EP3646409A1 - Collinear antenna structure with independent accesses - Google Patents

Collinear antenna structure with independent accesses

Info

Publication number
EP3646409A1
EP3646409A1 EP18749010.7A EP18749010A EP3646409A1 EP 3646409 A1 EP3646409 A1 EP 3646409A1 EP 18749010 A EP18749010 A EP 18749010A EP 3646409 A1 EP3646409 A1 EP 3646409A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
quarter
antennas
wave
coaxial
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP18749010.7A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3646409B1 (en
Inventor
Sébastien PALUD
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Telediffusion de France ets Public de Diffusion
Original Assignee
Telediffusion de France ets Public de Diffusion
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Telediffusion de France ets Public de Diffusion filed Critical Telediffusion de France ets Public de Diffusion
Priority to PL18749010T priority Critical patent/PL3646409T3/en
Publication of EP3646409A1 publication Critical patent/EP3646409A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3646409B1 publication Critical patent/EP3646409B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
    • H01Q1/521—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/18—Vertical disposition of the antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q11/00—Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q11/12—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q11/14—Resonant antennas with parts bent, folded, shaped or screened or with phasing impedances, to obtain desired phase relation of radiation from selected sections of the antenna or to obtain desired polarisation effect
    • H01Q11/16—Resonant antennas with parts bent, folded, shaped or screened or with phasing impedances, to obtain desired phase relation of radiation from selected sections of the antenna or to obtain desired polarisation effect in which the selected sections are collinear
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
    • H01Q13/12—Longitudinally slotted cylinder antennas; Equivalent structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/203—Leaky coaxial lines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/08—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path
    • H01Q21/10—Collinear arrangements of substantially straight elongated conductive units
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/20—Two collinear substantially straight active elements; Substantially straight single active elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P3/00—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
    • H01P3/02—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type with two longitudinal conductors
    • H01P3/06—Coaxial lines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an antenna structure with independent access.
  • the invention relates to an antenna structure comprising a plurality of individual collinear antennas, each powered by an independent access, for transmitting and / or receiving waves of metric frequency (between 30 and 300 MHz) or decimetre (between 300 and 300 MHz). and 3000 MHz).
  • Collinear antennal structures comprising a plurality of independent antennas are used to enable transmission and / or reception of signals in near or identical frequencies, or in near, identical, or overlapping frequency bands.
  • the current solution is to physically remove the antennas, which can lead to antennal structures of too large dimensions (up to at several tens of meters for frequencies around 1 GHz) due to the necessary spacing between two antennas. This spacing is all the more important as the frequency of use is low.
  • a first solution is to precisely place the antennas so as to take advantage of the radiation hollows of each antenna to maximize the decoupling.
  • the placement of these antennas can not be done easily without degradation of radio performance.
  • the mechanical support of antennal structures as well as grounding are all elements that reduce the decoupling between the antennas, particularly because of the currents induced.
  • the supports are made of dielectric materials, the transmission lines of each antenna are at the origin of the same type of fault.
  • Another solution is to arrange the antennas according to a distribution horizontal, but in this case, to avoid a significant coupling between the antennas, the distances between two antennas must be large which generates a footprint and significant installation and maintenance costs.
  • the invention aims to overcome at least some of the disadvantages of known antennal structures.
  • the invention aims to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a collinear antennal structure with independent access combining strong decoupling, large gains and reduced size.
  • the invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment, a collinear antenna structure with independent access allowing a small spacing between two consecutive antennas with a large decoupling.
  • the invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a collinear antennal structure with independent access whose installation and maintenance are facilitated.
  • the invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment, a collinear antennal structure with independent access with a reduced footprint.
  • the invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment, an independent access collinear antennal structure having omnidirectional radiation patterns and symmetrical radiation lobes.
  • the invention relates to an antenna structure for transmitting and / or receiving waves of metric or decimetre frequency, characterized in that it comprises n colinear antennas, with n> 2,
  • each antenna comprising a radiating portion comprising a first succession of coaxial radiating elements around a first axis alternating with at least one additional sequence of coaxial radiating elements, each additional succession being arranged around an axis different from the first axis, with each antenna being independently powered by a coaxial cable at an excitation input,
  • each antenna comprising at least one lower quarter-wave trap disposed between the excitation input and a first end of the radiating portion, and at least one upper quarter-wave trap disposed at a second end of the portion radiant,
  • At least a first antenna comprising at least n-1 hollow cores extending over the entire length, said hollow cores forming the axes of the successions of radiating coaxial elements and at least one of the hollow cores being configured to receive a coaxial cable intended for the feeding of another collinear antenna to the first antenna,
  • At least one intermediate quarter wave trap being disposed between two consecutive collinear antennas around a coaxial cable
  • a terminal element disposed at the second end of the radiating portion after the upper quarter-wave trap, and formed of the hollow core (s) of the antenna.
  • An antenna structure according to the invention therefore makes it possible to obtain very large decoupling with very low antenna spacing while maintaining perfectly omnidirectional diagrams.
  • the antennal structure thus saves space and performance, and its visual impact and its footprint are greatly reduced.
  • the upper quarter-wave traps improve the radiation in site (reduction of the opening in site and secondary lobes in particular) and allow a good adaptation of the antenna.
  • the lower quarter-wave traps limit the flow of currents along the carrier structure of the antennal structure (at the excitation input) and along the coaxial cable, also favoring the reduction of the lower side lobes.
  • quarter-wave qualifying the traps refers to the wavelength at the central operating frequency of the antennal structure.
  • an antenna is followed by another antenna, its terminal element is disposed between the upper quarter-wave trap and the intermediate quarter-wave trap.
  • the terminal elements also improve the radiation in site (reduction of opening in site and secondary lobes) and allow a good adaptation of the antenna.
  • the additional quarter-wave traps significantly reduce the zenith radiation induced by the terminal elements and thus promote the decoupling of the antennas by significantly reducing the surface currents that can pass on the coaxial cable.
  • the configuration of the antenna structure also allows a conservation of radiation symmetries, especially at the level of the side lobes.
  • the radiation patterns are omnidirectional and the symmetrical radiation lobes.
  • the hollow core or souls in which the coaxial cable or cables extend also makes it possible to ensure an electromagnetic shielding so as not to influence the radiation of the air or overheads comprising this or these cores traversed by the coaxial cables.
  • the passage of the coaxial cables is radioelectrically transparent.
  • the coaxial cables should have a high electromagnetic shield so as to avoid inter-line coupling at the base of the antenna structure.
  • a double braid or triple braid cable will be installed on all or part of the antenna, preferably in the lower part of the antenna, at the level of the excitation input.
  • the antennal structure according to the invention can advantageously be used in the Internet of Things (or loT for Internet of Things in English), or more generally any service requiring significant decoupling between independent antenna systems operating in the same frequency band or very similar or overlapping frequency bands, in the field of aeronautics for example (civil aviation in particular).
  • the number i of coaxial elements radiating around each axis is between two and four.
  • the number of radiating elements is a compromise between, on the one hand, the gain, the opening in the vertical plane, the directivity, the decoupling which increases with the number of radiating elements, and on the other hand the size of the antenna which becomes too large when the number of radiating elements increases, as well as the appearance of secondary lobes due to the networking of the radiating elements which can reduce the decoupling.
  • each upper quarter-wave trap, each lower quarter-wave trap and each intermediate quarter-wave trap is traversed by a hollow core.
  • the quarter-wave traps intervene by limiting the radiation of the hollow cores in particular due to the coaxial cable which passes through them when this is the case.
  • each collinear antenna comprises at least nx hollow cores extending over the entire length, the hollow cores being configured to receive a coaxial cable for feeding another antenna collinear with said antenna, with x the number of antennas disposed opposite the excitation input of said antenna on the antennal structure.
  • the antenna structure comprises between two and five antennas (ie 2 ⁇ n ⁇ 5).
  • each terminal element comprises a short-circuit element connecting two hollow souls of the antenna to which it belongs.
  • the circuit breaker element can have different functions depending on the antenna on which it is located.
  • each lower quarter-wave trap is composed of two colinear cylindrical quarter-wave sub-traps of identical dimensions and spaced apart from a quarter-wave sub-trap radius.
  • each upper quarter-wave trap is composed of two parallel cylindrical quarter-wave sub-traps of identical dimensions.
  • the antenna structure comprises at least one sheath current blocking device disposed on each coaxial cable.
  • the current blocking device makes it possible to limit the circulation of the sheath currents circulating on the sheath of each coaxial cable and which can be found by coupling on the terminal element.
  • the invention also relates to an antenna structure characterized in combination by all or some of the characteristics mentioned above or below. 5. List of figures
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a first detail of an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a second detail of an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a third detail of an antenna structure according to FIG. the first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a second embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a third embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a fifth embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a unitary radiation pattern in the vertical plane of an antenna structure according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the decoupling between the antennas and the impedance adaptations obtained by an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 11 is a graph showing the decoupling between the antennas and the impedance adaptations obtained by an antenna structure according to the second embodiment.
  • Figures 1 to 8 show antennal structures or portions of antennal structures in which the feeding of antenna structures is performed at an excitation input located at the top right of the figure, the first antenna is on the side of this excitation input, and the following antennas are consecutively arranged from top to right down to left, to the last antenna at the bottom left.
  • the antenna structure is generally arranged with the excitation input at ground level and extending vertically upwards.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically an antenna structure according to a first embodiment of the invention.
  • the antenna structure is composed of a first antenna 10 and a second antenna 20, the two antennas being collinear and independently powered.
  • Each antenna comprising a radiating portion comprising a first succession of coaxial radiating elements around a first axis (referenced 12i for the first antenna 10 and 22i for the second antenna 20), alternating with at least one additional succession of radiating elements coaxial around at least a second axis, here two additional successions around two axes.
  • the two additional successions are composed of two radiating elements arranged side by side (referenced lli for the first antenna 10 and 21i for the second antenna 20) and alternately with the first succession of coaxial radiating elements.
  • Each antenna comprises an excitation input (referenced 16 for the first antenna 10 and 26 for the second antenna 20) for feeding the antenna by a coaxial cable. Between the excitation input and the radiating portion is disposed a quarter wave trap said lower quarter wave trap (referenced 15 for the first antenna 10 and 25 for the second antenna 20).
  • each quarter-wave trap is composed of two quarter-wave sub-traps (respectively two quarter-wave sub-traps 15 1 and 15 2 for the lower quarter-wave trap of the first one. antenna 10 and two quarter-wave sub-traps 25 1 and 25 2 for the lower quarter-wave trap of the second antenna 20).
  • the spacing between the lower quarter-wave trap and the first radiator 11 must be between 20% and 30% less than that of the radiating elements.
  • each antenna At a second end of the radiating portion of each antenna, i.e. the farthest end of the feed input, each antenna includes a top quarter-wave trap (referenced 14 for the first antenna 10 and 24 for the second antenna 20).
  • each antenna comprises a terminal element (referenced 13 for the first antenna 10 and 23 for the second antenna 20) formed by the extension of at least one hollow core , here two lateral hollow souls described later.
  • the coaxial power supply cable 17 leaves the terminal element 13 of the first antenna 10 and connects to the excitation input 26 of the second antenna 20.
  • the cable coaxial is surrounded by an intermediate quarter-wave trap 131, in the extension of the terminal element 13 and in which passes the coaxial power cable 17.
  • the antenna structure preferably comprises at least one sheath current blocking device, here a device 18 for blocking the antenna. sheath current.
  • FIGS 2, 3 and 4 show schematically in section respectively a first, second, and third detail of the first antenna of an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention.
  • the descriptions of the elements with reference to these figures 2-4 are also valid for the identical elements of the second antenna of the antennal structure.
  • the radiating elements are hollow cylindrical elements arranged around an axis formed by a core. Souls can be full or hollow and are conductive.
  • n the number of antennas of the structure
  • at least n-1 cores of the first antenna are hollow and receive a power cable for a next antenna in the antennal structure.
  • the cores 191 and 190 forming the axes of the additional successions of radiating elements, said lateral cores are hollow and one of the cores 191 comprises the cable 17 for feeding the second antenna 20.
  • the coaxial cable thus passes inside radiating elements, quarter-wave traps and the terminal element, as visible in the figures.
  • the central core forming the axis of the first succession of radiating elements and allowing the feeding of the antenna is composed of a solid part 163 and a hollow part 162, surrounded by a cylindrical element 161 conductive .
  • the central core allows the adaptation of impedance of the antenna to the impedance adequate to the frequency considered.
  • the second antenna 20, even if it does not require a hollow core because no power cable passes through it, may also include the same hollow-core structure.
  • Part 163 is an impedance adjustment element.
  • the portion 163 may also be hollow.
  • the portion 163 is not present and the antenna is connected to the hollow portion 162.
  • Figure 2 shows a first detail of the first antenna 10 at the input input 16, at the first end of the first antenna of the antenna structure.
  • the sub-traps 15 1 and 15 2 are of cylindrical shape, each having a hollow conductive cylindrical contour (referenced respectively 151 1 and 151 2 ), a full conductive base (referenced respectively 152 i and 152 2 ), and an empty base opposite. from the full base.
  • Dielectric centering washers (respectively referenced 153 ⁇ and 153 2 ) are here arranged in the empty base to allow mechanical reinforcement of quarter-wave sub-traps. By varying the thickness and the material of these dielectric washers, it is also possible to adjust the electrical length of the sub-traps. In other embodiments, the sub-traps do not include dielectric centering washers.
  • Solid bases allow electrical contact with a cable jacket coaxial, directly or via the lateral core 191. In addition, they have orifices (not visible) to pass the lateral webs 190 and 191.
  • the coaxial cable here is in the lateral core 191 which passes inside the sub-traps but if the quarter-wave sub-traps are of insufficient diameter, the coaxial cable can be fixed in contact with the cylindrical contour.
  • FIG. 3 represents a second detail of the first antenna 10 at the level of the terminal element 13, at the second end of the first antenna of the antenna structure.
  • the terminal element 13 is formed by the lateral webs 190 and 191 extending parallel after passing through the upper 14-quarter trap.
  • the terminal element comprises a hollow short circuit element 192 connecting the two lateral webs 190 and 191 and extending, in this embodiment, perpendicular to said lateral webs 190 and 191.
  • the The short circuit element 192 is a structural extension of the side core 190 and joins the side core 191. According to other embodiments, the short-circuit element 192 may not be perpendicular to the side webs.
  • the first antenna comprises a trap 14 upper quarter wave, here comprising two sub-traps 140 and 141 arranged parallel to each other.
  • the sub-traps 140 and 141 have as their axis the lateral webs respectively 190 and 191.
  • the sub-traps 140 and 141 are formed of hollow cylindrical elements each closed at their base closest to the terminal element 13 by an annular element. respectively referenced conductors 142 and 143, forming a short-circuit of the sub-traps 140 and 141.
  • the conductive annular elements 142 and 143 are arranged on the antenna with a spacing of less than or equal to one quarter wave at the center frequency of operating with respect to the end of the side webs 190 and 191.
  • the sub-traps 140 and 141 may each comprise, in a similar manner to the lower sub-traps, a dielectric washer (respectively referenced 144 and 145) disposed at the base of the cylindrical member opposite to that comprising the conductive annular member.
  • the antennal structure comprises an intermediate quarter-wave trap 131, here cylindrical and of similar structure to the quarter-wave traps. lower wave.
  • the lateral core 191 comprising the coaxial cable 17 extends after the terminal element 13, thus forming an extension 194 preferably colinear with the axis of the central core of the antennas.
  • the intermediate quarter-wave trap 131 surrounds the coaxial cable 17 at this extension 194.
  • the extension 194 terminates after the quarter-wave trap and the coaxial cable 17 exits the extension and is arranged to be connected. on the next antenna, here the second antenna 20.
  • the dimensions of the intermediate quarter-wave trap will be such that the sum of its radius with its length will be less than or equal to one quarter of the wavelength associated with the central frequency Operating.
  • a sheath current blocking device 18 may be attached to the coaxial cable 17.
  • This blocking device 18 may be composed of one or more wavelength or L-shaped quarter-wave traps, or one or more blocking ferrites whose impedance will be as high as possible at the operating frequency of the system.
  • Ferrites will be used preferably when the cross section of the coaxial cable is reduced.
  • the exposed coaxial cable section 17 between the intermediate quarter-wave trap 131 and the blocking device 18 must be small vis-à-vis the working wavelength (typically less than one sixth of the length of the wavelength). wave at the lowest frequency of operation).
  • the coaxial cable 17 is connected to the second antenna at its excitation input 26, in particular thanks to an element 264 for connecting the cable sheath 17 coaxial with the conductive cylindrical element 261 and an element 265 connecting the central conductor of the cable 17 coaxial to the part
  • connection elements 264 and 265 of connection are sized to ensure continuity of the characteristic impedance between the coaxial cable 17 and the excitation input 26.
  • connection elements may be of frustoconical shape of dimension adapted to the characteristic impedance of the antenna or, if the impedance of the antenna is a standard impedance of 50 ⁇ type, of shape in adequacy with the diameter of the antenna. 17 coaxial cable.
  • the distance between the terminal element of the preceding antenna and the excitation input of the next antenna must be greater than one-third of the operating wavelength.
  • Figure 4 shows a third detail of the first antenna 10 at the radiating portion.
  • the first succession of radiating elements is composed of radiating elements 12i comprising a conductive hollow cylinder 120 positioned coaxially with the central core 162 (which thereby locally participates in the radiation along the length of the cylinder 120).
  • the cylinder 120 is spaced from the central core by annular dielectric centering elements 112.
  • Additional successions of radiating elements include radiating elements.
  • a first additional succession of radiating elements is formed by conducting hollow cylinders 110 positioned around an axis formed by the lateral core 190.
  • a second additional succession of radiating elements is formed by hollow conducting cylinders 111 positioned around an axis formed by the lateral core 191.
  • the lateral webs 190 and 191 thus participate locally in the radiation over the length of the cylinders.
  • Cylinders 110 and 111 are spaced from their respective lateral webs 190 and 191 by annular dielectric centering elements 112.
  • the relative permittivity of the centering elements 112 modifies the guided length of the coaxial sections: thus, the thickness and relative permittivity of these centering elements 112 directly influence the length of the radiating elements. The length of these latter will then be close to the guided half-wavelength XG effective at the central operating frequency (in particular between 0.43 XG and 0.5 XG).
  • the cylinders 110 and 111 are electrically connected, ideally along their entire length, to the central core 162.
  • the length of the cylinders 110, 111 and 120 are identical.
  • the length of the preceding cylinders on these other antennas can be reduced (generally less than 5%) with respect to their length on the first antenna, in order to reduce the secondary lobes towards the low.
  • Figure 5 schematically shows in perspective an antenna structure according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • This embodiment is identical to the first embodiment of the invention, except that the extension 194 is longer (over several working wavelengths) in order to increase the decoupling between the two antennas (decoupling greater than 50 dB ).
  • the blocking sub-devices are divided into two groups, a first group 18 1 of blocking sub-devices 180 formed of cylindrical elements of quarter-wave trap type whose short circuits connecting them to the coaxial cable 17 are arranged side of the second antenna 20, and a second sub-group 18 2 181 cylindrical locking devices formed element quarter wave trap type which short circuits connecting them to coaxial cable 17 are arranged on the side of the first antenna 10.
  • FIG. 6 schematically shows in perspective an antenna structure according to a third embodiment of the invention.
  • the antenna structure comprises three antennas, a first antenna 10, a second antenna 20 and a third antenna 30.
  • the operating principle and the elements described for a antennal structure with two antennas with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4 apply in this antenna structure to three antennas.
  • each antenna includes an input excitation (referenced respectively 16, 26 and 36 for the first, second and third antenna), a lower quarter-wave trap (referenced respectively 15, 25 and 35 for the first, second and third antenna), a first succession of radiating elements (referenced 12 1 and 12 2 for the first antenna 10, 22 1 and 22 2 for the second antenna 20, and 32 1 and 32 2 for the third antenna 30), two additional successions of radiating elements (referenced 11 1 and 11 2 for the first antenna 10, 21 1 and 21 2 for the second antenna 20, and 31 ⁇ and 31 2 for the third antenna 30), a quarter-wave upper trap (referenced respectively 14, 24 and 34 for the first, second and third antenna), a terminal element (referenced respectively 13, 23 and 33 for the first, second and third antennas), and two intermediate quarter-wave traps, a first trap 131 intermediate quarter wave between the pre first antenna 10 and the second antenna 20 (comprising two sub-traps, one coaxial cable from the first to the second antenna), and a second trap 231 quarter-wave intermediate between
  • the coaxial cable 17 for feeding the second antenna 20 passes through the first antenna 10 in one of these hollow cores, for example the lateral core 191 as previously described.
  • a coaxial feed cable 27 passes through the first antenna 10 into another hollow core, for example in the lateral core 190 described above, then through the second antenna by a hollow core.
  • FIG. 7 schematically shows in perspective an antenna structure according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • the antennal structure comprises five antennas, a first antenna 10 comprising a first succession of radiating elements 12-u 12 2 and four additional successions of elements 11, 11 2 radiating (ie four radiating elements rib around four axes formed by at least four hollow core for passing the coaxial cable of the following four antennas), a second antenna 20 comprising a first series of elements 22 1 (Listing 22 radiating 2 and four additional successions of elements 2l!, 21 radiating 2 (four radiating elements side by side around four axes formed by four cores including at least three hollow cores for passing the coaxial cables of the following three antennas), a third antenna 30 comprising a first succession of radiating elements 32 32 2 and four additional successions of radiating elements 31i, 31 2 (ie four elements
  • the second, third, fourth, and fifth antennas do not require four hollow cores to accommodate four coaxial cables, the number of additional successions of radiating elements can be reduced to match the number of hollow souls needed.
  • the third, fourth and fifth antennas may take the form of the antennas described above in the third embodiment described with reference to FIG.
  • FIG 8 schematically shows in perspective an antenna structure according to a fifth embodiment of the invention.
  • each antenna comprises, besides the first succession of radiating elements (12 1 and 12 2 for the first antenna 10, and 22 1 and 22 2 for the second antenna 20), a single additional succession of radiating elements and 11 2 for the first antenna 10, and 21 x and 21 2 for the second antenna 20), that is to say composed of a radiating element about an axis, in particular a hollow core allowing to pass a coaxial cable.
  • This antennal structure is simpler mechanically but has a very slight omnidirectionality defect (less than 1 dB) and asymmetry of side lobes.
  • FIG. 9 is a unitary radiation pattern in the vertical plane of an antenna structure according to one embodiment of the invention, in solid lines for the upper antenna (the last antenna of the antenna structure) and in dashed lines for the first antenna of the antennal structure.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the decoupling between the antennas and the impedance adaptations obtained by an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention, expressed in dB relative to the operating frequency.
  • Fig. 11 is a graph showing the decoupling between the antennas and the impedance adaptations obtained by an antenna structure according to the second embodiment, expressed in dB with respect to the operating frequency.
  • the antenna structures may be surrounded by a radome not shown in the figures for the sake of clarity.
  • the radomes are dielectric structures based on fiberglass sealing the antenna structure and slightly modifying the radiation characteristics thereof according to the relative permittivity and dielectric losses of the radome.
  • a mechanical holding device can be arranged to hold the upper antennas.
  • This is composed of dielectric elements of low permittivity fitted on the excitation bases on their upper part and on the terminal radiating elements on their lower part.
  • the dimensions of the elements described may differ from those shown in the figures.
  • the dimensions of the upper, lower and intermediate quarter-wave traps as well as of the terminal element can be modified as a function of the desired performances, in particular in terms of adaptation, gain, opening of the on-site diagram, minimization of the lobes upper or lower secondary, etc.
  • the dimensions can also vary in the same antennal structure, between antennas, but while taking care to keep similar radio characteristics.
  • the upper quarter-wave traps and the terminal elements must be less than or equal to one-quarter of the central operating frequency and the terminal element must be less than or equal to at the upper quarter-wave trap.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an antenna structure for transmitting and/or receiving waves with metric or decimetric frequency, characterised in that it comprises n collinear antennas, each antenna comprising a radiating portion comprising a first series of i radiating elements coaxial about a first axis, alternating with at least one additional series of i radiating elements coaxial about another axis, each antenna being independently powered by a coaxial cable, each antenna comprising at least one lower quarter wavelength trap and at least one higher quarter wavelength trap, at least one first antenna comprising at least one hollow core being configured to receive a coaxial cable intended for powering another antenna collinear with the first antenna, at least one intermediate quarter wavelength trap being arranged between two consecutive antennas that are collinear about a coaxial cable, and a terminal element.

Description

STRUCTURE ANTENNAIRE COLINÉAIRE À ACCÈS INDÉPENDANTS  COLOMATIC ANTENNAIR STRUCTURE WITH INDEPENDENT ACCESS
1. Domaine technique de l'invention 1. Technical field of the invention
L'invention concerne une structure antennaire à accès indépendant. En particulier, l'invention concerne une structure antennaire comprenant plusieurs antennes individuelles colinéaires et alimentées chacune par un accès indépendant, pour l'émission et/ou la réception d'ondes de fréquence métrique (entre 30 et 300 MHz) ou décimétrique (entre 300 et 3000 MHz).  The invention relates to an antenna structure with independent access. In particular, the invention relates to an antenna structure comprising a plurality of individual collinear antennas, each powered by an independent access, for transmitting and / or receiving waves of metric frequency (between 30 and 300 MHz) or decimetre (between 300 and 300 MHz). and 3000 MHz).
2. Arrière-plan technologique 2. Technological background
Les structures antennaires colinéaires comprenant plusieurs antennes indépendantes sont utilisées pour permettre l'émission et/ou la réception de signaux dans des fréquences proches ou identiques, ou dans des bandes de fréquences proches, identiques, ou se chevauchant.  Collinear antennal structures comprising a plurality of independent antennas are used to enable transmission and / or reception of signals in near or identical frequencies, or in near, identical, or overlapping frequency bands.
Pour accroître le découplage entre les antennes de la structure antennaire et ainsi réduire les interférences entre les signaux provenant ou émis par les antennes, la solution actuelle est d'éloigner physiquement les antennes, ce qui peut engendrer des structures antennaires de dimensions trop importantes (jusqu'à plusieurs dizaines de mètres pour des fréquences autour de 1 GHz) du fait de l'espacement nécessaire entre deux antennes. Cet espacement est d'autant plus important que la fréquence d'utilisation est faible.  To increase the decoupling between antennas of the antennal structure and thus reduce the interference between the signals coming from or emitted by the antennas, the current solution is to physically remove the antennas, which can lead to antennal structures of too large dimensions (up to at several tens of meters for frequencies around 1 GHz) due to the necessary spacing between two antennas. This spacing is all the more important as the frequency of use is low.
Une première solution est de placer précisément les antennes de manière à profiter des creux de rayonnement de chaque antenne pour maximiser les découplages. Toutefois, le placement de ces antennes ne peut se faire aisément sans dégradation des performances radioélectriques.  A first solution is to precisely place the antennas so as to take advantage of the radiation hollows of each antenna to maximize the decoupling. However, the placement of these antennas can not be done easily without degradation of radio performance.
En effet, le support mécanique des structures antennaires ainsi que les mises à la masse sont autant d'éléments qui réduisent les découplages entre les antennes, notamment du fait des courants induits. Même si les supports sont en matériaux diélectriques, les lignes de transmission de chaque antenne sont à l'origine du même type de défaut.  Indeed, the mechanical support of antennal structures as well as grounding are all elements that reduce the decoupling between the antennas, particularly because of the currents induced. Although the supports are made of dielectric materials, the transmission lines of each antenna are at the origin of the same type of fault.
Une autre solution est de disposer les antennes selon une distribution horizontale, mais dans ce cas, pour éviter un couplage important entre les antennes, les distances entre deux antennes doivent être importantes ce qui engendre une emprise au sol et des coûts d'installation et de maintenance importants. Another solution is to arrange the antennas according to a distribution horizontal, but in this case, to avoid a significant coupling between the antennas, the distances between two antennas must be large which generates a footprint and significant installation and maintenance costs.
Les inventeurs ont donc cherché une solution à ces inconvénients.  The inventors have therefore sought a solution to these disadvantages.
3. Objectifs de l'invention 3. Objectives of the invention
L'invention vise à pallier au moins certains des inconvénients des structures antennaires connues.  The invention aims to overcome at least some of the disadvantages of known antennal structures.
En particulier, l'invention vise à fournir, dans au moins un mode de réalisation de l'invention, un structure antennaire colinéaire à accès indépendants alliant à la fois forts découplages, grands gains et encombrement réduit.  In particular, the invention aims to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a collinear antennal structure with independent access combining strong decoupling, large gains and reduced size.
L'invention vise aussi à fournir, dans au moins un mode de réalisation, une structure antennaire colinéaire à accès indépendants permettant un espacement faible entre deux antennes consécutives avec un découplage important.  The invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment, a collinear antenna structure with independent access allowing a small spacing between two consecutive antennas with a large decoupling.
L'invention vise aussi à fournir, dans au moins un mode de réalisation de l'invention, une structure antennaire colinéaire à accès indépendants dont l'installation et la maintenance sont facilitées.  The invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a collinear antennal structure with independent access whose installation and maintenance are facilitated.
L'invention vise aussi à fournir, dans au moins un mode de réalisation, une structure antennaire colinéaire à accès indépendants avec une emprise au sol réduite.  The invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment, a collinear antennal structure with independent access with a reduced footprint.
L'invention vise aussi à fournir, dans au moins un mode de réalisation, une structure antennaire colinéaire à accès indépendants ayant des diagrammes de rayonnements omnidirectionnels et des lobes de rayonnement symétriques.  The invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment, an independent access collinear antennal structure having omnidirectional radiation patterns and symmetrical radiation lobes.
4. Exposé de l'invention 4. Presentation of the invention
Pour ce faire, l'invention concerne une structure antennaire pour l'émission et/ou la réception d'ondes de fréquence métrique ou décimétrique, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend n antennes colinéaires, avec n>2,  To do this, the invention relates to an antenna structure for transmitting and / or receiving waves of metric or decimetre frequency, characterized in that it comprises n colinear antennas, with n> 2,
chaque antenne comprenant une portion rayonnante comprenant une première succession de i éléments rayonnants coaxiaux autour d'un premier axe en alternance avec au moins une succession additionnelle de i éléments rayonnants coaxiaux, chaque succession additionnelle étant disposée autour d'un axe différent du premier axe, avec chaque antenne étant alimentée indépendamment par un câble coaxial au niveau d'une entrée d'excitation, each antenna comprising a radiating portion comprising a first succession of coaxial radiating elements around a first axis alternating with at least one additional sequence of coaxial radiating elements, each additional succession being arranged around an axis different from the first axis, with each antenna being independently powered by a coaxial cable at an excitation input,
chaque antenne comprenant au moins un piège quart d'onde inférieur disposé entre l'entrée d'excitation et une première extrémité de la portion rayonnante, et au moins un piège quart d'onde supérieur disposé au niveau d'une seconde extrémité de la portion rayonnante,  each antenna comprising at least one lower quarter-wave trap disposed between the excitation input and a first end of the radiating portion, and at least one upper quarter-wave trap disposed at a second end of the portion radiant,
au moins une première antenne comprenant au moins n-1 âmes creuses s'étendant sur toute la longueur, lesdites âmes creuses formant les axes des successions d'éléments coaxiaux rayonnants et au moins une des âmes creuses étant configurée pour recevoir un câble coaxial destiné à l'alimentation d'une autre antenne colinéaire à la première antenne,  at least a first antenna comprising at least n-1 hollow cores extending over the entire length, said hollow cores forming the axes of the successions of radiating coaxial elements and at least one of the hollow cores being configured to receive a coaxial cable intended for the feeding of another collinear antenna to the first antenna,
au moins un piège quart d'onde intermédiaire étant disposé entre deux antennes colinéaire consécutives autour d'un câble coaxial, et  at least one intermediate quarter wave trap being disposed between two consecutive collinear antennas around a coaxial cable, and
un élément terminal, disposé au niveau de la seconde extrémité de la portion rayonnante après le piège quart d'onde supérieur, et formé de la ou des âmes creuses de l'antenne.  a terminal element disposed at the second end of the radiating portion after the upper quarter-wave trap, and formed of the hollow core (s) of the antenna.
Une structure antennaire selon l'invention permet donc d'obtenir des découplages très importants avec un espacement entre antennes très faibles tout en conservant des diagrammes parfaitement omnidirectionnels. La structure antennaire permet ainsi un gain de place et de performance, et son impact visuel et son emprise au sol sont fortement réduits. En particulier, les piège quart d'onde supérieurs améliorent le rayonnement en site (réduction de l'ouverture en site et des lobes secondaires notamment) et permettent une bonne adaptation de l'antenne. Les pièges quart d'onde inférieurs limitent la circulation des courants le long de la structure porteuse de la structure antennaire (au niveau de l'entrée d'excitation) et le long du câble coaxial en favorisant également la réduction des lobes secondaires inférieurs.  An antenna structure according to the invention therefore makes it possible to obtain very large decoupling with very low antenna spacing while maintaining perfectly omnidirectional diagrams. The antennal structure thus saves space and performance, and its visual impact and its footprint are greatly reduced. In particular, the upper quarter-wave traps improve the radiation in site (reduction of the opening in site and secondary lobes in particular) and allow a good adaptation of the antenna. The lower quarter-wave traps limit the flow of currents along the carrier structure of the antennal structure (at the excitation input) and along the coaxial cable, also favoring the reduction of the lower side lobes.
L'expression « quart d'onde » qualifiant les pièges s'entend relativement à la longueur d'onde à la fréquence centrale de fonctionnement de la structure antennaire.  The term "quarter-wave" qualifying the traps refers to the wavelength at the central operating frequency of the antennal structure.
Si une antenne est suivie d'une autre antenne, son élément terminal est donc disposé entre le piège quart d'onde supérieur et le piège quart d'onde intermédiaire. Les éléments terminaux améliorent aussi le rayonnement en site (réduction de l'ouverture en site et des lobes secondaires notamment) et permettent une bonne adaptation de l'antenne. If an antenna is followed by another antenna, its terminal element is disposed between the upper quarter-wave trap and the intermediate quarter-wave trap. The terminal elements also improve the radiation in site (reduction of opening in site and secondary lobes) and allow a good adaptation of the antenna.
Les pièges quart d'onde supplémentaires permettent de réduire significativement le rayonnement zénithal induit par les éléments terminaux et favorisent ainsi le découplage des antennes en réduisant très significativement les courants de surface pouvant transiter sur le câble coaxial.  The additional quarter-wave traps significantly reduce the zenith radiation induced by the terminal elements and thus promote the decoupling of the antennas by significantly reducing the surface currents that can pass on the coaxial cable.
En outre, l'installation des aériens est facilitée par l'utilisation d'une seule structure antennaire comprenant plusieurs accès indépendants.  In addition, the installation of air is facilitated by the use of a single antennal structure comprising several independent accesses.
La configuration de la structure antennaire permet également une conservation des symétries de rayonnement, notamment au niveau des lobes secondaires. En particulier, les diagrammes de rayonnement sont omnidirectionnels et les lobes de rayonnement symétriques.  The configuration of the antenna structure also allows a conservation of radiation symmetries, especially at the level of the side lobes. In particular, the radiation patterns are omnidirectional and the symmetrical radiation lobes.
La ou les âmes creuses dans lesquelles s'étendent le ou les câbles coaxiaux permet en outre d'assurer un blindage électromagnétique de façon à ne pas influer sur le rayonnement de la ou les aériens comprenant cette ou ces âmes traversées par les câbles coaxiaux. Ainsi, le passage des câbles coaxiaux est radioélectriquement transparent.  The hollow core or souls in which the coaxial cable or cables extend also makes it possible to ensure an electromagnetic shielding so as not to influence the radiation of the air or overheads comprising this or these cores traversed by the coaxial cables. Thus, the passage of the coaxial cables is radioelectrically transparent.
Dans les cas où l'on souhaite des découplages élevés entre les antennes (supérieurs à 50 dB), les câbles coaxiaux devront présenter un blindage électromagnétique élevé de manière à éviter le couplage inter-lignes à la base de la structure antennaire. De préférence, un câble double tresse ou triple tresse sera installé sur tout ou partie de l'antenne, de préférence en partie basse de l'antenne, au niveau de l'entrée d'excitation.  In cases where high decoupling between antennas (greater than 50 dB) is desired, the coaxial cables should have a high electromagnetic shield so as to avoid inter-line coupling at the base of the antenna structure. Preferably, a double braid or triple braid cable will be installed on all or part of the antenna, preferably in the lower part of the antenna, at the level of the excitation input.
La structure antennaire selon l'invention peut avantageusement être utilisée dans l'Internet des objets (ou loT pour Internet of Things en anglais), ou plus généralement tout service nécessitant un découplage important entre des systèmes antennaires indépendants fonctionnant dans la même bande de fréquence ou des bandes de fréquence très proches ou se chevauchant, dans le domaine de l'aéronautique par exemple (aviation civile notamment).  The antennal structure according to the invention can advantageously be used in the Internet of Things (or loT for Internet of Things in English), or more generally any service requiring significant decoupling between independent antenna systems operating in the same frequency band or very similar or overlapping frequency bands, in the field of aeronautics for example (civil aviation in particular).
Avantageusement et selon l'invention, le nombre i d'éléments coaxiaux rayonnants autour de chaque axe est compris entre deux et quatre. Advantageously and according to the invention, the number i of coaxial elements radiating around each axis is between two and four.
Selon cet aspect de l'invention, le nombre d'éléments rayonnants est un compromis entre d'une part le gain, l'ouverture dans le plan vertical, la directivité, le découplage qui augmente avec le nombre d'éléments rayonnants, et d'autre part la taille de l'antenne qui devient trop importante lorsque le nombre d'éléments rayonnants augmente, ainsi que l'apparition de lobes secondaires dus à la mise en réseau des éléments rayonnants qui peut réduire le découplage.  According to this aspect of the invention, the number of radiating elements is a compromise between, on the one hand, the gain, the opening in the vertical plane, the directivity, the decoupling which increases with the number of radiating elements, and on the other hand the size of the antenna which becomes too large when the number of radiating elements increases, as well as the appearance of secondary lobes due to the networking of the radiating elements which can reduce the decoupling.
En outre, l'utilisation d'un câble coaxial pour alimenter chaque antenne après la première antenne entraine des pertes dans le câble coaxial réduisant ainsi le gain des antennes. Ainsi, si l'on souhaite que les antennes aient le même gain, pour des applications particulières, on peut par exemple ajouter un câble coaxial de même longueur à la première antenne, ou augmenter le nombre d'éléments rayonnants dans la ou les antennes suivant la première antenne. Avantageusement et selon l'invention, chaque piège quart d'onde supérieur, chaque piège quart d'onde inférieur et chaque piège quart d'onde intermédiaire est traversé par une âme creuse.  In addition, the use of a coaxial cable to power each antenna after the first antenna results in losses in the coaxial cable thus reducing the gain of the antennas. Thus, if it is desired that the antennas have the same gain, for particular applications, one can for example add a coaxial cable of the same length to the first antenna, or increase the number of radiating elements in the next antenna or antennas the first antenna. Advantageously and according to the invention, each upper quarter-wave trap, each lower quarter-wave trap and each intermediate quarter-wave trap is traversed by a hollow core.
Selon cet aspect de l'invention, les pièges quart d'onde intervienne en limitant le rayonnement des âmes creuses notamment dû au câble coaxial qui les traverse lorsque c'est le cas.  According to this aspect of the invention, the quarter-wave traps intervene by limiting the radiation of the hollow cores in particular due to the coaxial cable which passes through them when this is the case.
Avantageusement et selon l'invention, comprend n antennes colinéaires, n>2, et que chaque antenne colinéaire comprend au moins n-x âmes creuses s' étendant sur toute la longueur, les âmes creuses étant configurées pour recevoir un câble coaxial destiné à l'alimentation d'une autre antenne colinéaire à ladite antenne, avec x le nombre d'antennes disposées à l'opposé de l'entrée d'excitation de ladite antenne sur la structure antennaire. Advantageously and according to the invention, comprises n collinear antennas, n> 2, and each collinear antenna comprises at least nx hollow cores extending over the entire length, the hollow cores being configured to receive a coaxial cable for feeding another antenna collinear with said antenna, with x the number of antennas disposed opposite the excitation input of said antenna on the antennal structure.
De préférence, la structure antennaire comprend entre deux et cinq antennes (soit 2<n<5).  Preferably, the antenna structure comprises between two and five antennas (ie 2 <n <5).
Avantageusement et selon l'invention, chaque élément terminal comprend un élément de court-circuit reliant deux âmes creuses de l'antenne à laquelle il appartient.Advantageously and according to the invention, each terminal element comprises a short-circuit element connecting two hollow souls of the antenna to which it belongs.
Selon cet aspect de l'invention, l'élément de coupe-circuit peut avoir différentes fonctions selon l'antenne sur laquelle il se situe. According to this aspect of the invention, the circuit breaker element can have different functions depending on the antenna on which it is located.
Sur une antenne suivie d'une autre antenne, il permet l'utilisation d'un unique piège quart d'onde intermédiaire pour réduire le rayonnement zénithal de l'antenne et limiter au maximum les courants de surface sur la prolongation de l'âme latérale comprenant le câble coaxial.  On an antenna followed by another antenna, it allows the use of a single intermediate quarter wave trap to reduce the zenith radiation of the antenna and limit as much as possible the surface currents on the extension of the lateral core including the coaxial cable.
Sur la dernière antenne de la structure antennaire, c'est-à-dire l'antenne la plus éloignée de l'entrée d'excitation de la première antenne, l'élément de court-circuit permet d'apporter un degré de liberté supplémentaire à l'ajustement de l'antenne, en permettant notamment l'optimisation des lobes secondaires supérieurs et plus modérément la réduction de l'ouverture à mi-puissance en site et la directivité de l'antenne. Avantageusement et selon l'invention, chaque piège quart d'onde inférieur est composé de deux sous-pièges quart d'onde cylindriques colinéaires de dimensions identiques et espacés d'un rayon des sous-pièges quart d'onde.  On the last antenna of the antenna structure, that is to say the antenna farthest from the excitation input of the first antenna, the short-circuit element provides an additional degree of freedom to the adjustment of the antenna, allowing in particular the optimization of the upper side lobes and more moderately the reduction of the mid-power aperture in site and the directivity of the antenna. Advantageously and according to the invention, each lower quarter-wave trap is composed of two colinear cylindrical quarter-wave sub-traps of identical dimensions and spaced apart from a quarter-wave sub-trap radius.
Avantageusement et selon l'invention, chaque piège quart d'onde supérieur est composé de deux sous-pièges quart d'onde cylindriques parallèles de dimensions identiques.  Advantageously and according to the invention, each upper quarter-wave trap is composed of two parallel cylindrical quarter-wave sub-traps of identical dimensions.
Avantageusement et selon l'invention, entre chaque antenne, la structure antennaire comprend au moins un dispositif de blocage de courant de gaine disposé sur chaque câble coaxial.  Advantageously and according to the invention, between each antenna, the antenna structure comprises at least one sheath current blocking device disposed on each coaxial cable.
Selon cet aspect de l'invention, le dispositif de blocage de courant permet de limiter la circulation des courants de gaine circulant sur la gaine de chaque câble coaxial et pouvant se retrouver par couplage sur l'élément terminal.  According to this aspect of the invention, the current blocking device makes it possible to limit the circulation of the sheath currents circulating on the sheath of each coaxial cable and which can be found by coupling on the terminal element.
L'invention concerne également une structure antennaire caractérisée en combinaison par tout ou partie des caractéristiques mentionnées ci-dessus ou ci-après. 5. Liste des figures The invention also relates to an antenna structure characterized in combination by all or some of the characteristics mentioned above or below. 5. List of figures
D'autres buts, caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description suivante donnée à titre uniquement non limitatif et qui se réfère aux figures annexées dans lesquelles : Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent reading of the following description given solely by way of nonlimiting example and which refers to the appended figures in which:
la figure 1 est une vue schématique en perspective d'une structure antennaire selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention,  FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a first embodiment of the invention,
- la figure 2 est une vue schématique en coupe d'un premier détail d'une structure antennaire selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a first detail of an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention,
la figure 3 est une vue schématique en coupe d'un deuxième détail d'une structure antennaire selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, la figure 4 est une vue schématique en coupe d'un troisième détail d'une structure antennaire selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, la figure 5 est une vue schématique en perspective d'une structure antennaire selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention,  FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a second detail of an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention, FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a third detail of an antenna structure according to FIG. the first embodiment of the invention, FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a second embodiment of the invention,
la figure 6 est une vue schématique en perspective d'une structure antennaire selon un troisième mode de réalisation de l'invention,  FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a third embodiment of the invention,
- la figure 7 est une vue schématique en perspective d'une structure antennaire selon un quatrième mode de réalisation de l'invention, FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a fourth embodiment of the invention,
la figure 8 est une vue schématique en perspective d'une structure antennaire selon un cinquième mode de réalisation de l'invention,  FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna structure according to a fifth embodiment of the invention,
la figure 9 est un diagramme de rayonnement unitaire dans le plan vertical d'une structure antennaire selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention,  FIG. 9 is a unitary radiation pattern in the vertical plane of an antenna structure according to one embodiment of the invention,
la figure 10 est un graphique représentant le découplage entre les antennes et les adaptations d'impédance obtenues par une structure antennaire selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention,  FIG. 10 is a graph showing the decoupling between the antennas and the impedance adaptations obtained by an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention,
la figure 11 est un graphique représentant le découplage entre les antennes et les adaptations d'impédance obtenues par une structure antennaire selon le deuxième mode de réalisation.  Figure 11 is a graph showing the decoupling between the antennas and the impedance adaptations obtained by an antenna structure according to the second embodiment.
6. Description détaillée d'un mode de réalisation de l'invention 6. Detailed description of an embodiment of the invention
Les réalisations suivantes sont des exemples. Bien que la description se réfère à un ou plusieurs modes de réalisation, ceci ne signifie pas nécessairement que chaque référence concerne le même mode de réalisation, ou que les caractéristiques s'appliquent seulement à un seul mode de réalisation. De simples caractéristiques de différents modes de réalisation peuvent également être combinées pour fournir d'autres réalisations. Sur les figures, les échelles et les proportions ne sont pas strictement respectées et ce, à des fins d'illustration et de clarté. Les figures 1 à 8 représentent des structures antennaires ou des portions de structures antennaires dans lesquelles l'alimentation des structures antennaires est effectuée au niveau d'une entrée d'excitation située en haut à droite de la figure, la première antenne se trouve du côté de cette entrée d'excitation, et les antennes suivantes sont disposées consécutivement de haut à droite vers en bas à gauche, jusqu'à la dernière antenne qui se trouve en bas à gauche. Cette orientation, à des fins illustratives et pour davantage de clarté, ne préjuge pas de la disposition de la structure antennaire lors de son utilisation en pratique dans son environnement, qui peut varier selon les applications. En particulier, la structure antennaire est généralement disposée avec l'entrée d'excitation au niveau du sol et s'étendant verticalement vers le haut. The following achievements are examples. Although the description refers to one or more embodiments, this does not necessarily mean that each reference relates to the same embodiment, or that the features apply only to a single embodiment. Simple features of various embodiments may also be combined to provide other embodiments. Figures, scales and proportions are not strictly adhered to for the purpose of illustration and clarity. Figures 1 to 8 show antennal structures or portions of antennal structures in which the feeding of antenna structures is performed at an excitation input located at the top right of the figure, the first antenna is on the side of this excitation input, and the following antennas are consecutively arranged from top to right down to left, to the last antenna at the bottom left. This orientation, for illustrative purposes and for greater clarity, does not prejudge the disposition of the antenna structure when used in practice in its environment, which may vary according to the applications. In particular, the antenna structure is generally arranged with the excitation input at ground level and extending vertically upwards.
La figure 1 représente schématiquement une structure antennaire selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention. La structure antennaire est composée d'une première antenne 10 et d'une deuxième antenne 20, les deux antennes étant colinéaires et alimentées indépendamment. Figure 1 shows schematically an antenna structure according to a first embodiment of the invention. The antenna structure is composed of a first antenna 10 and a second antenna 20, the two antennas being collinear and independently powered.
Chaque antenne comprenant une portion rayonnante comprenant une première succession d'éléments rayonnants coaxiaux autour d'un premier axe (référencés 12i pour la première antenne 10 et 22i pour la deuxième antenne 20), en alternance avec au moins une succession additionnelle d'éléments rayonnants coaxiaux autour d'au moins un second axe, ici deux successions additionnelles autour de deux axes. Ainsi, les deux successions additionnelles sont composées de deux éléments rayonnants disposés côte à côte (référencés lli pour la première antenne 10 et 21i pour la deuxième antenne 20) et en alternance avec la première succession d'éléments rayonnants coaxiaux.  Each antenna comprising a radiating portion comprising a first succession of coaxial radiating elements around a first axis (referenced 12i for the first antenna 10 and 22i for the second antenna 20), alternating with at least one additional succession of radiating elements coaxial around at least a second axis, here two additional successions around two axes. Thus, the two additional successions are composed of two radiating elements arranged side by side (referenced lli for the first antenna 10 and 21i for the second antenna 20) and alternately with the first succession of coaxial radiating elements.
Chaque antenne comprend une entrée d'excitation (référencés 16 pour la première antenne 10 et 26 pour la deuxième antenne 20) permettant l'alimentation de l'antenne par un câble coaxial. Entre l'entrée d'excitation et la portion rayonnante est disposé un piège quart d'onde dit piège quart d'onde inférieur (référencés 15 pour la première antenne 10 et 25 pour la deuxième antenne 20). Dans ce mode de réalisation, chaque piège quart d'onde est composé de deux sous-pièges quart d'onde (respectivement deux sous-pièges quart d'onde 151 et 152 pour le piège 15 quart d'onde inférieur de la première antenne 10 et deux sous-pièges quart d'onde 251 et 252 pour le piège 25 quart d'onde inférieur de la deuxième antenne 20). L'espacement entre le piège 15 quart d'onde inférieur et le premier élément rayonnant lli doit être de longueur comprise entre 20% et 30% inférieure à celle des éléments rayonnants. Each antenna comprises an excitation input (referenced 16 for the first antenna 10 and 26 for the second antenna 20) for feeding the antenna by a coaxial cable. Between the excitation input and the radiating portion is disposed a quarter wave trap said lower quarter wave trap (referenced 15 for the first antenna 10 and 25 for the second antenna 20). In this embodiment, each quarter-wave trap is composed of two quarter-wave sub-traps (respectively two quarter-wave sub-traps 15 1 and 15 2 for the lower quarter-wave trap of the first one. antenna 10 and two quarter-wave sub-traps 25 1 and 25 2 for the lower quarter-wave trap of the second antenna 20). The spacing between the lower quarter-wave trap and the first radiator 11 must be between 20% and 30% less than that of the radiating elements.
Au niveau d'une seconde extrémité de la portion rayonnante de chaque antenne, c'est-à-dire l'extrémité la plus éloignée de l'entrée d'alimentation, chaque antenne comprend un piège quart d'onde supérieur (référencés 14 pour la première antenne 10 et 24 pour la deuxième antenne 20).  At a second end of the radiating portion of each antenna, i.e. the farthest end of the feed input, each antenna includes a top quarter-wave trap (referenced 14 for the first antenna 10 and 24 for the second antenna 20).
À la deuxième extrémité de chaque antenne, après le piège quart d'onde supérieur, chaque antenne comprend un élément terminal (référencés 13 pour la première antenne 10 et 23 pour la deuxième antenne 20) formé par le prolongement d'au moins une âme creuse, ici de deux âmes creuses latérales décrits plus loin.  At the second end of each antenna, after the upper quarter-wave trap, each antenna comprises a terminal element (referenced 13 for the first antenna 10 and 23 for the second antenna 20) formed by the extension of at least one hollow core , here two lateral hollow souls described later.
Enfin, entre les deux antennes, le câble 17 coaxial d'alimentation sort de l'élément 13 terminal de la première antenne 10 et se connecte à l'entrée 26 d'excitation de la deuxième antenne 20. Entre les deux antennes, le câble coaxial est entouré d'un piège 131 quart d'onde intermédiaire, dans le prolongement de l'élément 13 terminal et dans lequel passe le câble 17 coaxial d'alimentation. En outre, entre le piège 131 quart d'onde intermédiaire et l'entrée 26 d'excitation de la deuxième antenne 20, la structure antennaire comprend de préférence au moins un dispositif de blocage de courant de gaine, ici un dispositif 18 de blocage de courant de gaine.  Finally, between the two antennas, the coaxial power supply cable 17 leaves the terminal element 13 of the first antenna 10 and connects to the excitation input 26 of the second antenna 20. Between the two antennas, the cable coaxial is surrounded by an intermediate quarter-wave trap 131, in the extension of the terminal element 13 and in which passes the coaxial power cable 17. In addition, between the intermediate quarter-wave trap 131 and the excitation input 26 of the second antenna 20, the antenna structure preferably comprises at least one sheath current blocking device, here a device 18 for blocking the antenna. sheath current.
Les figures 2, 3 et 4 représentent schématiquement en coupe respectivement un premier, deuxième, et troisième détail de la première antenne d'une structure antennaire selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention. Les descriptions des éléments en référence avec ces figures 2-4 sont aussi valables pour les éléments identiques de la deuxième antenne de la structure antennaire. Figures 2, 3 and 4 show schematically in section respectively a first, second, and third detail of the first antenna of an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention. The descriptions of the elements with reference to these figures 2-4 are also valid for the identical elements of the second antenna of the antennal structure.
Dans ce mode de réalisation de l'invention, les éléments rayonnants sont des éléments cylindriques creux et disposés autour d'un axe formé par une âme. Les âmes peuvent être pleines ou creuses et sont conductrices. En particulier, avec n le nombre d'antennes de la structure, au moins n-1 âmes de la première antenne sont creuses et reçoivent un câble d'alimentation destiné à une antenne suivante dans la structure antennaire. Dans ce mode de réalisation, les âmes 191 et 190 formant les axes des successions additionnelles d'éléments rayonnants, dites âmes latérales sont creuses et une des âmes 191 comprend le câble 17 d'alimentation de la deuxième antenne 20. Le câble coaxial passe donc à l'intérieur d'éléments rayonnants, des pièges quart d'onde et de l'élément terminal, comme visible sur les figures. L'âme centrale formant l'axe de la première succession d'éléments rayonnants et permettant l'alimentation de l'antenne, est composée d'une partie 163 pleine et d'une partie 162 creuse, entourés d'un élément 161 cylindrique conducteur. L'âme centrale permet l'adaptation d'impédance de l'antenne à l'impédance adéquate à la fréquence considérée. La deuxième antenne 20, même si elle ne nécessite pas de posséder une âme creuse car aucun câble d'alimentation ne la traverse, peut aussi comprendre la même structure à âmes creuses. La partie 163 est un élément d'ajustement d'impédance. Selon d'autres modes de réalisation, la partie 163 peut aussi être creuse. Selon d'autres mode de réalisation, la partie 163 n'est pas présente et l'antenne est connectée à la partie 162 creuse. La figure 2 représente un premier détail de la première antenne 10 au niveau de l'entrée 16 d'alimentation, à la première extrémité de la première antenne de la structure antennaire. Les sous-pièges 15i et 152 sont de formes cylindriques, possédant chacun un contour cylindrique conducteur creux (référencés respectivement 151i et 1512), une base pleine conductrice (référencées respectivement 152i et 1522), et une base vide à l'opposé de la base pleine. Des rondelles diélectriques de centrage (référencées respectivement 153χ et 1532) sont ici disposées dans la base vide pour permettre un renforcement mécanique des sous-pièges quart d'onde. En faisant varier l'épaisseur et le matériau de ces rondelles diélectriques, il est aussi possible d'ajuster la longueur électrique des sous-pièges. Dans d'autres modes de réalisation, les sous-pièges ne comprennent pas de rondelles diélectriques de centrage. In this embodiment of the invention, the radiating elements are hollow cylindrical elements arranged around an axis formed by a core. Souls can be full or hollow and are conductive. In particular, with n the number of antennas of the structure, at least n-1 cores of the first antenna are hollow and receive a power cable for a next antenna in the antennal structure. In this embodiment, the cores 191 and 190 forming the axes of the additional successions of radiating elements, said lateral cores are hollow and one of the cores 191 comprises the cable 17 for feeding the second antenna 20. The coaxial cable thus passes inside radiating elements, quarter-wave traps and the terminal element, as visible in the figures. The central core forming the axis of the first succession of radiating elements and allowing the feeding of the antenna, is composed of a solid part 163 and a hollow part 162, surrounded by a cylindrical element 161 conductive . The central core allows the adaptation of impedance of the antenna to the impedance adequate to the frequency considered. The second antenna 20, even if it does not require a hollow core because no power cable passes through it, may also include the same hollow-core structure. Part 163 is an impedance adjustment element. In other embodiments, the portion 163 may also be hollow. In other embodiments, the portion 163 is not present and the antenna is connected to the hollow portion 162. Figure 2 shows a first detail of the first antenna 10 at the input input 16, at the first end of the first antenna of the antenna structure. The sub-traps 15 1 and 15 2 are of cylindrical shape, each having a hollow conductive cylindrical contour (referenced respectively 151 1 and 151 2 ), a full conductive base (referenced respectively 152 i and 152 2 ), and an empty base opposite. from the full base. Dielectric centering washers (respectively referenced 153 χ and 153 2 ) are here arranged in the empty base to allow mechanical reinforcement of quarter-wave sub-traps. By varying the thickness and the material of these dielectric washers, it is also possible to adjust the electrical length of the sub-traps. In other embodiments, the sub-traps do not include dielectric centering washers.
Les bases pleines permettent un contact électrique avec une gaine du câble coaxial, directement ou via l'âme 191 latérale. En outre, elles présentent des orifices (non visibles) pour faire passer les âmes latérales 190 et 191. Solid bases allow electrical contact with a cable jacket coaxial, directly or via the lateral core 191. In addition, they have orifices (not visible) to pass the lateral webs 190 and 191.
Le câble coaxial est ici dans l'âme 191 latérale qui passe à l'intérieur des sous- pièges mais si les sous-pièges quarts d'onde sont de diamètre insuffisant, le câble coaxial peut être fixé au contact du contour cylindrique.  The coaxial cable here is in the lateral core 191 which passes inside the sub-traps but if the quarter-wave sub-traps are of insufficient diameter, the coaxial cable can be fixed in contact with the cylindrical contour.
La figure 3 représente un deuxième détail de la première antenne 10 au niveau de l'élément 13 terminal, à la seconde extrémité de la première antenne de la structure antennaire. FIG. 3 represents a second detail of the first antenna 10 at the level of the terminal element 13, at the second end of the first antenna of the antenna structure.
L'élément 13 terminal est formé par les âmes latérales 190 et 191 se prolongeant parallèlement après le passage dans le piège 14 quart d'onde supérieur. Dans ce mode de réalisation, l'élément terminal comprend un élément 192 de court- circuit creux reliant les deux âmes latérales 190 et 191 et s'étendant, dans ce mode de réalisation, perpendiculairement auxdites âmes latérales 190 et 191. Ici, l'élément 192 de court-circuit est un prolongement structurel de l'âme latérale 190 et rejoint l'âme latérale 191. Selon d'autres modes de réalisation, l'élément 192 de court -circuit peut ne pas être perpendiculaire aux âmes latérales.  The terminal element 13 is formed by the lateral webs 190 and 191 extending parallel after passing through the upper 14-quarter trap. In this embodiment, the terminal element comprises a hollow short circuit element 192 connecting the two lateral webs 190 and 191 and extending, in this embodiment, perpendicular to said lateral webs 190 and 191. Here, the The short circuit element 192 is a structural extension of the side core 190 and joins the side core 191. According to other embodiments, the short-circuit element 192 may not be perpendicular to the side webs.
Entre l'élément 13 terminal et la partie rayonnante de la première antenne 10, la première antenne comprend un piège 14 quart d'onde supérieur, ici comprenant deux sous-pièges 140 et 141 disposés parallèlement l'un de l'autre. Les sous-pièges 140 et 141 ont comme axe les âmes latérales respectivement 190 et 191. Les sous-pièges 140 et 141 sont formés d'éléments cylindriques creux fermés chacun à leur base la plus proche de l'élément 13 terminal par un élément annulaire conducteur respectivement référencés 142 et 143, formant un court-circuit des sous-pièges 140 et 141. Les éléments annulaires conducteurs 142 et 143 sont disposés sur l'antenne avec un espacement inférieur ou égal à un quart d'onde à la fréquence centrale de fonctionnement par rapport à l'extrémité des âmes latérales 190 et 191. Pour assurer la rigidité mécanique des sous-pièges 140 et 141, ceux-ci peuvent chacun comprendre, de façon analogue aux sous-pièges inférieurs, une rondelle diélectrique (respectivement référencées 144 et 145) disposée au niveau de la base de l'élément cylindrique opposée à celle comprenant l'élément annulaire conducteur. Entre la première antenne 10 et la deuxième antenne 20, et plus généralement, dans d'autres modes de réalisation entre chaque antenne consécutive, la structure antennaire comprend un piège 131 quart d'onde intermédiaire, ici cylindrique et de structure similaire aux pièges quart d'onde inférieurs. L'âme latérale 191 comprenant le câble 17 coaxial se prolonge après l'élément 13 terminal, formant ainsi une prolongation 194 de préférence colinéaire avec l'axe de l'âme centrale des antennes. Le piège 131 quart d'onde intermédiaire entoure le câble 17 coaxial au niveau de cette prolongation 194. La prolongation 194 se termine après le piège 131 quart d'onde et le câble 17 coaxial sort de la prolongation et est disposé de façon à être connecté à l'antenne suivante, ici la deuxième antenne 20. Les dimensions du piège quart d'onde intermédiaire seront telles que la somme de son rayon avec sa longueur sera inférieure ou égale à un quart de la longueur d'onde associée à la fréquence centrale de fonctionnement. Between the terminal element 13 and the radiating part of the first antenna 10, the first antenna comprises a trap 14 upper quarter wave, here comprising two sub-traps 140 and 141 arranged parallel to each other. The sub-traps 140 and 141 have as their axis the lateral webs respectively 190 and 191. The sub-traps 140 and 141 are formed of hollow cylindrical elements each closed at their base closest to the terminal element 13 by an annular element. respectively referenced conductors 142 and 143, forming a short-circuit of the sub-traps 140 and 141. The conductive annular elements 142 and 143 are arranged on the antenna with a spacing of less than or equal to one quarter wave at the center frequency of operating with respect to the end of the side webs 190 and 191. To ensure the mechanical rigidity of the sub-traps 140 and 141, they may each comprise, in a similar manner to the lower sub-traps, a dielectric washer (respectively referenced 144 and 145) disposed at the base of the cylindrical member opposite to that comprising the conductive annular member. Between the first antenna 10 and the second antenna 20, and more generally, in other embodiments between each consecutive antenna, the antennal structure comprises an intermediate quarter-wave trap 131, here cylindrical and of similar structure to the quarter-wave traps. lower wave. The lateral core 191 comprising the coaxial cable 17 extends after the terminal element 13, thus forming an extension 194 preferably colinear with the axis of the central core of the antennas. The intermediate quarter-wave trap 131 surrounds the coaxial cable 17 at this extension 194. The extension 194 terminates after the quarter-wave trap and the coaxial cable 17 exits the extension and is arranged to be connected. on the next antenna, here the second antenna 20. The dimensions of the intermediate quarter-wave trap will be such that the sum of its radius with its length will be less than or equal to one quarter of the wavelength associated with the central frequency Operating.
Dans les modes de réalisation comprenant plus de deux antennes et donc au moins deux câbles coaxiaux traversant la première antenne, il y a autant de pièges quart d'onde intermédiaires que de câbles coaxiaux sortant de chaque antenne pour aller alimenter une antenne suivante.  In embodiments comprising more than two antennas and therefore at least two coaxial cables passing through the first antenna, there are as many intermediate quarter wave traps as coaxial cables exiting each antenna to feed a next antenna.
Un dispositif 18 de blocage de courant de gaine peut être fixé au câble 17 coaxial. Ce dispositif 18 de blocage peut être composé d'un ou plusieurs pièges quart d'onde filaire ou en forme de L, ou une ou plusieurs ferrites de blocage dont l'impédance sera la plus élevée possible à la fréquence de fonctionnement du système. A sheath current blocking device 18 may be attached to the coaxial cable 17. This blocking device 18 may be composed of one or more wavelength or L-shaped quarter-wave traps, or one or more blocking ferrites whose impedance will be as high as possible at the operating frequency of the system.
Les ferrites seront utilisées de préférence lorsque la section du câble coaxial est réduite.Ferrites will be used preferably when the cross section of the coaxial cable is reduced.
La section de câble 17 coaxial à nu entre le piège 131 quart d'onde intermédiaire et le dispositif 18 de blocage doit être petite vis-à-vis de la longueur d'onde de travail (typiquement inférieure à un sixième de la longueur d'onde à la fréquence la plus basse de fonctionnement). The exposed coaxial cable section 17 between the intermediate quarter-wave trap 131 and the blocking device 18 must be small vis-à-vis the working wavelength (typically less than one sixth of the length of the wavelength). wave at the lowest frequency of operation).
Après ce dispositif 18 de blocage, le câble 17 coaxial est relié à la deuxième antenne au niveau de son entrée 26 d'excitation, notamment grâce à un élément 264 de connexion de la gaine du câble 17 coaxial vers l'élément 261 cylindrique conducteur et un élément 265 de connexion du conducteur central du câble 17 coaxial vers la partie After this blocking device 18, the coaxial cable 17 is connected to the second antenna at its excitation input 26, in particular thanks to an element 264 for connecting the cable sheath 17 coaxial with the conductive cylindrical element 261 and an element 265 connecting the central conductor of the cable 17 coaxial to the part
263 pleine de l'âme centrale. Ces éléments 264 et 265 de connexion sont dimensionnés pour assurer la continuité de l'impédance caractéristique entre le câble 17 coaxial et l'entrée 26 d'excitation. En particulier, les éléments de connexion peuvent être de forme tronconique de dimension adaptée à l'impédance caractéristique de l'antenne ou, si l'impédance de l'antenne est une impédance standard de type 50Ω, de forme en adéquation avec le diamètre du câble 17 coaxial. De préférence, la distance entre l'élément terminal de l'antenne précédente et l'entrée d'excitation de l'antenne suivante doit être supérieure à un tiers de longueur d'onde de fonctionnement. 263 full of the central soul. These elements 264 and 265 of connection are sized to ensure continuity of the characteristic impedance between the coaxial cable 17 and the excitation input 26. In particular, the connection elements may be of frustoconical shape of dimension adapted to the characteristic impedance of the antenna or, if the impedance of the antenna is a standard impedance of 50Ω type, of shape in adequacy with the diameter of the antenna. 17 coaxial cable. Preferably, the distance between the terminal element of the preceding antenna and the excitation input of the next antenna must be greater than one-third of the operating wavelength.
La figure 4 représente un troisième détail de la première antenne 10 au niveau de la portion rayonnante. Figure 4 shows a third detail of the first antenna 10 at the radiating portion.
La première succession d'éléments rayonnants est composée d'éléments 12i rayonnants comprenant un cylindre 120 creux conducteur positionné coaxialement à l'âme centrale 162 (qui participe de ce fait localement au rayonnement sur la longueur du cylindre 120). Le cylindre 120 est espacé de l'âme centrale par des éléments 112 annulaires diélectriques de centrage.  The first succession of radiating elements is composed of radiating elements 12i comprising a conductive hollow cylinder 120 positioned coaxially with the central core 162 (which thereby locally participates in the radiation along the length of the cylinder 120). The cylinder 120 is spaced from the central core by annular dielectric centering elements 112.
Les successions additionnelles d'éléments rayonnants comprennent les éléments lli rayonnants. Une première succession additionnelle d'éléments rayonnants est formé par des cylindres 110 creux conducteurs positionnés autour d'un axe formé par l'âme latérale 190. Une deuxième succession additionnelle d'éléments rayonnants est formée par des cylindres 111 creux conducteurs positionnés autour d'un axe formé par l'âme latérale 191. Les âmes latérales 190 et 191 participent de ce fait localement au rayonnement sur la longueur des cylindres. Les cylindres 110 et 111 sont espacés de leur âme latérale 190 et 191 respective par des éléments 112 annulaires diélectriques de centrage.  Additional successions of radiating elements include radiating elements. A first additional succession of radiating elements is formed by conducting hollow cylinders 110 positioned around an axis formed by the lateral core 190. A second additional succession of radiating elements is formed by hollow conducting cylinders 111 positioned around an axis formed by the lateral core 191. The lateral webs 190 and 191 thus participate locally in the radiation over the length of the cylinders. Cylinders 110 and 111 are spaced from their respective lateral webs 190 and 191 by annular dielectric centering elements 112.
La permittivité relative des éléments 112 de centrage modifie la longueur guidée des sections coaxiales : ainsi, l'épaisseur et la permittivité relative de ces éléments 112 de centrage influencent directement la longueur des éléments lli rayonnants. La longueur de ces derniers sera alors proche de la demi longueur d'onde guidée XG effective à la fréquence centrale de fonctionnement (en particulier entre 0,43 XG et 0,5 XG).  The relative permittivity of the centering elements 112 modifies the guided length of the coaxial sections: thus, the thickness and relative permittivity of these centering elements 112 directly influence the length of the radiating elements. The length of these latter will then be close to the guided half-wavelength XG effective at the central operating frequency (in particular between 0.43 XG and 0.5 XG).
Afin d'assurer la continuité électrique de l'antenne et l'alimentation en série des éléments rayonnants suivants, les cylindres 110 et 111 sont connectés électriquement, idéalement sur toute leur longueur, à l'âme centrale 162. In order to ensure the electrical continuity of the antenna and the series supply of following radiating elements, the cylinders 110 and 111 are electrically connected, ideally along their entire length, to the central core 162.
De préférence, la longueur des cylindres 110, 111 et 120 sont identiques. Concernant la deuxième antenne ou plus généralement, une antenne suivante, la longueur des cylindres précédents sur ces autres antennes pourra être réduit (généralement de moins de 5%) par rapport à leur longueur sur la première antenne, afin de réduire les lobes secondaires vers le bas.  Preferably, the length of the cylinders 110, 111 and 120 are identical. Regarding the second antenna or more generally, a following antenna, the length of the preceding cylinders on these other antennas can be reduced (generally less than 5%) with respect to their length on the first antenna, in order to reduce the secondary lobes towards the low.
La figure 5 représente schématiquement en perspective une structure antennaire selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention. Ce mode de réalisation est identique au premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, excepté que le prolongement 194 est plus long (sur plusieurs longueurs d'onde de travail) afin d'augmenter le découplage entre les deux antennes (découplage supérieur à 50 dB). Cela entraîne que le dispositif 18 de blocage est composé d'une pluralité de sous- dispositifs de blocage. Les sous-dispositifs de blocage sont répartis en deux groupes, un premier groupe 181 de sous-dispositifs 180 de blocage formés d'éléments cylindriques de type piège quart d'onde dont les courts-circuits les reliant au câble 17 coaxial sont disposés du côté de la deuxième antenne 20, et un deuxième groupe 182 de sous- dispositifs 181 de blocage formés d'élément cylindriques de type piège quart d'onde dont les courts-circuits les reliant au câble 17 coaxial sont disposés du côté de la première antenne 10. Figure 5 schematically shows in perspective an antenna structure according to a second embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is identical to the first embodiment of the invention, except that the extension 194 is longer (over several working wavelengths) in order to increase the decoupling between the two antennas (decoupling greater than 50 dB ). This results in the blocking device 18 being composed of a plurality of blocking sub-devices. The blocking sub-devices are divided into two groups, a first group 18 1 of blocking sub-devices 180 formed of cylindrical elements of quarter-wave trap type whose short circuits connecting them to the coaxial cable 17 are arranged side of the second antenna 20, and a second sub-group 18 2 181 cylindrical locking devices formed element quarter wave trap type which short circuits connecting them to coaxial cable 17 are arranged on the side of the first antenna 10.
Les sous-dispositifs de blocage sont espacés au maximum d'un tiers de la longueur d'onde relative à la fréquence de travail centrale. La figure 6 représente schématiquement en perspective une structure antennaire selon un troisième mode de réalisation de l'invention. Dans ce mode de réalisation, la structure antennaire comprend trois antennes, une première antenne 10, une deuxième antenne 20 et une troisième antenne 30. Le principe de fonctionnement et les éléments décrits pour une structure antennaire à deux antennes en référence aux figures 1 à 4 s'appliquent dans cette structure antennaire à trois antennes.  The blocking sub-devices are spaced a maximum of one third of the wavelength relative to the central working frequency. Figure 6 schematically shows in perspective an antenna structure according to a third embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the antenna structure comprises three antennas, a first antenna 10, a second antenna 20 and a third antenna 30. The operating principle and the elements described for a antennal structure with two antennas with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4 apply in this antenna structure to three antennas.
Comme décrit précédemment, chaque antenne comprend une entrée d'excitation (référencées respectivement 16, 26 et 36 pour la première, deuxième et troisième antenne), un piège quart d'onde inférieur (référencés respectivement 15, 25 et 35 pour la première, deuxième et troisième antenne), une première succession d'éléments rayonnants (référencés 121 et 122 pour la première antenne 10, 221 et 222 pour la deuxième antenne 20, et 321 et 322 pour la troisième antenne 30), deux successions additionnelles d'éléments rayonnants (référencés 111 et 112 pour la première antenne 10, 211 et 212 pour la deuxième antenne 20, et 31χ et 312 pour la troisième antenne 30), un piège quart d'onde supérieur (référencés respectivement 14, 24 et 34 pour la première, deuxième et troisième antenne), un élément terminal (référencés respectivement 13, 23 et 33 pour la première, deuxième et troisième antenne), et deux pièges quart d'onde intermédiaires, un premier piège 131 quart d'onde intermédiaire entre la première antenne 10 et la deuxième antenne 20 (comprenant deux sous-pièges, un par câble coaxial allant de la première à la deuxième antenne), et un deuxième piège 231 quart d'onde intermédiaire entre la deuxième antenne 20 et la troisième antenne 30. As previously described, each antenna includes an input excitation (referenced respectively 16, 26 and 36 for the first, second and third antenna), a lower quarter-wave trap (referenced respectively 15, 25 and 35 for the first, second and third antenna), a first succession of radiating elements (referenced 12 1 and 12 2 for the first antenna 10, 22 1 and 22 2 for the second antenna 20, and 32 1 and 32 2 for the third antenna 30), two additional successions of radiating elements (referenced 11 1 and 11 2 for the first antenna 10, 21 1 and 21 2 for the second antenna 20, and 31 χ and 31 2 for the third antenna 30), a quarter-wave upper trap (referenced respectively 14, 24 and 34 for the first, second and third antenna), a terminal element (referenced respectively 13, 23 and 33 for the first, second and third antennas), and two intermediate quarter-wave traps, a first trap 131 intermediate quarter wave between the pre first antenna 10 and the second antenna 20 (comprising two sub-traps, one coaxial cable from the first to the second antenna), and a second trap 231 quarter-wave intermediate between the second antenna 20 and the third antenna 30.
Le câble 17 coaxial d'alimentation de la deuxième antenne 20 passe à travers la première antenne 10 dans l'une de ces âmes creuses, par exemple l'âme 191 latérale comme décrit précédemment. Pour la troisième antenne, un câble 27 coaxial d'alimentation passe à travers la première antenne 10 dans une autre âme creuse, par exemple dans l'âme 190 latérale décrit précédemment, puis à travers la deuxième 20 antenne par une âme creuse.  The coaxial cable 17 for feeding the second antenna 20 passes through the first antenna 10 in one of these hollow cores, for example the lateral core 191 as previously described. For the third antenna, a coaxial feed cable 27 passes through the first antenna 10 into another hollow core, for example in the lateral core 190 described above, then through the second antenna by a hollow core.
La figure 7 représente schématiquement en perspective une structure antennaire selon un quatrième mode de réalisation de l'invention. En se basant sur les structures antennaires décrites précédemment et en modifiant le nombre de successions additionnelle d'éléments rayonnants, on peut obtenir une multitude d'âmes creuses par lesquelles peuvent passer des câbles coaxiaux d'alimentation d'antennes suivantes. Ainsi, dans ce mode de réalisation, la structure antennaire comprend cinq antennes, une première antenne 10 comprenant une première succession d'éléments 12-u 122 rayonnants et quatre successions additionnelles d'éléments lli,ll2 rayonnants (soit quatre éléments rayonnants côte à côte autour de quatre axes formés par au moins quatre âmes creuses pour faire passer les câbles coaxiaux des quatre antennes suivantes), une deuxième antenne 20 comprenant une première succession d'éléments 221( 222 rayonnants et quatre successions additionnelles d'éléments 2l!,212 rayonnants (soit quatre éléments rayonnants côte à côte autour de quatre axes formés par quatre âmes dont au moins trois âmes creuses pour faire passer les câbles coaxiaux des trois antennes suivantes), une troisième antenne 30 comprenant une première succession d'éléments 32 322 rayonnants et quatre successions additionnelles d'éléments 31i,312 rayonnants (soit quatre éléments rayonnants côte à côte autour de quatre axes formés par quatre âmes dont au moins deux âmes creuses pour faire passer les câbles coaxiaux des deux antennes suivantes), une quatrième antenne 40 comprenant une première succession d'éléments 42x, 422 rayonnants et quatre successions additionnelles d'éléments 41i,412 rayonnants (soit quatre éléments rayonnants côte à côte autour de quatre axes formés par quatre âmes dont au moins une âme creuse pour faire passer les câbles coaxiaux de l'antennes suivante), et une cinquième antenne 50 comprenant une première succession d'éléments 521( 522 rayonnants et quatre successions additionnelles d'éléments 511(512 rayonnants (soit quatre éléments rayonnants côte à côte autour de quatre axes formés par quatre âmes, creuses ou non). Figure 7 schematically shows in perspective an antenna structure according to a fourth embodiment of the invention. Based on the antennal structures described above and by changing the number of additional successions of radiating elements, a multitude of hollow cores can be obtained through which subsequent coaxial antenna feeder cables can pass. Thus, in this embodiment, the antennal structure comprises five antennas, a first antenna 10 comprising a first succession of radiating elements 12-u 12 2 and four additional successions of elements 11, 11 2 radiating (ie four radiating elements rib around four axes formed by at least four hollow core for passing the coaxial cable of the following four antennas), a second antenna 20 comprising a first series of elements 22 1 (Listing 22 radiating 2 and four additional successions of elements 2l!, 21 radiating 2 (four radiating elements side by side around four axes formed by four cores including at least three hollow cores for passing the coaxial cables of the following three antennas), a third antenna 30 comprising a first succession of radiating elements 32 32 2 and four additional successions of radiating elements 31i, 31 2 (ie four elements radiating side by side around four axes formed by four cores including at least two hollow cores for passing the coaxial cables of the two following antennas), a fourth antenna 40 comprising a first succession of elements 42 x , 42 2 radiating and four additional successions of elements 41i, 41 2 radiating (that is radiating elements side by side around four axes formed by four cores including at least one hollow core for passing the coaxial cables of the following antennas), and a fifth antenna 50 comprising a first succession of elements 52 1 ( 52 2 radiating and four additional successions of elements 51 1 ( 51 2 radiating (or four elements radiating side by side around four axes formed by four cores, hollow or not).
Dans un mode de réalisation alternatif, comme les deuxième, troisième, quatrième et cinquième antennes n'ont pas besoin de quatre âmes creuses pour permettre la traversée de quatre câbles coaxiaux, le nombre de successions additionnelles d'éléments rayonnants peut être réduit pour correspondre au nombre d'âmes creuses nécessaires. En particulier, les troisième, quatrième et cinquième antennes peuvent prendre la forme des antennes décrites précédemment dans le troisième mode de réalisation décrit en référence à la figure 6.  In an alternative embodiment, as the second, third, fourth, and fifth antennas do not require four hollow cores to accommodate four coaxial cables, the number of additional successions of radiating elements can be reduced to match the number of hollow souls needed. In particular, the third, fourth and fifth antennas may take the form of the antennas described above in the third embodiment described with reference to FIG.
La figure 8 représente schématiquement en perspective une structure antennaire selon un cinquième mode de réalisation de l'invention. Dans ce mode de réalisation simplifié de structure antennaire comprenant une première antenne 10 et une deuxième antenne 20, chaque antenne comprend, outre la première succession d'éléments rayonnants (121 et 122 pour la première antenne 10, et 221 et 222 pour la deuxième antenne 20), une unique succession additionnelle d'éléments rayonnants et 112 pour la première antenne 10, et 21x et 212 pour la deuxième antenne 20), c'est-à- dire composé d'un élément rayonnant autour d'un axe, notamment une âme creuse permettant de faire passer un câble coaxial. Figure 8 schematically shows in perspective an antenna structure according to a fifth embodiment of the invention. In this simplified embodiment of antenna structure comprising a first antenna 10 and a second antenna 20, each antenna comprises, besides the first succession of radiating elements (12 1 and 12 2 for the first antenna 10, and 22 1 and 22 2 for the second antenna 20), a single additional succession of radiating elements and 11 2 for the first antenna 10, and 21 x and 21 2 for the second antenna 20), that is to say composed of a radiating element about an axis, in particular a hollow core allowing to pass a coaxial cable.
Cette structure antennaire est plus simple mécaniquement mais présente un très léger défaut d'omnidirectionnalité (inférieur à 1 dB) et une dissymétrie des lobes latéraux.  This antennal structure is simpler mechanically but has a very slight omnidirectionality defect (less than 1 dB) and asymmetry of side lobes.
La figure 9 est un diagramme de rayonnement unitaire dans le plan vertical d'une structure antennaire selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, en traits pleins pour l'antenne supérieure (la dernière antenne de la structure antennaire) et en traits pointillés pour la première antenne de la structure antennaire. On constate une forte diminution des lobes secondaires problématiques pour le découplage des antennes, c'est-à-dire les lobes secondaires vers le bas pour l'antenne supérieure et les lobes secondaires vers le haut pour l'antenne inférieure, notamment due à l'ajustement des longueurs des cylindres des éléments rayonnants selon les antennes. FIG. 9 is a unitary radiation pattern in the vertical plane of an antenna structure according to one embodiment of the invention, in solid lines for the upper antenna (the last antenna of the antenna structure) and in dashed lines for the first antenna of the antennal structure. There is a significant decrease in the problematic secondary lobes for the decoupling of the antennas, that is to say the secondary lobes downwards for the upper antenna and the secondary lobes upwards for the lower antenna, in particular due to the adjustment of the lengths of the cylinders of the radiating elements according to the antennas.
La figure 10 est un graphique représentant le découplage entre les antennes et les adaptations d'impédance obtenues par une structure antennaire selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, exprimés en dB par rapport à la fréquence de fonctionnement.  FIG. 10 is a graph showing the decoupling between the antennas and the impedance adaptations obtained by an antenna structure according to the first embodiment of the invention, expressed in dB relative to the operating frequency.
La figure 11 est un graphique représentant le découplage entre les antennes et les adaptations d'impédance obtenues par une structure antennaire selon le deuxième mode de réalisation, exprimé en dB par rapport à la fréquence de fonctionnement.  Fig. 11 is a graph showing the decoupling between the antennas and the impedance adaptations obtained by an antenna structure according to the second embodiment, expressed in dB with respect to the operating frequency.
L'invention ne se limite pas aux seuls modes de réalisation décrits. The invention is not limited to the embodiments described.
En particulier, les structures antennaires peuvent être entourées d'un radôme non représenté sur les figures pour des raisons de clarté. Les radômes sont des structures diélectriques à base de fibre de verre assurant l'étanchéité de la structure antennaire et modifiant légèrement les caractéristiques de rayonnement de celle-ci selon la permittivité relative et les pertes diélectriques du radôme.  In particular, the antenna structures may be surrounded by a radome not shown in the figures for the sake of clarity. The radomes are dielectric structures based on fiberglass sealing the antenna structure and slightly modifying the radiation characteristics thereof according to the relative permittivity and dielectric losses of the radome.
De même, un dispositif de maintien mécanique peut être aménagé pour le maintien des antennes supérieures. Celui-ci est composé d'éléments diélectriques de faible permittivité emmanchés sur les embases d'excitation sur leur partie supérieure et sur les éléments rayonnants terminaux sur leur partie inférieure. Similarly, a mechanical holding device can be arranged to hold the upper antennas. This is composed of dielectric elements of low permittivity fitted on the excitation bases on their upper part and on the terminal radiating elements on their lower part.
Les dimensions des éléments décrits peuvent différer de ceux représentés sur les figures. En particulier, les dimensions des pièges quart d'onde supérieurs, inférieurs et intermédiaires ainsi que de l'élément terminal pourront être modifiées en fonction des performances souhaitées, notamment en termes d'adaptation, gain, ouverture du diagramme en site, minimisation des lobes secondaires supérieurs ou inférieurs, etc. Les dimensions peuvent aussi varier dans une même structure antennaire, entre antennes, mais tout en veillant à conserver des caractéristiques radioélectriques similaires. Dans tous les cas, pour chaque antenne, les pièges quart d'onde supérieurs et les éléments terminaux doivent être de longueur inférieure ou égale au quart d'onde de la fréquence centrale de fonctionnement et l'élément terminal doit être de longueur inférieure ou égale au piège quart d'onde supérieur.  The dimensions of the elements described may differ from those shown in the figures. In particular, the dimensions of the upper, lower and intermediate quarter-wave traps as well as of the terminal element can be modified as a function of the desired performances, in particular in terms of adaptation, gain, opening of the on-site diagram, minimization of the lobes upper or lower secondary, etc. The dimensions can also vary in the same antennal structure, between antennas, but while taking care to keep similar radio characteristics. In all cases, for each antenna, the upper quarter-wave traps and the terminal elements must be less than or equal to one-quarter of the central operating frequency and the terminal element must be less than or equal to at the upper quarter-wave trap.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Structure antennaire pour l'émission et/ou la réception d'ondes de fréquence métrique ou décimétrique, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend n antennes colinéaires, avec n>2, Antenna structure for transmitting and / or receiving waves of metric or decimetre frequency, characterized in that it comprises n collinear antennas, with n> 2,
chaque antenne comprenant une portion rayonnante comprenant une première succession de i éléments rayonnants coaxiaux autour d'un premier axe en alternance avec au moins une succession additionnelle de i éléments rayonnants coaxiaux, chaque succession additionnelle étant disposée autour d'un axe différent du premier axe, avec i>2, each antenna comprising a radiating portion comprising a first succession of coaxial radiating elements around a first axis alternating with at least one additional sequence of coaxial radiating elements, each additional succession being arranged around an axis different from the first axis, with i> 2,
chaque antenne étant alimentée indépendamment par un câble coaxial au niveau d'une entrée d'excitation, each antenna being independently powered by a coaxial cable at an excitation input,
chaque antenne comprenant au moins un piège quart d'onde inférieur disposé entre l'entrée d'excitation et une première extrémité de la portion rayonnante, et au moins un piège quart d'onde supérieur disposé au niveau d'une seconde extrémité de la portion rayonnante, each antenna comprising at least one lower quarter-wave trap disposed between the excitation input and a first end of the radiating portion, and at least one upper quarter-wave trap disposed at a second end of the portion radiant,
au moins une première antenne comprenant au moins n-1 âmes creuses s'étendant sur toute la longueur, lesdites âmes creuses formant les axes des successions d'éléments rayonnants coaxiaux et au moins une des âmes creuses étant configurée pour recevoir un câble coaxial destiné à l'alimentation d'une autre antenne colinéaire à la première antenne, at least one first antenna comprising at least n-1 hollow cores extending the entire length, said hollow cores forming the axes of the successions of coaxial radiating elements and at least one of the hollow cores being configured to receive a coaxial cable intended for the feeding of another collinear antenna to the first antenna,
au moins un piège quart d'onde intermédiaire étant disposé entre deux antennes colinéaires consécutives autour d'un câble coaxial, et at least one intermediate quarter wave trap being disposed between two consecutive collinear antennas around a coaxial cable, and
un élément terminal, disposé au niveau de la seconde extrémité de la portion rayonnante après le piège quart d'onde supérieur, et formé de la ou des âmes creuses de l'antenne. a terminal element disposed at the second end of the radiating portion after the upper quarter-wave trap, and formed of the hollow core (s) of the antenna.
2. Structure antennaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le nombre i d'éléments rayonnants coaxiaux autour de chaque axe est compris entre deux et quatre. 2. Antenna structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the number i of coaxial radiating elements around each axis is between two and four.
3. Structure antennaire selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que chaque piège quart d'onde supérieur, chaque piège quart d'onde inférieur et chaque piège quart d'onde intermédiaire est traversé par une âme creuse. 3. Antenna structure according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that that each upper quarter-wave trap, each lower quarter-wave trap and each intermediate quarter-wave trap is traversed by a hollow core.
4. Structure antennaire selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que qu'elle comprend n antennes colinéaires, n>2, et que chaque antenne colinéaire comprend au moins n-x âmes creuses s'étendant sur toute la longueur, les âmes creuses étant configurées pour recevoir un câble coaxial destiné à l'alimentation d'une autre antenne colinéaire à ladite antenne, avec x le nombre d'antennes disposées à l'opposé de l'entrée d'excitation de ladite antenne sur la structure antennaire. 4. Antenna structure according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises n collinear antennas, n> 2, and that each collinear antenna comprises at least nx hollow souls extending over the entire length, the hollow cores being configured to receive a coaxial cable for feeding another antenna collinear with said antenna, with x the number of antennas disposed opposite the excitation input of said antenna on the antennal structure .
5. Structure antennaire selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que chaque élément terminal comprend un élément de court-circuit reliant deux âmes creuses de l'antenne à laquelle il appartient. 5. Antenna structure according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that each terminal element comprises a short-circuit element connecting two hollow cores of the antenna to which it belongs.
6. Structure antennaire selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que chaque piège quart d'onde inférieur est composé de deux sous-pièges quart d'onde cylindriques colinéaires de dimensions identiques et espacés d'un rayon des sous-pièges quart d'onde. Antenna structure according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that each lower quarter-wave trap is composed of two colinear cylindrical quarter-wave sub-traps of identical dimensions and spaced apart by a radius of Quarter-wave traps.
7. Structure antennaire selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que chaque piège quart d'onde supérieur est composé de deux sous-pièges quart d'onde cylindriques parallèles de dimensions identiques. Antenna structure according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that each upper quarter-wave trap is composed of two parallel cylindrical quarter-wave sub-traps of identical dimensions.
8. Structure antennaire selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce qu'entre chaque antenne, la structure antennaire comprend au moins un dispositif de blocage de courant de gaine disposé sur chaque câble coaxial. 8. Antenna structure according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that between each antenna, the antenna structure comprises at least one sheath current blocking device disposed on each coaxial cable.
EP18749010.7A 2017-06-26 2018-06-26 Collinear antenna structure with independent accesses Active EP3646409B1 (en)

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US20200185825A1 (en) 2020-06-11
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EP3646409B1 (en) 2021-06-16
CN110731033B (en) 2021-08-10

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