Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
  • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
  • G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
  • G06F30/18—Network design, e.g. design based on topological or interconnect aspects of utility systems, piping, heating ventilation air conditioning [HVAC] or cabling
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
  • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
  • G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
  • G06Q10/0631—Resource planning, allocation, distributing or scheduling for enterprises or organisations
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
  • G06Q50/06—Energy or water supply
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
  • H02J3/001—Methods to deal with contingencies, e.g. abnormalities, faults or failures
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F2111/00—Details relating to CAD techniques
  • G06F2111/04—Constraint-based CAD
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F2111/00—Details relating to CAD techniques
  • G06F2111/06—Multi-objective optimisation, e.g. Pareto optimisation using simulated annealing [SA], ant colony algorithms or genetic algorithms [GA]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
  • H02J2203/20—Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for structuring an existing network for the distribution of electrical energy, wherein the network comprises as network components at least sources, loads, lines, sensor, switching and converter components which are interconnected in an output topology.
• the invention further relates to a method for operating a structured according to the method of structuring network for the distribution of electrical energy.
• Power distribution networks comprise a network of electrical lines (namely overhead and overhead cables) and other network components interconnected with the lines in a particular topology.
• the other network components include sources, e.g. As the generators of power plants or latches such.
• sources e.g. As the generators of power plants or latches such.
• loads as batteries, loads (consumers), sensor components for detecting operating parameters of the network (voltages, frequency, currents, powers, temperatures, etc.), switching components for connecting and disconnecting components or network sections and converter components, z. B. transformers, for example, to change the voltage.
• the topology is divided into several network levels. Starting from a generator such as a power plant, the long-range distribution is first carried out via a transmission network with maximum voltage (eg 380 or 220 kV). Via substations with transformers, supraregional distribution grids with high voltage (eg 36-150 kV) are connected to which regional transformers with medium voltage (eg 1-36 kV) are connected to them via further transformers. Further transformers are then used to connect the local distribution network with low voltage (eg 400 V - 1 kV), which (possibly via transformer stations) to the building connections and thus to the end consumer (including private households, industrial, commercial and agricultural enterprises) leads.
• the specific topology of network components has grown historically, depending on the locations and services of the producers (power plants) and consumers. Changes to the topology usually require additional or different running or dimensioned electrical lines and are therefore expensive.
• so-called “smart meters” are increasingly used today, which collect information, namely consumption information, directly from the consumers and via a communication network to higher-level facilities of the network, z. As a control center, transferred.
• EP 2 533 396 A2 (Aistom Grid) deals with some of the problems mentioned above. It concerns smart electric distribution grids and proposes a multilevel control system for the distribution network.
• DNNC top-level distribution network node controller
• a lower-level DNNC component can receive the signals of a smart meter, monitoring the energy consumption of a business customer.
• the top-level DNNC may specify that it should only be notified by the lower-level DN NC component if that energy consumption deviates more than 10% from historical consumption. This reduces the traffic.
• the top level DN NC can direct the DN NC component at the lower level to turn off more components to prevent overload, or the like.
• the document is based essentially on the known hierarchical structure of the network node with the associated known disadvantages. It represents a destination state and does not disclose a systematic approach to get from an existing distribution network to this destination state.
• WO 2014/079605 A 1 (Siemens Aktiengesellschaft) relates to a multi-modal network, ie a network which consists of several subnets which distribute different resources in the form of fossil fuel, electrical energy, water, heat and cold via resource processing units.
• the document further relates to a method for distributing resources in a multi-modal network. It is proposed to integrate transformation units into the subnets which convert resources of one or more subnetworks into one or more other resources of one or more other subnetworks.
• resource processing units are present, to each of which at least one agent is assigned, wherein the agents are networked with each other such that each agent can communicate with other agents in the network.
• the distribution of resources in the network is at least in part based on monetary transactions negotiated between the agents.
• US 2015/0058061 A1 Relates to a method for energy management in and optimization of smart grids, wherein the available local resources and resources are managed to achieve the goals of a decision maker.
• the performance in a specific segment is monitored and regulated, taking into account the characteristic properties of the segment.
• the behavior of a monitored system is predicted for a given period of time, depending on which a certain energy flow is proposed, which meets the mentioned goals (eg minimization of greenhouse gases, energy costs, energy losses, installation costs for additional components or maximization the power quality).
• the object of the invention is to provide a method of structuring an existing network for the distribution of electrical energy, which method can be applied systematically to the existing network and allows a high level of operational reliability with low susceptibility to interference.
• the solution of the problem is defined by the features of claim 1.
• According to the invention are based on property sizes of the network components and predetermined control limits a) the network components in a plurality of local, self-regulating function groups, summarized, and b) associated with each local function group control processes, which include actions that are performed when reaching trigger criteria for compliance with the control limits.
• the inventive method thus serves to summarize an existing network for the distribution of electrical energy in terms of its regulation in local function groups and assign these control processes.
• the result of the method thus comprises a list of the function groups with the respective network components and a list of the control processes with their assignment to the function groups.
• the result may include further information, as discussed below.
• An "existing network” can be a section of a larger network. Basically, the user can change the scope of the method, i. H. which network components should be considered at all.
• a “source” in the sense of the method according to the invention can be a generator, a (current-emitting) battery or another energy store or simply an "input” of the considered network or network section.
• “Loads” in the sense of the method are consumers, batteries or other energy storage devices in charging mode or simply an "output” of the considered network or network section.
• certain network components may temporarily represent sources or loads.
• there are network components that combine multiple functions eg, load and sensor components, source and transducer components, etc.).
• control limits correspond to nominal operating ranges, wherein to ensure operation in the nominal operating range, the value of a control limit which relates to the same variable as the nominal operating range does not necessarily have to be identical to the limit of the nominal operating range. To ensure a sufficiently early response For example, the control limit may already be reached before leaving the target operating range.
• a local function group in the sense of the inventive method is formed by interconnected according to a topology components, in extreme cases, a single network component can form a functional group.
• "local” does not necessarily mean that all components of a function group must be within a certain spatial area.
• integrating network components into functional groups should generally result in all local functional groups being restricted to relatively small geographical areas.
• a functional group will not include "holes" or areas isolated from the rest of the network components involved.
• the topology according to which the components of the local function group are interconnected is, in particular, the starting topology. If the method suggests changes to the topology, it can also be a result topology that is different from the source topology.
• Function groups can in principle be interleaved, whereby an inner function group can be regarded as a network component of the outer function group.
• the local function groups themselves regulate themselves in normal operation. If the triggering criteria are reached, actions taken by the control processes can trigger measures outside the respective function group.
• the rule processes can provide further actions, which only have a functional group-internal effect.
• control process designates both interventions in the operation of network components as well as the transmission of certain information from a network component to certain other network components (the same function group, another function group or a parent or sibling).
• a trigger criterion is formed in its simplest form by a predetermined value of a variable and by an indication of whether the criterion is met if the value of a Input value (eg, a measured variable) is exceeded or fallen short of.
• a triggering criterion can also be defined by an area specification or be based on a more complex function, which in particular also includes logical (Boolean) operators.
• a trigger criterion can refer to a current value of the input variable or several input variables, or a certain past time interval is taken into account.
• triggering criteria can depend not only on the variables assigned to the respective control limit, but also on a rate of change of such quantities (ie in particular the time derivative). Thus, a rapid increase or a rapid decrease in a size can already indicate that action is required before the control limits are reached.
• step a) The summary in local function groups according to step a) and the assignment of control processes according to step b) does not necessarily have to take place in the order a) -b).
• steps in the context of the inventive method can be carried out iteratively, z. B. if it is determined in the context of step b) that a summary provided in accordance with the preceding step a) in a function group leads to problems in compliance with the control limits.
• the inventive method leads - starting from an existing network for the distribution of electrical energy - to a newly structured with respect to the control network, which dispensed as far as possible with respect to the control on a hierarchical structure and instead built from local, self-regulating in normal operation function groups is.
• the functional groups of the structured network work autonomously as far as possible and information only has to be transmitted over longer distances, if triggering criteria are achieved and corresponding actions are triggered or if further information is collected in one function group and is required by default (also) in other function groups , results in a minimization of the transmitted data volume. Only information that is required for operation is collected. An additional collection and transmission of extensive information for forecasting purposes is not necessary.
• the network Because of the reduced amount of data transferred and the lower dependence of each functional group on non-group data, the network is harder to attack and so on Risk of problems due to disruptions in the transmission of information is reduced. Furthermore, the energy required for the management of the network is reduced.
• the local control also minimizes problems due to latency in data transmission. This also results in an increase in operational and supply security.
• control limits and triggering criteria coupled to them ensures that in the case of a threatening problem starting from the point of the network on which the problem manifests itself, it always reacts immediately. This also increases the operational safety and ensures the network quality. Because the method according to the invention is based on the existing network and its known parameters, it immediately follows which sensors, actuators and intelligence have to be retrofitted or activated and which costs are associated therewith. For the user, among other things, it is systematically clarified whether and where the use of the local function groups pays off and in what degree of execution the adjustments are usefully implemented.
• the inventive method can basically be applied to the static and the dynamic see optimization. By determining autonomous control operation, it can also facilitate the dynamic purchasing of energy, because the specification of the control limits (eg permitted power) reduces certain uncertainties.
• the method can be used to systematically systematically automate and energy-efficiently operate essentially the entire network by dividing it into the self-regulating functional groups.
• a method for operating the network according to the inventive method for distributing electrical energy is in the local functional groups monitored by means of sensor components, whether triggering criteria are achieved; when a triggering criterion is reached, one of the actions assigned to the respective function group is executed to comply with the control limits.
• the current structuring of the network into local function groups can be checked periodically or continuously as part of the operation.
• Such a change can then be implemented at an appropriate time.
• a potential local function group is defined within the framework of the method according to the invention for structuring the network. Subsequently, a check is made as to whether the potential local function group can be locally controlled while observing the specifiable control limits. If it is determined that the local controllability exists, the potential local function group is accepted. If there is a lack of local controllability, the potential local function group is extended by further network components.
• the check for local controllability can, for example, be based on a simulation. It is alternatively or additionally also possible to perform a comparison with stored patterns, the patterns in particular representing frequent combinations of several components with specific properties.
• Various criteria for local controllability are possible; It is preferred to assume local controllability if the expected frequency of a non-local intervention falls below a certain threshold. This threshold can be chosen differently depending on the network level, the size of the potential local functional group, the availability of non-local interventions and / or other influencing factors.
• the expansion is carried out by other network components that are already available in the network. These can be network components that have not yet been assigned to a local function group, or multiple function groups are merged. If an extension with existing components is not possible, additional Components proposed, with a proposal for the type and specifications of each component and for their best possible positioning in the network with advantage.
• the actions include local actions that affect operation of the components of the respective local function group, as well as non-local actions that involve transmitting data to another local function group or a cross-functional control center.
• Non-local actions can be divided into two classes, namely: a) Actions that essentially only pass on a rule requirement to a given point outside the local function group; this body is then responsible for covering the regular needs of the local function group with adequate measures; the post may be a component of another local functional group or the mentioned multidisciplinary control center; and b) Actions that trigger a predetermined action outside the local functional group at a predetermined location.
• Non-local actions for transferring data to another local function group or to the cross-functional control center can be triggered step by step. For example, data may first be transmitted to the other function group. If this does not lead to compliance with the corresponding control limit within a predetermined time interval, transmission is made to the cross-functional control center. This creates an additional layer of security while ensuring that the regulation of the network is always as local as possible and that the control center is only used when it is actually necessary.
• a need for additional network components to create additional local function groups and / or to ensure the predeterminable control limits is determined.
• the additional network components include in particular sensors and actuators.
• the sensors are needed in particular to adequately monitor compliance with the control limits in the respective local function group.
• actuators are required to implement the necessary measures in the context of the actions of the respective local function group.
• Further generators, memory, converter components, lines, etc. may be proposed to supplement.
• the determination includes more specific information on the properties of the components and their placement.
• the method starts only from the components present in the network and forms only those local functional groups which are possible with these components in compliance with the given framework conditions.
• the method can be used to evaluate different expansion options, in particular by including criteria such as costs of the additional network components or data volumes transferred as part of a numerical optimization.
• a target topology is determined on the basis of the initial topology. This means that under the Possible changes to the topology are considered. Are due to a change in the topology (ie ultimately the interconnection of existing and possibly future components) benefits, such. As regards network security or operating costs, a change in the topology is proposed. This is implemented by changing the interconnection, if necessary by adding additional cables, switching and converter units.
• the output topology is considered a fixed frame condition, the topology thus not changed in the context of the process.
• the necessary components for maximum autonomous operation can be determined. It would be determined how many local function groups can be defined and which sensors and actuators would need to be retrofitted. At the same time, the cost of adapting the network infrastructure would be minimized.
• the predeterminable control limits advantageously include maximum latency times for the transmission of data between local function groups and / or different network components. By observing maximum latencies, it is ensured that the control limits are adhered to again within the necessary period. It also favors local regulation of the network.
• the method comprises a numerical optimization of a target function for summarizing the network components in the local function groups.
• a target function for summarizing the network components in the local function groups.
• known methods can be used, for. B. a downhill simplex or a Newton direction. Gauss-Newton method.
• the objective function may depend on a data volume transmitted between network components for controlling the network, the numerical optimization minimizing this data volume (taking into account other criteria, eg. the network security) favors: on the one hand, a network that is as locally controlled as possible is created; on the other hand, a reduction of the transmitted data volume at a given error rate leads to a lower absolute number of errors;
• the objective function may be dependent on the cost of the additional network components, with numerical optimization facilitating minimization of these costs (taking into account other criteria, such as network security);
• the objective function may depend on the cost of matching between source and target topologies, with numerical optimization facilitating minimization of those costs (taking into account other criteria); d) the objective function may be dependent on local prices for the local functional groups (nodal pricing), with numerical optimization favoring a minimization of these costs.
• the existing network comprises at least components in two adjacent ones of the following network levels:
• a network section is structured which comprises more than one network layer.
• both local function groups can be generated in the same network, which comprise components of only one network level, as well as those which comprise components of two or even more network levels.
• a method according to the invention can also be carried out in a network section which extends only in one network plane.
• the property sizes of the network components and / or the output topology are received by a geographical information system (GIS).
• GIS geographical information system
• the information required for the structuring of the considered network section can thus be obtained in a simple manner and with the best possible topicality.
• the method can be regularly applied to the network section, so that an ongoing structuring adapted to the local conditions is obtained.
• maintenance is detected, for example, by an increased frequency of exceeding control limits or an increased call of non-local actions.
• the automatic request for maintenance services can be made via common communication channels (eg e-mail) or via an integrated software environment (eg SAP® ERP).
• Automatic order processes are preferably triggered via a logistics interface. This can be done both during the structuring of the network (eg when additional components are needed) and during the subsequent operation of the network (eg as part of maintenance or under changed general conditions).
• a network-related GIS is integrated, the topology, the summary in function groups and the existing components can be continuously checked and optimized. According to the desired optimization required components such. For example, they can be retrofitted on a logistics interface. This procedure allows not only an autonomous operation but also the independent maintenance of the network.
• the inventive method for structuring and for operating the network are carried out in particular on the basis of a computer program on a suitable computer.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an existing distribution network for electrical energy with central control; 2 shows a flowchart of a method according to the invention;
• FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a distribution network with local regulation structured by the method according to the invention.
• FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a system for carrying out a method according to the invention for operating a distribution network for electrical energy.
• Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an existing network for distribution of electrical energy with central control.
• the network 1 is divided into several network levels 1. 1 ... 1.7.
• the voltage decreases from top to bottom:
• Network level 1.1 maximum voltage network (eg 380 or 220 kV);
• Network level 1.3 high-voltage network (eg 36-150 kV);
• Network level 1.5 medium-voltage network (eg 1-36 kV); and network level 1.7: low-voltage network (eg 400 V - 1 kV).
• voltage transformers Transformers
• Conventional power plants feed electric power into the grid 1. 1, 1.3, 1 .5, end users are usually connected to the low-voltage grid at grid level 1.7.
• the network 1 comprises a control center 2, which centrally performs management tasks for the network. For this purpose, information about all network levels 1 .1 ... 1 .7 is transmitted between the control center 2 and components in the network levels 1 .1 ... 1.7. In particular, measured data from measuring points are transmitted to the control center 2 and control data from the control center 2 to individual components of the network. In addition, the communication takes place between adjacent transmission or distribution network levels 1. 1, 1 .3, 1.5, 1.7 and between the transmission or distribution network levels and immediately adjacent voltage transformers in the network levels 1.2, 1.4, 1.6.
• step 101 define which system is considered (step 101). For example, information about the existing network is obtained from a Network Geographic Information System (GIS). Optionally or additionally, data is read in from a database or supplemented manually.
• GIS Network Geographic Information System
• the selected components are selected in a manner known per se via a graphical user interface, for example by marking the parts of the network to be structured. It is also possible to define the system via network level, for example by restricting it to certain network levels, or because of other technical characteristics. For example, the entire section of the network which is operated by a specific network operator can be structured. However, network-structure structuring and the structuring of a subarea of the network are also readily possible. It is determined in a second step 102, which variables are adjustable in the system.
• GIS Network Geographic Information System
• controllable variables those are then selected which are actually to be regulated in the context of structuring (step 103). Basically, a few, a larger number or even all controllable sizes can be selected.
• Each class represents a network section (i.e., a contiguous area of the network with associated network components) that has certain characteristics regarding measures and range of measurement, and possibly controllability. It should be noted that a class may possibly represent only a single network component.
• the considered network section can then be mapped by a selection of instances of the existing classes interconnected in an output topology. If this is initially not possible when using existing classes from a class library, it is possible to define additional classes. However, it is not mandatory that the entire network is mapped with instances of defined classes. Unmapped components and network sections would in this case be conventionally regulated and not autonomously operated or combined into autonomously operated functional groups.
• the target ranges of the variables to be controlled are then defined; In principle, this information can also be automatically taken from a library.
• Certain classes or combinations of classes can already be identified as self-sufficient functional groups based on predefined criteria (eg with regard to the expected frequency of external control requirements).
• the target operation of the regression variables defines the rules, possible actions and the information needed to be able to check whether the triggering criteria for the actions are fulfilled.
• the limits which are to be observed with regard to the operating parameters in the setpoint mode are determined in step 105
• an orientation to existing components and / or standards (such as maximum allowable power for a cable) or about - in the case of a new building - on the connection system and a requested maximum power.
• actions are defined (or taken from an existing action library) (step 1 06).
• an action comprises one or more measures, in particular the activation of an actor and / or the dispatch of a message to other components.
• the actions are assigned to the individual instances. If actions are defined that affect several instances (especially different classes), actions can also be assigned to specific combinations of (interconnected) instances. Subsequently, it is determined which information must be provided in order to be able to carry out the regulation at all (step 107). This defines the quantities to be measured and the calculable quantities.
• Control processes ultimately involve the determination of one or more measurands, the processing for determining the one to be taken Action (s) and execution of the action up to influencing the controlled variable.
• the distribution of the components involved in the network and the time required for the processing of the measured quantities results in a certain information transfer time. This is determined and compared with a maximum allowable information transmission time (step 1 09). The latter does not have to be the same for all control processes because certain regulations must be faster than others if the operation of the network is not to be adversely affected.
• Analogous to the measured quantities it is also possible to determine to what extent the selection and the topology of the network components can be changed. For example, you can do an optimization that is limited to the dynamic quantities, or the possible changes to the infrastructure can be limited to the addition of specific actuators and sensors.
• the physically possible smallest information latencies are determined (step 1 1 0).
• This allows the immediate elimination of certain scenarios that are incompatible with the required latencies, eg.
• the real-time control of a smart grid by means of smart meters if "real-time” is in the range of seconds, or if the data transmission takes place only once a day (eg from the household meter) and "real-time" means a maximum of 10 minutes.
• the network is then numerically optimized taking into account the permissible transmission times (step 1 1 1).
• different approaches known per se can be pursued, also in combination.
• a (non-linear) numerical optimization of a target function is made, in which the relevant criteria are incorporated.
• limits can be included as constraints in the objective function, eg. B. by means of Lagrange multipliers.
• the criteria are usually both technical and economic.
• the optimization can be carried out with a view to the widest possible decentralization of the network, as it is expected that in such a case the operational safety (namely the robustness against local disturbances) will be maximized.
• the optimization is thus followed by a summary of several (even typically not locally controllable) instances including associated actions (and triggering criteria) into local function groups.
• the addition of the existing infrastructure with additional components can also be checked directly in the context of numerical optimization. If, on the other hand, an optimization with regard to the dynamic quantities is initially carried out, it can be checked on the basis of the specified actions in the event of a rule violation whether the necessary infrastructure, in particular sensors and actuators, already exists. Alternatively, after determining the desired operation, it is possible to consult which actions are possible or automatically calculate which function groups are physically possible and, if a technology or a product with characteristic values is stored (for example, based on a GIS), which actions are necessary. If the technology or product information is not immediately available, the comparison takes place in an advisory capacity, whereby hypotheses can be tested for their feasibility using the method according to the invention.
• step 101 it is stipulated that all consumers should be considered at network level 1.7, ie in the low-voltage grid.
• the power through voltage and maximum currents as well as the frequency can be regulated here as dynamic quantities.
• the energy demand at network level 1.7 is to be limited by controlling phase currents and voltages in compliance with the European standard EN 501 60. This can be useful, for example, when peak load times are expensive, because energy has to be purchased at unfavorable prices, or when materials such as cables reach their operational limits and threaten property damage, personal injury or power outages.
• step 1 04 consumers are classified according to minimum and maximum currents and voltages, for example in private households with operating voltages of 230 V and maximum currents of 100 A and companies with operating voltages. voltages of 400 V and higher maximum currents.
• Step 1 05 defines the target operation, in this case in compliance with EN 50160 and the limitation of the maximum power.
• all consumers are equally limited, approximately to 80% of the maximum current.
• the voltage can be taken into account.
• the power limitation can be based on a connection branch of a transformer station and the maximum power of the connected consumers can be adjusted based on the total power.
• actions are now defined. These include in particular the limitation of the current when exceeding the maximum current determined according to step 105.
• Step 107 specifies the information needed to implement the rule task.
• these are the currents of the house connections, in the extended version also the voltages and in the variant of the string-related power limitation the calculated sum of the current line power. Accordingly, it is identified which measured variables can be used and whether additional measuring points are needed or advantageous (step 1 08).
• Step 109 includes the determination of the maximum allowed time for information transmission per control process. This could be chosen in the present case, depending on the infrastructure and costs in seconds but also minutes range. The determination of the physically possible information latency time after step 1 10 can be neglected in the present case. In a classical architecture, in which control processes for such limitations should take place on the basis of a central control center, this step would be necessary - a locally optimized power limitation would be depending on the solution only with considerable effort or not possible.
• Step 1 1 1 includes the optimization of the existing network according to the above steps. In the present case, a numerical optimization is possible, but not mandatory. It can take place here manually or automatically a comparison with a network topology or a measurement infrastructure. If necessary after a cost analysis, smart meters with corresponding measuring capabilities and / or actuators for retrofitted or network reinforcements made. The resulting orders and assembly orders can be made via an automated logistics interface.
• the entire network is determined, which is operated by a network operator.
• the available electrical energy through renewable energy sources is regulated by its limitation to a maximum. This maximum can also be dynamic, locally optimized or both. 3. Individual energy values arise without further ado from the performance values:
• the maximum time to the effect of a control action is the time until the earliest possible occurrence of a cable fire or device malfunction, for P m - m a maximum tolerated time for fault messages be respected.
• the required information transfer time is calculated as follows: inin - ⁇ Measurement ⁇ D / Conversion 2 -transmission Algorithm ctor Based on this information then follows the evaluation of the various possible solutions, for example, to find out whether it makes more sense to control by means of a microprocessor and an actuator to perform the component itself or whether a control in a transformer station is more appropriate. In addition to technical criteria (eg with regard to the operational safety of the network), economic criteria (eg with regard to conversion and operating costs) also play a role in this assessment.
• a network structured according to the method consists of a multiplicity of self-operating, preferably also optimizing and waiting, functional groups.
• the network may consist partly or entirely of such functional groups.
• Such a network 1 1 is shown schematically in FIG. It is still in the known network levels 1 1. 1 ... 1 1 .7, which the network levels 1. 1 ... 1 .7 in the figure 1 correspond.
• the Leit ⁇ station 2 is still available, but is only exceptionally, in not controllable with the presented method cases needed.
• a fault management 1 3 is provided which is used when an event can not be resolved in a local function group or at a lower network level. Information is given priority within the transmission or distribution network levels 1 1.
• FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a system with which the method according to the invention for operating a network for electrical energy can be carried out.
• the network 1 1 is constructed as shown in FIG.
• the system comprises a central computer unit 20, on which the inventive method for operating the network 1 1 runs.
• the computer unit 20 is connected to a network-related geographical information system (GIS) 2 1.
• GIS geographical information system
• the computer unit 20 is also connected to a logistics interface 22, via which additional network components or spare parts can be requested automatically.
• the computer unit 20 is connected to a maintenance interface 23, via which maintenance services for maintenance, troubleshooting or repair can be requested.
• the computer unit continues to communicate with the control center 2 and the fault management 13.
• FIG. 4 Several local function groups are defined in the individual network levels or network level.
• three such functional groups 30.1, 30.2, 30.3 are shown by way of example.
• Two of the function groups 30.1, 30.2 are arranged in the network level 1 1.7, another functional group extends over the network levels 1 1.5-1 1.7 and includes u. a. a transducer 1 1.6.
• Each of the functional groups 30.1... 3 comprises a control unit 31 (symbolized by a rectangle). 1, 31.2, 3 1.3. Also present in each of the illustrated functional groups 30. 1... 3 is at least one sensor unit 32. 1, 32. 2, 32. 3 (symbolized by a circle), which measures one or more relevant variables and sends it to the corresponding control unit 31. 3 transmitted. Furthermore, at least one actuator 33.2, 33.3 (symbolized by a square) is present in two of the three functional groups 30.2, 30.3 shown, by means of which the functioning of the respective functional group 30.2, 30.3 can be influenced by the respective control unit 31.2, 31.3. The control units 31. 1, 31.2 of the two local function groups 30.
• control unit 3 1. 1 of the local function group 30. 1 is also connected to the control unit 3 1.3 of the network level crossing local function group 30.3. The latter in turn can exchange data with the fault management 13.
• the compounds shown are to be understood as examples.
• the representation does not mean that (direct) physical connections must exist between the named components, the data exchange can take place for example via a bus system or a central router.
• the data exchange can take place for example via a bus system or a central router.
• it is relevant which actions are assigned to the individual function groups 30. 1 ... 3.
• a one- or two-way data exchange with other function groups or components can be made possible.
• the inventive method for structuring the network can be applied to a number of problems, for. B. it can be used to prioritize the consumption of locally available energy, eg. B. of energy that is generated by photovoltaic systems. As a result, the transport of energy can be reduced. The expected dynamics in the network in terms of the power to be transmitted is thereby reduced, and the design of the network can also meet correspondingly reduced requirements.
• a minimum schedule for power plants at network level 1 and rules for violations of the desired operation can be defined.
• information is sent to an external system (control center, fault management).
• Information for the operation can correspond to measured rule violations from other function groups, wherein the action of the measuring function group which is executed when a corresponding trigger criterion (eg a frequency disturbance) is reached sends an information to the receiving function group (eg at network level 1 ).
• a trigger criterion eg a frequency disturbance

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