-04-12 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V. | Method for marking workpieces, and workpiece |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102021121983A1 (en) | 2021-08-25 | 2023-03-02 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein | Ceramic component and manufacturing method therefor |
DE102022207444A1 (en) | 2022-07-21 | 2024-02-01 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Process for producing components from a powdery material |
DE102023116057B3 (en) | 2023-06-20 | 2024-09-26 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein | Method for reading a marking |
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ES2904878T3 (en) | 2022-04-06 |
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