EP3563440A1 - Elektrodenmaterial, verfahren zur herstellung von elektroden und diese elektroden sowie elektrochemische zellen - Google Patents
Elektrodenmaterial, verfahren zur herstellung von elektroden und diese elektroden sowie elektrochemische zellenInfo
- Publication number
- EP3563440A1 EP3563440A1 EP17821870.7A EP17821870A EP3563440A1 EP 3563440 A1 EP3563440 A1 EP 3563440A1 EP 17821870 A EP17821870 A EP 17821870A EP 3563440 A1 EP3563440 A1 EP 3563440A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- electrode material
- polymer
- redox
- graphene oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
- H01M4/602—Polymers
- H01M4/606—Polymers containing aromatic main chain polymers
- H01M4/608—Polymers containing aromatic main chain polymers containing heterocyclic rings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to an electrode material, in particular for accumulators, which first in the form of a colloidal precursor solution of a molecular complex of nanoscale redoxepte organic oligomer and / or polymer and at least nanoscale graphitic material is formed.
- a method for producing electrodes with activation of the precursor product is provided, as well as corresponding electrodes, in particular for accumulators.
- the present invention relates to electrochemical cells, in particular accumulators with electrodes according to the invention and / or electrode material according to the invention.
- the external shape of the battery should be able to be adapted to given external shapes, for example be woven or incorporated into fabrics of clothing, or be integrated into the bracelet of a smartwatch or the like. That is, a flexibility of the accumulators is provided.
- the supercapacitors which are partly also constructed of graphene and store the charge purely capacitive or mixed capacitive-electochemical. Compared to the accumulators, they have a lower energy density, but an increased power density, supercapacitors are used in applications to provide high power in the short term.
- Supercapacitors differ from batteries in that they store the charge at least partially electrostatically (capacitively) on a large, advantageously nanoscopically enlarged, conductive surface and that this charge is compensated by counter ions from the solution, while in batteries the charge is stored on redox-active centers which are advantageously in electrical contact with a similar nanoscopic current collector as in the supercapacitor.
- LIBs Lithium Ion Batteries
- Li + in graphite Li + in graphite
- the gravimetric capacity is about 350 mAh / g and the average volumetric capacity is between 330 to 430 mAh / cm 3 .
- the area-specific capacity is between 3 to 4 mAh / cm 2 , thereby making it an ideal anode material.
- the cathode in such a system is based on the reversible (de) intercalation of lithium ions in crystalline metal oxides and phosphates.
- crystalline metal oxides and phosphates Here is currently the most improvement potential seen.
- materials with high volume-, mass-specific and area-specific energy and power density Conventionally, materials of the type L1MO2 have been used to date, with M being nickel, cobalt and / or manganese. These deliver capacities of around 180 mAh / g, recently describing a vanadium oxide cathode capable of up to 400 mAh / g, but exhibiting variable discharge voltage and poor cyclability.
- lithium ion batteries with a graphite anode and a L1MO2 cathode cell voltage of> 3V, but this undesirable side reactions and a considerable hazard potential (explosion safety) occur.
- a large area-specific charge (current density) in such LIB cathode materials is limited by the low ion and electrode conductivity in the intercalation grid and between the crystals. This limitation and overcoming of this is currently the subject of intensive research.
- To circumvent the diffusion of lithium ions and electrons into and out of the cathodic host crystal for example, small crystals are used, but their synthesis is expensive.
- To improve the ion and electrode conductivity between the host crystals graphitic micro- and nanomaterials are added.
- Such systems are usually present in a ratio of active material: Electrode conductor: binder in percentages by weight of a maximum of 75:50:10. Although the addition of graphitic material increases the specific current density (mA / cm 2 ), it reduces the surface and area-specific capacitance (mAh / gcm 2 ) relative to its own weight. Solving this problem of conflicting requirements is the subject of much research. Typical values for such systems are, for example, energy densities of 150 to 100 mA / g, with a maximum
- Layer thickness of about 100 ⁇ , wherein about 1 to 4 mAh / cm 2 at maximum current densities of 5 to 8 mA cm 2 .
- WO 2014/093876 A1 describes a semisolid electrode material having a high capacitance
- the cathodic materials have layer thicknesses of up to several 100 ⁇ m, specific capacitances of up to 12 mA / cm 2 and current densities of up to 10 mA / cm 2 without capacity loss and up to 16 mA / cm 2 with a 50 percent capacity loss.
- Crystalline ceramic cathode systems that is to say those based on oxides and phosphates in known LIB systems, are poorly suited for flexible, bendable or stretchable batteries, although some embodiments have already been proposed.
- the inorganic-ceramic intercalation host systems are brittle and flexibility can only be achieved by using small host crystals
- Admixing a flexible binder and / or conductor polymer can be achieved, but this significantly reduces the energy and power density of the battery material.
- Organic and organometallic redox polymers are widely referred to in the literature as potentially active battery materials; However, their potential as active battery materials has not yet been exhausted. In particular, it has not been possible to come close to the performance characteristics of the established lithium batteries.
- Corresponding redox polymer electrodes and redox polymer electrochemical cells may be used as cathodes instead of lithium graphite anodes and / or inorganic ion intercalation systems.
- organic redox polymer cathodes over the conventional based on inorganic transition metals are their environmental friendliness, since the organic redox system is biodegradable, they can also be formed flexible and possible due to the corresponding synthesis freely selectable determination of the reduction potential.
- Such hierarchical electron and ion conductor networks support electron and / or ion percolation at the molecular, nanoscopic, microscopic and macroscopic level.
- micrometer-sized graphene-encapsulated Si particles are described which achieve 3.2 mA / cm 2 , and SiC particles deposited on carbon black are used, which are then converted into granular structures by self-assembly. As a result, five times higher specific capacities are achieved.
- the required cell voltages for example, with LIBs with graphite and an L1MO2 cathode of up to 3.5 V require the use of non-aqueous electrolytes, since with water a thermodynamic decomposition voltage at 1.24 V is present.
- organic solvents / electrolytes can be used for higher cell voltage, they are often flammable.
- activation barriers have already been constructed which allow an increase in cell delivery up to 1.6V to employ aqueous electrolytes, but do not achieve the desired cell voltages of three and more volts.
- inorganic intercalation systems is not compatible at the molecular-nanoscopic level with a design of flexible, d. H. bendable and stretchable accumulators as they are increasingly demanded by the economy, eg. Smart watches and apparel industry. Even grinding of corresponding materials with subsequent crosslinking does not permit large area-specific current densities with a large area-specific capacity.
- heavy metals d. H. from Z. B. 3-D
- Kochgangsmetal- len as used today in LIBs (cathode material) for reasons of environmental impact of concern, and previous redox oligomer or polymer systems do not allow large area-specific current densities at large capacity.
- the aim of the present invention is the provision of novel electrode materials based on redox-active organic oligomers and / or polymers and graphitic material, this electrode material produced by self-assembly and subsequent activation is particularly suitable for use on nanoscopic (1-100 nm) and microscopic (0 1 to 1000 ⁇ , such as 0.1 to 500 ⁇ ) level inventive Perkulationssysteme provide that provide improved area-specific current densities at large capacity and thickness scalability.
- the present invention is concerned with electrochemical storage, the terms batteries, rechargeable batteries and accumulators being used interchangeably, unless otherwise stated. Accordingly, by redox-active polymers / oligomers in this invention is meant essentially electroactive substances with Nernst's and non-capacitive behavior.
- the electrode material according to the invention By using the electrode material according to the invention with nanoscale current collector, several 100 ⁇ m thick layers can be built up on corresponding current collectors with micrometer dimensions for the formation of electrodes, in order to obtain corresponding electrodes of the next larger hierarchy.
- the electrode material according to an embodiment of the present invention is selected so that the potential between minus 1 volt and plus 1 volt. NHE is freely selectable. Because of the size-thickness scalability of the electrode material can be hierarchically larger power collectors effortlessly connect the electrode material. Thus, previously unachieved specific charge and current densities can be realized with organic batteries and accumulators.
- the electrode materials with the redox-active organic oligomer and / or polymer do not receive heavy metals, they can be operated with aqueous electrodes and / or organic electrodes and are essentially biodegradable.
- These redox-active organic oligomers and / or polymers also referred to below as redox polymers also allow the formation of flexible, ie bendable and stretchable batteries and accumulators.
- an electrode material in the form of a colloidal solution of a molecular complex comprising at least one maximum nanoscale redox-active organic oligomer and / or polymer and at least one nanoscale (nano-scale and nanoscopic used synonymously herein) graphitic material, which in a weight ratio of redox-active oligomer and / or polymer and graphitic material of 0.5: 1 to 20: 1 such as 1: 1 to 20: 1 and wherein the redox-like organic oligomer and / or polymer forms a complex with the graphitic material provided.
- an addition of 1 to 10 weight percent e.g. B.
- a pore-forming agent o- of polyvinylidene fluoride, carried out in order to increase the Zyklisieriana and reversibility of the material.
- Suitable binders or pore-forming polymers are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the electrode material according to the invention can be regarded as a precursor material as long as it is not converted into an active electrode material by activation, for example reduction of graphene oxide.
- This electrode material in the form of a colloidal solution permits the production of electrodes, in particular for accumulators, on corresponding current collectors, such as after in-situ activation, with the properties desired according to the invention.
- corresponding hierarchical structures with 2 or 3 hierarchical generations can be formed.
- Current collectors and the electrode material according to the invention have at least in the hierarchies a nanoscopic hierarchy (Hierarchy III), possibly a microscopic hierarchy (II) and beyond a macroscopic hierarchy (Hierarchy I).
- the redox-active organic oligomer and / or polymer forms a complex with the graphitic nanoscale material of hierarchy III.
- the terms “batteries” and “accumulators” also include the other term.
- the weight ratio of the redox-active oligomer and / or polymer and graphitic material is in a range from 0.5: 1 to 20: 1, such as 1: 1 to 20: 1. In one embodiment, the weight ratio is in the range of 2: 1 to 10: 1.
- the redox-active oligomer and / or polymer and graphitic material, both of which are nanoscale, may be one with a polycationic charge carrier of the oligomer and / or polymer and negatively charged graphene oxide.
- the zeta potential of the colloid should be positively inverted from negative to positive upon addition of the polymer to the graphene oxide suspension.
- the minimum weight ratio is from 2: 1 to 3: 1.
- the weight ratio of redox-active oligomer and / or polymer, graphitic material is preferably in a range of 3: 1 to 5: 1.
- the weight ratio is preferably in a range of 5: 1 to 10: 1.
- the weight ratio is 3: 1 to 6: 1.
- the oligomers or polymers which are for example partially designed as dendrimers, are present in the formed complex in polycationic form. It is believed that this charge is due to either the charge of the polymer in the existing oxidation state, or by complete or partial oxidation of the polymer prior to complex formation or by synthesis in the polymer chain of the oligomer and / or polymer.
- the colloidal solution is present in a solvent such as water or aqueous solvents.
- the electrode material according to the invention has no heavy metals and / or heavy metal ions or even no transition metals and / or transition metal ions. In particular, no iron or iron ions are present in the electrode material.
- the electrode material according to the invention in one embodiment has no organometallic oligomer or polymer.
- the oligomers and / or polymers may be present at least partially as dendrimers.
- the redox-active organic oligomer and / or polymer has subunits with at least one, such as at least two electrophoric group of predominantly cathodic character from the classes of electrophorus from aliphatic or aromatic N-oxides, 9-alkyl and Aryl carbazoles, 1,4-di-alkyloxy and aryloxy-2,5-tert-butylbenzenes, benzoquinone diimines, N-alkyl phenothiazines or at least one such as at least two predominantly anodic electrophorus groups selected from the classes of electrophoretic groups Bipyridinium salts, quinones, anthraquinones or aromatic 1, 4 or 1, 2 dioxo compounds, aromatic tetracarboxylic acid diimides, aromatic dicarboxylic acid salts, benzylic or aromatic disulfides on.
- at least two electrophoric group of predominantly cathodic character from the classes of electrophorus from aliphatic or aromatic N-oxides,
- the mentioned electrophore groups can carry a number of electronically reducible subunits, which complement each other to form a 2-electronically reducible subunit.
- An example is bipyridinium, which has two one-electronically reducible subunits.
- the mentioned repeating electrophorus subunits are directly linked to one another or linked via a ⁇ -electron conjugated or via a non-electron conjugated bridge. It is important that as many subunits as possible participate in the charge transfer and that this takes place within the narrowest possible range of potentials.
- the electrode material is one of these, which oligomers and / or polymers multiple, localized or conjugated, reverberating have oxidizable / reducible electrophores, in particular having at least two electrophore groups selected from the following groups of electrophoreses:
- the electrode material according to the invention improves the formation of the hierarchies and the linking of these hierarchies with one another.
- the electrode material according to the invention is in particular a biodegradable electrode material.
- the electrode material according to the invention is one with graphene oxide and a redox-active oligomer and / or polymer based on N, N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium.
- the electrode material according to the invention is a printable electrode formulation.
- the electrode material according to the invention may accordingly have further constituents which promote a good printability.
- the electrode material is one that can be electrophoretically applied.
- the present invention is directed to a method for producing an electrode with an electrode material according to the invention.
- This method comprises applying the electrode material in the form of a colloidal solution to a current collector; Subsequently, the solvent in which the said components are present, while maintaining the molecular complex structure of the electrode material of the graphitic material and the redox-active organic oligomer and / or polymer on the current collector removed.
- the electrode preparation method of the invention comprises the step of activating in which the graphitic material in the form of graphene oxide is converted by chemical reduction, in particular by electrochemical reduction, such as by reduced electrocatalytic reduction, to reduced graphene oxide.
- this reduced graphene oxide has graphene-like properties and thus is well suited as an electrode material.
- this activation of the electrode material can be carried out by reduction electrochemically.
- the corresponding electrode is scanned several times cyclically to within the range from -1 .0 to -1.5 V as in the range of -1.1 (against Ag / AgCl) depending on the thickness of the layer ,
- the polymer itself is active if it is reducible more negatively than -0.5 V in the potential range, or monomeric viologen is added to the electrolyte, which then plays the role of Electrocatalyst takes over.
- the appropriate scan speed can be adapted to the thickness of the layer.
- the reduction of graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide is indicated by a cathodic catalytic current in the range of more negative than -0.3 V, after the decrease or disappearance of the electro-catalytic current, the conversion to reduced graphene oxide is completed.
- the application is carried out by printing the electrode material.
- the person skilled in suitable methods are known.
- the application of the electrode material to the current collector takes place electrophoretically.
- the present invention is directed to an electrode with an electrode material according to the invention and a current collector, this current collector is formed at least microscale.
- the electrode is a printed electrode or obtained by electrophoretic deposition of the electrode material on a micro or macroscopic current collector.
- nanoscale means materials which are smaller than 500 nm in the smallest dimension, in particular materials smaller than 200 nm in their smallest dimension, such as smaller than 100 nm, for example smaller than 50 nm, smaller than 10 nm, the term “microscale” materials in their smallest dimension between 100 nm and 1000 ⁇ , such as 500 ⁇ , eg 100 are ⁇ , and the term “macroscale” on materials that are greater than 100 ⁇ in all dimensions.
- the final macroscopic current collector (> 500 ⁇ ) is, for example, an electrically conductive, possibly flexible plate.
- the microscopic current collector is typically an embodiment consisting of carbon fibers, such as in the form of a felt or fleece or in the form of a fabric or in the form of a foam, such as in the form of a 3D carbon foam carrier material, wherein at least one dimension of the structure is in the range of 500 nm and 100 ⁇ m. or in the form of a metallic lattice with openings in the range of 10-1000 ⁇ m.
- the microscopic current collector can furthermore consist of an ensemble of VGCFs (vapor grown carbon fibers).
- the current collectors are those of the hierarchy III, such as graphene oxide or conductive SW-CNTs (Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes) or MW-CNTs (Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes) or VGCNFs (vapor grown carbon nanofibers), which have positive zeta potentials after interaction with the redox polymer.
- the components mentioned may be partially oxidized.
- Suitable current collectors of the hierarchy II are the mentioned carbon fibers in the form of felt or fleece, for example those with fibers in the thickness range of approximately 5 to 30 ⁇ m or VGCF in the thickness range of> 200 nm, or metal mesh consisting of wires with 1 -100 ⁇ m diameter and openings in the range 1 -100 ⁇ .
- the layer thicknesses of the various components of the individual hierarchies are adjusted to be compatible with the other hierarchies.
- the thickness of the hierarchy I layer is preferably selected to be similar to the thickness of the fiber diameter or pore diameter of the Hierarchy II current collectors, so that after receipt there is still a percolating ionic conduction system of Hierarchy II.
- Suitable hierarchy I current collectors are molecularly flat carbon films or plates in the thickness range of 10 ⁇ to 1 cm.
- the electrodes can be produced by known methods, for example, the occupation of the current collector of the hierarchy I can be done with he colloidal solution of the electrode material according to the invention such that thick homogeneous hierarchy lll / l electrodes arise.
- Suitable methods for coating the micro- or macroscopic current collector with the colloidal solution include:
- Methods a) -d) provide similar performance but are well suited for industrial applications.
- the layer thickness of the hierarchy III should also be adjusted as homogeneously as possible, but additionally in the fiber or pore size of the collector of the hierarchy II.
- the preparation of such an electrode with a Hierarch III electrode material and a Hierarchy II fibrous current collector can be accomplished by repetitive immersion / annealing of the fibrous electrode with the colloid.
- the production of the electrode takes place first, then the conversion of the graphene oxide into reduced graphene oxide takes place.
- the activation of the complex of anoxidized VGCF with the redox polymer can also lead to the improvement of the electrochemical properties.
- this includes an electrocatalytic method using self-catalysis, preferably the redox-active oligomer and / or polymer of one with E ° ⁇ -0.3 V.
- it is an electrocatalytic method and use of a redox mediator with E ° ⁇ -0.3 V.
- a non-electrocatalytic electrochemical conversion or the simple thermal method but such a thermal method is suitable only for a few inventive redox-active oligomers and / or polymers, such as polyimides, since otherwise destruction of these can take place ,
- the electrode is designed as a flexible electrode.
- the current collector is selected accordingly to form a flexible electrode.
- this flexible electrode is one in which a carbon foil or a flexible wire grid electrode is used as a current collector and an electrode material with reduced graphene oxide or graphene as the graphitic material.
- the present invention is directed to an electrochemical cell, in particular an accumulator, having a cathode and an anode, wherein an electrode material according to the invention and / or an electrode according to the invention forms at least one of the cathode or anode.
- the electrochemical cells can be present in various combinations. This means that, on the one hand, one of the electrodes can be equipped with a device according to the invention.
- the electrode material should be present, while the second electrode is a conventional material or both electrodes may be made of the electrode material according to the invention.
- One embodiment thus comprises an electrochemical cell, such as an accumulator, where the cathode and the anode have an electrode material according to the invention.
- the electrochemical cell is a flexibly configured cell.
- this is an electrochemical cell with an organic electrolyte, this in one embodiment, cell voltages of> 1, 5 V, such as> 2 V on.
- the invention is characterized in that, because of the excellent density scalability of the electrode material of the third hierarchy, the next higher hierarchies, namely the hierarchy II and the hierarchy I, can be connected to the hierarchy III in terms of capacitance and current density substantially without any loss.
- the electrochemical cells according to the invention for example based on the redox-active organic oligomers and / or polymers, achieve performance values which have hitherto only been achieved by heavy metals containing LIBs.
- the electrode material according to the present invention is scalable in the range of 100 nm to 2 mm.
- these are electrodes and electrochemical cells having such electrodes, wherein the current collector is one of the next larger hierarchy II, for example a three-dimensional current collector based on a foam or based on a carbon fiber fleece.
- Suitable fibers are, for example, the 1 D graphite fibers of a carbon felt, the fibers of a carbon nonwoven consist of fibers in the thickness range of about 5 to 20 ⁇ or VGCFs with diameter of> 500 nm.
- the intermediate regions with the electrode material according to the invention An optimal solvent and electrode percolating system of two hierarchical generations is created. This will be further explained below. This allows surface-specific capacities of 21 mA / cm 2 to be achieved.
- the electrochemical cells are those that are compostable, that is, have the biodegradable materials.
- the electrochemical cells according to the invention are particularly suitable as batteries / accumulators in the mobile sector.
- Another particularly suitable application is the use as flexible electrochemical cells, for example in the field of clothing or smartwatches, etc.
- the electrochemical cells may also have aqueous electrolytes, this represents in particular environmentally friendly batteries.
- the present invention provides a process for preparing a viologen-group-containing oligomer or polymer. This procedure includes the steps
- the reaction takes place after a Zincke reaction.
- the invention relates to the production and use of a hierarchical conductor system with 2 or 3 hierarchical generations, for organic, electroactive, oligomeric or polymeric, rigid or flexible battery materials, wherein the hierarchies necessarily the nanoscopic (Hierarchy III), possibly the microscopic (II) and necessarily include the macroscopic area (hierarchy I) ( Figure 1 and 2).
- the conductor material preferably consists of graphene oxide / graphene but can also consist of conductive CNTs (carbon nanotubes), multiwall CNTs, or VGCNFs (vapor grown carbon nanofibers).
- the hierarchical electron conduction system is paired with a nanoscopic, preferably likewise hierarchically structured, ionic conductor system.
- the molecular self-assembly of oligomeric, dendritic or polymeric organic or organometallic, in particular multi-cationic, redox-active compounds or salts is used on the nanoscopic conductive or latently conducting, nanoscale, advantageously negatively charged current collectors.
- This technique makes it possible for the first time to produce anodic or cathodic redox polymer battery composites of hierarchy III with thicknesses down to sub- ⁇ down to the mm range, without any great sacrifices in terms of area-specific capacitance and current density.
- the composite surpasses corresponding redox polymers without the nanoscopic nanoscopic conductor system by a factor of 10 to 1000 in terms of current density and capacitance.
- nanoscopic current conductor / ion conductor / redox polymer system is based on the self-assembly of oligomeric, dendritic or polymeric organic or organometallic, in particular multi-cationic compounds or salts (the polycationic reversible charge carriers) on nanoscopic conductive or latent conductive , preferably multiply negatively charged, graphitic materials such as graphene oxide, partially oxidized conductive carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers (VGCNFs).
- VVCNFs graphene oxide
- VOCNFs partially oxidized conductive carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers
- polycationic charge carriers that undergo electrostatically driven self-assembly with the nanoscale current collector systems.
- the preparation of the polycationic charge carriers is described in Figure 5.
- systems with the redox-active component (RA) in side chains (MX) or in the main chain (IX) are suitable.
- the positive charge either occurs naturally in the stable state, or must be caused by partial oxidation of the charge carrier prior to self-assembly, or it must be synthetically introduced by linking to a persistent positive group (PC + ).
- PC + persistent positive group
- the ⁇ interaction already suffices to form the self-assembly of reversible charge carriers and nanoscopic current collectors.
- a phase transfer reaction between aqueous-colloidal solution of graphene oxide and a homogeneous solution of the uncharged redox polymer for example in diethyl ether, as described in Example 5, for use.
- Possible structures concerning the redox-active unit (RA) are shown in Table 1.
- the table shows monomeric classes and each a typical molecular representative. The integration of molecular RA into a polymer is not documented in the table, but is well known to the skilled chemist in the literature. In Examples 1-5, the synthesis of the oligomers and polymers is presented in detail.
- An important aspect of this invention is that the slow "electron hoping mechanisme" between the redox systems in the polymer can be achieved by a rapid electron flow in the nanoscopic ladder (after polymer self-assembly on graphene oxide and its reduction to graphene). This fact explains why above all a Faraday and no capacitive current is observed.
- the redox units in Table 1 are roughly divided into anodic and cathodic. Since most composite materials are to be used in organic as well as in aqueous systems, a precise specification of the standard reduction potentials is not possible.
- the self-assembling surface modification can be carried out on graphene oxide, on oxidized CNTs or on oxidized VGCNFs.
- the negatively charged graphene oxide is particularly suitable as a precursor to a nanoscale current collector because the self-assembly of the polycationic redox polymers on suspended graphene oxide layers is particularly efficient.
- to Self-assembly is slowly added to a solution of about 0.1-5 mg / ml of the polymer, preferably in water and under the action of ultrasound, a solution of graphene oxide (1 -4 mg / ml, also in water).
- the final mass ratio polymer / graphene oxide can be chosen from 2 to 10 (stable colloidal solution).
- the ratio polymer / graphene oxide should be small. To reach high capacities it should be as high as possible. Each battery application can thus be optimized individually.
- the formation of the complex can be monitored by changing the zeta potential of the colloid.
- the strongly positive values indicate a double-sided coating and sometimes multiple wrapping of the graphene oxide particles (see Figure 3).
- the efficient electron percolation threshold can be undercut.
- Another feature of the present invention is the extremely large calorificability of the Generation III composite without significant loss of observed capacitance even at high current densities.
- the previously known redox polymer electrodes exhibited corresponding growth of the observed capacitance at high current densities up to a maximum of about 100 nm layer thickness.
- No other known additive carbon black, electrically conductive polymers, etc.
- carbon black, electrically conductive polymers, etc. has so far shown a similar performance increase in the electrochemical behavior of oligo or polymeric organic battery materials.
- Examples 1-4 that the invention presented here has general validity and applies to a wide variety of redox oligomers and polymers.
- the composite of the hierarchy III is in its thickness of 0.1 to 1000 ⁇ scalable over a considerable current density range without loss of capacity. Usually made of a non-crystalline polymer, it is also flexible. As shown in Example 1, the composite can be on a bendable, 0.2 mm thick
- SIGRACET TF6 SGL Carbon
- the resulting battery type of the hierarchy type III / 1 is therefore also bendable. At capacitances of 0.6 to 1 .2 mAh / cm 2 under load up to 16 mA / cm 2 hardly measurable capacity loss is found (Example 1, electrode b)). In addition, the lll / l electrode shows no capacity losses after 200 bending cycles (radius 1 .8 cm).
- a flexible titanium wire mesh electrode Hierarchy II l
- a current collector wherein the assignment of the titanium wire Elekt- can take place with composite electrophoretically.
- Hierarchy II - Hierarchy III connectivity is shown in Figure 4. Since the composite material (Hierarchy III) is scalable in the range of 100 nm to 2 mm, the current collector of the next larger hierarchy II must have an extent (in one dimension) of 100 nm to 2 mm. Suitable are, for example.
- Example 1 shows that this easily achieves a surface-specific capacity of 21 mAh / cm 2 (with a non-optimized layer thickness of about 2 mm) Carbon foam as a stream of collector material of the hierarchy generation II (see Fig. 4.5).
- FIG. 1 Electrode material with hierarchy generations I and III:
- Electron conductor la: Generation I electron conductor: macroscopic current collector (typically graphite plate) in electrical contact with: purple: Generation III electron conductor: nanoscopic current collector (typically reduced graphene oxide) in molecular self-assembly contact with redox polymer c).
- Ib Generation I ionic conductor: micro- or macroscopic ions bulk (typically aqueous or organic electrolyte, possibly polymeric or gel-like) in ionic contact with: IIIb: Generation III ionic conductor: nanoscopic self-assembled tube system (typically redox polymer + graphene oxide / reduced graphene oxide).
- FIG. 1 Electrode material with hierarchy generations I, II and III
- Electron conductor la: Generation I electron conductor in electrical contact with: IIa: Generation II electron conductor: microscopic current collector (typically graphite fibers) in electrical contact with: purple: Generation III electron conductor in contact with redox polymer c).
- Ib Generation I ionic conductor in ionic contact with: IIb: Generation II ionic conductor: microscopic electrolyte channel (typically macropores in graphite felt or flow in ionic contact with IIIb: Generation III ionic conductor in contact with c)
- Colloid particles in aqueous solution consisting of nanoscopic electron conductor with negative surface charge (black) surrounded by 2d and 1 d nanoscopic polymeric redox charge carriers (vertically hatched). Total surface charge of the colloid: positive. Removal of solvent produces battery material (charge carriers / electrical conductors / ion conductors of the hierarchical generation III ( Figures 1 and 2).
- K1 neg. Charged 2dim graphene oxide (2, with 2 nm ⁇ d2 ⁇ 50) enveloped by pos. charged redox polymer / oligomer / dendrimer (1)
- K2 pos. charged 1dim CNT (with 2 nm ⁇ d2 ⁇ 50) or VGCNF (3, with d2 ⁇ 500 nm) enclosed by the pos. charged redox polymer / oligomer / dendrimer (1) Positive total charge adjusted by ratio of 1: 2 or 1: 3 in the range 2: 8 (g / g)
- d1 Thickness of 1 on conductor (0.5 ⁇ d1 ⁇ 5 nm).
- FIG. 4 Hierarchy III and combinations Hierarchy III / II
- nanoscale with bulk dimensions consisting of a mixture of nanoscale composite material with additionally formed mesopores, formed by partial deprivation of solvent from K1 (2-dimensional nanotubes) or K2 (1-dimensional graphene oxide / graphene) (see Fig. 3).
- 1 a oligomeric or polymeric reversible redox compound as polymer matrix in contact with 2a and 4a
- Electron percolating conductor system consisting of 1-din nanoscale conductor (for example CNT, multiwall CNT) with 0 nm ⁇ d4 ⁇ 50 nm
- Electron percolating conductor system consisting of 2-diminus nanoscale conductors (for example graphene oxide / graphene) with 30 nm ⁇ d4 ⁇ 50 nm
- d3 depth of the nanoscale composite material, (100 nm ⁇ d3 ⁇ 500 ⁇ )
- 4-3 Abbreviation for 4-1 and 4-2 (composite material in a thickness of 100nm ⁇ d3 ⁇
- 4-4 and 4-5 macroporous, electron and electrolyte ions percolating carrier material with composite material 4-3.
- Electron and Lonenperkolationssystem the 2nd hierarchical generation using 1 -d graphitic fibers in the form of graphite felt, Graphitf fry, or thick VGCF) with an I d-conductor diameter of 500 nm ⁇ d5 ⁇ 20 ⁇ , an original porosity of 50-95%, and a thickness d4 of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ d4 ⁇ 10 mm.
- Electron and electrolyte percolating carrier material consisting of carbon foam with a pore density of 10 - 200 ppi.
- 1 d current collector consisting of a plurality of graphitized carbon fibers with an I d conductor diameter of 500 nm ⁇ d5 ⁇ 20 ⁇ and 1 d length (L, 10 ⁇ ⁇ L ⁇ 10 cm).
- the fibers per se form an electron-percolating conductor system (touch points)
- Figure 5 Principally permissible polymer types with cationic total charge for self-assembly on graphene oxide
- MX polymers, oligomers and dendrimers with redox center (RA) in the side chain in the
- polycationic state prepared for self-assembly on graphene oxide.
- polycationic state prepared for self-assembly on graphene oxide.
- X Polymers, oligomers and dendrimers with redox center (RA) in the side or the main chain in the neutral state, convertible by partial oxidation in the state MX or IX.
- RA redox center
- n Number of subunits in the polymer, oligomer or dendrimer
- m + number of persistent charges generated by (partial) oxidation of RA or
- Variant 1 3 g (7.36 mmol) of 1 was dissolved in 750 ml of F O / methanol (9: 1 (v: v)). 250 ml of an aqueous solution of graphene oxide (4 mg / ml, Graphenea SA, San Sebastián, Spain, with C: 49-56%, O: 41-50%, H, N, S each 0) was added to this solution under the action of ultrasound -2%) over 30 minutes.
- a polyvinylidene (PVDF) may additionally be added to the colloidal solution of variant 1 as a pore former, for. In an amount of 5% by weight based on the amount of redox polymer.
- the colloidal solution was applied stepwise with a syringe, then heated in the oven at 50 ° C for 15 min and it was the next application of the colloidal solution.
- the sequence of colloid solution application / heating was repeated until the value indicated in the table was reached (applied dimensions).
- the electrodes a2) and b) were heated on a hot plate at 100 ° C. during the colloidal solution application.
- the amounts applied in the example led to layer thicknesses of 45 and 400 ⁇ composite on the flat current collector (the corresponding specific die electrode c) was similar to that described for a1) gradually treated with colloid solution, slightly pressed and heated in the oven to the weight ratio Komposi carbon felt 10 mg / mg.
- the electrodes a) -c) described above were switched as a working electrode in a 3-electrode system (reference electrode: Ag / AgCl / KCl, auxiliary electrode: Pt wire, electrolyte: 0.1 M KCl).
- the potential of the working electrode was scanned several times over the range (0-1 .3-0 V etc, for thick layers: potential range to -1.5 V) depending on the thickness of the composite layer at 0.1 to 0.001 V / s until the Catalytic flow in the range -0.6 to -1.3 had completely disappeared.
- Redox polymer Compound 1 accounts for 85% of the total weight (15% is Gaphen)
- the redox polymer compound 1 accounts for 85% of the total weight (15% is Gaphen). Taking into account the graphene fraction results in a specific one Capacity of 137 mAh / g r. With hierarchy type lll / l (a2, thickness of the battery material: 460 ⁇ ) 13.3 mAh / cm 2 are measured. This results in a volumetric, area-specific charge density of 289 mAh / cm 3 , with> 97% coulometric efficiency being achieved.
- V2i * 2CI was prepared according to literature Nanasawa, M. et al., The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2000, 65 (2), 593-595.
- V2i * 2 Cl 2g (3.56 mmol) V2i * 2 Cl " in 250 ml of MeOH / hbO (8: 2 (V: V)) was dissolved at 50 ° C, and with 2.2 g (9.05 mmol) -Dianisidine in 200 ml in MeOH / h O (8: 2 (V: V)). The mixture was refluxed for 20 h, the solvents evaporated, and the residue washed with acetone.
- V22 * 2 Cl “ (1.98 g, 82%) was obtained, and 0.5 g (0.73 mmol) of V22 * 2 Cl " and 1.7 g (3.02 mmol) were used to prepare the hexafluorophosphate salt of V23.
- Electrodes of the type a1) (hierarchical type III / 1 on rigid, glassy carbon) were produced as described in Example 1. The construction of the modification layer was likewise carried out as described for a1) systems in Example 1. Electrochemical properties of the resulting modified electrode
- the redox oligomer 2 corresponds to 83% by weight of the composite (17% is MWCNT-COOH).
- Specific capacities> 0.1 mAh / cm 2 .
- the capacity loss is ⁇ 5% over 30 CV charge / discharge cycles in MeCN / LiCIO4.
- PVFc (3) is commercially available (Polysciences Inc., Warrington, PA)
- the polymer of n 50 partially became to PVFc z + in a 2-phase solvent system as described ⁇ ZNO3 " (10 ⁇ z ⁇ 30%) is oxidized (Beladi-Mousavi et al., Adv., Energy, Mater., 2016, 6, 1600108, DOI: 10.1002 / aenm.201600108).
- Electrodes of type a1) (hierarchical type III / 1 on rigid glassy carbon) were prepared as described in Ex. The structure of the modification layer was likewise carried out as described for a1) systems in Example 1).
- the reduction of the graphene oxide in the composite material of the modified electrode was carried out electrocatalytically in a solution of 0.1 M L1CIO4 / 4 * 10 -3 M methyl viologen.
- the potential of the working electrode (details as in Ex. 1) was scanned until the catalytic stream had disappeared. After the electrochemical reduction, the modified electrode was heated at 50 ° C. for 30 minutes in dist. Washed water.
- the composite material consists of 88% of the redox polymer (12 percent by weight is deposited on the graphene).
- the capacity loss after 300 charge / discharge cycles is ⁇ 5% ,
- NTCDA 1,1,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydrides
- DMA dimethylacetamide
- the precipitated product was isolated by filtration, washed with ethanol and water, and dried under high vacuum at 50 ° C (0.25, 0.64 mmol (32%), n could not be determined.
- the activation was carried out either electrochemically (as described in Example 1) or thermally.
- the electrochemical activation was carried out by self-catalytic reduction without additional viologen, in principle as shown in Example 1, wherein 0.5 M TEABF 4 in ChbCN was used as the electrolyte, the scanning range from 0 to -2.5 V and a scanning speed of 0.005 to 0.05 V / s was created.
- the reduction of graphene oxide was thermally effected by heating the FTO glass plate to 400 ° C for 2 hours.
- the thermal and electrochemical methods lead to identical results.
- the thermal method can only be applied to a few polymers.
- the redox material 4 accounts for> 90% of the total weight. Specific capacities> 0.1 1 mAh / cm 2 are possible, both reduction methods provide Coulomb efficiencies> 80%, capacity losses after 30 CV charge / discharge cycles were ⁇ 5%.
- poly-o-dianisidine-NTCDA (4a) was dispersed in 15 ml of diethyl ether under the action of ultrasound for 30 minutes. The dispersion was added to 1 mg of graphene oxide in 5 ml of water. The two-phase system was stirred mechanically for 24 h. An emulsion formed. After separation of the two liquid phases, the molecular complex poly-o-dianisidine-NTCDA @ GO was in the aqueous phase.
- PC propylene carbonate
- ACN acetonitrile
- TEABF4 tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate
- Example 7 Preparation of stable colloidal pastes of polymer 1 and graphene oxide with maximum mass concentration (75-750 mg / ml):
- Example 8 Electrophoretic deposition of the composite on current collectors of hierarchy III / II and III / 1
- a current collector of the hierarchical level II is a titanium wire mesh with Black Titanium surface (67 wires / cm, wire diameter 65 ⁇ , designation: black titanium grade 2 of Hebei Hightop metal mesh, China, where a flexible variant (B2) and a rigid variant (B1) Depending on the amount of electrophoretically deposited composite material, a 0.7 mm thick graphite electrode is used as current collector of hierarchical level I as described in Example 1.
- Black Titanium surface 67 wires / cm, wire diameter 65 ⁇ , designation: black titanium grade 2 of Hebei Hightop metal mesh, China
- B2 flexible variant
- B1 rigid variant
- a 0.7 mm thick graphite electrode is used as current collector of hierarchical level I as described in Example 1.
- Example 9 Production of a Hierarchical Current Collector System (Type: I / II / III) Using the Poly-1 Graphene Oxide Composite (Hierarchy III), Oxidized “Vapor-grown Carbon Fiber” (Hierarchy II) and Graphite Electrode (Hierarchy I) Production of the anoxidised "vapor grown carbon fiber” (Hierarchy II)
- VGCF composite colloidal solution was slowly and continuously applied from an automatic syringe to a heated graphite electrode.
- the procedure is similar to that described in Example 1, but the composite now additionally contains VGCF and the stepwise application / heating has been replaced by a continuous application / heating.
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| PCT/EP2017/082978 WO2018109150A1 (de) | 2016-12-16 | 2017-12-15 | Elektrodenmaterial, verfahren zur herstellung von elektroden und diese elektroden sowie elektrochemische zellen |
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| CN114843006B (zh) * | 2022-05-27 | 2024-02-06 | 四川大学 | 一种三维柔性传感器材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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| EP4481839A1 (de) | 2023-06-21 | 2024-12-25 | Belenos Clean Power Holding AG | Kathode mit einem elektronisch leitfähigen redox-polymer und verfahren zur herstellung einer solchen kathode |
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| JP2739148B2 (ja) * | 1988-09-30 | 1998-04-08 | 日東電工株式会社 | 有機重合体又は導電性有機重合体組成物のフィルム,繊維又は複合体の製造方法 |
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| US9147874B2 (en) * | 2012-06-11 | 2015-09-29 | Nanotek Instruments, Inc. | Rechargeable lithium cell having a meso-porous conductive material structure-supported phthalocyanine compound cathode |
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