EP3550587A1 - Teilweise abgedichtete ionenleitung und ionenstrahlenabscheidungssystem - Google Patents

Teilweise abgedichtete ionenleitung und ionenstrahlenabscheidungssystem Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3550587A1
EP3550587A1 EP18165948.3A EP18165948A EP3550587A1 EP 3550587 A1 EP3550587 A1 EP 3550587A1 EP 18165948 A EP18165948 A EP 18165948A EP 3550587 A1 EP3550587 A1 EP 3550587A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ion guide
electrode plates
ion
sealing elements
ohm
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP18165948.3A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Tobias Kaposi
Hartmut Schlichting
Johannes Barth
Andreas Walz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Technische Universitaet Muenchen
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Technische Universitaet Muenchen
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Technische Universitaet Muenchen filed Critical Technische Universitaet Muenchen
Priority to EP18165948.3A priority Critical patent/EP3550587A1/de
Priority to EP19714459.5A priority patent/EP3776623B1/de
Priority to CN201980024208.8A priority patent/CN111937115A/zh
Priority to EP22216588.8A priority patent/EP4199038A1/de
Priority to EP19715105.3A priority patent/EP3776624B1/de
Priority to US17/045,420 priority patent/US11222777B2/en
Priority to PCT/EP2019/058678 priority patent/WO2019193170A1/en
Priority to PCT/EP2019/058679 priority patent/WO2019193171A1/en
Priority to CN201980024674.6A priority patent/CN111937116A/zh
Priority to US17/045,433 priority patent/US11264226B2/en
Priority to EP19716879.2A priority patent/EP3776625B1/de
Priority to PCT/EP2019/058723 priority patent/WO2019193191A1/en
Publication of EP3550587A1 publication Critical patent/EP3550587A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/02—Details
    • H01J49/06—Electron- or ion-optical arrangements
    • H01J49/062—Ion guides
    • H01J49/065—Ion guides having stacked electrodes, e.g. ring stack, plate stack

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an ion guide for guiding an ion beam along a path.
  • the present invention relates to an ion guide for use in an ion beam deposition system or related applications, as well as to an ion beam deposition system comprising such ion guide, and to a method for guiding ions employing such ion guide.
  • Ion beams have many uses in various fields of natural sciences and technology, including experimental physics, medical devices, electronic components manufacturing or life science, in particular mass spectroscopy, where electrically charged molecules (ions) are guided to, from or within a mass spectrometer or a collision cell.
  • the general purpose of an ion guide is to confine an ion beam along its predetermined path, typically using a plurality of electrodes arranged around the ion path, which in combination generate an electrical potential guiding the ions.
  • the potential could be a static DC potential, which would typically be realized as an ion Einzel lens arrangement. This, however, demands a fixed correlation of the ions' radial and axial momentum to keep them on track. Any breaking of this correlation e.g.
  • RF radio frequency
  • a repulsive force derivable from this pseudo-potential is proportional to the gradient of the square of the RF field strength, proportional to the square of the charge of the ion - and hence independent of its polarity - and inversely proportional to the ion mass and to the square of the RF frequency.
  • adjacent electrodes are driven with sinusoidal voltages of opposite phase, i.e. with a phase shift of 180° in between.
  • four, six or eight rod electrodes may be arranged on a circle around and extending parallel to the ion path, thereby forming a quadrupole, hexapole or octopole structure, respectively.
  • a stacked ring ion guide a plurality of ring like electrodes are stacked such as to form a tube-like structure, and each adjacent two ring electrodes are driven with voltages of opposite phase to thereby confine ions within a volume extending through the rings.
  • the ion guide of the present invention is particularly suitable for use in ion beam deposition (IBD), mass spectroscopy (MS), such as triple quad, Orbitrap or quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectroscopy, or in ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) systems.
  • IBD ion beam deposition
  • MS mass spectroscopy
  • Q-TOF quadrupole time-of-flight
  • IMS ion mobility spectroscopy
  • IBD In IBD, ions are guided along an ion path through a series of pumping chambers with decreasing pressure prior to being deposited by means of so-called "soft landing" on a substrate or target.
  • the purpose of the pumping chambers is to remove unwanted, neutral particles from the ion beam.
  • Ion beam deposition has important advantages over conventional deposition techniques. For example, unlike sputtering, plasma spraying, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD), IBD is not restricted to the deposition of thermally stable molecules. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) requires a chemical reaction between sometimes poisonous educts on the substrate, which can likewise be avoided using IBD. Finally, while spincoating is restricted to (on an atomic scale) large thicknesses, IBD allows for depositing layers of a defined atomic thickness.
  • an ion beam can be deflected using suitable electric fields, in IBD, it is possible to "write" structures on a substrate, in a way similar to mask free ion beam lithography. Accordingly, it is possible to position highly sensitive, thermolabile molecules with low masses, like amino acids up to molecules with high masses, like peptides, proteins or even DNA molecules with a layer thickness defined on an atomic scale in micro arrays for manufacturing assays, sensors or highly specific catalysts.
  • the problem underlying the invention is to provide an ion guide with improved properties which in particular allows for increasing the yield of an IBD system, as well as an improved IBD system, and a method for guiding an ion beam along an ion path.
  • an ion guide according to claim 1 an ion beam deposition system according to claim 9, a method for guiding an ion beam along an ion path according to claim 10, an ion guide suitable for use as a second portion of an ion guide according to claim 1, as well as suitable manufacturing methods.
  • an ion guide for guiding an ion beam along an ion path, said ion guide having a longitudinal axis corresponding to said ion path, wherein said ion guide comprises a plurality of electrode plates which are arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis, each electrode plate having an opening and being arranged such that said longitudinal axis extends through its respective opening, wherein said openings collectively define an ion guide volume.
  • the ion guide of the invention extends or is configured to extend through a separation wall separating adjacent first and second pumping chambers.
  • Said ion guide has a first portion, in which gaps are formed between at least some of said electrode plates such that uncharged gas can escape from said ion guide volume, wherein said first portion is completely located or configured to be located in said first pumping chamber, and a second portion, in which sealing elements are arranged between adjacent electrode plates, preventing neutral gas from escaping from that portion of the ion guide volume between adjacent electrode plates, said second portion extending at least from said separation wall into said second pumping chamber.
  • the yield of an IBD system or related systems employing an ion beam guided through a number of consecutive pumping chambers is governed by the ion current that can be guided through the ion guide system, which is referred to as the "current capacity" of the ion guide or ion guide system herein.
  • the obvious way to increase the current capacity would be to increase the diameter of the ion guide or ion guides as a whole.
  • larger diameter ion guides naturally come along with larger apertures in the separation walls through which the ions are guided from one pumping chamber to the other. This in turn makes it more difficult to decrease the number of neutral particles in the ion beam by means of pumping.
  • the flow of neutral particles in common with the ion beam is referred to as "gas load" in the following.
  • the ion guide of the invention has proven particularly advantageous in this regard. Contrary to typical ion guide systems involving a plurality of consecutive pumping chambers, where individual ion guides are provided in individual chambers, the ion guide of the invention extends through the separation wall separating adjacent pumping chambers, and hence allows for optimum guiding of ions at the most critical point, namely at the transition between adjacent pumping chambers, thereby avoiding ion losses.
  • the gas conductance is, at least for moderate pressures, approximately proportional to the area of the opening.
  • the "structure at the interface” is formed by the gas-tight second portion of the ion guide, which extends at least from said separation wall into said second pumping chamber.
  • the term "at least" indicates that the second portion may also be partly located in the first pumping chamber.
  • the sealed, gas-tight second portion forms a "tube” rather than a simple aperture, said tube having a gas conductance which is significantly reduced as compared to that of a simple opening of same diameter, and may under certain circumstances in fact be roughly proportional to the inverse of the length of the second portion.
  • the "tube-like" structure of the second portion is also referred to as a "tunnel” herein. Accordingly, if one is able to safely introduce the ions into the second portion or "tunnel" and avoid or minimize losses during passage through the tunnel, the current capacity can be maintained while the gas load is reduced.
  • the first, gas permeable portion of the ion guide is also referred to as a "funnel” herein, since it serves for introducing the ions into the gas-tight second portion or tunnel.
  • This may, but need not necessarily involve the electrode plates in the first portion to define a tapering or funnel-shaped ion guide volume, which is referred to as "funnel structure" herein.
  • the ion guide of the invention involves both, a tunnel section in combination with a funnel section, it is also referred to as "TWIN ion guide” herein.
  • some or all of said sealing elements are made from an intermediate resistivity material having an electrical resistivity of between 10 2 Ohm ⁇ cm and 10 12 Ohm ⁇ cm, preferably of between 3 ⁇ 10 5 Ohm ⁇ cm and 10 9 Ohm ⁇ cm, or have a sheet resistivity of 10 4 Ohm and 10 14 Ohm, preferably of between 3 ⁇ 10 7 Ohm and 10 10 Ohm on a surface facing said ion guide volume.
  • the intermediate resistivity material is sufficiently resistive to keep currents between adjacent electrode plates upon RF driving within tolerable bounds while at the same time allowing for draining the charge of stray ions that may hit the sealing elements during operation. This way, it can be avoided that the sealing elements are charged by stray ions from the ion beam, which would lead to a distortion of the electric field for guiding the ion beam and in consequence to a reduction of the current capacity.
  • any surface facing the ion guide volume is between 10 4 Ohm and 10 14 Ohm, preferably between 3 ⁇ 10 7 Ohm and 10 10 Ohm.
  • Such a surface resistivity can be obtained using the aforementioned intermediate resistivity materials, but can also be obtained by suitably coating a carrier with a coating of suitable conductivity, where the carrier may then e.g. be an electrical insulator.
  • the intermediate resistivity material is a plastic material or a ceramic material including or mixed with conductive particles, in particular metal or graphite particles.
  • the term “particle” shall have a broad meaning and not suggest any specific geometry.
  • the term “particle” shall cover e.g. elongate particles having high aspect ratios, such as nanowires or the like.
  • ferrite based materials can be employed. It is important that the electrical resistivity of the intermediate resistivity material does not significantly change with temperature, or that the resistivity values fall within the above mentioned boundaries throughout the range of temperatures that the sealing elements may acquire during normal operation of the ion guide.
  • said intermediate resistivity material is a material suitable for 3D printing, and in particular and in particular a plastic material mixed with graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphite or metal or a ceramic material mixed with metal or metal oxides.
  • some or all of said sealing elements are coated at least on a, surface facing said ion guide volume, preferably any surface facing the ion guide volume with a coating suitable for draining the charge of stray ions to thereby avoid static charging of said sealing elements by stray ions.
  • said coating may be a metal film having a thickness of 30 to 1000 nm, or a paste containing glass and metal oxides, wherein said paste preferably has a thickness of 5 to 1000 ⁇ m.
  • This "paste” is also referred to as “cermet” in the art.
  • the sealing elements are flush with the opening in one or both of its adjacent electrode plates, or are retracted from the opening in one or both of its adjacent electrode plates in a radially outward direction by less than 3 times, preferably by less than 1.5 times and most preferably by less than 1.0 times the distance between the corresponding adjacent electrode plates.
  • the overall volume of the tunnel is the smallest, which again allows for a low gas conductivity.
  • retracting the sealing elements at least a little bit from the openings in the electrode plates leads to a "rough" surface of the tunnel formed by the second portion, adding turbulences to the neutral gas flow and thereby further increasing the flow resistance.
  • the sealing elements may extend to or at least close to the ion guide volume, the risk that the sealing elements might be hit by stray ions is increased.
  • the preferred sealing elements made from an intermediate resistivity material or having the above-mentioned sheet resistivity at least at a surface facing the ion guide volume, preferably any surface facing the ion guide volume, this risk is tolerable, since this will not lead to inadvertent charging of thereof.
  • the sealing elements are sufficiently far retracted from the opening in one or both of its adjacent electrode plates in a radially outward direction, the risk of being hit by stray ions becomes sufficiently low such that the sealing elements do not need to have a resistivity or sheet resistivity suitable for draining ions, but may be formed by insulating material.
  • the electrode plates in the second portion are likewise made from a material suitable for 3D printing, in particular a plastic material mixed with graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphite or metal or a ceramic material mixed with metal or metal oxides.
  • a material suitable for 3D printing in particular a plastic material mixed with graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphite or metal or a ceramic material mixed with metal or metal oxides.
  • the second portion of the ion guide When forming the second portion of the ion guide, it is possible to use the same or similar plastic materials with different concentrations of conductive particles dispersed therein for forming the "electrode plates” and the “sealing elements", respectively, where the “electrode plates” and the “sealing elements” then correspond to regions of different resistivity within the same printed object. It is advantageous to print the second portion of the ion guide in an upright position, i.e. with the longitudinal axis in a vertical direction, while consecutively adding horizontal layers corresponding to the electrode plates and the sealing elements, respectively. In some embodiments, the electrode plates and the sealing elements can be printed including their opening.
  • the openings have a diameter of 1 mm or above and the total length of the second portion of the ion guide is for example 100 mm.
  • only the electrode plates and sealing elements are formed by 3D printing, while further components, such as wirings for electrical connection of the electrode plates with a corresponding RF driving source are added in a conventional way. This keeps the 3D printing process comparatively easy and allows for rather rapid manufacturing. In other embodiments, however, the additional external wiring may be made by 3D printing as well.
  • the sealing elements are formed by annular discs, wherein said annular discs preferably serve as spacers to adjust the distance between adjacent electrode plates.
  • the diameters of the openings in at least a subset of consecutive electrode plates decrease in downstream direction of the ion guide, to thereby form a funnel structure.
  • the "diameter” shall refer to an effective parameter defined by A / ⁇ , where A resembles the area of the opening.
  • the quotient of the difference between the diameters of the openings in adjacent electrode plates divided by the distance between these adjacent electrode plates decreases gradually in said downstream direction of the ion guide. This allows for a smooth transition between the "tapered" funnel structure and a subsequent cylindrical or nearly cylindrical portion of the ion guide, which has been found to further increase the current capacity.
  • said funnel structure is predominantly formed in said first portion but extends into the second portion of the ion guide.
  • neutral gas flows mainly radially outside through the gaps between adjacent electrode plates, while in the second portion (the tunnel), the neutral gas flows exclusively in a longitudinal direction (toward the second chamber).
  • the direction of gas flow changes. The inventors have found out that best results with regard to gas load and current capacity can be achieved if this change in gas flow direction does not coincide with the location where the ion beam has reached its maximum concentration.
  • the funnel structure is actually extended into the second portion, such that the ion beam is only maximally concentrated after the change in the gas flow direction from radial to longitudinal has occurred.
  • no DC lens is arranged between said first and second portions of said ion guide.
  • a DC lens at the exit thereof, which defines the boundary of the RF field generated within the ion guide and controls the further flight of the ions exiting the ion guide, for example by focusing the ion beam.
  • these DC lenses are often referred to as "exit lenses” or "entrance lenses”.
  • the first and second portions of the ion guide are preferably seamlessly connected with no such DC exit lens being provided between the first and second portions. The inventors have found that this design significantly increases the current capacity of the ion guide.
  • the spacing between at least some adjacent electrode plates in the first portion is larger than the spacing between at least some adjacent electrode plates in the second portion by a factor of at least 1.5, preferably by a factor of at least 3.
  • “larger by a factor of 2” would amount to "twice as large”
  • “larger by a factor of 1” would mean that the spacings would be the same.
  • the spacings of electrode plates in the first and second portions of the ion guide may be different, it has proven advantageous to provide for a transition region between said first and second portions, in which the spacing between adjacent electrode plates is uniform or at least varies by less than 15%, preferably by less than 5%.
  • the transition region preferably comprises at least three electrode plates of the first portion. Simply put, the transition region allows for a smooth transition from the larger spacings in the first portion to the smaller spacings in the second portion, which has been found to allow for an improved current capacity.
  • said electrode plates are formed by annular elements comprising two or more radially extending mounting portions connected to a corresponding mounting structure, wherein the mounting portions of odd-numbered electrode plates are connected to one or more first common mounting structures, and the mounting portions of the even-numbered electrode plates are connected to one or more second common mounting structures different from said one or more first common mounting structures.
  • the mounting structures are also used for applying a driving voltage to the electrode plates.
  • the electrode plates are made from copper, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, or compounds or alloys thereof, or from stainless steel, and/or the electrode plates are plated with silver or gold.
  • the electrode plates in said second portion of the ion guide have a thickness of 3 mm or less, preferably of 1 mm or less, more preferably of 0.3 mm or less, most preferably 0.1 mm or less and of 0.01 mm or more, preferably of 0.02 mm or more and most preferably of 0.03 mm or more.
  • the average distance between adjacent electrode plates in said second portion of the ion guide is 3 mm or less, preferably 1 mm or less, more preferably 0.3 mm or less, most preferably 0.1 mm or less and 0.01 mm or more, preferably 0.02 mm or more and most preferably 0.03 mm or more.
  • the ratio of the diameter of the opening in each electrode plate and the distance to one of its adjacent electrode plates is between 2000 and 1.0, preferably between 2000 and 2.0.
  • said electrode plates are connected to an RF driving source configured to drive adjacent two electrode plates with voltages of opposite polarity and freely adjustable radiofrequency.
  • driving with opposite polarity typically means that the voltages at adjacent electrode plates are shifted by 180°, such that when at a given point in time the voltage at one electrode plate is positive, the voltage at its directly adjacent electrode plates is negative, and vice versa.
  • said RF driving source is preferably configured to drive the electrode plates with an RF square wave signal, or a superposition of RF square wave signals.
  • a "superposition of square wave signals” is a so-called “digital signal” which corresponds to a superposition of square waves with different amplitude and different duty cycle, but at the same base frequency.
  • RF square wave driving signals or superpositions thereof are uncommon for conventional ion guides, where the electrodes are usually resonantly driven, using an LC circuit established by adding an inductive element and using the inherent capacitance of the electrodes for adjusting the resonance frequency.
  • the inventors have noticed that the specific waveform (i.e. square wave digital waveform versus sinusoidal) has little bearing on the current capacity of the ion guide, but the square wave driving signal can be generated more easily with freely adjustable frequency than a sinusoidal driving signals.
  • square wave signals can be generated by using switching circuits only, without having to provide for any resonant LC elements. Since the switching frequencies, the duty cycle and the superposition of square waves can be freely adjusted, the digital waveform or any other superposition of square waves can likewise be freely adjusted to thereby provide for optimum ion guiding performance.
  • the electrode plates are connected to an RF driving source which supplies RF voltages having frequencies freely adjustable between about 0.05 to 20 MHz.
  • a DC electric field may be established along the centerline of the ion guide.
  • a DC potential gradient is established along the length of at least a part of said second portion of said ion guide by means of a DC current through the corresponding electrode plates and the intermediate resistivity sealing elements arranged in between, by the sheet resistivity of the sealing elements or by external resistors arranged between adjacent electrode plates.
  • Another possible method to establish the DC potential gradient is the usage of external resistors between the adjacent electrode plates which can be applied to the first portion of said ion guide as well.
  • said ion guide is part of an ion beam deposition system, in which an ion beam is guided through a plurality of pumping chambers of decreasing pressure, wherein adjacent pumping chambers are separated by separation walls having an aperture for the ion beam to pass through.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to an ion beam deposition system comprising at least one ion guide according to one of the embodiments described above.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method for guiding an ion beam along an ion path using an ion guide, said ion guide having a longitudinal axis corresponding to said ion path, wherein said ion guide comprises a plurality of electrode plates which are arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis, each electrode plate having an opening and being arranged such that said longitudinal axis extends through its respective opening, wherein said openings collectively define an ion guide volume, wherein the ion guide extends through a separation wall separating adjacent first and second pumping chambers, wherein said ion guide has a first portion, in which gaps are formed between at least some of said electrode plates such that uncharged gas can escape from said ion guide volume, wherein said first portion is completely located in said first pumping chamber, and a second portion, in which sealing elements are arranged between adjacent electrode plates, preventing neutral gas from escaping from the ion guide volume between adjacent electrode plates, said second portion extending at least from said separation wall
  • the method further comprises a step of driving each adjacent two electrode plates with RF voltages of opposite polarity, in particular with an RF square wave signal or a superposition of RF square wave signals, wherein the method further comprises a step adjusting the RF frequency and the voltage amplitude of the drive signal depending on the type of ions to be guided by said ion guide.
  • said ion guide is an ion guide according to one of the embodiments described above.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing an ion guide according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein at least the second portion of said ion guide, comprising alternating electrode plates and sealing elements, is formed by 3D printing.
  • This 3D printing can be carried out by alternatingly forming electrode plates, for example from a plastic material mixed with graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphite or metal or a ceramic material mixed with metal or metal oxides, and sealing elements, which can be made from similar materials, but with a lower concentration of conductive components.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to an ion guide suitable for use as said second portion in an ion guide of one of the embodiments described above.
  • This ion guide can be manufactured and marketed by itself as an intermediate product, which can be complemented by additional electrode plates with gaps in between to form the above-mentioned first portion of the full ion guide.
  • the ion guide of this aspect of the invention comprises a plurality of electrode plates which are arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis, each electrode plate having an opening and being arranged such that said longitudinal axis extends through its respective opening, wherein said openings collectively define an ion guide volume, wherein sealing elements are arranged between adjacent electrode plates, preventing neutral gas from escaping from the ion guide volume between adjacent electrode plates, wherein some or all of said sealing elements are made from an intermediate resistivity material having an electrical resistivity of between 10 2 Ohm ⁇ cm and 10 12 Ohm ⁇ cm, preferably of between 3 ⁇ 10 5 Ohm.cm and 10 9 Ohm ⁇ cm, or have a sheet resistivity of between 10 4 Ohm and 10 14 Ohm, preferably of between 3 ⁇ 10 7 Ohm and 10 10 Ohm on a surface facing said ion guide volume.
  • the intermediate resistivity material is a plastic material or a ceramic material including or mixed with conductive particles, in particular metal or graphite particles, or a ferrite based material.
  • said intermediate resistivity material is a material suitable for 3D printing, and in particular a plastic material mixed with graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphite or metal or a ceramic material mixed with metal or metal oxides.
  • said sealing elements are coated at least on a surface facing said ion guide volume with a coating suitable for draining stray ions to thereby avoid static charging of said sealing elements by stray ions.
  • said coating is preferably a metal film having a thickness of 30 to 1000 nm, or a paste containing glass and metal oxides, wherein said paste preferably has a thickness of 5 to 1000 ⁇ m.
  • At least some of the sealing elements are flush with the opening in one or both of its adjacent electrode plates or are retracted from the opening in one or both of its adjacent electrode plates in a radially outward direction by less than 3 times, preferably by less than 1.5 times and most preferably by less than 1.0 times the distance between the corresponding adjacent electrode plates.
  • At least some of the electrode plates in the second portion and corresponding intermediate sealing elements are both made from a material suitable for 3D printing, and in particular a plastic material mixed with graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphite or metal or a ceramic material mixed with metal or metal oxides.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing such an ion guide, wherein said ion guide is formed by 3D printing.
  • the first TWIN is followed by a third portion in which gaps are formed between adjacent electrode plates to remove neutral background gas by another pump, followed by a fourth sealed portion connecting two further adjacent pumping chambers and so on...
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of an ion beam deposition (IBD) system 10.
  • the IBD system 10 comprises first to fourth pumping chambers 12 to 18 separated by separation walls 20.
  • Each of the pumping chambers 12 to 18 is connected with a corresponding vacuum pump 22. While all of the vacuum pumps are designated with the same reference sign 22, they may be of different types.
  • an electrospray ionization (ESI) device 24 is provided, in which molecules are ionized such as to generate the molecular ions to be used for eventual deposition on a substrate 26 located in the fourth chamber 18 at the very right of the figure.
  • the ESI method has first been described in Malcolm Dole, L.L.Mack, R.L.
  • charged droplets of an electrolyte are drawn by a veryhigh voltage from a needle 28 which is operated at atmospheric pressure.
  • Each droplet includes, in addition to the charged molecules to be deposited, a large amount of unwanted solvent/carrier gas that needs to be removed by means of the pumps 22 connected to the succession of pumping chambers 12 to 18.
  • the ions and the solvent/carrier gas are guided into the first pumping chamber 12 by means of a heated capillary 30.
  • the first pumping chamber 12 exhibits a pressure of between 0.1 and 10 mbar.
  • a combined ion funnel and tunnel device 32 according to an embodiment of the invention is employed, which extends from the first pumping chamber 12 through an aperture in the separation wall 20 into the second pumping chamber 14.
  • the combined ion funnel and tunnel device 32 is referred to as a TWIN guide 32 herein.
  • An electrode wire based ion guide 36 is schematically shown, which extends from the second pumping chamber 14 through an opening in the separation wall 20 into the third pumping chamber 16.
  • Wire based ion guides may be referred to as a "wire ion guide” (WIG) for short and are described in more detail in the co-pending patent application "Ion guide comprising electrode wires and ion beam deposition system", the content of which is included herein by reference.
  • WIG wire ion guide
  • a portion of the WIG forms an aperture 34 through which neutral gas molecules can inadvertently pass from one chamber to the other.
  • a quadrupole mass separator 38 is provided, which comprises four rod electrodes 40.
  • a first plate or "blade” based ion guide (BIG) 42 is arranged, which is described in more detail in the co-pending patent application "Ion guide comprising electrode plates and ion beam deposition system".
  • the first BIG 42 has a conical ion guide volume with a large diameter upstream end facing the quadrupole mass separator 38 and a small diameter downstream end facing the separation wall 20 between the third and fourth pumping chambers 16, 18.
  • a second BIG 42 is provided in the fourth pumping chamber 18, having a conical ion guide volume with a small diameter upstream end facing the separation wall 20 between the third and fourth pumping chambers 16, 18, and a large diameter downstream end facing the substrate 26.
  • the electrode plates or "blades" have a pointed tip.
  • Fig. 2 to 5 show schematic sectional views of TWIN ion guides 32 according to various embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 to 5 are schematic in that they only show the electrode plates 44, the sealing elements 46 and the separation wall 20, but e.g. leave out any mounting structure for clarity.
  • Fig. 2 to 5 are further schematic in that they are not drawn to scale, as the true extension in the direction of the longitudinal axis 48 would be longer than shown in the figures. Specific embodiments drawn to scale are shown in figures 6 to 9 below.
  • Each of the TWIN ion guides 32 shown in Fig. 2 to 5 is configured for guiding an ion beam along an ion path and has a longitudinal axis 48 corresponding to said ion path.
  • each of the TWIN ion guides 32 comprises a plurality of electrode plates 44 which are arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis 48.
  • Each of the electrode plates 44 comprises an opening and is arranged such that said longitudinal axis 48 extends through its respective opening. The openings collectively define an ion guide volume 49.
  • the TWIN ion guide 32 extends through a separation wall 20 dividing adjacent first and second pumping chambers, such as the pumping chambers 12 and 14 shown in Fig. 1 .
  • Each of the TWIN ion guides 32 has a first portion 52 in which gaps are formed between adjacent electrode plates 44 such that uncharged gas can escape from the ion guide volume 49.
  • the first portion 52 is completely located in the first pumping chamber 12, i.e. to the left of separation wall 20.
  • Each of the TWIN ion guides 32 further has a second portion 54 in which sealing elements 46 are arranged between adjacent electrode plates 44.
  • the sealing elements 46 prevent neutral gas from escaping from the ion guide volume between adjacent electrode plates 44.
  • the sealing elements 46 are formed by annular discs which also serve as spacers to adjust the distance between adjacent electrode plates 44.
  • the dashed line 50 indicates the boundary between the first and second portions 52, 54 of said TWIN ion guide 32.
  • the first portion 52 is completely located in the first pumping chamber 12, and the second portion 54 extends through said separation wall 20 into said second pumping chamber 14.
  • the major part of the second portion 54 is also located in the first pumping chamber 12, and only a small (in principle arbitrarily small) portion thereof extends into the second pumping chamber 14.
  • approximately half of the second portion 54 extends into the second pumping chamber 14, and in other embodiments (such as the embodiment shown in Fig. 6 to 8 ), the major part or all of the second portion 54 may extend into the second pumping chamber 14. All of these variants are covered by the aforementioned feature, according to which the second portion 54 extends "at least" from said separation wall 20 into said second pumping chamber 14.
  • the embodiment according Fig. 5 depicts a special sequence of the diameter of the holes of the electrode plates.
  • the electrode plates 44 can be made from copper, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, or compounds or alloys thereof.
  • the electrode plates 44 can also be made from stainless steel. It is also possible to plate the electrode plates with silver or gold.
  • the electrode plates 44 in said second portion 54 of the ion guide 32 may have a thickness of 3 mm or less, preferably of 1 mm or less, more preferably of 0.3 mm or less, and most preferably 0.1 mm or less. However, the thickness is preferably 0.01 mm or more, preferably of 0.02mm or more and most preferably of 0.03 mm or more.
  • the average distance between adjacent electrode plates 44 in the second portion 54 is similar to the thickness, and in the embodiment shown, it is actually identical.
  • the ratio of the diameter of the opening in each electrode plate 44 and the distance to one of its adjacent electrode plates 44 may be between 2000 and 1.0, preferably between 2000 and 2.0. Note that this ratio cannot be discerned from Fig. 2 to 5 , since these figures are not drawn to scale in this regard.
  • the sealing elements 46 in the second portion 54 are flush with the opening in one or both of its adjacent electrode plates 44.
  • the sealing elements 46 are retracted from the opening in one or both of its adjacent electrode plates 44 in a radially outward direction.
  • the inner volume of the tunnel structure of the second portion 54 is minimum.
  • the flush configuration is advantageous for the purpose of 3D printing described below. While retracting the sealing elements 46 in the manner shown in Fig. 3 and Fig.
  • the natural choice for the sealing elements 46 which act as spacers between adjacent electrode plates 44, would be an insulating material, such as to insulate adjacent electrode plates 44 from each other, which an operation will be driven with opposite phase and hence opposite polarity at any given instant in time.
  • an insulating material such as to insulate adjacent electrode plates 44 from each other, which an operation will be driven with opposite phase and hence opposite polarity at any given instant in time.
  • the sealing elements 46 are hit by stray ions, which in case of insulating material would lead to a charging and consequently a distortion of the electric field for guiding the ion beam, and in consequence to a reduction of the current capacity.
  • the sealing elements 46 are made from an intermediate resistivity material having an electrical resistivity of between 10 2 Ohm ⁇ cm and 10 12 Ohm ⁇ cm, preferably of between 3 ⁇ 10 5 Ohm ⁇ cm and 10 9 Ohm ⁇ cm.
  • the intermediate resistivity material may e.g. be a plastic material or a ceramic material including or mixed with conductive particles, in particular metal or graphite particles, or a ferrite based material. Particularly preferred are plastic materials mixed with graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphite or metal, or a ceramic material mixed with metal or metal oxides, since they allow for 3D printing.
  • stray ions can be drained, while the resistivity is still high enough to prevent short circuit of the adjacent electrode plates 44.
  • the sealing elements 46 may be an electrically insulating material, such as a ceramic material, where at least on a surface facing said ion guide volume, a coating suitable for draining stray ions is provided, to thereby avoid static charging of said sealing elements 46 by stray ions.
  • Such coating may involve a metal film having a thickness of 30 to 1000 nm, or a paste or "cement" containing glass and metal oxides, wherein said paste or cement may have a thickness of 5 to 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the diameters of the openings in a subset of consecutive electrode plates 44 of the first portion 52 decrease in a direction towards the center of the ion guide 32, to thereby form a "funnel structure".
  • the term "funnel structure” indicates that the ion guide volume 49 tapers from the entrance of the TWIN ion guide 32 (at the left in Fig. 2 to 5 ) along the longitudinal axis 48 in a direction towards the second portion 54, thereby allowing a less concentrated or "fuzzy" ion beam to be received and focused prior to introducing it into the second portion 54, which forms a gas tight "tunnel".
  • the funnel structure is completely formed within the first portion 52, while the ion guide volume 49 in the entire second portion 54 is cylindrical.
  • the funnel structure is predominantly formed in said first portion 52 but extends into the second portion 54 of the ion guide 32. Note that in the first portion 52, neutral gas flows mainly radially outside through the gaps between adjacent electrode plates 44, while in the second portion 54, such radial flow is blocked by the sealing elements 46, such that neutral gas flows only in a longitudinal direction, namely towards the second pumping chamber 14, which has a lower pressure than the first pumping chamber 12.
  • the direction of gas flow changes.
  • the inventors have found out that best results with regard to gas load and current capacity can be achieved if this change in gas flow direction does not coincide with the location where the ion beam has reached its maximum concentration. Accordingly, while it is possible to employ a funnel structure in the first portion 52 and a cylindrical structure in the second portion 54, as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 , in preferred embodiments the funnel structure is actually extended into the second portion 54, as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 , such that the ion beam is only maximally concentrated after the change in the gas flow direction from radial to longitudinal has occurred.
  • the funnel structure defines a "linear decrease" in the cross-section of the ion guide volume 49 along the longitudinal axis 48 (the ion guide volume 49 itself consequently decreases quadratically).
  • the quotient of the difference between the diameters of the openings in adjacent electrode plates 44 divided by the distance between these adjacent electrode plates 44 in the funnel structure region is constant.
  • An advantageous structure in this regard is shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 , where the quotient of the difference between the diameters of the openings in adjacent electrode plates 44 divided by the distance between these adjacent electrode plates 44 decreases gradually in downstream direction.
  • the spacing between at least some adjacent electrode plates 44 in the first portion 52 is larger than the spacing between at least some adjacent electrode plates 44 in the second portion 54.
  • the spacing between adjacent electrode plates 44 in the first portion 52 may for example be larger by a factor of at least 1.5, preferably by a factor of at least 3 than the spacings between adjacent electrode plates 44 in the second portion 54. Namely, since the ion beam in the first portion 52 is less focused than in the second portion 54, and the repulsive forces that need to be overcome by the RF field generated by the electrode plates 44 are smaller, it is possible to safely confine the ions even with larger spacings between the adjacent electrode plates 44.
  • first and second portions 52 and 54 are seamlessly connected and that in particular, no DC lens is arranged between said first and second portions of said ion guide.
  • Fig. 6 to 8 show in more detail a TWIN ion guide 32 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 shows a perspective view of the TWIN ion guide 32
  • Fig. 7 shows a perspective sectional view of the TWIN ion guide 32
  • Fig. 8 a sectional view thereof.
  • each of the electrode plates 44 is formed by comparatively narrow annular elements comprising three radially extending mounting portions 56 connected to a corresponding mounting structure 58.
  • the radially extending mounting portions 56 are arranged at angles of 120°.
  • Each adjacent two electrode plates 44 are rotated by 60° with respect to each other.
  • each of the electrode plates 44 may have N mounting portions 56, arranged at angles of 360°/N, and adjacent electrode plates 44 may be rotated with respect to each other by 180°/N.
  • Each mounting structure 58 can be best understood from Fig. 8 .
  • Each mounting structure 58 comprises a rod 60 which is fed through openings, so-called eyelets, in the mounting portions 56 of the electrode plates 44.
  • Distances between the actual plates 44 are controlled by spacer elements 62 which are arranged between adjacent mounting portions 56 on the rod 60.
  • a fine tuning of the distances can be achieved by tightening a nut 64, allowing for collectively compressing or relaxing the spacers 62 to thereby fine-tune the total length of the stack of odd-numbered or even-numbered electrode plates 44.
  • this type of mounting there are essentially two interleaved stacks of electrode plates 44, i.e. a stack of odd-numbered and a stack of even-numbered electrode plates 44, and the precise extension of the stacks in longitudinal direction can be fine-tuned by operating the nuts 64.
  • adjacent electrode plates 44 are driven with opposite phase, and hence opposite electrical polarity at any given point in time, but every other electrode plate 44, i.e. all odd-numbered and all even-numbered electrode plates 44, respectively, are driven with the same polarity. In other words, only electrode plates that are driven with the same polarity share a common mounting structure 58.
  • One advantage is that the mounting structures 58 can be used for connecting all electrode plates 44 connected thereto with the RF voltage source (not shown).
  • the other advantage is that only the mounting portions 56 of electrode plates 44 overlap with each other which are driven with the same polarity, such that they do not contribute to the capacity of the TWIN ion guide 32, since they have the same voltage at any point in time.
  • one of the electrode plates 44 in the TWIN ion guide 32 of Fig. 6 to 8 is enlarged and hence forms a diaphragm that can be used to close a larger opening in the separation wall 20, or essentially to form part of the separation wall 20 between adjacent pumping chambers.
  • the TWIN ion guide 32 of Fig. 6 to 8 comprises a first portion 52 with gaps between adjacent electrode plates 44, and a second portion 54 with sealing elements 46 arranged between adjacent electrode plates 44, to prevent neutral gas from escaping from the ion guide volume 49 between adjacent electrode plates 44.
  • the boundary between the first and second portions 52, 54 coincides with the boundary between the first and second pumping chambers 12, 14.
  • the ion guide volume in the first portion 52 has a cylindrical ion guide volume portion at its entry side (left side in Fig. 6 to 8 ) and a funnel structure portion tapering towards the second portion 54.
  • the ion guide volume 49 within the second portion 54 is cylindrical.
  • both the electrode plates 44 and the sealing elements 46 in the second portion 54 are made from a material suitable for 3D printing, in particular a plastic material mixed with graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphite or metal or a ceramic material mixed with metal or metal oxides.
  • the electrode plates 44 and sealing elements 46 can be printed including their respective openings. With current 3D printing precision, this is possible if the openings have a diameter of e.g. 1 mm or above and the total length of the second portion of the ion guide is for example 100 mm. For smaller openings, it is possible to mechanically form the openings using a high precision drill later on.
  • the openings in the printed electrode plates 44 and the sealing elements 46 may not be quite large enough yet, but help guiding the drill upon subsequent drilling of the openings.
  • only the electrode plates 44 and the sealing elements 46 are formed by 3D printing, while further components, such as wirings for electrical connection of the electrode plates with a corresponding RF driving source are added in a conventional way. This keeps the 3D printing process comparatively easy and allows for rather rapid manufacturing. In other embodiments, however, the additional external wiring may be made by 3D printing as well.
  • Fig. 9 A circuit diagram of a suitable driving source is shown in Fig. 9 .
  • the driving source comprises a DC voltage source 104, four switches 100 and a control unit 106 for controlling the switching states of the switches 100. Between the switches 100 and the control unit 106, potential separating elements 102 are provided. The RF output voltage is supplied at terminals 108 and 110.
  • the control unit 106 controls the switches 100 to alternate between two switching states, a first switching state, in which the upper left and the lower right switch 100 are closed and the remaining switches 100 are open, and a second, opposite state, where the lower left and the upper right switch 100 are closed, and the remaining switches 100 are open.
  • the RF terminal 108 has positive voltage and the RF terminal 110 has negative voltage, while in the second switching state, the voltages are reversed.
  • a square wave RF output voltage at the terminals 108, 110 is provided.
  • the output RF frequency can be freely adjusted.

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  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
EP18165948.3A 2018-04-05 2018-04-05 Teilweise abgedichtete ionenleitung und ionenstrahlenabscheidungssystem Withdrawn EP3550587A1 (de)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP18165948.3A EP3550587A1 (de) 2018-04-05 2018-04-05 Teilweise abgedichtete ionenleitung und ionenstrahlenabscheidungssystem
EP19714459.5A EP3776623B1 (de) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Teilweise abgedichtete ionenleitung und ionenstrahlenabscheidungssystem
CN201980024208.8A CN111937115A (zh) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 包括电极线的离子引导件和离子束沉积系统
EP22216588.8A EP4199038A1 (de) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Teilweise verschlossener ionenleiter und ionenstrahl-abscheidungssystem
EP19715105.3A EP3776624B1 (de) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Ionenleitung mit elektrodendrähten und ionenstrahlabscheidungssystem
US17/045,420 US11222777B2 (en) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Ion guide comprising electrode wires and ion beam deposition system
PCT/EP2019/058678 WO2019193170A1 (en) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Partly sealed ion guide and ion beam deposition system
PCT/EP2019/058679 WO2019193171A1 (en) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Ion guide comprising electrode wires and ion beam deposition system
CN201980024674.6A CN111937116A (zh) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 部分密封的离子引导器和离子束沉积系统
US17/045,433 US11264226B2 (en) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Partly sealed ion guide and ion beam deposition system
EP19716879.2A EP3776625B1 (de) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Ionenleitung mit elektrodenplatten und ionenstrahlenabscheidungssystem
PCT/EP2019/058723 WO2019193191A1 (en) 2018-04-05 2019-04-05 Ion guide comprising electrode plates and ion beam deposition system

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP18165948.3A EP3550587A1 (de) 2018-04-05 2018-04-05 Teilweise abgedichtete ionenleitung und ionenstrahlenabscheidungssystem

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