EP3559321A1 - Procede de traitement chimique d'une paroi reduisant la formation de coke. - Google Patents
Procede de traitement chimique d'une paroi reduisant la formation de coke.Info
- Publication number
- EP3559321A1 EP3559321A1 EP17821602.4A EP17821602A EP3559321A1 EP 3559321 A1 EP3559321 A1 EP 3559321A1 EP 17821602 A EP17821602 A EP 17821602A EP 3559321 A1 EP3559321 A1 EP 3559321A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- treatment
- carbides
- chemical
- wall
- alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
- C25F3/02—Etching
- C25F3/06—Etching of iron or steel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
- B24C1/04—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of surface treatment of a metal wall having the effect of reducing the formation of coke on the surface of this wall. More specifically, the invention relates to a surface removal method of carbides of a metal alloy wall, in particular by chemical treatment. The invention also relates to the use of a metal wall treated by the treatment process in a hydrocarbon treatment process.
- the reactor walls of certain units of the petrochemical or chemical industry are sometimes subjected to very severe operating conditions that can lead to coking phenomena.
- the manufacture of alkenes, monomers valued in the polymer industry is obtained by cracking petroleum hydrocarbons at temperatures of the order of 800 to 900 ° C.
- a mixture of hydrocarbons and water vapor is circulated at high speed in reactors, usually made of metal tubes, often nickel and chromium rich alloys.
- the reactors are thus subjected to high temperatures and complex aggressive atmospheres and the formation of carbon (coke) on the surface of the walls of the tubes is observed, this formation being catalyzed by the iron and nickel present in the alloy. metallic constituting the walls.
- This deposit of coke can result in fouling of the tubes, resulting in a loss of charge, a degradation of the conductivity of the walls and a decrease in yields. It is then necessary to stop the unit in order to eliminate the formed coke, an operation detrimental to the productivity of the unit.
- a protective oxide layer can in particular be obtained by using suitable alloys, for example rich in chromium or aluminum, or by oxidation pretreatments.
- a process for treating a Fe-Ni-Cr metal alloy wall of an industrial reactor that reduces coke formation on said surface when it is subjected to favorable operating conditions for coking, metal alloy comprising in particular within its structure carbides some of which may be flush with the surface.
- the metal alloy contains at least 5% by weight of iron, at least 18% by weight of chromium, at least 25% by weight of nickel and at least 0.05% by weight of carbon.
- “Favorable operating conditions for coking” are conditions that can cause coke formation on the surface.
- the parameters influencing the coking include, for example, the temperature, the nature of the liquid or gaseous fluids flowing inside the reactor and in contact with the surface, the flow regime of the fluids (turbulence).
- the method comprises a chemical step of surface treatment, during which at least a portion of the carbides initially present in the alloy, especially at the surface, are eliminated by electrolytic dissolution.
- removing the surface of at least a portion of the carbides by electrolytic dissolution can reduce coke formation.
- Such a surface treatment step has the advantage of being easy to implement and relatively inexpensive.
- the process according to the invention may advantageously be carried out to treat a wall of a reactor after the manufacture thereof and before commissioning of the reactor.
- a step of oxidation of the wall can be envisaged, which further reduces the formation of coke.
- the surface treatment seems to favor the formation of a homogeneous oxidized layer and thus reduce the formation of coke.
- the invention is more particularly suitable for treating a wall of a steam-cracking reactor (oven), or any other installation in which the coke formation catalyzed by iron, nickel and possibly other metallic elements catalysts is observed. present in the metal alloy constituting the reactor.
- the invention thus also relates to a process for the treatment of hydrocarbons under conditions capable of causing the formation of coke, characterized in that the hydrocarbons are brought into contact with a surface of a metal alloy wall Fe-Ni-Cr , said surface of the metal wall being pretreated by a treatment method according to the invention so as to reduce the formation of a coke deposit.
- the metal alloy is preferably a metal alloy containing at least 5% by weight of iron, at least
- the hydrocarbon treatment process may be a cracking process in which the hydrocarbons are contacted with the wall in admixture with steam.
- a treatment is for example implemented in a steam cracking reactor.
- the hydrocarbons can be brought into contact with the surface of the metal wall at a temperature of 800 to 900 ° C, especially in a mixture with water vapor.
- the treatment process according to the invention is intended for the treatment of Fe-Ni-Cr metal alloys, in particular containing carbides within their structure. These carbides may be flush with the surface, that is to say be in contact with the gaseous medium surrounding the alloy, and / or may be located in the immediate vicinity of the surface, for example from a depth of ⁇ or more.
- Such carbides form by precipitation during the manufacture of the wall. They may also appear partly in service.
- the carbides particularly chemically stable, are formed from the carbon present in the metal alloy. These carbides may in particular be observed for a carbon content of the metal alloy of at least 0.05% by weight.
- This type of metal alloy is particularly suitable for use at high temperature (“heat resistant alloys”).
- the treated alloys are alloys having a Fe-Ni-Cr matrix, possibly austenitic, in which chromium carbides (Cr x C y ) or even niobium carbides (NbC) precipitate when this element is present and or carbonitrides when the alloy contains nitrogen, and / or other carbides optionally.
- Such alloys thus include:
- iron at least 5% by mass of iron, preferably from 10% to 50%, preferably from 12 to 48% by weight,
- chromium at least 18% by weight of chromium, preferably from 19% to 42% by weight,
- these alloys comprise carbon, especially from 0.05 to 1% by weight of carbon, preferably from 0.08 to 0.6% by weight.
- nickel or iron may be the predominant element.
- the iron content is the complement to 100% of the contents of the other elements present in the alloy.
- the treated metal alloys may comprise other elements.
- they may include one or more of the following:
- niobium in particular in a content of 0.3 to 2.5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 2% by weight,
- manganese especially in a content of 0.01 to 2% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 1.7% by weight,
- silicon especially in a content of 0.5 to 3% by weight, preferably 1 to 2.5% by weight,
- nitrogen especially at a content of at most 1% by weight, for example from 0.01 to 0.5% by weight.
- the metal alloy used can preferably be adapted to spin molding. In particular, it can respect the standard
- EN 10295 relating to refractory molded steels.
- This technique consists in casting the liquid metal in a mold which is rotated about its main axis.
- the mold rotates at such a speed that it creates an average acceleration of the order of several hundred and up to 1000m / s 2 or more, in some cases.
- the molds can be sand or metal shell, mounted on machines with horizontal axis, vertical or oblique. The parts obtained by centrifugation have very good physical and mechanical characteristics.
- the treated wall can thus advantageously be made by centrifugal molding.
- this step is an electrochemical step, in particular an electrochemical step of selective dissolution.
- this step is advantageously carried out under conditions suitable for dissolving at least a portion of these carbides over a depth of at least ⁇ (from the treated surface), preferably of at least 20 ⁇ m, more preferably from at least 30 ⁇ , or even at least 40 ⁇ .
- the electrolytic dissolution conditions may advantageously be adapted to dissolve one or more carbides selected from chromium carbides, niobium carbides when the alloy contains niobium, carbonitrides when the alloy contains nitrogen or even other carbides, preferably chromium carbides.
- the process according to the invention may comprise at least one other chemical treatment stage, during which at least a portion of the carbides initially present in the alloy, especially at the surface, and not dissolved during a previous stage. chemical treatment, is removed by electrolytic dissolution.
- a washing step may be provided between two successive chemical treatment steps under conditions capable of removing traces of electrolytes from the treated surface. It may be one or more steps of rinsing the wall with water, preferably distilled water, optionally followed by one or more rinsing steps with an alcohol, for example ethanol. This washing may be followed by drying under conditions that make it possible to eliminate the flushing fluid (s) from the wall to be treated.
- the electrochemical dissolution of the chromium carbides and the electrochemical dissolution of the niobium carbides are carried out.
- the chemical step is implemented by placing the wall to be treated at the anode of an electrolysis cell, the cathode being formed of a conductive part (for example metal or graphite) and by applying an electric potential to through the electrolysis cell.
- the chemical treatment step may be carried out in an electrolysis cell comprising an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide or an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid.
- the electrolytic solution may thus comprise an aqueous solution of a soluble metal hydroxide.
- This metal may be an alkali metal such as Na, K, Li, for example Na.
- the electrolytic solution may comprise from 100 to 200 g / l of alkali metal hydroxide, preferably from 120 to 150 g / l.
- the chloride content of the solution is less than 10 ppm by weight.
- the electrolytic solution can thus be an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid whose concentration of sulfuric acid can be from 1 to 10 mol.L 1 , preferably from 2 to 9 mol.L 1 .
- the invention is however not limited to these particular conditions: one skilled in the art is able to determine other suitable sulfuric acid concentrations, or even to use other suitable electrolytic solutions.
- the electric potential difference applied to the electrolysis cell may be 4 to 8 volts or 3 to volts, or even 3 to 5 volts. It may be better to avoid higher potential differences so as not to generate too much heat.
- the flow of current through the electrolysis cell is variable depending on the surface to be treated.
- Current density can typically be from 5A / in 2 (7750A / m 2 ) to 10A / in 2 (15500A / m 2 ) of wall surface to be treated.
- the duration of the treatment may be variable, for example from 4 to
- the temperature of the electrolytic solution can vary from room temperature to about 85 ° C. It is preferred, however, that the temperature of the solution be kept below 60 ° C.
- this step is preferably carried out after the chemical treatment step previously described.
- This impact surface treatment is obtained by hammering the surface by spraying particles under conditions adapted to obtain a permanent plastic deformation of the surface, especially under conditions adapted to obtain an overlap of the carbides initially present on the surface by permanent plastic deformation of the surface. the surface.
- the carbides initially present on the surface may be flush with the surface and / or be located in the immediate vicinity of the surface, in particular located at a depth of ⁇ and more than the surface.
- this type of impact surface treatment is to compress the material under the impacted surface: this compressed material tends to regain its initial volume, resulting in high residual compressive stresses. This makes it possible to significantly increase the service life of an alloy part because almost all of the fractures in fatigue and stress corrosion are initiated on the surface of such parts.
- the impacts caused by the projectiles will cover this surface with a uniform compression layer.
- such a surface treatment can be designated by the terms “microbillage” (use of beads), “sandblasting”, “corundonnage” (use of particles of corundum), “shot blasting”.
- the particles can be of various nature (mineral, metallic, ...) shapes (spherical or angular) and various sizes.
- the particles may thus be chosen from particles of aluminum oxide (for example white or brown corundum), metal particles, balls made of material that is inert under the operating conditions of use of the metal alloy wall, for example glass or aluminum oxide, particles of nesosilicates.
- particles of aluminum oxide for example white or brown corundum
- metal particles balls made of material that is inert under the operating conditions of use of the metal alloy wall, for example glass or aluminum oxide, particles of nesosilicates.
- the nesosilicate (garnet) particles have a general formula A m B n (SiO 4) t, where A is a transition metal or an alkaline earth metal and B is a transition metal or a rare earth.
- A may be chosen from Mg, Ca and Mn and B may be chosen from Y, Ce, La.
- the particles may have an average diameter of 100 to 100.degree. To 200 .mu.m, for example, glass beads having an average diameter of from 250 to 500 .mu.m.
- the particles may be projected by a gaseous fluid, for example air, argon or the like, at a pressure of 200 to 400 kPa (2 to 4 bar), preferably 250 to 350 kPa (2.5 to 3 bar). , 5 bars).
- a gaseous fluid for example air, argon or the like
- a pressure of 300 to 350 kPa is usable.
- pressures of 270 to 320 kPa may be used.
- the projection distance may be from 5 to 25 cm, for example from 10 to 20 cm.
- the projection time may be from 0.2 to 3 minutes, preferably from 0.5 to 2 minutes (especially for an area of a few cm 2 ).
- the impact surface treatment step may be implemented under conditions adapted to obtain a carbide covering and / or a closure of the cavities to a depth of at least 20 ⁇ m, preferably to a depth of at least 20 ⁇ m. minus 30 ⁇ .
- This mechanical step is preferably performed “cold”, that is to say at room temperature, namely a temperature ranging from 18 to 35 ° C.
- This step is carried out after the chemical treatment stage, optionally after the mechanical surface treatment step. It is carried out under conditions making it possible to form an oxide layer (s) on the treated surface of the wall, in particular a layer containing one or more chromium oxides.
- the oxidation conditions may be those usually used to form a layer of oxide (s) on this type of alloy and known from the prior art.
- the oxidation can be carried out at a temperature of 800 to 1100 ° C, under a partial oxygen pressure of 10 ⁇ 6 atm to 0.2atm, for a period of 30min to 5h.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 represent SEM photographs of sections of two samples having undergone an electrochemical treatment of selective dissolution
- FIGS. 4 to 6 are diagrammatic representations of the observations in section of samples having respectively undergone polishing only (FIG. 4), electrochemical dissolution treatment (FIG. 5), electrochemical dissolution treatment followed by mechanical surface treatment (Fig. 6);
- FIGS. 7 to 9 are SEM photographs with a secondary electron detector (applied acceleration voltage 20kV-fIg.7, 9 or 25kV-fIg.8) of sample sections, according to two magnifications:
- o b 150x magnification, scale of ⁇ .
- FIGS. 7a, 7b show photographs of a reference sample
- FIGS. 8a, 8b show photographs of a sample having undergone an electrochemical dissolution treatment
- FIGS. 9a, 9b show photographs of a sample having undergone a electrochemical dissolution treatment followed by mechanical corundum treatment.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents an electrolysis cell 1. An electric potential difference is applied between two electrodes 2, 3 immersed in an electrolytic solution 4. The positive terminal is the anode 2, seat of an oxidation and the negative terminal is the cathode 3, seat of a reduction. A DC generator 5 connected to the anode 2 and the cathode 3 provides the current.
- the material to be dissolved must be located on anode 2 (+).
- the distance between the two electrodes 2, 3 is for example about 1 cm.
- a simple metal plate can be used for the cathode (the - terminal).
- the electrolyte 4 will for example be a sodium hydroxide solution.
- Table 1 Typical chemical composition (% by weight) of the materials used
- samples used are platelets of dimensions 8 x 30mm (samples C1 to C5) and 8 x 25mm (samples C6 to C9) and thickness 2mm obtained by electroerosion at the heart of portions of
- the tubes from which the samples tested were made were produced by centrifugal molding.
- Each sample tested was polished with SiC abrasive paper in the following order of fineness: 600, 800, 1200, 2400.
- SEM Scanning electron microscope
- Ionic cutting the cross sections are made by defocused ion beam ionic cutting. This technique uses accelerated argon ions to tear off material, allowing for a very fine and pollution-free surface polishing.
- the samples are glued on titanium masks using a "silver lacquer" consisting of thin silver platelets suspended in a solvent.
- the sample undergoes chemical treatment of electrolytic dissolution.
- the sample to be tested is placed at the anode of an electrolysis cell as described in FIG. 1, the cathode being a metal plate made of stainless steel or graphite, of similar or larger dimensions than the sample.
- the anode and the cathode are separated by a distance of about 1 cm, the plates being substantially parallel inside the electrolysis cell.
- An electrolytic solution is prepared by dissolving 135 g of NaOH (in the form of pellets) in distilled water with mechanical stirring, and then filling the electrolysis cell with the solution obtained.
- the chloride content of the solution is less than 10 ppm by weight.
- a potential difference is applied between the anode (sample) and the cathode.
- Figures 2 and 3 are photographs of the C4 sample dissolved for 15h ( Figure 2) and the C5 sample dissolved 20h ( Figure 3).
- the acceleration voltage applied for the measurement is 15kV, the magnification of 619x (fig.2) and 629x (fig.3) and the scale of ⁇ .
- sample C4 cavities are observed at a depth of
- Figures 4 and 5 show schematically typical observations of a section of an untreated sample ( Figure 4) and a sample that has been chemically treated ( Figure 5).
- the black parts correspond to the chromium carbides
- the gray parts correspond to the niobium carbides.
- Niobium carbides are observed in the cavities. Without wishing to be bound by theory, during electrolytic dissolution, the solution could be propagated by dissolving chromium carbides from interconnected networks but preserving niobium carbides (NbC). In addition, it is observed that the cavities are not totally empty. Chemical analysis by MEB / EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry) shows that chromium carbides have been partially dissolved. The presence of oxygen inside the cavities is also observed, suggesting that oxide or hydroxide formation is occurring probably from the electrolyte solution.
- MEB / EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
- a sample of polished HP 25-35 alloy is blasted into a sanding blast cabinet.
- the parameters used are as follows:
- - carrier gas compressed air under controlled pressure of 2.5 to 3.5 bar, nozzle diameter 6 to 8 mm, 40 liters of particles in closed circuit.
- a sample M 1 is obtained.
- Example 3 Mechanical surface treatment / sanding (corundonnage) A sample of polished HP 25-35 alloy is subjected to corundonnage in a sanding cabin with handles. The parameters used are as follows:
- Vector gas compressed air under controlled pressure of 2.5 to 3.5 bar, nozzle diameter 6 to 8 mm, 40 liters of particles in closed circuit.
- a sample M3 is obtained.
- Example 4 Chemical Treatment + Mechanical Treatment / Microbilling Sample C4 of Example 1 is subjected to the same microbilling treatment as that described in Example 2. A sample CM4 is obtained.
- Example 5 Chemical treatment + mechanical treatment / corundum Sample C4 of Example 1 is subjected to the same microbead treatment as that described in Example 3. A sample CM 5 is obtained.
- FIG. 6 schematically represents the typical observation of a section of a sample of alloy having undergone chemical and mechanical treatment. It is noted that the chromium carbides are no longer in direct contact with the surface and that the cavities formed by the electrochemical dissolution have been at least partly closed for most of them.
- Figures 7a and 7b are photographs (magnifications 35x and 150x respectively) of the surface of the reference sample having not undergone any particular treatment except the initial polishing. Coke formation is observed on the surface.
- Figures 8a and 8b are photographs of electrochemically processed sample C4 (magnifications 35x and 150x, respectively)
- Figures 9a and 9b are photographs of sample CM5 (magnifications 35x and 150x, respectively).
- the chemically treated samples generally have less coke than the reference sample. Coke is still observed on about 10% of the surface of the sample.
- the sample undergoes an electrolytic dissolution chemical treatment to remove the niobium carbides.
- the sample to be tested is placed at the anode of an electrolysis cell of the same type as that shown in FIG. 1 and described in Example 1.
- An electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) at 7.2 mol.l.sup.- 1 is prepared and filled with the electrolysis cell.
- a first test was carried out on an HP 25-35 alloy of dimensions 8 x 25 mm and thickness 2 mm which was polished before being placed in the sulfuric acid solution.
- a potential difference of the order of 0.8 V is applied between the anode (sample) and the cathode for 2 hours.
- the sample is then rinsed with distilled water and then ethanol, dried and stored in a case protected from scratches and air in a desiccator.
- a second test was performed under the same conditions of electrolysis on a sample of the same dimensions and the same alloy previously subjected to electrolytic dissolution of chromium carbides. This is carried out with a current density of 5A.in ⁇ 2 (0.775A.cm ⁇ 2 ) for 2 hours in a solution of NaOH (135g in the form of pellets in water IL). The sample obtained is then rinsed with distilled water and then with ethanol and dried before being introduced into the sulfuric acid solution for the dissolution of the niobium carbides.
- the successive electrolytic decomposition of chromium carbides and niobium carbides thus makes it possible to dissolve the NbC at the surface.
- the electrolytic dissolution of the M23C6 / M7C3 could partially "loosen” the NbC and increase the free surface in contact with the electrolyte of the second dissolution.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1662911A FR3060611A1 (fr) | 2016-12-20 | 2016-12-20 | Procede de traitement chimique d'une paroi reduisant la formation de coke |
| PCT/EP2017/083566 WO2018114963A1 (fr) | 2016-12-20 | 2017-12-19 | Procede de traitement chimique d'une paroi reduisant la formation de coke. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3559321A1 true EP3559321A1 (fr) | 2019-10-30 |
| EP3559321B1 EP3559321B1 (fr) | 2021-01-27 |
Family
ID=58401766
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP17821602.4A Not-in-force EP3559321B1 (fr) | 2016-12-20 | 2017-12-19 | Procede de traitement chimique d'une paroi reduisant la formation de coke. |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20190390362A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3559321B1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3047497A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3060611A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2018114963A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SU441355A1 (ru) * | 1972-11-30 | 1974-08-30 | Уральский Филиал Всесоюзного Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Теплотехнического Научно-Исследователького Института Имени Ф.Э.Дзержинского | Электролит дл изолировани карбидов м 23 с 6 |
| US4851093A (en) | 1988-06-06 | 1989-07-25 | United Technologies Corporation | Selective decomposition of a chromium carbide coating from a chromium carbide coated nickel alloy substrate |
| JPH02240298A (ja) * | 1989-03-10 | 1990-09-25 | Komatsu Ltd | 多孔質鋼 |
| US5873950A (en) * | 1996-06-13 | 1999-02-23 | Inco Alloys International, Inc. | Strengthenable ethylene pyrolysis alloy |
| WO2010108517A1 (fr) * | 2009-03-26 | 2010-09-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Procédé de polissage électrolytique et débitmètre électromagnétique possédant des électrodes électro-polies |
-
2016
- 2016-12-20 FR FR1662911A patent/FR3060611A1/fr not_active Ceased
-
2017
- 2017-12-19 EP EP17821602.4A patent/EP3559321B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2017-12-19 CA CA3047497A patent/CA3047497A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2017-12-19 US US16/471,032 patent/US20190390362A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-12-19 WO PCT/EP2017/083566 patent/WO2018114963A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3559321B1 (fr) | 2021-01-27 |
| FR3060611A1 (fr) | 2018-06-22 |
| US20190390362A1 (en) | 2019-12-26 |
| WO2018114963A1 (fr) | 2018-06-28 |
| CA3047497A1 (fr) | 2018-06-28 |
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