EP3532812B1 - Kavitätserweiterte fourier-transformations-rotationsspektroskopie für chirale analyse - Google Patents

Kavitätserweiterte fourier-transformations-rotationsspektroskopie für chirale analyse Download PDF

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EP3532812B1
EP3532812B1 EP17864360.7A EP17864360A EP3532812B1 EP 3532812 B1 EP3532812 B1 EP 3532812B1 EP 17864360 A EP17864360 A EP 17864360A EP 3532812 B1 EP3532812 B1 EP 3532812B1
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chiral
tag
sample
analyte
resonant cavity
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EP3532812A4 (de
EP3532812A1 (de
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Brooks Hart Pate
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UVA Licensing and Ventures Group
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University of Virginia Patent Foundation
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/3581—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using far infrared light; using Terahertz radiation
    • G01N21/3586—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using far infrared light; using Terahertz radiation by Terahertz time domain spectroscopy [THz-TDS]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/10—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter by comparison with reference light or electric value provisionally void
    • G01J1/16—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter by comparison with reference light or electric value provisionally void using electric radiation detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/30—Measuring the intensity of spectral lines directly on the spectrum itself
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/447—Polarisation spectrometry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N22/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/16—Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge
    • H01J23/18—Resonators
    • H01J23/20—Cavity resonators; Adjustment or tuning thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/16—Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge
    • H01J23/18—Resonators
    • H01J23/20—Cavity resonators; Adjustment or tuning thereof
    • H01J23/207—Tuning of single resonator

Definitions

  • This document pertains generally, but not by way of limitation, to molecular rotational spectroscopy, and more particularly to cavity-enhanced Fourier-Transform molecular rotational spectroscopy.
  • a chiral molecule can be defined as a molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image. These mirror images can be referred to as enantiomers.
  • the enantiomers generally have the same set of bond lengths and bond angles in their three-dimensional geometry. As a result, enantiomers have similar molecular properties, including their traditional absorption spectra. Because living systems are composed of chiral molecules with a specific handedness, they are "asymmetric" systems and the biochemistry of enantiomers can differ. As a result, the ability to analyze the stereochemical structures of chiral molecules finds many applications in the field of chemistry, particularly for applications in pharmaceuticals.
  • a chiral molecule can have a structure where there are several "chiral centers” such as "asymmetric carbon atoms” that have four different chemical substituents.
  • a local stereochemistry of each asymmetric carbon can either be right handed or left handed - such as indicated using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R/S notation.
  • N chiral centers there are 2 N stereoisomers.
  • the stereoisomers will have 2 N-1 distinct molecular geometries, which can be referred to as diastereomers, and for each diastereomer there are the two non-superimposable mirror images that can be referred to as enantiomers.
  • the enantiomers have opposite local chirality at each chiral center.
  • the diastereomer formed with all three chiral centers in the R configuration (RRR) has an enantiomer with all three in the S configuration (SSS).
  • chromatography takes a sample mixture and separates it though differential interactions of the molecule and a stationary phase that occur as the sample flows through a "column.” Implementations include gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and many other variants. Modern chromatography can achieve separations of complex mixtures of distinct geometries, such as diastereomer, using small amounts of sample. If the stationary phase is itself chiral, then it is possible to achieve separation of the enantiomers. For chiral analysis, two different measurements are often used to determine the diastereomer and enantiomer compositions.
  • X-ray diffraction is used for determining an absolute configuration (handedness) of the molecule. It generally involves use of an enantiopure sample in the form of a single crystal. This sample preparation requirement can limit its usefulness.
  • One way to determine the absolute configuration is the use of an internal chiral reference. This reference can include a molecule with known (e.g., previously determined) absolute configuration. If this molecule can be co-crystallized with the molecule of interest, then the unit cell structure is for the complex. Although both enantiomers of the complex would produce the same diffraction pattern, knowledge of the absolute configuration of the internal reference molecule makes it possible to unambiguously assign the absolute configuration of the molecule it has paired with.
  • Another technique to determine absolute configuration is to use an intensity variation of the diffraction peaks of a single crystal sample that are caused by anomalous absorption. This approach can lead to inconclusive results for molecules with only light atoms (e.g., C, N, O, or H).
  • Use of X-ray diffraction can pose various challenges, such as that the initial sample generally includes a known (and high) enantiopurity at the start to insure a single, enantiopure crystal is formed for analysis.
  • Polarimetry is another technique for chiral analysis, and can be used to observe the rotation of polarized light by an optically active sample using a polarimeter.
  • the direction of rotation is often used to designate the handedness of the enantiomers using the (+) / (-) designation referring to the direction of plane polarized light rotation.
  • Polarimetry has essentially no chemical selectivity and the analysis generally involves use of pure samples, possibly dissolved in a solvent. This makes polarimetry useful for rapid verification of enantiopurity, however, such a technique has limited value for chemical analysis.
  • Circular dichroism can be used to determine a differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light. Each enantiomer shows an opposite preference so that an equal, or racemic, mixture of the (+) and (-) enantiomers produces no differential absorption. If the overall sample is optically active due to an excess of one enantiomer over the other, then a CD signal can be obtained. The origin of the signal is the interference in the absorption caused by the electric and magnetic dipole moments of the molecule. Because the magnetic dipole moment is much smaller, the differential CD absorption signal is generally weak compared to other spectroscopy techniques. For vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) the chiroptical signal is on the order of 10 -4 of the regular vibrational spectrum intensity.
  • VCD vibrational circular dichroism
  • CD signal strength has a strong dependence on the frequency of the light used to probe the sample.
  • rotational CD effects are expected to be well below measurable levels.
  • Applications of CD include vibrational spectroscopy in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and electronic spectroscopy in the visible and UV region. Similar signal intensity scaling generally occurs for Raman optical activity variants.
  • Vibrational CD and electronic CD can be used in chiral analysis.
  • the vibrational spectrum of the molecule can be used as a discriminating signature of the molecular geometry. Therefore, VCD offers good chemical selectivity, compared to electronic spectroscopy based methods that have limited spectral resolution. Similarly, Raman optical activity for vibrational spectroscopy offers chemical selectivity.
  • VCD can present challenges, such as that the obtained spectra are congested for most measurements and such congestion can make it difficult to perform analysis on mixtures.
  • VCD studies generally use purified molecular samples. High sample concentrations are generally used, such as due to the weakness of the signal, and this can lead to the formation of molecular complexes that complicate the spectrum analysis.
  • a signal amplitude e.g., a differential absorption signal
  • Prediction of the VCD spectrum can be a computationally hard problem, such as involving generation of theoretical VCD spectra of all possible molecular conformations present in the sample, and the sample is usually at room-temperature
  • US 2015/177164 A1 discloses spectroscopy techniques for discriminating between enantiomers of chiral molecules by using Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) spectroscopy in which, for example a Balle-Flygare type or a chirped pulse (CP)-FTMW type spectrometer is extended, by using three wave mixing.
  • FTMW Fourier transform microwave
  • CP chirped pulse
  • the present inventor has recognized, that there are specific instruments designed for chiral analysis, such as mentioned above.
  • the present inventor has also recognized, among other things, that no one of the techniques mentioned above provides broad generality and routine measurement implementation.
  • Quantitative analysis of the isomers of a chiral molecule is generally challenging, particularly for molecules with multiple chiral centers.
  • a full chiral analysis for a molecule with multiple chiral centers could provide one or more of a relative abundance of the diastereomers which have distinct molecular geometries, a ratio of the enantiomers for each of these diastereomers (given as the enantiomeric excess (“ee"), for example), or an absolute configuration for an enantiomer in highest abundance.
  • the diastereomer and enantiomer purity is measured at 99.5% or higher.
  • the present inventor has recognized, among other things, that a challenge exists to perform such analysis without requiring reference samples of the diastereomers and their enantiomers.
  • the present subject matter described in this application can provide an instrument (and related techniques) that use rotational spectroscopy for chemical detection. Such an instrument can perform chiral analysis measurements with a general measurement process. Such techniques can provide one or more of measurements to support (1) determination of an enantiomeric excess, (2) relative abundance of diastereomers, or (3) an absolute configuration of an enantiomer.
  • An aspect of the invention as set out in the appended claims is a system comprising a chiral tag and a rotational spectroscopy apparatus that can perform chiral analysis such as for determination of one or more of an absolute configuration or enantiomeric excess measurement (e.g., including determinations approaching a high enantiopurity limit).
  • the system provides spectrum acquisition such for broadband measurements or for measuring signals at specific, known transition frequencies, and a corresponding sample introduction system for performing chiral tagging measurements for one or more of absolute configuration and enantiomeric excess determination.
  • the invention provides, among other things, a system and method using multiplexed cavity-enhanced Fourier transform spectroscopy for chiral analysis of molecules using chiral tagging molecular rotational spectroscopy.
  • the method includes injecting an analyte and a chiral tag into a sample cell comprising a resonant cavity using a pulsed jet, electrically exciting multiple modes of the resonant cavity, electrically obtaining a time-domain response from a sample comprising the analyte and the chiral tag, the response elicited by the electrically exciting the resonant cavity, and determining a frequency-domain representation of the time-domain response.
  • a technique such as a method, can include electrically obtaining a first response elicited from a resonant cavity housing a first sample including an analyte and a racemic mixture comprising a chiral tag, electrically obtaining a second response elicited from the resonant cavity housing a second sample including the analyte and a specified-enantiopurity form of the chiral tag, where the first and second responses are elicited by electrically exciting multiple modes of the resonant cavity, the modes corresponding to a range of molecular rotational resonances to be interrogated.
  • the system such as a spectrometer apparatus, includes sample cell including a resonant cavity, a source electrically coupled to the sample cell to electrically excite multiple modes of the resonant cavity, a receiver electrically coupled to the sample cell to obtain a response elicited from a sample within the sample cell, in response to excitation of the resonant cavity using the source, the receiver comprising an analog-to-digital converter to provide a digital representation of a time-domain response obtained from the sample cell, and an isolator to isolate the source from the sample cell at least when the receiver is receiving the response elicited from the sample, where the sample cell comprises at least two sample introduction ports, including at least one sample introduction port to receive an analyte and a chiral tag.
  • Absorption spectroscopy e.g., spin resonance (NMR/ESR), rotational, vibrational, and electronic
  • NMR/ESR spin resonance
  • Measurement approaches can be used that convert the enantiomer mixtures into different diastereomers that can then be distinguished by the spectroscopy.
  • RRR spin resonance
  • a challenging analysis problem is to determine the relative populations of the two enantiomers of this diastereomer in an unknown sample.
  • Enantiomer-to-diastereomer conversion has the potential to create a "separate detection channel" condition.
  • Such a technique can involve creating a new molecule with a fourth (or more) chiral center using a chemical reagent of high enantiopurity and known absolute configuration. For example, if this reagent has a chiral center that is known to be (S)-configuration, then the enantiomers are converted to diastereomers that are [RRR]-(S) and [SSS]-(S).
  • the [RRR]-(S) and [SSS]-(S) spectral features are then unambiguously assigned to determine the absolute configuration ([RRR] or [SSS]) of the molecule of interest. If the two diastereomer spectra produced lead to highly-resolved spectra, where there is little or no spectral overlap in the features of the [RRR]-(S) and [SSS]-(S) diastereomers that have been created, then enantiomeric excess measurements can be performed, with the potential to detect trace enantioimpurity.
  • Chiral analysis by NMR spectroscopy can provide high chemical selectivity and reasonably high-spectral resolution that opens the door to enantiomeric excess measurements in the high ee limit using resolved NMR resonances of the diastereomers.
  • this approach generally involves the development of specialized complexing reagents (e.g., chiral shift agents in NMR) or chiral derivatizing reagents (e.g., for cases where a chemical reaction is used to convert the enantiomers to diastereomers).
  • complexing reagents e.g., chiral shift agents in NMR
  • chiral derivatizing reagents e.g., for cases where a chemical reaction is used to convert the enantiomers to diastereomers.
  • chiral resolving agents for such NMR-based techniques.
  • MRR molecular rotational resonance
  • a chemical selectivity of rotational spectroscopy makes it possible to resolve small changes in the three-dimensional geometry of molecules and leads to resolution of the different diastereomer spectra.
  • a spectral resolution of such rotational measurements allows diastereomer analysis without the need for chromatographic separation.
  • the sensitivity of molecular rotation spectroscopy instrumentation such as a Fourier transform microwave instrument, can routinely achieve 1000:1 dynamic ranges such as to support 99.9% diastereomer purity measurements.
  • Rotational spectroscopy also has a capability for identifying the positions of individual atoms in a molecular structure. The measurement can be used to compare rotational spectra of a base molecule with an isomer where a single atom (typically C, H, N, or O) is replaced by a less abundant, stable isotope - these distinct structures are called isotopologues.
  • a three-wave mixing technique can be used. This technique is based on different physical principles than other techniques used in the field of chiral analysis (like VCD, mentioned above).
  • the basic appearance of spectra obtained using rotational three-wave mixing has some similarity to circular dichroism.
  • the enantiomers produce a signal of different sign so that a signal is only observed, for example, if there is an enantiomeric excess in the sample.
  • a sign of the obtained signal contains information about the absolute configuration that can be interpreted by comparison to analytically-modeled predictions (e.g., involving an accurate calculation of a dipole moment vector of the molecules).
  • An amplitude of the obtained signal can be proportional to an enantiomeric excess.
  • the three-wave mixing technique can present challenges:
  • a broadband Fourier transform spectrometer can be used along with a chiral-tagging technique.
  • a cavity having multiple resonant modes can be used such as to provide "multiplexed" measurements of multiple frequencies using the same cavity and sample.
  • such techniques are believed applicable to a wide range of frequencies including at least one of a microwave frequency range, a millimeter-wave range, or a terahertz frequency range.
  • the present subject matter can include, among other things, an apparatus and related techniques for performing chiral analysis using rotational spectroscopy.
  • Chiral analysis can be performed by converting enantiomers to diastereomers by affixing a "chiral tag."
  • This chiral tag is generally small molecule available in racemic and enantioenriched (e.g., "enantiopure") samples.
  • enantioenrichment can include providing an ee of the chiral tag approaching 100%.
  • the chiral tag can be "attached" to an analyte molecule through noncovalent chemical interactions by creating a molecular complex of the molecule of interest with the tag using a pulsed-jet molecular beam source.
  • Use of the phrase enantiopure need not require absolute purity, but instead can refer to a specified enantioenrichment such as 95%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or other values.
  • This chiral-tagging rotational spectroscopy approach can be general, such as without requiring development of specific, expensive chiral resolving agents, unlike NMR and electronic spectroscopy techniques.
  • Structure validation by isotopologue analysis can be performed using an isotope-enriched version of a racemic sample to provide confidence in the assignment of an absolute configuration.
  • high-sensitivity measurements can be used to provide enantiomeric excess measurements such as approaching or within a trace enantioimpurity limit.
  • a sensitivity of the chiral-tagging rotational measurement approach is expected to exceed the sensitivity of chromatographic techniques.
  • a high-sensitivity measurement can be performed to produce a structure of the analyte / chiral-tag complex, and therefore the absolute structure of the molecule of interest can be determined when the tag absolute configuration is known, with an accuracy of the atom positions that exceeds the performance of X-ray diffraction.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates generally an example of an apparatus 100, such as can be used for performing one or more techniques shown and described elsewhere herein.
  • the apparatus 100 can be used for performing rotational spectroscopy, such as for analysis of a sample within a sample cell 120.
  • the sample cell can include a sample introduction port, such as a first input port 118A (e.g., a pulsed-jet injection port), to provide a complex including an analyte and a chiral tag, or the analyte alone, or the chiral tag alone, as illustrative examples.
  • a sample introduction port such as a first input port 118A (e.g., a pulsed-jet injection port)
  • a complex including an analyte and a chiral tag, or the analyte alone, or the chiral tag alone, as illustrative examples.
  • a second sample port 118B can be used to introduce a different sample, such as to provide a complex including the analyte and a chiral tag having a different, specified enantiopurity.
  • the sample cell 120 can include an input 116 coupled to a signal source 106 to receive excitation signals.
  • the signal source 106 can function as a waveform generator and can include one or more of an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), a comb synthesizer bank, or a combination or plurality of such sources.
  • AMG arbitrary waveform generator
  • DDS direct digital synthesizer
  • comb synthesizer bank or a combination or plurality of such sources.
  • the signal source 106 can be coupled to the sample cell such as through a power amplifier circuit 110A.
  • a receiver circuit can include an analog-to-digital converter (124) (e.g., a digitizer).
  • the receiver signal chain can include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 110B.
  • LNA low-noise amplifier
  • one or more of the source signal chain or the receive signal chain can include isolation circuits, such as a first switch 112A in the source signal chain, or a second switch 112B in the receive signal chain.
  • a microwave isolator 114 or a circulator connected in an isolator configuration can be used, such as to inhibit signals emitted or reflected from the sample cell from being coupled back to the signal source 106.
  • a frequency-domain spectrum can be obtained from the sample cell 120, such as by obtaining a time-domain representation of a response of a sample within the sample cell 120 using the ADC 124, and performing a fast-Fourier transform (FFT) or other frequency-domain transform on the time-domain representation.
  • FFT fast-Fourier transform
  • one or more of the signal source 106 or the ADC 124 can be controlled using a processor circuit 102, and the processor circuit can be configured or can execute instructions to perform the FFT on the obtained time-domain representation.
  • One or more of information to control the apparatus 100 or information obtained from the apparatus can be stored using a memory circuit 104. Other elements in the apparatus 100 can be controlled such as using the processor circuit 102.
  • the signal source 106 can be configured to provide one or of the following:
  • a pulsed "light” source (e.g., signal source 106) can have its power amplified such as using the power amplifier 110A before input to the cavity resonator through a coupling antenna.
  • the amplifier 110A noise power output can be suppressed during the detection cycle. This can be achieved using the microwave switch 112A on the amplifier 110A output or by switching off the power to the amplifier 110A (e.g., a capability found in some microwave solid state power amplifiers).
  • the apparatus 100 can provide an advantage over free-space Fourier transform microwave spectrometers because each excitation "color" can be passively amplified by a resonant cavity included as a portion of the sample cell 120.
  • a power amplifier 110A can include a compact solid-state amplifiers instead of a large, high-power-consumption traveling wave tube amplifier, as an illustrative example.
  • the excitation waveform can contain significant power at frequencies reflected from the cavity, and the pulse generation system can include a microwave isolator 114 to decouple the excitation source and the cavity.
  • the receiver signal chain generally includes a specified bandwidth to capture a range of frequencies through sampling of the time-domain representation.
  • Various receiver signal chain topologies can be used. Such topologies can include:
  • the techniques described herein generally include time-domain measurement of emitted radiation (FID) elicited by excitation of multiple modes of a resonant cavity included in the sample cell 120.
  • FID emitted radiation
  • the ADC 124 e.g., a digitizer
  • the digitizer speed e.g., sampling rate
  • a digitizer is generally specified to operate at a minimum of twice the highest detection frequency (e.g., defining the Nyquist limit).
  • a lower sampling rate digitizer can be used to "alias" the received signals as long as this does not produce channel overlap from different multiplexed measurements.
  • a vertical (e.g., amplitude) resolution of the digitizer is also a consideration.
  • a receiver noise generally spans at least the 1-bit (e.g., least significant bit) of the digitizer.
  • the vertical resolution is also generally specified to capture the strongest molecular FID signal without clipping or other nonlinearity.
  • FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate generally examples of sample cell configurations 220A or 220B (such as representing different views of a sample cell 120 as shown in FIG. 1 ), such as can be used for performing one or more techniques shown and described elsewhere herein.
  • the sample cell configurations 220A and 220B can include features to provide the sample cell 120 shown in the apparatus of FIG. 1 , for use in performing various techniques described elsewhere herein.
  • the sample cell configurations 220A and 220B can include reflectors or "mirrors" 230A and 230B to define a resonant cavity, such as spaced apart by a specified distance, " L ,” defining a cavity length.
  • the resonant cavity can be tunable, such as including one or more actuators (e.g., an actuator 234) such as to modify the distance, " L .”
  • actuators can include electromechanical or piezoelectric devices, such as arranged to be electronically-controlled as a portion of an automated or semi-automated measurement protocol.
  • the resonant cavity defined by the mirrors 230A and 230B can be housed within a evacuated cell housing 232, such as including a port 236 coupled to a vacuum pump 238 to at least partially evacuate the cell housing 232.
  • An input 216 of the sample cell configurations 220A and 220B can be electrically coupled to a source to receive excitation. Such excitation can excite multiple cavity modes defined by the distance, " L .”
  • a broadband molecular free induction decay (FID) signal can be digitized, such as using a digitizer electrically coupled to an output 222.
  • Samples can be introduced an interior of the cell house 232, such as using one or more ports. In the illustrative example of FIG.
  • a first input port 240A can include a pulsed-jet injection port to provide a complex comprising an analyte molecule and a racemic mixture of a chiral tag.
  • a second input port 240B can be used to provide a complex comprising the analyte molecule and a chiral tag having a specified enantiopurity, such as for use in determining an enantiomeric excess ("ee") of an enantiomer in the analyte.
  • a third input port 240C can be used to provide a complex comprising the analyte and an isotopically-labeled chiral tag, such as for use in determining an absolute configuration of the analyte.
  • Other configurations can be used, according to various examples, such as including a port to provide analyte, alone, or a chiral tag, alone, to provide a baseline measurement.
  • the use of two separate pulsed-valve sample introduction systems can provide, for example, samples for enantiomeric excess measurements.
  • a third sample introduction system (e.g., third input port 240C) provides higher certainty for the determination of absolute configuration.
  • the pulsed-jet valves for sample introduction can be arranged perpendicular to the cavity axis as shown illustrative in FIG. 2B , or such sample introduction ports can be mounted in the mirrors for coaxial sample introduction as is used in a "COBRA" configuration for Balle-Flygare instruments.
  • Multiple-nozzle systems can be used to decrease measurement time and sample consumption.
  • a pulsed-jet injection port arrangement (instead of room-temperature gas cell or buffer gas cooled cell instrument) is generally used because the conversion of enantiomeric species to spectroscopically-distinguishable diastereomers is generally accomplished by forming a weakly-bound complex of the molecule of interest with a chiral tag. This complex can be formed through non-covalent interaction (e.g., hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces, or other interaction). For large molecule rotational spectroscopy, the strong cooling of the rotational temperature of the gas sample (e.g., to temperatures of 1-2K) is used to achieve high sensitivity.
  • a semiconfocal cavity using metal for the mirrors 230A and 230B can produce a high-Q cavity for signal enhancement.
  • a mirror diameter can be specified to accommodate a desired low frequency operating range of the instrument.
  • mirror diameter can at least in part define diffraction losses, which can become the dominant loss mechanism in the instrument and limit the quality factor (Q) at lower frequencies.
  • Q quality factor
  • a spectrometer instrument comprising the apparatus 100 of FIG. 1 and sample cell configurations shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B can provide an instrument that combines cavity-enhanced spectroscopy techniques with broadband Fourier-transform rotational spectroscopy techniques.
  • the present subject matter can include use of multiple cavity modes to provide a multiplexed measurement using a single cavity, as an illustrative example. As discussed in relation to other examples below, such cavity modes can be excited serially or contemporaneously, and broadband emission from the cavity can be digitized to provide multiplexed measurement of cavity-enhanced spectra.
  • the length, " L " can be stepped (e.g., adjusted) between broadband acquisitions, such as to provide coverage of a specified bandwidth through successive measurements using different cavity lengths. For example, making enough steps to cover a bandwidth on one cavity free spectral range then covers a corresponding broadband range that can be determined by the number of modes that are simultaneously excited. Alternatively, or in addition, multiple sample cells or cavities can be used to provide further multiplexing capability.
  • a Fourier-transform microwave (FTMW) instrument can include use of a cavity having a nominal separation between mirrors of 75 centimeters (cm), corresponding to a free spectral range of 200 MHz for the TEM 00n modes. With a mirror diameter of about 40 cm, such an instrument configuration can perform well to a low frequency limit of about 5 gigahertz (GHz). At lower frequencies, diffraction losses at the mirror can reduce the cavity enhancement, such as eroding sensitivity.
  • a quality factor (Q) for such an illustrative example is about 10,000, though it is believed that higher quality factors can be achieved.
  • each acquisition can provide a broadband emission signal that is Q 1/2 stronger than a free-space, chirped pulse measurement lacking cavity enhancement.
  • Noise generally drops as a function of the square root of the number of averaged spectrum acquisitions, so such cavity enhancement can correspond to reaching a specified signal-to-noise level in a duration shortened by a factor of Q compared to free-space measurements.
  • the spectrometer can be scanned through one free spectral range - such as covering the frequency range of 5000-5200 MHz, for example.
  • Free spectral range changes generally depend inversely on the cavity length so that each successive TEMoon mode shifts slightly further and this leads to some overlap in the spectrum acquisition that can be removed by selection of the excitation pulse, if needed.
  • the quality factor is generally defined as a ratio of a cavity bandwidth to its resonance frequency, and a cavity width in the 5000-5200 MHz range is about 0.5 MHz so about 400 separate measurements can be used to complete a multiplexed scan covering a desired 10 GHz frequency range, as an illustrative example.
  • a pulsed excitation signal source (e.g., such as to provide signals in at least one of the microwave region, the mm-wave region, or in the THz frequency range) generally provides an electrical excitation signal containing energy at a set of frequencies that match a specified set of cavity resonances. These cavity resonances can be determined analytically or measured for any mirror separation by impulse testing (or using a chirped excitation pulse across the desired operating range), and one or more of the cavity length or the signal source frequencies can be adjusted to align the signal source excitation with the specified set of cavity resonances. In creating the excitation waveform, a total duration of the pulse is generally short compared to a dephasing time of the molecular free induction decay (FID) signal.
  • FID molecular free induction decay
  • this time scale is about 50-100 microseconds using pulsed jet sample sources.
  • a total excitation pulse duration of about 5 microseconds can be used, as an illustrative example.
  • each individual excitation pulse can have a duration of about 100 ns.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates generally an illustrative example including an excitation waveform comprising a sequence of frequencies, where the frequencies can be established to match resonances of a resonant cavity.
  • a waveform profile that can be used to perform the multiplexed Fourier transform measurement can include target frequencies output in sequential form. This form of sequential pulse is suitable for use in excitation schemes where the excitation waveform is converted in frequency using frequency multipliers that can have strong nonlinear conversion behavior.
  • the illustrative example of FIG. 3A comprises a waveform that is phase continuous and is constructed by using an integer number of cycles for each distinct excitation frequency, corresponding to the durations 302, 304, and 306.
  • All pulses are chosen to have approximately the same pulse duration (with variations coming from the use of integer numbers of cycles to construct the "continuous" waveform).
  • the amplitude of the separate pulses in the sequential excitation waveform can be tailored to account for instrument variations in the cavity quality factor (Q) or other frequency-dependent amplitude variations in the system, as needed.
  • FIG. 3B illustrates generally an illustrative example of a pulse sequence, similar to FIG. 3B , containing six pulses at 5000, 5200, 5400, 5600, 5800, and 6000 megahertz (MHz) with each burst having a duration of approximately 100 nanoseconds
  • FIG. 3C illustrates generally an illustrative example of a frequency-domain representation of the pulse sequence of FIG. 3B .
  • the example of FIG. 3B can be generated using an AWG to provide six frequencies having a separation of 200 MHz (corresponding to a cavity FSR in this illustrative example) and a corresponding Fourier transform shown in FIG. 3C .
  • the amplitude is equal for all of the pulses in the sequential waveform (the small variations observed are artifacts from digitization where waveform is sampled in the time domain). Because each pulse in FIG. 3B can be considered to have a rectangular amplitude profile truncating the pulse, the frequency domain representation of FIG. 3C shows a sinc-function amplitude behavior for each frequency.
  • FIG. 3D illustrates generally an illustrative example of a pulse sequence, similar to FIG. 3B , but having envelope shaping of each burst, such as established using a tapered cosine window function.
  • FIG. 3E illustrates generally an illustrative example of a frequency-domain representation of the pulse sequence of FIG. 3D , illustrating generally the suppression of frequency-domain side-lobes, such as to provide better separation between or suppression of leakage between the excitation frequencies.
  • An AWG-based pulse generation can be used to shape a "micropulse" profile for each of the sequential, single-frequency pulse bursts. For example, such windowing or shaping of a burst profile reduces the "spectral leakage" of the excitation spectrum so that unwanted (off-axis) cavity modes are not excited. Suppression of unwanted modes can reduce a reflected power from the cavity by reducing the power at frequencies where there is no resonant coupling.
  • amplitude shaping profiles can be used, such as including the use of a tapered cosine window or the use of a Gaussian-shaped amplitude profile.
  • a cosine taper is used in the examples of FIG. 3D and FIG. 3D .
  • Amplitude-shaped or windowed time-domain waveforms can be used when an AWG is used to excite the resonant cavity without upconversion (e.g., without mixing) or in cases where frequency conversion occurs using a mixer that offers linear conversion efficiencies.
  • a sequential excitation waveform is generally established such that only a single frequency is present in the waveform at any time. This behavior reduces nonlinear effects in subsequent circuit elements that can distort the waveform.
  • the ability to use a frequency multiplier or mixer to upconvert the frequency of the excitation pulses can be desirable because it makes it possible to use lower-sample-rate waveform sources (AWGs and DDS chips), such as simplifying the source circuitry or reducing cost.
  • Multipliers and mixers can generate strongly distorted waveforms from all of the possible intermodulation tones that can be created in a multicolor pulse.
  • Other devices, like amplifiers that also may be used in the pulse generation subsystem can also produce strong intermodulation distortion.
  • an AWG is available with a sample rate sufficient to cover the frequencies of interest (e.g., a sample rate that at least exceeds the Nyquist limit of twice the highest frequency being generated) it is possible to generate a waveform where the individual cavity excitation pulses overlap completely or partially in time (e.g., to provide contemporaneous excitation at multiple frequencies as shown generally in FIG. 4A ).
  • FIG. 4A illustrates generally an illustrative example of a waveform comprising three excitation frequencies for use in contemporaneously exciting multiple modes of a resonant cavity.
  • three excitation frequencies are used and are the same as those for the phase continuous sequential of FIG. 3A .
  • all three frequencies are present over the full pulse duration (e.g., 3 ns) giving contemporaneous output of the three "colors.”
  • Such contemporaneous output produces a highly structured waveform from the constructive and destructive interference of the constituent frequencies.
  • FIG. 4B illustrates generally an illustrative example of 600 nanosecond-duration burst of the waveform having six constituent frequencies
  • FIG. 4C illustrates generally an illustrative example of a frequency-domain representation of the waveform of FIG. 4B . Because each "color" or consitutent frequency can be present over an entirety of the burst duration (e.g., 600 ns instead of 100ns as compared to FIG. 3B ), the frequency domain peaks show narrower bandwidth in the frequency domain.
  • FIG. 4D illustrates generally an illustrative example of a waveform, similar to FIG. 4B , but having envelope shaping of the waveform over an entirety of the 600 nanosecond duration, such as established using a tapered cosine windowing function
  • FIG. 4E illustrates generally an illustrative example of a frequency-domain representation of the pulse sequence of FIG. 4D , again illustrating generally the suppression of frequency-domain side-lobes, such as to provide better separation between or suppression of leakage between the excitation frequencies.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates generally an illustrative example of a technique, such as can include forming a complex of an analyte, and a racemic mixture of a chiral tag, obtaining a corresponding frequency-domain rotation spectrum, and forming a complex of the analyte and an enantiopure form of the chiral tag, and obtaining another frequency-domain rotation spectrum, such as to distinguish between diastereomers within the analyte or to assist in determining an absolute configuration of the analyte.
  • diastereomer complexes comprising a racemic mixture of a propylene oxide chiral tag and solketal can be formed to provide one or more of an S-(+)-solketal complex 508 (where the analyte is S-(+) solketal) or an (R)-(-)-solketal complex 510 (where the analyte is R)-(-)-solketal).
  • a first spectrum can be obtained, such as including contributions from both complexes 508 and 510 when present in an analyte sample of unknown enantiopurity.
  • an enantiopure form (e.g., a form having a specified enantiomeric enrichment) of the chiral tag can be provided in combination with the analyte to form a diastereomer complex having a distinct molecular rotational spectrum as compared to the first spectrum.
  • the resulting S-(+) solketal 514 diastereomer complex is formed and can be detected, even if the S-(+) solketal enantiomer was less abundant in the analyte sample, because use of an enantiopure form of the chiral tag can suppress formation of the complex 516 comprising the R-(-) solketal enantiomer.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates generally an experimentally-obtained rotational spectrum showing transitions for a complex of (S)-solketal and a racemic propylene oxide tag at 602; along with assigned spectra for two diastereomers complexes of solketal-propylene oxide at 604.
  • the assigned spectra at 604 can be established using theoretical modeling to determine rotational constants and dipole moment directions, corresponding to each of the diastereomer complexes.
  • the dipole information is not modeled correctly in the assigned spectra, but the technique still shows an ability to distinguish between the diastereomer complexes as discussed below.
  • FIG. 6B illustrates generally the same spectra as shown in FIG. 6B , but having expanded scale.
  • peak locations 614 and 616 correspond to peaks 610A and 612 respectively in the assigned spectra at 604.
  • the peak 610A can be associated with an assigned spectrum of one diastereomer of the solketal-propylene oxide complex
  • the peak 612 can be associated with another diastereomer of the solketal-propylene oxide complex.
  • FIG. 6C illustrates generally another experimentally-obtained frequency-domain rotation spectrum obtained from a complex of (S)-solketal and enantiopure (R)-(+)-propylene oxide, along with the assigned spectra at 604 from FIGS.
  • FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B , FIG. 7C, and FIG. 7D illustrate generally illustrative examples of experimentally-obtained rotational transitions of a homochiral solketal-propylene oxide complex (e.g., (S)-solketal with (S)-propylene oxide shown as spectra 702A, 702B, 702C, and 702D), along with measurements of a commercially-available sample of (S)-solketal and (R)-propylene oxide (shown as spectra 704A, 704B, 704C, and 704D).
  • the homochiral complex is present as at low abundance.
  • the spectra 702A, 702B, 702C, and 702D are scaled down uniformly in each plot by a factor of 200 to align the respective peak magnitudes with the peaks in the spectra 704A, 704B, 704C, and 704D. Accordingly, a determined enantiomeric enrichment for the commercial sample of (S)-solketal is 99%.
  • the relative transition intensities are the same where the peaks (e.g., 702A and 704A) are aligned, indicating that there are no other spurious transitions contributing to the signal at these frequencies.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates generally a technique 800, such as a method, that can include injecting an analyte and a chiral tag into a sample cell comprising a resonant cavity, such as using a pulsed-jet input port at 802.
  • multiple modes of the resonant cavity can be excited either sequentially or contemporaneously.
  • an emission from the sample can be obtained electrically, such as to capture a time-domain response corresponding to the multiple modes of the resonant cavity that were excited at 804.
  • a frequency-domain representation of the time-domain response can be determined, such as using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) performed on time-domain information obtained at 806.
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform
  • one or more time-domain or frequency domain responses can be aggregated and a central tendency can be determined, such as an arithmetic average of obtained time-domain or frequency-domain responses.
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform
  • FIG. 9 illustrates generally a technique, such as a method, that can include obtaining a first response from a cavity housing a first sample including an analyte and a racemic mixture comprising a chiral tag, and obtaining a second response from the cavity housing the analyte and a specified-enantiopurity form of the chiral tag.
  • the techniques of one or more of FIG. 8 or FIG. 9 , or other techniques described herein, can be performed such as using the apparatus described at FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , or using apparatus as described elsewhere herein.
  • the examples below can be combined with other examples herein or can provide further details regarding aspects such as processing conditions or configuration of the apparatus used for cavity-enhanced Fourier-transform rotational spectroscopy for performing chiral analysis.
  • an apparatus such as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 can be used to perform an initial rotational spectroscopy screening.
  • Various sample holder configurations can be used.
  • Many of the molecules of interest can be liquids or solids, and a gas phase sample can be produced.
  • Reservoir nozzles can hold a sample near the pulsed nozzle orifice and use heat to generate sufficient vapor pressure (e.g., using about 1 Torr).
  • Laser ablation can include combining a sample with a binder and then ablating the material into the gas phase with a short-pulse-duration laser.
  • a gas stream of inert gas can be used to entrain the molecule of interest for expansion into a vacuum chamber to create a pulsed-jet expansion.
  • an inert gas stream can be supplied by two sources.
  • One source can include "pure” inert gas, e.g., helium, neon, or argon or mixtures of these, as illustrative examples.
  • This gas stream first gives the rotational spectrum when only the molecule of interest is present (e.g., where no chiral tag is used). This reference spectrum can be used to validate the sample if necessary.
  • a second gas stream can be supplied to a pulsed nozzle system to provide a mixture of the inert gas with a racemic sample of the chiral tag.
  • the chiral tag can be dilute in this second gas stream (e.g., 0.1-1% has been used to provide the experimentally-obtained results described in this document, but other concentrations can be used).
  • the tag molecules tend to be small, they generally have enough vapor pressure to make gas mixtures in external gas cylinders of using an external reservoir that keeps a relatively fixed, high pressure of the inert gas in equilibrium with the vapor of the tag molecule that is present in the reservoir (generally as a liquid).
  • a spectrum containing the diastereomeric complexes of the enantiomers for the molecule of interest is acquired by entraining the molecule in an inert gas stream that also includes the chiral tag.
  • the spectra of the diastereomer complexes can be isolated by identifying transitions that do not appear in the spectrum of the molecule being analyzed (first measurement) or in a reference spectrum of the racemic chiral tag gas mixture.
  • the reference spectrum for the chiral tag can be obtained beforehand and can be reused for any analysis that uses the chiral tag that has been characterized.
  • the spectra of the chiral tagging complexes can be analyzed. After isolating the transitions that are attributed to the tagged complexes - by the fact they are only observed when both the molecule of interest and the tag are present - the spectra for the complexes can be assigned. Generally, there are estimates of the structures of complexes that might form available from computational chemistry. These structures provide input for estimated spectroscopic parameters that can guide the analysis process. Once a spectrum is assigned, then there is reasonable knowledge of the structure of the two diastereomeric complexes produced by association of the chiral tag with the enantiomers of the molecule of interest.
  • an enantiomeric excess determination may not need to know which enantiomer is dominant (e.g., additional chemical information might be available that makes this determination).
  • the ee measurement can be performed without the need to assign the spectra to determine the absolute configuration.
  • a spectrum can be acquired using the sample system mentioned above to provide a gas mixture with an enantiopure chiral tag sample.
  • This system can be used to transfer the knowledge of a known absolute configuration of the tag to the analysis of the spectra of the diastereomeric complexes. The purpose of this measurement is to see which of the diastereomer complex spectra remain upon switching to an enantiopure tag, as shown illustratively in FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C .
  • This confirms that the spectrum has a known configuration at the tag chiral center (or more generally that the tag has a known enantiomer absolute structure).
  • Absolute configuration of the molecule of interest is then determined by the theoretical structure that has been attributed to this assigned spectrum. Comparison to theory is an element of the analysis and correct analysis generally involves identifying the experimental complex geometry by theory.
  • this analysis can simply be a "yes” or “no” result to see if the molecule-tag complex is still present.
  • a signal strength at a few specific, assigned rotational transition frequencies can confirm the presence or absence of the complex in reduced measurement time as compared to a broadband approach where a broad range of frequencies are analyzed.
  • the structure analysis capabilities of rotational spectroscopy can be used. For example, the positions of individual atoms in the molecule can be determined by analyzing the rotational spectra of isotopologues. Using this approach, which in most cases would involve measurement sensitivity to detect the isotopologues in natural abundance (like 13 C at 1% relative natural abundance), the structure of the complex between the molecule and the enantiopure chiral tag can be determined. The structure determination would be consistent with two enantiomers. If a chirality of the molecule and tag are denoted using their optical rotation designation, (+) or (-), then the structure of the complex could be either enantiomer of the known diastereomer pair. For example, if the spectroscopic analysis shows that the complex is formed from a homochiral pair, then the enantiomer possibilities are: + + ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ where the first optical rotation designation is for the molecule and the second for the tag.
  • the exact enantiomer for the complex can be known. If the chiral tag is (+), then it is known that the configuration of the molecule of interest is (+) and the measurement will now produce an absolute structure of the molecule with knowledge of the absolute configuration.
  • a spectrum can be acquired at high sensitivity using the enantiopure tag (a quantitative measurement of the tag enantiopurity can be determined separately and can come from other techniques, like chiral gas chromatography, or by analysis using the instrument being described).
  • the high spectral resolution of the molecular rotational spectroscopy detector gives completely resolved spectral transitions for the diastereomer complexes so that the abundance of each diastereomer can be determined using the spectrum obtained with a racemic tag as the calibration.
  • Significant measurement time reduction compared to broadband chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometers can be achieved through use of a multiplexed cavity-enhanced Fourier Transform instrument configuration as shown and described herein.
  • a sample introduction system e.g., pulsed-jet sample port
  • enantiopure tag molecule can be a separate pathway to avoid cross contamination with the racemic complex. This cross contamination might generally compromise the accuracy of enantiomeric excess measurements in the high enantiopurity regime by creating both monitored diastereomer spectra from a single enantiomer.
  • Confidence in the determination of an absolute configuration of a molecule being analyzed can be improved using an isotope-enriched chiral tag.
  • an absolute configuration of the molecule can be assigned by a comparison of a theoretically-determined structure to a measured rotational spectrum formed by complexing an enantiopure chiral tag to the molecule of interest.
  • Confidence in the analysis rests on how well theory and experimental spectral parameters match (there is also additional information about the relative differences in the rotational constants of the two diastereomeric complexes that is expected to be more reliable than simply absolute predictions of the constants).
  • the spectral constants e.g., rotational constants related to the principal moments-of-inertia that determine the transition frequencies and relative magnitudes of the projection of the dipole moment on the three principal axes which governs intensities) are somewhat global quantities.
  • a sample introduction system provide a racemic, isotopically labeled sample of the chiral tag.
  • the rotational spectra of diastereomeric complexes can be remeasured using this isotopically-labeled tag (as compared to using a racemic tag lacking such labeling).
  • small shifts in the transition frequencies can be detected. Such shifts are generally caused by a change in the moments-of-inertia coming from the mass difference of the labeled nucleus (e.g., 13 C substituting at a single carbon atom ( 12 C) of the tag molecule).
  • this aspect of the present disclosure can provide exacting tests of the proposed theoretical structures of the molecule-chiral tag complex (both diastereomers) and can provide increased confidence in the assignment of the structure of the complex and, therefore, the absolute configuration of the molecule being analyzed.
  • An isotope-enriched, racemic tag sample can be delivered through the same sample introduction port as the non-labeled racemic tag.
  • isotope-labeled impurity in the sample lines can produce a large number of weak transitions in the measurements that can complicate the search and assignment for the spectra of chiral tag complexes. Accordingly, for high accuracy analytical chemistry work, a separate sample introduction system might be used as mentioned above.
  • tags in the present disclosure, one strength of the techniques described herein is that they can be applied generally to any molecule since non-covalent interactions generally produce a stable molecular complex.
  • tags with structural features (e.g. hydrogen bond donor or acceptor groups) that are compatible with the analyte molecule being studied.
  • tag molecules with atoms that have high natural abundance of more than one isotope (like chlorine and its 35 Cl / 37 Cl isotopes) so that the additional information about atom positions in the tag that can verify the structure are directly available without the need for enriched samples.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates generally a block diagram of an example that can include a machine 900 upon which one or more embodiments (e.g., discussed methodologies described herein) can be implemented (e.g., run), such as where the machine is included as a portion of the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 or where the system 100 in FIG. 1 is communicatively coupled to the machine 900 of FIG. 10 .
  • Examples of the machine 900 can include logic, one or more components, or circuits. Circuits are tangible entities configured to perform certain operations. In an example, circuits can be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner.
  • one or more computer systems e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system
  • one or more hardware processors can be configured by software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a circuit that operates to perform certain operations as described herein.
  • the software can reside (1) on a non-transitory machine readable medium or (2) in a transmission signal.
  • the software when executed by the underlying hardware of the circuit, causes the circuit to perform the certain operations.
  • a circuit can be implemented mechanically or electronically.
  • a circuit can comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is specifically configured to perform one or more techniques such as discussed above, such as including a special-purpose processor, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
  • a circuit can include programmable logic (e.g., circuitry, as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that can be temporarily configured (e.g., by software) to perform the certain operations.
  • programmable logic e.g., circuitry, as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor
  • apparatus and techniques described herein can be implemented in a circuit mechanically (e.g., in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry), or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software).
  • circuit is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform specified operations.
  • each of the circuits need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time.
  • the circuits comprise a general-purpose processor configured via software
  • the general-purpose processor can be configured as respective different circuits at different times.
  • Software can accordingly configure a processor, for example, to constitute a particular circuit at one instance of time and to constitute a different circuit at a different instance of time.
  • circuits can provide information to, and receive information from, other circuits.
  • the circuits can be regarded as being communicatively coupled to one or more other circuits.
  • communications can be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) that connect the circuits.
  • communications between such circuits can be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which at least one of the multiple circuits have access.
  • one circuit can perform an operation and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled.
  • a further circuit can then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output.
  • circuits can be configured to initiate or receive communications with input or output devices and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information).
  • processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations.
  • processors can constitute processor-implemented circuits that operate to perform one or more operations or functions.
  • the circuits referred to herein can comprise processor-implemented circuits.
  • the techniques described herein can be at least partially processor-implemented. For example, at least some of the operations of a method can be performed by one or processors or processor-implemented circuits. The performance of certain of the operations can be distributed among the one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In an example, the processor or processors can be located in a single location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or as a server farm), while in other examples the processors can be distributed across a number of locations.
  • the one or more processors can also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a "cloud computing" environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations can be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines including processors), with these operations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., Application Program Interfaces (APIs).)
  • APIs Application Program Interfaces
  • Examples of various embodiments can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, in computer hardware, in firmware, in software, or in any combination thereof.
  • Examples of various embodiments can be implemented using a computer program product (e.g., a computer program, tangibly embodied in an information carrier or in a machine readable medium, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus such as a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers).
  • a computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a software module, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.
  • a computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
  • the computing system can include clients and servers.
  • a client and server are generally remote from each other and generally interact through a communication network.
  • the relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.
  • client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.
  • a programmable computing system it will be appreciated that both hardware and software architectures require consideration. Certain functionality can be implemented in permanently configured hardware (e.g., an ASIC), or in temporarily configured hardware (e.g., a combination of software and a programmable processor), for example.
  • the machine 900 can operate as a standalone device or the machine 900 can be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 900 can operate in the capacity of either a server or a client machine in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 900 can act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (or other distributed) network environments.
  • the machine 900 can be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a hand-held application-specific assembly, a mobile telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) specifying actions to be taken (e.g., performed) by the machine 900.
  • PC personal computer
  • PDA Personal Digital Assistant
  • STB set-top box
  • PDA Personal Digital Assistant
  • hand-held application-specific assembly e.g., a mobile telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) specifying actions to be taken (e.g., performed) by the machine 900.
  • the term "machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
  • the machine (e.g., computer system) 900 can include a processor 902 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a main memory 904 and a static memory 906, some or all of which can communicate with each other via a bus 908 or other link.
  • the machine 900 can further include a display unit 910, an alphanumeric input device 912 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 911 (e.g., a mouse, a touch-screen, or one or more soft-keys, as illustrative examples).
  • the display unit 910, input device 912 and UI navigation device 914 can be a touch screen display.
  • the machine 900 can additionally include a storage device (e.g., drive unit) 916, a signal generation device 918 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 920, and one or more sensors 921, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor.
  • a storage device e.g., drive unit
  • a signal generation device 918 e.g., a speaker
  • a network interface device 920 e.g., a Wi-Fi
  • sensors 921 such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the storage device 916 can include a machine readable medium 922 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 924 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein.
  • the instructions 924 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 904, within static memory 906, or within the processor 902 during execution thereof by the machine 900.
  • one or any combination of the main memory 904, the static memory 906, or the storage device 916 can comprise a machine readable medium or machine readable media.
  • machine readable medium 922 is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine readable medium” can include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that configured to store the one or more instructions 924.
  • the term “machine readable medium” can also be taken to include any tangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with such instructions.
  • the term “machine readable medium” can accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media.
  • machine readable media can include non-volatile memory, including, by way of example, semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • semiconductor memory devices e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)
  • flash memory devices e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)
  • EPROM Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • flash memory devices e.g., electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)
  • EPROM Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • the instructions 924 can further be transmitted or received over a communications network 926 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 920 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, etc.).
  • Example communication networks can include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11 standards family known as Wi-Fi ® , IEEE 802.16 standards family known as WiMax ® ), peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others.
  • the term "transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.

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Claims (14)

  1. Verfahren der Rotationsspektroskopie, umfassend:
    unter Verwendung eines gepulsten Strahls Injizieren eines Analyten und einer chiralen Markierung in eine Probenzelle (120), die eine resonante Kavität umfasst;
    elektrisches Erregen mehrerer Modi der resonanten Kavität mit Strahlung im Mikrowellen-, Millimeter- oder Terahertz-Frequenzbereich;
    elektrisches Erhalten einer Zeit-Domäne-Antwort von einer Probe, die den Analyten und die chirale Markierung umfasst, wobei die Antwort durch das elektrische Erregen der resonanten Kavität ausgelöst wird; und
    Bestimmen eines Rotationsspektrums der Probe aus der Zeit-Domäne-Antwort.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die resonante Kavität eine abstimmbare resonante Kavität umfasst.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das elektrische Erregen mehrerer Modi der resonanten Kavität das Bereitstellen einer sequenziellen Serie von Frequenzen von einer Quelle (106) umfasst.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das elektrische Erregen mehrerer Modi der resonanten Kavität ein gleichzeitiges Erregen der mehreren Modi umfasst.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Injizieren unter Verwendung eines gepulsten Strahls ausgeführt wird, um eine Expansion der den Analyten und die chirale Markierung umfassenden Probe in den resonanten Hohlraum bereitzustellen, wobei der resonante Hohlraum mindestens teilweise evakuiert ist.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die chirale Markierung ein racemisches Gemisch umfasst.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die chirale Markierung eine racemische, isotopisch markierte Zusammensetzung umfasst.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die chirale Markierung enantioangereichert ist.
  9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Analyt und die chirale Markierung einen Komplex durch nicht-kovalente Interaktion ausbilden.
  10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9,
    wobei der Analyt und die chirale Markierung unter Verwendung eines Eingangsanschlusses für den gepulsten Strahl, enthalten als ein Teil der Probenzelle (120), kombiniert und injiziert werden.
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10,
    wobei die Probenzelle (120) umfasst:
    einen ersten Eingangsanschluss für den gepulsten Strahl, um einen ersten Komplex, umfassend den Analyten und ein racemisches Gemisch der chiralen Markierung, für eine erste Messung bereitzustellen; und
    einen zweiten Eingangsanschluss für den gepulsten Strahl, um einen zweiten Komplex, umfassend den Analyten und eine nicht racemische Form der chiralen Markierung mit einer spezifizierten Enantioreinheit, für eine zweite Messung bereitzustellen.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, wobei die chirale Markierung unter Verwendung eines Behälters bereitgestellt wird, der eine Flüssigphasenform der chiralen Markierung und ein inertes Gas enthält.
  13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, wobei der Analyt durch Abladieren einer Flüssigphasen- oder Festphasenform des Analyten bereitgestellt wird.
  14. System, umfassend eine chirale Markierung und eine Rotationsspektroskopievorrichtung (100), umfassend:
    eine Probenzelle (120, 220A, 220B), umfassend eine resonante Kavität;
    eine Quelle (106), elektrisch gekoppelt an die Probenzelle (120), um mehrere Modi der resonanten Kavität mit Strahlung im Mikrowellen-, Millimeter- oder Terahertz-Frequenzbereich elektrisch zu erregen;
    einen Empfänger, elektrisch gekoppelt an die Probenzelle (120), um in Reaktion auf das Erregen der resonanten Kavität unter Verwendung der Quelle (106) eine von einer Probe innerhalb der Probenzelle (120) ausgelöste Antwort zu erhalten, wobei der Empfänger einen Analog-Digital-Wandler (124) zum Bereitstellen einer digitalen Repräsentation einer Zeit-Domäne-Antwort, erhalten von der Probenzelle (120), umfasst, und die Probe einen Analyten und die chirale Markierung umfasst; und
    einen Isolator (112A, 112B, 114), um die Quelle (106) mindestens dann von der Probenzelle (120) zu isolieren, wenn der Empfänger die von der Probe ausgelöste Antwort empfängt;
    wobei die Probenzelle (120) mindestens zwei Probeneinleitungsanschlüsse (118A, 118B, 240A, 240B, 240C) umfasst, die mindestens einen Probeneinleitungsanschluss zum Empfangen des Analyten und der chiralen Markierung aufweisen.
EP17864360.7A 2016-10-26 2017-10-25 Kavitätserweiterte fourier-transformations-rotationsspektroskopie für chirale analyse Active EP3532812B1 (de)

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