EP3555653A1 - Procede de realisation d'un ensemble d'antennes de goniometrie et ensemble antennaire realise selon un tel procede - Google Patents
Procede de realisation d'un ensemble d'antennes de goniometrie et ensemble antennaire realise selon un tel procedeInfo
- Publication number
- EP3555653A1 EP3555653A1 EP17821839.2A EP17821839A EP3555653A1 EP 3555653 A1 EP3555653 A1 EP 3555653A1 EP 17821839 A EP17821839 A EP 17821839A EP 3555653 A1 EP3555653 A1 EP 3555653A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- antennas
- configuration
- arrival
- configurations
- antenna array
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/0087—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing antenna arrays
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
- G01S3/04—Details
- G01S3/043—Receivers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/22—Antenna units of the array energised non-uniformly in amplitude or phase, e.g. tapered array or binomial array
Definitions
- the subject of the present invention is a method for producing a set of direction-finding antennas and an antenna assembly produced according to such a method.
- the invention applies in particular in the field of the detection of electronic warfare radio signals (Electronic Support in English), these signals being able to come from radars, telecommunication transmitters or any other device radiating such a signal.
- the invention more particularly relates to direction-finding and more specifically to a method of manufacturing a set of direction finding antennas capable of measuring the direction of arrival of a radio signal.
- the invention also relates to a set of direction finding antennas produced according to such a method.
- a first category concerns the characteristics of the antennas used to construct the set of direction-finding antennas. For each antenna, we have its gain (amplitude and phase) as a function of the arrival direction, the frequency and the incident radio signal polarization.
- a second category relates to the geometric constraints, on the carrier platform, of placement of the set of direction-finding antennas, including the relative positions of the antennas. These constraints describe at least the area covered by each antenna and the maximum area imparted to house the set of direction finding antennas. In fact, there is minimal spacing between antennas.
- a third category describes the performance to be achieved by the user device of the set of direction finding antennas. These include spatial, frequency and polarization coverage, accuracy and rate of direction finding ambiguities. Subsequently, we will speak of ambiguity of direction finding. This problem exists when the set of direction finding antennas has two similar or very similar responses for two sufficiently different directions of arrival. This is due in principle to the fact that a phase shift is measured only a whole number of times 2 ⁇ . Thus when two antennas are not less than half a wavelength away from an incident signal, the geometrical phase shift between phase centers of the antennas, which may exceed 2 ⁇ , will be measured with ambiguity and the direction of arrival that the goniometer will provide will be ambiguous.
- interferometry technique uses only the phase shifts between antennas without taking amplitude into account. Insofar as the amplitude would have a sense of the definition of the constituent antennas, it would be wise to use this amplitude to improve the direction of arrival measurements.
- sets of interferometric direction finding antennas, or interferometry bases are very generally antennas aligned in the desired angular measurement plane. If the direction of arrival of the incident radio signal is in a plane inclined with respect to this measurement plane, then the measurement can be very wrong.
- An object of the invention is in particular to correct all or part of the disadvantages of the prior art by proposing a solution for estimating the direction of arrival of an incident signal in two dimensions.
- the subject of the invention is a method for manufacturing a set of direction-finding antennas in two dimensions comprising at least three antennas, comprising a phase of determining the optimum configuration of said set from among a list of possible configurations, a configuration being defined by the gain, the pointing direction and the position within said set of each of said antennas, said phase comprises at least:
- a step of defining a reference antenna array said network covering a surface having a site and / or deposit dimension inversely proportional to a level of precision required in the site and / or in the deposit for the estimation; arrival directions of the incident waves, and comprising a plurality of elementary antennas, said elementary antennas being distributed in a regular mesh, the distance separating two adjacent elementary antennas being substantially equal to the half-wavelength associated with the maximum frequency of a range of frequencies of interest , the number of antennas of said reference antenna array being greater than the number of antennas of said set, the spacing between the extreme antennas of said array being greater than or equal to the spacing between the extreme antennas of said set along the axis of deposit and / or the axis of site,
- said set of direction-finding antennas being intended for direction of arrival of radio signals incident signals not dependent on the polarization of these said signals, the evaluation quantity associated with a configuration is equal to the maximum value of a correlation function F Cor (0 lJ 0 2 ) according to two directions of arrival where 0 !
- said antenna assembly being intended for arrival direction measurements of radioelectric signals incident on the polarization of said signals, the evaluation quantity associated with a configuration is equal to the maximum value of the signals.
- U Hnorm (Q, At min ) and U Vnorm (Q, At min ) are two vectors forming an orthonormal basis of the plane generated by the two pointing vectors U H (Q, A min ) and U v (Q, A min) ) the set of direction finding antennas at the minimum wavelength, in horizontal and vertical linear polarization respectively,
- the sign * corresponds to the transposed and conjugated transformation.
- the list of configurations to be considered corresponds for example to the complete list of possible configurations.
- the list of configurations to be considered corresponds for example to a random draw of a predetermined number of configurations from the complete list of possible configurations.
- the positions in the possible configurations of the antennas of the set of direction finding antennas are for example aligned on said mesh.
- Said reference antenna array is for example an array of radiating elements, each antenna of said set of direction finding antennas being made from a sub-network of said network.
- the invention also relates to a set of direction finding antennas obtained by such a method.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a definition of the geometric reference used and the particular angles of the deposit and the site
- FIG. 2 represents possible steps in the design of a set of direction finding antennas in two dimensions
- FIG. 3 represents an exemplary embodiment of a set of two-dimensional direction finding antennas in the case of non-dependence of the polarization
- FIG. 4 represents an exemplary embodiment of a set of two-dimensional direction finding antennas in the case of polarization dependence (polarization diversity case);
- FIGS. 5a and 5b are graphical representations of the correlation functions of the set of direction finding antennas corresponding to the configuration materialized in FIG. 3 and of the reference antenna array, respectively Cor (0 1J 0 2 ) and
- FIG. 6 illustrates a definition of the geometric reference used with a plurality of polarization diversity direction finding antennas
- FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the generalized correlation (matrix computation) of the set of polarization diversity goniometry antennas shown in FIG. 6;
- FIGS. 8a and 8b respectively represent a configuration of a set of direction-finding antennas designed according to the invention and the graph of the correlation function illustrating the results obtained for this configuration;
- FIGS. 9a and 9b respectively represent a configuration of a set of polarization diversity direction finding antennas designed according to the invention and the graph of the generalized correlation illustrating the results obtained for this configuration.
- the present invention relates to a method of producing a set of direction finding antennas that can work in two angular dimensions, for example deposit and site. If necessary, the method is obviously applicable with only one angular dimension.
- FIG. 1 shows that, for any direction of arrival, represented by an arrival direction line 1 1, the bearing is the angle formed by the line 11 0, corresponding to the projection of the direction line of FIG. arrival on the horizontal plane, and a reference axis in this horizontal plane (or line of faith, for example the normal to an antenna alignment plane).
- the site is the angle formed by the direction of arrival direction 11 and its projection 1 10 on the horizontal plane.
- the set of direction finding antennas can be made from conventional non-network antennas (spiral, winding, butterfly, horn, etc., etc.) as well as from a network antenna in which one defines a set of sub-networks, this set forming said set of direction finding antennas.
- the assembly is then made from beams formed with sub-networks of an array of elementary antennas.
- the method according to the invention comprises a phase of finding the optimal configuration of the set of direction finding antennas followed by a production phase from this optimum configuration.
- each constituent antenna within the set that is to say the gain function of the direction of arrival, the frequency and the polarization, the phase center position and pointing direction, regardless of the mode embodiment with conventional antennas or with formed beams.
- This exhaustive definition of a configuration can, however, be simplified as will be seen later.
- the method according to the invention comprises, for example, the following steps presented in FIG. 2:
- the first step of defining a reference antenna array consists of defining a plurality of K identical elementary antennas, whose phase centers are regularly arranged on a mesh surface.
- the distance between two adjacent antennas of the network must be substantially less than the minimum half-wavelength, the minimum wavelength ⁇ min corresponding to the maximum working frequency f max , which is the maximum frequency of a range of frequencies of interest, specific to each application.
- the lengths of the network, in the horizontal and vertical section planes, are inversely proportional to the direction finding accuracies respectively in deposit and in site.
- the number of antennas of the reference antenna array is greater than the number of antennas of the antenna set.
- the spacing between the extreme antennas of the reference antenna array is greater than or equal to the spacing between the extreme antennas of the set of antennas, regardless of the considered axis, site or deposit.
- this mesh surface is not necessarily flat, it may for example be cylindrical. However, a simplified variant may be a flat mesh surface.
- This reference antenna array is a simple calculation device in the method in the case where the set of direction finding antennas is made with conventional antennas.
- this reference antenna array can correspond concretely to the network of elementary antennas with which the sub-networks are made. networks generating said formed beams.
- the second step of defining the configurations to be considered is to provide the third step with a configuration list to be evaluated so that the fourth step can choose, among them, the best one criterion on the magnitude used to evaluate each configuration.
- a configuration corresponds to the physical definition of a set of direction finding antennas, this set comprising N antennas, N being an integer greater than or equal to 2.
- This physical definition corresponds, for each of the N constituent antennas in the the most general case, the gain depending on the direction of arrival, the frequency and the polarization, the position of the center of phase and the direction of pointing. This is valid regardless of the embodiment, with conventional antennas or with formed beams.
- the antenna gain (function of the direction of arrival, of the frequency and the polarization) is a definition with goal of generalization. Indeed, for common use cases, it will not tend to use constituent antennas different from each other, except in polarization response for reasons of polarization diversity.
- the antennas must not interfere mechanically or hide, they can not overlap.
- the antennas could overlap to the extent that the beam formations by sub-network would allow it; it's a technical question of specifications.
- the reference antenna array defined in the first step, provides the regular mesh of the implantation surface of the phase centers of the K antennas constituting this network, with a mesh pitch d substantially less than the half-length of minimum wave At min / 2.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a set of direction finding antennas 30 as well as the possible positions of each of the phase centers of the antennas thus produced with the subarrays 31.
- the possible locations 31 1 of the phase centers 31 0 of each of the antennas 31 have been represented.
- a list of all the possible configurations of the set of direction-finding antennas can be constituted, establishing all the possible combinations taking into account the constraints and the specifications. .
- the list of configurations to be evaluated can be established by randomly selecting, in the set of possible configurations, a number of configurations restricted to the totality possible.
- This mode is intended to avoid too many configurations to evaluate in the third step, if the application is constrained in execution time. Since the configurations are limited to the positions of the phase centers of the antennas, it is interesting to note that a random draw will reproduce the statistic of irregularity of the configurations, so that we can have, in the list thus restricted, a configuration sufficiently irregular to have a level of ambiguities directionality sufficiently low.
- the third step is based on an evaluation of the maximum level of direction finding ambiguities produced by each direction finding antenna set configuration, each evaluated configuration having been defined in the second step.
- Direction finding ambiguity corresponds to identical arrival direction measurements for different actual arrival directions.
- an ambiguity goniometry corresponds to near arrival direction measurements for real arrival directions sufficiently distant.
- the level of direction finding ambiguities can be evaluated by correlating the arrival direction measurements made by a set of direction finding antennas in a given direction of arrival domain, removing from this domain the cases for which the correlation arrival direction measurements are normal, which is reflected by the correlation of the arrival direction measurements of the reference antenna array that produces an ideal response.
- the correlation can be supported by a more or less generalized correlation function calculation depending on whether or not the arrival direction measurements depend on the polarization of the radio signals to be processed.
- the coverage domain is the arrival direction domain for which the direction finding antenna set can receive radio signals.
- the field of interest is given by the specifications, it is at most equal to the field of coverage, it is generally restricted compared to the latter.
- the first case is where the direction of arrival measurements made with the direction finding antenna array do not depend on the polarization of the incident radio signals.
- the correlation is expressed by a simple correlation function.
- the maximum level of ambiguities of a set of direction finding antennas, associated with a given configuration corresponds to the maximum value of the correlation function of said set max & 1) & 2 (F Cor Q 1 , Q 2 ) where 0 ! and 0 2 are two directions of arrival scanning the coverage domain for the one and the domain of interest for the other (the assignment of the domains to 0 !
- a predetermined threshold S Ref 0.5.
- the correlation functions F Cor (0 lJ 0 2 ) and F CorRé (0 1 , 0 2 ) are expressed respectively from the vector of pointing (or steering vector in English) of the set of direction finding antennas U ( Q, A min ) and the pointing vector of the reference antenna array U Ref (Q, A min ):
- P antennas, U G ⁇ Q, X is a unit vector comprising P components, whose p-th component is proportional to the response of the p-th antenna, in amplitude and phase,
- a G p ⁇ Q, X) p ⁇ D G Q, X) e ⁇ OM c pu (0) where, as shown in Figure 1:
- - D G p ®, X is the radiation pattern or gain (amplitude and phase) of the p-th antenna group G in the direction of arrival 0 and the wavelength ⁇ ;
- u (0) is the unit vector carried by the arrival direction 0; - e i-- ° M G , v -um represents the phase shift term related to the position of the phase center of the p-th antenna in the group G.
- the pointing vector U G ®, X) can express itself as the ratio of the vector A G ⁇ Q, X), whose p-th component is A G p ®, X), to its Euclidean norm
- ⁇ A * G ⁇ Q, X) ⁇ A G (Q, X), A * G (Q, X) is the conjugate transposed vector of the vector G ® A, X).
- the pointing vector U ⁇ Q, min is obtained by applying the above to the N antennas of the set of direction finding antennas.
- the pointing vector U ref (Q, min ) is obtained by applying the above to the K antennas of the reference antenna array.
- the gains D ref k ®, X) can be replaced by 1.
- these gains D Ref k ⁇ Q, X) can be replaced by weighting coefficients P k different from one antenna to another, in order not to penalize a configuration of the set of direction finding antennas offering a level of ambiguities less at the cost of a slight degradation on the direction of arrival accuracy.
- the second case is where the direction of arrival measurements made with the set of direction finding antennas depend on the polarization of the radio signals, both for reasons of polarization diversity of the incident radio signals and for reasons of response.
- polarization of the constituent antennas When the set of direction finding antennas must be able to process a polarization diversity of incident signals, it is necessary to use constituent antennas that can form a polarization decomposition base, which is preferably orthogonal. For example, horizontally adapted linear polarization antennas and perpendicular vertically adapted polarization antennas are conventionally used. But it can also be adapted right circular polarization antennas and left circular adapted polarization antennas.
- the correlation at the set of direction finding antennas is assessed with the matrix product ⁇ * ( ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 ) ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 ) and the maximum level of ambiguities corresponds to the greatest eigenvalue of this matrix product:
- VPmax means maximum eigenvalue
- ⁇ ( ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 ) is a square matrix 2 x 2;
- U Hnorm (Q, to min ) and U Vnorm (Q, to min ) are two vectors forming an orthonormal basis of the plane generated by the two pointing vectors U H (Q, A min ) and U v ®, min ) of the set of direction finding antennas at the minimum wavelength, respectively in horizontal rectilinear polarization (H) (corresponding to an electric field collinear with the vector ⁇ H Q) of FIG.
- said vector being an orthogonal unitary vector at the direction of arrival direction defined by ⁇ and located in the local horizontal plane of the set of direction finding antennas) and in vertical rectilinear polarization (V) (corresponding to an electric field collinear with the vector u v ⁇ & 4), said vector being a unit vector orthogonal to the arrival direction line defined by ⁇ and located in the local vertical plane, including the direction of arrival direction, of the set of direction finding antennas ), which can take the following form, for example nte:
- the pointing vectors U H (Q, A min ) and U v ®, min ) are unit vectors comprising N components because they correspond to the set of direction finding antennas which has N antennas, their nths components are proportional to the responses, in amplitude and phase, of the n-th antennas respectively in horizontal polarization
- D H n ,, X) and D V n (Q, X) are the radiation patterns or gains (amplitude and phase) of the nth antenna of the set of direction finding antennas in the direction of arrival ⁇ , at the wavelength ⁇ and respectively in horizontal rectilinear polarization and in vertical rectilinear polarization;
- M n is the position in the space of the phase center of the nth antenna of the set of direction finding antennas with respect to an origin 0;
- u (0) is the unit vector carried by the direction of arrival ⁇ ;
- the fourth step of determining the best configuration consists in retaining the configuration of the set of direction finding antennas having the lowest level of ambiguities among those calculated in the third step, and less than a predetermined threshold S max .
- This threshold makes it possible to ensure that the maximum level of ambiguities is sufficiently low for the quality of direction finding and, if necessary if it is not so, to repeat the process according to the invention from the first step in necessarily releasing some constraints such as, for example, the number of direction finding antennas N, that is to say by increasing it.
- the preferred values of the threshold S max are less than or equal to 0.9.
- Figures 5a and 5b illustrate the phenomenon of directionality ambiguities by the graphical representation of the correlation function.
- the direction of arrival ⁇ is restricted to the 9 g deposit, the 9 S site is assumed to be zero.
- the deposit scales are also in sinus of the deposit.
- the N goniometry antennas have the same radiation pattern pointed in the same direction and are regularly spaced at a step AL along the y axis (horizontal), and therefore constitute a set of antennas naturally ambiguous for the length of minimum wave At min .
- the thickness of the straight lines 50, 51 reflects the attainable accuracy on the arrival direction estimation.
- the thickness of these lines reflects the speed at which the pointing vectors are decorrelated as one moves away the directions of arrival.
- the arrival direction accuracy derives directly from this decorrelation rate, itself related to the geometric dimensions of the set of direction finding antennas.
- FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of a set of direction finding antennas 70 with polarization diversity and the possible positions of these antennas 71, 72.
- FIG. 3 in order not to overload the figure, only the FIG. possible locations 730 of the phase centers 73 of each of the direction-finding antennas 71, 72 have been represented.
- the materialized configuration is directly inspired by the materialized configuration of the set of monopolarization antennas of FIG. 3 and each antenna 71, 72 is aligned in a regular mesh.
- the set of polarization diversity goniometry antennas 70 comprises twice as many antennas distributed on the same surface to achieve the same direction of arrival accuracy as in the configuration shown in FIG.
- antennas 71 have a horizontal rectilinear adapted polarization and the other half antennas 72 has a vertically adapted linear polarization.
- the antennas 71 are of appropriate polarization orthogonal to that of the antennas 72, and these antennas 71, 72 may be arranged in any way to form the set of direction finding antennas provided that as many antennas 71 only antennas 72.
- the antennas forming the set of direction-finding antennas can be arranged in checkerboard by alternating an antenna 71 and an antenna 72.
- this dual-polarization architecture allows:
- the set of polarization diversity goniometry antennas 70 is made up of double antennas, called bipolarization, and comprising two orthogonal adapted polarization antennas whose phase centers are identical to imperfections.
- the number of bipolarization antennas is identical to that of a monopolarization antenna assembly.
- the regular disposition of the antennas 71, 72 causes ambiguities of maximum level.
- FIG. 7 shows two times less straight lines, which is normal because the spacing along the y-axis (horizontal) between two successive antennas is decreased. in a two report.
- FIG. 8a gives an exemplary configuration of a set of direction-finding antennas 80 designed according to the invention. This configuration was selected from a list of ten thousand possible configurations obtained by a succession of random draws. For a direction of arrival direction of interest comprising deposits between -15 and +15 degrees and sites between -10 and +10 degrees, the correlation function F Cor (0 lJ 0 2 ) is less than 0.75 .
- FIGS. 5a and 8b makes it possible to highlight the significant reduction in the level of ambiguities of the set of antennas of direction finding, the direction of arrival accuracy being unchanged.
- FIG. 9a gives an exemplary configuration of a set of direction finding antennas 90 with polarization diversity designed according to the invention. This configuration was selected from a list of one million possible configurations obtained by a succession of random draws. For a direction of arrival direction of interest including deposits between -15 and +15 degrees and sites between -10 and +10 degrees, the correlation function Cor (0 1 , 0 2 ) is less than 0.85 .
- FIGS. 7 and 9b makes it possible to highlight the significant reduction of the level of ambiguities of the direction finding antenna assembly, the direction of arrival accuracy being unchanged.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1601783A FR3060865B1 (fr) | 2016-12-15 | 2016-12-15 | Procede de realisation d'un ensemble d'antennes de goniometrie et ensemble antennaire realise selon un tel procede |
PCT/EP2017/081957 WO2018108723A1 (fr) | 2016-12-15 | 2017-12-08 | Procede de realisation d'un ensemble d'antennes de goniometrie et ensemble antennaire realise selon un tel procede |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3555653A1 true EP3555653A1 (fr) | 2019-10-23 |
Family
ID=58779063
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP17821839.2A Withdrawn EP3555653A1 (fr) | 2016-12-15 | 2017-12-08 | Procede de realisation d'un ensemble d'antennes de goniometrie et ensemble antennaire realise selon un tel procede |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20200091616A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3555653A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3060865B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2018108723A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11579234B2 (en) * | 2019-08-02 | 2023-02-14 | Rockwell Collins, Inc. | Interferometric direction-finding antenna array with multiplexed/switched radiating elements |
CN116930862B (zh) * | 2023-06-30 | 2024-02-27 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院系统工程研究院 | 一种针对喇叭天线构建圆阵列的半径测量方法 |
-
2016
- 2016-12-15 FR FR1601783A patent/FR3060865B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2017
- 2017-12-08 WO PCT/EP2017/081957 patent/WO2018108723A1/fr unknown
- 2017-12-08 EP EP17821839.2A patent/EP3555653A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2017-12-08 US US16/467,972 patent/US20200091616A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR3060865A1 (fr) | 2018-06-22 |
US20200091616A1 (en) | 2020-03-19 |
WO2018108723A1 (fr) | 2018-06-21 |
FR3060865B1 (fr) | 2019-05-10 |
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Effective date: 20220315 |