EP3526597A1 - Procede et dispositif de detection et de caracterisation d'un element reflecteur dans un objet - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif de detection et de caracterisation d'un element reflecteur dans un objetInfo
- Publication number
- EP3526597A1 EP3526597A1 EP17780437.4A EP17780437A EP3526597A1 EP 3526597 A1 EP3526597 A1 EP 3526597A1 EP 17780437 A EP17780437 A EP 17780437A EP 3526597 A1 EP3526597 A1 EP 3526597A1
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- Prior art keywords
- reconstruction
- mode
- ultrasonic
- wave
- energy
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01H5/00—Measuring propagation velocity of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. of pressure waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/4409—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by comparison
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/043—Analysing solids in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
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- G01N29/0654—Imaging
- G01N29/0672—Imaging by acoustic tomography
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- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/06—Visualisation of the interior, e.g. acoustic microscopy
- G01N29/0654—Imaging
- G01N29/069—Defect imaging, localisation and sizing using, e.g. time of flight diffraction [TOFD], synthetic aperture focusing technique [SAFT], Amplituden-Laufzeit-Ortskurven [ALOK] technique
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- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
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- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/26—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor
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- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/4445—Classification of defects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S15/89—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S15/8906—Short-range imaging systems; Acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques
- G01S15/8909—Short-range imaging systems; Acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques using a static transducer configuration
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- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S15/89—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S15/8906—Short-range imaging systems; Acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques
- G01S15/8977—Short-range imaging systems; Acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques using special techniques for image reconstruction, e.g. FFT, geometrical transformations, spatial deconvolution, time deconvolution
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- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S15/89—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S15/8906—Short-range imaging systems; Acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques
- G01S15/8997—Short-range imaging systems; Acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques using synthetic aperture techniques
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- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/023—Solids
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/044—Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N2291/056—Angular incidence, angular propagation
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
- G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for defining one or more modes of reconstruction for detecting and characterizing defects, in particular by imaging and by multimodal synthetic focusing.
- Synthetic focusing methods such as Total Focussing Method (TFM) provide, for example, realistic ultrasound imaging of the inspected material, using conventional multi-element instrumentation.
- TFM images provide optimal resolution throughout the view. By construction, these TFM images offer as advantages of being insensitive to shading effects and multiple rebounds.
- TFM imaging can be used to draw voluminal defects or vertical plane defects. This realistic representation provides an important advantage for the characterization of defects, in particular for cracks. TFM images are therefore easier to analyze; they present less risk of misinterpretation and make it possible to envisage faster controls by less specialized operators.
- Synthetic focusing methods produce images by sequencing two main steps: a step of acquiring the ultrasound signals and a step of constructing the images from the previously recorded data. These two steps can be carried out in different ways as explained below.
- FMC Full Matrix Capture
- C.Holmes, BW document. Drinkwater, PD Wilcox entitled "Post-Processing of the full matrix of ultrasonic transmit-receive array data for non-destructive evaluation," NDT & E International Vol. 38, pp. 701-71, for example.
- this type of acquisition consists in recording a set of MxN elementary signals, S (f), with l ⁇ i ⁇ M and l ⁇ j ⁇ N, where M and N represent respectively the numbers of elements used in transmission and reception.
- the index / denotes the number of the sending element and the index j that of the receiving element.
- Other data acquisition methods known to those skilled in the art such as plane wave emission known as PWI (Plane Wave Imaging) or the SAFT method (English abbreviation of Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique) can be used.
- the synthetic focusing methods consist of coherently summing the contributions extracted from the previously recorded ultrasound signals at each point of the area inspected in a material. These methods can be realized in the time or frequency domain.
- the TFM method mentioned above is one of these main imaging methods.
- the associated algorithm consists in coherently summing the amplitude of the received signals to obtain constructive interferences, and thus amplitude maxima, at the place where the defects causing the detected ultrasound echoes are actually located. It relies mainly on the exploitation of flight times evaluated theoretically from direct models. This algorithm can be summarized in three steps:
- T ij (p) For each point P of the defined reconstruction zone and for each transceiver pair the calculation of the theoretical flight time, T ij (p) corresponding to the path between the transmitter / ' and the receiver y and passing through the point P
- the paths taken into account for calculating flight times in equation (1) may include one or more reflections on the background of the piece A during the path between the emitting element and the point of the reconstruction zone and / or during the path between the reconstruction point and the receiving element.
- the polarization of the wave between two successive interactions, longitudinal or transverse is also taken into account.
- each TFM reconstruction is associated with a propagation mode (direct, corner echo, multiple bounces in the room 7), as well as the polarity of the ultrasonic waves (longitudinal or transverse), gives rise to a number important images, each of which may carry different and complementary information on the position, nature and geometry of defects sought D.
- n TM (P) the normal formed by the directions go (ÎL and return 6 i of the wave
- N number of transceiver elements composing the translator
- FIG. 4 we consider a planar defect D of vertical orientation, in an object A to be inspected, for a given reconstruction zone Zr and for a reconstruction in corner echo mode (ie with a rebound on the background of the object) taking into account only transverse waves T.
- the evaluation of the Reflection Counter C m ⁇ P, n) at each point P of this reconstruction zone Zr makes it possible to constitute a cartography (FIG. the values are coded according to a palette of colors represented in the figure by shaded gray areas.
- This estimator provides necessary but not sufficient information to fully predict the relevance of a reconstruction mode for detecting a known orientation plane defect located in the reconstruction zone.
- the reconstruction mode considers only geometric paths, and other physical considerations must also be taken into account.
- One of the objectives of the invention is to propose a tool for predicting, for a configuration of the defect detection system and a type of defects sought, the most relevant reconstruction mode (s) m to be used to obtain a better result. visualization and characterization of defects present in a room. More precisely, for each point P belonging to a reconstruction zone Zr, this tool makes it possible to estimate the capacity of a reconstruction mode to be able to detect or not, the facies of a plane defect from specular echoes whose course checks the Snell-Descartes law, as described in the document https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell-Descartes's laws or, more generally, for any object or plan element of known orientation and which reflects the ultrasonic waves.
- the mode or modes of reconstruction selected from the results on the capacity of a mode will then be used in a system of detection and characterization of defects.
- the invention can in particular be likened to a specular echo estimator for a reconstruction mode considered.
- the estimator consists in calculating, at each point of an area of interest, the unit contribution of each transceiver pair (i, j) of a detection sensor to a specular echo resulting from a planar defect. predefined orientation. This calculation can be performed using an elastodynamic wave propagation simulation tool known to those skilled in the art.
- the invention relates to a method for determining at least one mode of reconstruction m of a reflective object having a part capable of generating specular reflections of ultrasonic waves, within a given volume Zr, characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps:
- n TM (P) formed by the normal direction "forward" direction and “return” 6 day of the transmitted ultrasonic wave and reflected by the reflector element
- the one or more reconstruction modes m to be used are chosen by choosing the energies E m (P, n) which are greater than a threshold value Es.
- the reconstruction mode or modes m to be used are determined by limiting the number of reconstruction mode to a given value, offering the best compromise between energy and dimension of the selected reconstruction zone.
- the calculation of the energy can take into account the reflection coefficients R (mj, n) corresponding to the interaction of the wave with a plane surface defined by the normal n at a point P:
- the energy value is, for example, determined by taking into account the number of reflections weighted by an arbitrary tolerance:
- the reflective element to be detected may be a plane defect disposed in a part to be inspected, such as a fault, a notch.
- the invention also relates to a device for determining at least one detection mode for an ultrasonic wave reflective element, within a given volume Zr and by specular reflections and to characterize one or more defects in a part A comprising at least one ultrasound transducer for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves and a processing device adapted to use the reconstruction mode or modes obtained by implementing the following steps:
- the method and the device are for example used for the detection of defects in a room subjected to ultrasonic waves.
- FIG. 2 an illustration of a reflection counter according to the prior art
- FIG. 4 an illustration of a reconstruction zone within an object
- FIG. 5 a mapping of the "reflection counter" estimator according to the prior art for a reconstruction mode
- FIG. 6, an example of a device for implementing the method according to the invention
- FIG. 7 a mapping result of the most favorable detection zones obtained after the implementation of the method according to the invention
- FIG. 8 an illustration of the prediction of the detection possibilities by the invention of two identical defects located in two different regions of the object A.
- the idea implemented for the method according to the invention consists in particular in determining a suitable reconstruction mode, making it possible to obtain an image of a defect accurately and reliably, for a known inspection configuration and a type of defect sought.
- the mode thus obtained can then be used for the detection and the characterization of defects in an object to be inspected.
- the method according to the invention requires to know beforehand a certain amount of information on the part to be inspected and the control device.
- the required information is then the same as that required to obtain the image of the defect.
- This information relates to:
- the type of coupling immersion or contact coupling, o
- the total flight time is the sum of the travel times in the shoe and the travel time in the material to be inspected. - The position or positions of the sensor on the part during the acquisition of the signals:
- the invention consists in determining, on the basis of a specular echo estimator, the capacity of this mode to be able to supply or not, by specular reflections, the image of a defect. known orientation plane, located at any point P of the zone of interest Zr or reconstruction zone.
- the estimator must provide, over this entire reconstruction zone Zr, an estimate of the ultrasonic energy reflected according to this type of reflection, for example.
- the higher the energy calculated by the estimator the better the detection capacity of the reconstruction mode considered.
- the estimator is moreover able to provide comparable energy values between all the modes of reconstruction considered.
- the selected reconstruction mode can then be implemented in a system for detecting and characterizing defects. The steps to obtain this estimator are detailed later in the description.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a device allowing the implementation of the estimator according to the invention during the inspection of a part.
- the device comprises a sensor 61 (ultrasonic transducer for example) comprising several transceiver elements 62 (i, j), in the form of a linear array for example, adapted to emit and receive ultrasonic waves, the detector is positioned for example on a carrier 63.
- the transceivers emit ultrasonic waves which are reflected within the part which may contain a defect D.
- the reflected signals are picked up by the reception matrix (receivers) and digitized according to a principle known to man of career.
- the corresponding digital signals are, for example, stored in a file or a memory (not shown for reasons of simplification) to be processed in real time or delayed time. Simultaneously, the position of the sensor corresponding to a recording of signals reflected and picked up by the reception matrix of the sensor is stored.
- the method according to the invention has made it possible to obtain a tool or estimator which will make it possible, for example, to select one or more most efficient reconstruction modes for detecting defects in an examined part.
- One way of implementing this estimator is, for example, to transmit the experimental data of the digitized signals and the position of the detection sensor to a processing device 65 comprising a processor 66 on which the estimator 67 is executed in order to reconstruct an image. of the part inspected from signals received on the detection sensor and stored for example in a database 68.
- the processor may also include an output connected to a display device 69 of the values thus obtained which may be in the form of a map allowing an operator to identify the areas of the room in which a defect can be better detected, function of a reconstruction mode and thus select the best mode of reconstruction.
- the method and the device according to the invention can be used in the case of immersion control which assumes that the device is immersed in a liquid, water in most cases, the waves then propagating in the liquid before to be refracted in the material.
- it is implemented for contact checks which assume that the sensor is placed on a shoe then constituting the intermediate medium between the sensor and the part to be inspected.
- a mesh is defined at the detection zone, in order to identify the points P considered in the method according to the invention.
- the letter P designates the points of the mesh whatever their coordinates.
- the mesh is defined as a compromise between obtaining a quality image and the calculation time.
- the pitch of the mesh will be of the order of ⁇ / 6 with ⁇ the value of the wavelength or even in the interval [ ⁇ / 8, ⁇ / 4].
- the detection amplitude (i.e. the energy Ed) for a defect D can then be determined by summation of the unit contributions, of each transmitter-receiver pair, calculated at each of the points P of the mesh of the reconstruction zone Zr.
- the specular echo estimator in its simplest expression, consists first of all in calculating the following unit quantities, at each point P of the zone of interest for the following parameters:
- a ⁇ p the ultrasonic field for each set of transmitter (s) / ' and receiver (s) j according to the setting defined during the acquisition.
- setting we refers to the set of acquisition parameters that must be taken into account for the calculation of the field, listed above.
- This quantity can be calculated by means of an elastodynamic wave propagation simulation software, for example the aforementioned CIVA software developed and marketed by the CEA, available in the publication, "CIVA: An expertise platform for simulation and processing. Ultrasonics Volume 44 Supplement, 22 December 2006, Pages e975-e979, Proceedings of Ultrasonics International (Ul'05) and World Congress on Ultrasonics (WCU),
- n TM (P) the normal formed by the direction "go" ⁇ d and the direction "return” ⁇ d for the reconstruction mode m, respectively corresponding to the course of the ultrasonic wave associated with the whole of or emitters i, and the path of the ultrasonic wave associated with all or the receivers j.
- di denotes the direction of the path of the ultrasonic wave coming from the element i and arriving at P, and dj, the direction of the ultrasonic path reflected at P and returning to the element j of the sensor.
- the final ultrasonic energy sought (to select the most appropriate reconstruction mode for detecting and characterizing a defect) is then determined by summing all the unit contributions at each point P of the reconstruction zone.
- the points of the zone of reconstruction are distributed for example in the form of a grid whose vertices correspond to the points P.
- the calculation of the energy is carried out for several possible modes of reconstruction m, for all the points P of the mesh and on a reconstruction zone considered. These energy values can be represented in the form of a map, or a table which indicates for each given point P of the mesh, the corresponding energy value, for a reconstruction mode.
- the method will then exploit these results in order to define the most appropriate reconstruction mode m for detecting and characterizing a planar defect present in the reconstruction zone.
- the method will select the maximum energy value in the array and select the reconstruction mode m corresponding to this value, for example to execute a fault finding algorithm.
- Another way of proceeding consists in using an interval of energy values [Emin, Emax] to select the modes to be used by being limited to a given number of modes of reconstruction.
- the choice of the reconstruction mode or modes to be used results from a compromise between the number of reconstruction modes and the energy values allowing a good visualization of the defects.
- R (mj, n) can be defined by analytical formulas or by an elastodynamic wave propagation simulation software known to those skilled in the art, such as the aforementioned CIVA software.
- Another variant consists in applying an arbitrary tolerance ( ⁇ ) to the reflection counter cf (P), considering the following counter values:
- the estimator according to the invention makes it possible in particular to obtain a more precise cartography than those obtained by the implementation of the known methods of the prior art and to select a reconstruction mode best suited to the geometry of a part and to a fault.
- FIG. 7 illustrates the result obtained by the implementation of the method according to the invention.
- This specular echo estimator can be represented as a map showing the spatial distribution of energy in the area of interest Zr.
- the amplitude of the energies at each point P is coded on a color palette, represented by shaded gray areas in FIG. 7 with a scale corresponding to the amplitude of the specular echoes.
- An example of mapping obtained by the formula (4) is illustrated in FIG. 8 for a reconstruction mode TTT and for two planar defects situated at two places in the room. In this example, thanks to the information provided by this estimator, it is possible to predict that the capacity of the reconstruction mode considered to detect a vertical plane defect is proportional to the calculated energy.
- TLT mode TTL mode
- LLT mode reconstruction modes known to those skilled in the art, such as those described in the document by Jie Zhang and al, entitled “Defect Detection Using Ultrasonic Arrays: The Multi-mode Total Focusing Method", NDT & E International, 43 (2010) 123-133.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to predict quantitatively, for a given configuration, the capacity of a reconstruction mode to be able to detect a reflective element in a specific region of an inspected zone.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1659860A FR3057357B1 (fr) | 2016-10-12 | 2016-10-12 | Procede et dispositif de detection et de caracterisation d'un element reflecteur dans un objet |
PCT/EP2017/075814 WO2018069321A1 (fr) | 2016-10-12 | 2017-10-10 | Procede et dispositif de detection et de caracterisation d'un element reflecteur dans un objet |
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EP3526597A1 true EP3526597A1 (fr) | 2019-08-21 |
EP3526597B1 EP3526597B1 (fr) | 2021-03-17 |
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EP17780437.4A Active EP3526597B1 (fr) | 2016-10-12 | 2017-10-10 | Procede et dispositif de detection et de caracterisation d'un element reflecteur dans un objet |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US10921293B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3526597B1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA3040331A1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2871573T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3057357B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2018069321A1 (fr) |
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US11474076B2 (en) | 2019-02-28 | 2022-10-18 | Olympus NDT Canada Inc. | Acoustic model acoustic region of influence generation |
EP4314799A1 (fr) * | 2021-05-25 | 2024-02-07 | Proceq SA | Procédé de test ndt d'un échantillon |
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US5971923A (en) * | 1997-12-31 | 1999-10-26 | Acuson Corporation | Ultrasound system and method for interfacing with peripherals |
WO2005009206A2 (fr) * | 2003-06-25 | 2005-02-03 | Besson Guy M | Systeme dynamique de representation a spectres multiples |
FR2982671A1 (fr) * | 2011-11-15 | 2013-05-17 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de determination d'une surface d'un objet par sondage echographique, programme d'ordinateur correspondant et dispositif de sondage a ultrasons |
US8885903B2 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2014-11-11 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for statistical iterative reconstruction |
FR3008801B1 (fr) * | 2013-07-17 | 2016-11-25 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede et dispositif d'imagerie par ultrasons avec prediction des artefacts induits entre modes de reconstruction |
FR3029636B1 (fr) * | 2014-12-03 | 2016-12-02 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede et dispositif d'imagerie par ultrasons avec filtrage des artefacts dus aux echos de geometrie |
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2016
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2017
- 2017-10-10 WO PCT/EP2017/075814 patent/WO2018069321A1/fr unknown
- 2017-10-10 ES ES17780437T patent/ES2871573T3/es active Active
- 2017-10-10 US US16/341,035 patent/US10921293B2/en active Active
- 2017-10-10 CA CA3040331A patent/CA3040331A1/fr active Pending
- 2017-10-10 EP EP17780437.4A patent/EP3526597B1/fr active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3526597B1 (fr) | 2021-03-17 |
FR3057357B1 (fr) | 2019-04-19 |
ES2871573T3 (es) | 2021-10-29 |
FR3057357A1 (fr) | 2018-04-13 |
CA3040331A1 (fr) | 2018-04-19 |
WO2018069321A1 (fr) | 2018-04-19 |
US10921293B2 (en) | 2021-02-16 |
US20190234909A1 (en) | 2019-08-01 |
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