EP3523828A1 - Improved contacts for a photovoltaic cell having two active faces - Google Patents
Improved contacts for a photovoltaic cell having two active facesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3523828A1 EP3523828A1 EP17780381.4A EP17780381A EP3523828A1 EP 3523828 A1 EP3523828 A1 EP 3523828A1 EP 17780381 A EP17780381 A EP 17780381A EP 3523828 A1 EP3523828 A1 EP 3523828A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- active face
- deposition
- active
- cell
- face
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
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- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- LHQLJMJLROMYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium acetate Chemical compound [Cd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O LHQLJMJLROMYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Cd+2] CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
- H01L31/0684—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells double emitter cells, e.g. bifacial solar cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D17/001—Apparatus specially adapted for electrolytic coating of wafers, e.g. semiconductors or solar cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/38—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/007—Electroplating using magnetic fields, e.g. magnets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/011—Electroplating using electromagnetic wave irradiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/02—Electroplating of selected surface areas
- C25D5/028—Electroplating of selected surface areas one side electroplating, e.g. substrate conveyed in a bath with inhibited background plating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
- C25D7/126—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer for solar cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
- C25D9/04—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials
- C25D9/06—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials by anodic processes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022466—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022466—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
- H01L31/022475—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers composed of indium tin oxide [ITO]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022466—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
- H01L31/022483—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers composed of zinc oxide [ZnO]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1884—Manufacture of transparent electrodes, e.g. TCO, ITO
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the invention lies in the field of the manufacture of photo voltaic cells, and is more particularly related to the deposition of contacts on such cells.
- the cells currently dominating the photovoltaic market are mono-faceted (only one active face receiving the light rays), the rear face being entirely metallized. Nevertheless, for the purpose of increasing photovoltaic conversion efficiencies, the development of so-called "bifacial" cells is currently experiencing a great expansion. Indeed, in these structures with two opposite active faces, the efficiency of the panel is the sum of the yield obtained on the front face (direct radiation) and that obtained on the back side (which receives only the reflected radiation - about 20 % of the light incident on grass, for example).
- An alternative to screen-printing metallization is the use of electrochemical plating, which is beginning to be industrialized for mono-facial cells.
- electrochemical plating which is beginning to be industrialized for mono-facial cells.
- the general interest of the electrochemical veneer compared to the screen printing is:
- Electrochemical plating is not possible by conventional electrolysis (due to the excessive resistivity of silicon), the most commonly used approach is a so-called āmixedā approach to thickening screen-printed contacts.
- Certain properties of the silicon substrate can also be stimulated and two common electrochemical techniques for direct plating on a silicon substrate are:
- LIP light induced deposition
- LIP Light induced deposition
- the "competition" on the p + side between the formation of holes (linked to photo-generation of the current) and the arrival of electrons to feed the reduction reaction on the n + side is incompatible with the formation of a compound by electrolysis on a bifacial cell.
- the rear face of the cell is often out of electrolysis bath to prevent problems of corrosion or over-deposit.
- the polarization diode deposition technique (FBP) is used for the metallization of the p + side . In this case, by connecting an anode to the rear face of the solar cell (n + ), a potential or cathodic current is applied to the back face previously metallized.
- the only technique of metallization (electro-chemical) for simultaneously depositing a metal on both sides of the silicon (one of the p + type and the other type n) is a so-called electroless electroless method. It nevertheless has disadvantages: complexity of implementation, need for activation of the surface prior to deposition (often using a bath containing palladium, expensive metal), long deposit time ( ā 0, ā m / min), short bath life and delicate bath management, at a high deposition temperature (above 80 Ā° C). Moreover, the deposition rate depends on the type of surface to be covered (with a different selectivity on the faces of the cell).
- the present invention improves this situation.
- a method of manufacturing a bifacial photovoltaic cell, with two opposite active faces comprising a step of depositing, on each active face, at least one electrical contact.
- the deposition step comprises in particular a common deposition operation on each of the active faces, implemented by electrolysis in a common electrolytic cell comprising:
- a first compartment for the deposition of a metal layer on a first active face of the cell, for the manufacture of a contact comprising said metal layer on the first active face, and
- the metal of the metal oxide layer may be at least one of Mn, Ni, Mo, Cd, Sn, In, Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu, In, Ga, Co, W, Ta, Ga and TI.
- electrons are generated in the first compartment, facing the first active face, to promote the deposition of the metal layer, and
- the first and second compartments are separated by an ion exchange membrane that includes the electrolysis cell.
- the lighting promotes the generation of electron / hole pairs and therefore the simultaneous deposition of the metal layer and the metal oxide layer.
- This lighting can be performed on at least one of the two faces.
- the deposition operation is assisted by applying a potential difference capable of generating at least negative charges on the first active face.
- the deposition operation may be assisted by applying a potential difference that is capable of generating positive charges on the second active face.
- the photovoltaic cell is bifacial homo-junction, n + type on the first active face and p + on the second active face.
- the bulk material (or "bulkā, also called substrate SUB hereafter) may be for example silicon, n or p type.
- substrate SUB also called substrate SUB hereafter.
- the surfaces of the material remain however:
- the photovoltaic cell may be based on silicon.
- the metal layer on the first active face may be nickel-based, and the electrical contact deposition step on this first active face may then be continued by the deposition on the metal layer of a layer comprising at least copper, by electrolysis.
- This solution is very advantageous economically because it comes to replace the deposit of a silver paste, expensive, usually made by screen printing.
- the step of depositing electrical contact on the second active face can also be continued by the deposition on the metal oxide layer of a layer comprising at least copper, by electrolysis (since the oxide is conductive).
- the contact deposition step is preceded by a step of etching at least one electrically insulating layer (Si0 2 , SiN x ), deposited on each side active. This etching exposes each active face in a region in which the above-mentioned simultaneous deposition electrolysis operation can then be applied.
- the present invention also relates to a bifacial photovoltaic cell with two opposite active faces, the cell having on each active face at least one electrical contact.
- the contact of a first active face comprises a metal layer deposited on the first active face
- the contact of the second active face comprises a conductive metal oxide layer deposited on the second active face.
- the cell may be of the homo-junction type, of type n on the first active face and p + on the second active face.
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment for the manufacture by electrolysis of a cell within the meaning of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a cell within the meaning of the invention
- FIGS. 3 to 5 show alternative embodiments to that of FIG. 1, for the electrolytic manufacture of a cell within the meaning of the invention
- the illumination of at least one of the two faces leads to the photo- generation of electron / hole pairs. Electrons are generated on the n + side and "holes" on the p + side . It is therefore possible to carry out an electrochemical reduction reaction on the n + side (and thus to deposit a metal), and in parallel, to promote an electrochemical oxidation reaction on the opposite face p + (thus to deposit a metal oxide typically).
- the photovoltaic material of the cell for example silicon
- two suitable electrolytes one per face
- a metal oxide for example MnO 2 , O, MoO 3 , CdO, SnO 2 , etc.
- the substrate SUB for example of silicon
- photovoltaic properties and comprising opposite first and second active faces (doped n + and p + respectively) is immersed in an electrolysis vessel BA.
- An ion exchange ME membrane anionic or cationic is further provided in the extension of the substrate SUB to close two respective compartments C1 and C2 in the tank.
- the ECL illumination of at least one of the faces favors the photo-generation of electrons ne- on the first face (in the compartment C1) and holes TR on the second face (in the compartment C2).
- the electrons in the compartment C1 allow the deposition of the metal (for example nickel Ni) on the free surface of the substrate (between the two silicon nitride masks SiN x ).
- the electrochemically deposited metal oxide on the p + side preferably has the following properties. This is a:
- Nickel equivalent electrical conductor 14.10 6 S / m
- this oxide is transparent and conductive (such as titanium oxide or ITO), it can allow electrical collection and allowing the incident light to pass (reduced shading rate).
- the solar cell may have a stack of the type illustrated in FIG. 2 (in an exemplary embodiment relating to a bifacial cell here of the N-PERT type, for "Passivated Emitter, Rear Totally Diffused"), in which:
- the reference MO x generally denotes a metal oxide with M preferentially but not limitatively at least one of the elements: Mn, Cr, Fe, Co,
- the noble metals can also be considered with, however, a higher manufacturing cost;
- the reference SiN x denotes silicon nitride (s) (and SiO 2 of the silica).
- metal-based layers including an oxide
- connection to an external circuit is not necessary because the oxy-reduction torque on each of the two faces is directly at the photovoltaic substrate / electrolyte interface.
- an ion exchange membrane (Nafion type, anionic or cationic) can separate the two compartments and maintain the ionic balance.
- the illumination device may comprise a row of diodes or halogen lamps having a maximum of electromagnetic irradiation in the red near-infrared visible region.
- the irradiation may preferably include the domain of ultraviolet optical wavelengths to activate and / or catalyze the electrolyte / silicon interface in order to promote the nucleation of the first deposition seeds on the surface of the silicon.
- the illumination may advantageously be applied on both sides, making it possible to adjust the electrochemical potentials on both sides if necessary.
- the photo-generated current (of an order of magnitude of a few tens of mA.cm " ), makes it possible to reach deposit rates at least 10 times higher than those obtained by an autocatalytic type process (" electroless "process, the most effective known at present)
- electroless process the most effective known at present
- the activation stage of the electroless process startsing of the nucleation of the Nickel Ni contact, for example with Palladium particles
- the overall process is therefore faster and less expensive than the electroless process, with equivalent photo voltaic performance.
- the implementation in the sense of the present invention has many advantages over known techniques, such as the screen printing technique, Electr oless and torque LIP / FBP
- the treatment of the invention is simultaneous, fast and without electrical contact of the two faces of the bifacial solar cells for the formation of electrical collection grids by preferentially using the illumination of one of the two faces .
- the technique of the invention makes it possible:
- the invention notably provides an improvement in the performance of photovoltaic devices with:
- simultaneous deposition of MnO 2 on the p + face and Nickel on the n + side is carried out .
- a nickel metallization bath is placed in the compartment n + (Cl) and a metallization bath of MnO 2 in the compartment p + (C2).
- the (Silicon) substrate is illuminated with a row of white LED lamps on one side.
- a temperature of 60 Ā° C is applied for 2 minutes.
- Nickel is deposited according to the following general reaction:
- Mn acetate 0.01 M Mn (C 2 H 3 0 2) 2
- Mn acetate 0.02 M NH 4 (C 2 H 3 0 2 )
- C 2 3 ā 4OS dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
- the ion exchange membrane advantageously allows the protons (H + ) to be balanced between the two compartments.
- copper can be deposited by direct electrolysis to increase the conductivity of the electrical contacts. Then, a thin layer of silver can be deposited on the copper to protect it from oxidation and improve its weldability in order to manufacture photo voltaic modules. Finally, a heat treatment (range 350 - 550 Ā° C) can be performed to allow the formation of NiSi alloy on the n + side , which has a role of ohmic contact on the silicon and prevention of diffusion of copper.
- cadmium oxide CdO is deposited on the p + side and nickel is deposited on the n + side .
- the deposit of CdO can be carried out at ambient temperature in 0.05M of cadmium acetate [Cd (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ] and 0.1M of Na 2 SO 4 .
- SnO 2 tin oxide is deposited on the p face and nickel on the n + side , providing in the DMSO, 0.1 M SnCl 2 and 0.5 M NaNO 3 .
- manganese oxide MnO 2 is deposited on the p + face and nickel on the n + face with a single deposition bath because in this case, the two faces of the substrate are exposed to the same surface.
- electrolyte which contains at least one nickel salt (for example a sulphate) and a manganese salt Mn (for example an acetate).
- the nickel salt reduction reaction takes place at the cathode and the formation of the manganese oxide at the anode.
- the ion exchange membrane is no longer necessary (ionic equilibrium established by the exchange of protons between the reactions at the anode and the cathode).
- the present invention is not limited to the embodiments presented above as examples; it extends to other variants.
- the principle of photo-generation of the current for example admits variant embodiments.
- it can be further assisted by applying a potential between the p + and n + terminals of the substrate (preferential range of 0 to 2V).
- the direction of polarization is shown in Figure 3.
- the cathode is preferably insoluble (for example in oxide Ti0 2 / Ir0 2 ).
Abstract
Description
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FR1659624A FR3057106B1 (en) | 2016-10-05 | 2016-10-05 | IMPROVED CONTACTS OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL WITH TWO ACTIVE SIDES |
PCT/EP2017/075242 WO2018065478A1 (en) | 2016-10-05 | 2017-10-04 | Improved contacts for a photovoltaic cell having two active faces |
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EP (1) | EP3523828B1 (en) |
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US20070068571A1 (en) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-03-29 | Terra Solar Global | Shunt Passivation Method for Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Photovoltaic Modules |
EP2009143B1 (en) * | 2007-05-08 | 2017-08-09 | Imec | Bipolar electroless deposition method |
KR101661768B1 (en) * | 2010-09-03 | 2016-09-30 | ģģ§ģ ģ ģ£¼ģķģ¬ | Solar cell and manufacturing method thereof |
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US9269851B2 (en) * | 2011-11-15 | 2016-02-23 | Newsouth Innovations Pty Limited | Metal contact scheme for solar cells |
US20140109967A1 (en) * | 2012-10-24 | 2014-04-24 | Korea Institute Of Science And Technology | Thin film solar cells for windows based on low cost solution process and fabrication method thereof |
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