EP3499173B1 - Armour plate and method for manufacturing the same - Google Patents
Armour plate and method for manufacturing the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3499173B1 EP3499173B1 EP18207464.1A EP18207464A EP3499173B1 EP 3499173 B1 EP3499173 B1 EP 3499173B1 EP 18207464 A EP18207464 A EP 18207464A EP 3499173 B1 EP3499173 B1 EP 3499173B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- armor plate
- cast steel
- armor
- layer
- cover layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004382 potting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
Definitions
- the invention relates to an armor plate for protection against projectiles and a method for producing an armor plate, the armor plate being formed from at least one metal layer, the metal layer being formed from cast steel, the cast steel being an alloy component of 8 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 percent by weight Contains manganese (Mn).
- Plates for protection against projectiles can be designed as composite armor or armor plate, which is formed exclusively from a metal layer.
- a composite armor is formed from different layers of materials, for example layers of ceramic material in combination with layers of steel, the ceramic material reacting with the formation of cracks when a projectile hits, whereby a considerable part of the impact energy is absorbed or consumed.
- it is also known to glue ceramic tiles onto a hardened armor plate.
- It is also known to form blind holes in a steel plate and to insert ceramic elements into these and, if necessary, to weld the blind holes.
- a fiber composite material can also be placed on a steel plate to support a composite layer formed therefrom. The steel plate can then support the composite layer when a projectile hits it, so that the composite layer is not stressed by high bending moments.
- Such composite armor is only comparatively expensive to manufacture.
- Armor plates made exclusively of steel can be manufactured more easily and, like composite armor, are intended to offer protection against attacks with armor-piercing ammunition.
- Armor plates are used not only in military vehicles, such as tanks, to protect against projectiles, but also in civil vehicles, such as, for example, automobiles, which require certain protection.
- Armor plates can in principle also be used for personal protection vests or property protection in general.
- An armor plate can in principle also be a component of a composite armor if the armor plate is assembled with a composite material to form the composite armor after its manufacture.
- Armor plates should be very hard, which can be made possible by a high proportion of manganese as an alloy component.
- a high hardness can also lead to a more rapid breakage of the armor plate when a projectile hits, which is why it is also advantageous if an armor plate has a high toughness, which is in contradiction to a high hardness.
- it is known to heat-treat it in several stages.
- the DE 102 20 476 A1 discloses an armor plate for protection against projectiles, the armor plate being formed from a steel which contains 0.8 to 2.5 percent by mass of manganese.
- a structure of the steel exists Made of more than 95% martensite, the steel can also be subjected to cold forming.
- the DE 10 2016 117 071 A1 relates to composite armor, in particular an armor plate for protection against projectiles.
- the metal layer can be formed from a cast steel, wherein the cast steel can contain 4 to 30 percent by mass of manganese as an alloy component.
- the cast steel of the metal layer is subjected to cold deformation, as a result of which work hardening and a partial conversion of a structure of the cast steel into a martensitic structure can take place.
- the DE 28 18 733 A1 shows a bullet-resistant body which is formed from a chilled cast material which can contain a manganese content of 0 to 20 percent by weight.
- Another armor plate for protection against projectiles is from the DE 10 2012 109 692 A1 known, the armor plate being formed here from a steel alloy which can contain up to 2.5 percent by mass of manganese. It can also be provided that the armor plate is hardened and, after hardening, is subjected to a cold forming step.
- the present invention is based on the object of proposing an armor plate and a method for its production which enables an improved protective effect.
- This object is achieved by an armor plate with the features of claim 1 and a method with the features of claim 9.
- the armor plate according to the invention for protection against projectiles is formed from at least one metal layer, the metal layer being formed from cast steel, the cast steel containing 8 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 percent by mass of manganese as an alloy component,
- the armor plate is designed with a base layer and a cover layer, the cover layer being formed and work-hardened by cold forming of the cast steel, the cover layer having a predominantly martensitic structure, with grooves running parallel and equidistantly formed prior to the cold forming by machining the plate with a disc milling cutter are.
- the material of the metal layer is consequently cast steel or cast steel and the armor plate is already formed by a metal layer, which in turn comprises the support layer and the cover layer.
- the armor plate can in principle have any geometric shape that can be produced by casting.
- a casting mold is poured with liquid steel, so that a three-dimensional structure of the armor plate results, so that the armor plate consists entirely of cast steel and is formed in one piece by the casting. Due to the high proportion of manganese as an alloy component, it is possible to design the plate with great hardness.
- a predominantly bainitic, austenitic and / or martensitic structure of the armor plate can then be formed.
- the cover layer is designed to be cold-hardened by means of the partial cold forming of the cast steel of the armor plate, based on a total thickness of the armor plate. This means that the cover layer is only formed by the partial cold forming of the cast steel of the armor plate. The areas of the armor plate that are not exposed to cold forming then form the base layer, which is directly adjacent to the top layer. The cover layer can merge into the base layer, for example with the formation of a gradient of a structure.
- Cold forming for example by applying pressure to the armor plate, by means of punches, rollers, hammers or the like, causes dislocations and internal stresses in the cast steel of the armor plate, which lead to an increase in hardness and the yield point, which increases the strength of the outer layer of the armor plate significantly increased. Compressive or tensile stresses caused by projectile impact can be generated on the top layer, are shifted into the base layer, whereby a breakage of the armor plate can be effectively prevented.
- Cold forming is understood here to mean plastic forming of the cast steel below its recrystallization temperature.
- the base layer can have a predominantly bainitic and / or austenitic structure. This can result from the fact that the cast steel has this structure and the base layer is not subjected to cold forming. Furthermore, because the cast steel has a manganese content of 8 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 percent by weight, a bainitic or austenitic structure of the cast steel can be obtained more easily.
- the respective structure is in a cooled or ready-to-use state of the armor plate.
- the martensitic structure in the top layer outweighs possible other structures of the cast steel with a share of> 50 percent by mass.
- Austenitic or bainitic cast steel in particular, hardens when cold worked, so that the cast steel is difficult to process, but at the same time offers great resistance to penetrating bullets.
- special processing of the armor plate after the work hardening is no longer necessary.
- the cast steel can also contain 0.01 to 2, preferably 0.3 to 1.5, percent by mass of carbon as an alloy component.
- a higher carbon content favors the formation of an austenitic structure with a manganese content of over 4%.
- carbon plays an important role in converting the austenitic structure into a martensitic structure, which is why the cast steel can advantageously contain at least 0.2% carbon. In this way, cold working can then also be used to work harden the cover layer in a simple manner.
- the armor plate can then still have a comparatively high level of toughness with a high degree of hardness.
- a transformation of retained austenite into martensite is favored in the event of deformation by a high carbon concentration.
- a particularly high elongation at break can also be achieved with an amount of retained austenite of 33 to 57 percent by volume.
- the cast steel can contain 0.4 to 3.5, preferably 1 to 2.5 percent by weight of chromium as an alloy component. First of all, this makes it possible to achieve a higher hardness and corrosion resistance of the cast steel.
- the austenitic structure can also be formed by cold forming at comparatively low temperatures by means of chrome.
- the cast steel can be tempered, preferably by quenching in a salt bath and / or by tempering in an oven in an air atmosphere. It is essential that the remuneration of the cast steel always takes place before the cold forming, since otherwise the work hardening of the top layer can be at least partially or completely eliminated.
- a bainitic or martensitic structure can, for example, be formed by the remuneration. It can further be provided that these structures are only formed in an edge zone of the armor plate. By tempering in the furnace, a bainitic or austenitic structure can also be obtained, which has a mechanically unstable austenite phase that can be converted comparatively quickly to a martensitic structure during cold forming or when a projectile penetrates.
- the cover layer can be arranged in the direction of a bombardment direction.
- the base layer can then form a rear side of the armor plate facing away from the direction of fire.
- the support layer forms two thirds and the cover layer one third of the thickness of the armor plate.
- the armor plate can have variations in the thicknesses of the respective layers.
- the respective layers can then be of the same thickness or also of different thicknesses, the cover layer arranged in a firing direction being able to lower a genetic energy of a projectile before it penetrates the base layer.
- the support layer forming a rear side can then form a supporting back plate for the cover layer.
- the composite armor according to the invention is formed with at least two armor plates according to the invention, which are separated from one another by a composite layer. In principle, there can also be more than two armor plates or a composite layer.
- the composite layer is then arranged between the armor plates and can be formed from a material which has a comparatively greater hardness and a higher density than the armor plates.
- the composite layer can for example consist of uranium or tungsten or contain these substances. It is optionally also possible to form the composite layer from ceramic or rubber, in which case the hardness and / or density of the composite layer is comparatively low. Protection against impact projectiles can be further improved with a composite layer. If the composite layer is formed from a ceramic material, this can be formed by sintering. The ceramic material can then be formed from aluminum oxide, silicon carbide or boron carbide.
- the armor plate is formed from at least one metal layer, the metal layer being formed from cast steel, the cast steel containing 8 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 percent by mass of manganese as an alloy component , wherein the armor plate is formed with a base layer and a cover layer, wherein the cover layer is formed and work hardened by means of cold forming of the cast steel of the armor plate, the cover layer being formed by means of cold forming with a predominantly martensitic structure, with prior to cold forming by machining the plate with grooves running parallel and equidistantly can be formed using a side milling cutter.
- parallel and equidistant grooves are formed prior to cold forming by machining the armor plate with a disk milling cutter. This machining of the armor plate is carried out before the cold forming, since machining of the cold-hardened top layer is hardly possible.
- a bainitic or austenitic structure can advantageously be used in the area of the cover layer Wise formed and possibly converted into a martensitic structure.
- the cold deformation takes place in such a way that the metal layer, based on a layer thickness of the metal layer, is at least partially cold-hardened in the area of the cover layer.
- the cover layer of the metal layer can then be made comparatively hard and the base layer of the metal layer can be made comparatively tough.
- the use of manganese as an alloy component in the specified proportions results in a completely new use of the cast steel in question, in particular for armor plates to protect against projectiles.
- a temperature of the cast steel can be constant in a range of ⁇ 1 to 5 ° C. In order to maintain the structure in question, it is particularly advantageous to maintain this temperature range.
- the top layer can be work hardened by means of pressure exerted on the plate with a stamp, rollers or hammers. A final heat treatment of the armor plate after cold forming is excluded or not provided, since the work hardening can then be broken down again. Furthermore, the ductility of the cover layer can also be reduced by the cold forming, as a result of which the cover layer can be made comparatively brittle with respect to the base layer.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Wind Motors (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Panzerplatte zum Schutz gegen Geschosse sowie ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Panzerplatte, wobei die Panzerplatte aus wenigstens einer Metallschicht ausgebildet ist, wobei die Metallschicht aus Stahlguss ausgebildet ist, wobei der Stahlguss als ein Legierungsbestandteil 8 bis 25, vorzugsweise 10 bis 20 Masseprozent Mangan (Mn) enthält.The invention relates to an armor plate for protection against projectiles and a method for producing an armor plate, the armor plate being formed from at least one metal layer, the metal layer being formed from cast steel, the cast steel being an alloy component of 8 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 percent by weight Contains manganese (Mn).
Platten zum Schutz gegen Geschosse können als eine Verbundpanzerung oder eine Panzerplatte ausgebildet sein, die ausschließlich aus einer Metallschicht ausgebildet ist. Eine Verbundpanzerung ist aus verschiedenen Schichten von Materialien ausgebildet, beispielsweise Schichten aus keramischem Material in Kombination mit Schichten aus Stahl, wobei das keramische Material bei einem Auftreffen eines Geschosses mit einer Rissbildung reagiert, wodurch ein erheblicher Teil einer Aufprallenergie absorbiert oder verbraucht wird. Beispielsweise ist es auch bekannt auf eine gehärtete Panzerplatte Keramikkacheln aufzukleben. Weiter ist es bekannt, in einer Stahlplatte Sacklöcher auszubilden und in diese Keramikelemente einzusetzen und gegebenenfalls die Sacklöcher zu verschweißen. Auch kann ein Faserverbundwerkstoff auf eine Stahlplatte zur Stützung einer daraus ausgebildeten Verbundschicht aufgelegt sein. Die Stahlplatte kann dann die Verbundschicht bei einem Einschlag eines Geschosses stützen, so dass die Verbundschicht nicht durch hohe Biegemomente belastet wird. Derartige Verbundpanzerungen sind nur vergleichsweise kostenaufwendig herzustellen.Plates for protection against projectiles can be designed as composite armor or armor plate, which is formed exclusively from a metal layer. A composite armor is formed from different layers of materials, for example layers of ceramic material in combination with layers of steel, the ceramic material reacting with the formation of cracks when a projectile hits, whereby a considerable part of the impact energy is absorbed or consumed. For example, it is also known to glue ceramic tiles onto a hardened armor plate. It is also known to form blind holes in a steel plate and to insert ceramic elements into these and, if necessary, to weld the blind holes. A fiber composite material can also be placed on a steel plate to support a composite layer formed therefrom. The steel plate can then support the composite layer when a projectile hits it, so that the composite layer is not stressed by high bending moments. Such composite armor is only comparatively expensive to manufacture.
Ausschließlich aus Stahl ausgebildete Panzerplatten können hingegen einfacher hergestellt werden und sollen wie eine Verbundpanzerung einen Schutz gegen Angriffe mit panzerbrechender Munition bieten. Panzerplatten werden nicht nur bei militärischen Fahrzeugen, wie Panzer, zum Schutz gegen Geschosse eingesetzt, sondern auch bei zivilen Fahrzeugen, wie beispielsweise PKW, die einem bestimmten Schutz bedürfen. Panzerplatten können prinzipiell auch für Personenschutzwesten oder den Objektschutz im allgemeinen eingesetzt werden. Bei einem Beschuss der Panzerplatte soll diese in jedem Fall immer einen Durchschuss verhindern, wobei als ein Durchschuss bereits eine Öffnung in einer einer Beschussrichtung abgewandten Rückseite der Panzerplatte angesehen wird. Eine Panzerplatte kann prinzipiell auch ein Bestandteil einer Verbundpanzerung sein, wenn die Panzerplatte nach ihrer Herstellung mit einem Verbundmaterial zu der Verbundpanzerung zusammengesetzt wird. Panzerplatten sollen eine große Härte aufweisen, was durch einen hohen Anteil an Mangan als Legierungsbestandteil ermöglicht werden kann. Eine große Härte kann jedoch auch zu einem schnelleren Bruch der Panzerplatte bei dem Auftreffen eines Geschosses führen, weshalb es auch vorteilhaft ist, wenn eine Panzerplatte eine hohe Zähigkeit aufweist, was im Widerspruch zu einer hohen Härte steht. Zur Erzielung einer möglichst günstigen Materialeigenschaft einer Panzerplatte ist es bekannt diese mehrstufig wärmezubehandeln.Armor plates made exclusively of steel, on the other hand, can be manufactured more easily and, like composite armor, are intended to offer protection against attacks with armor-piercing ammunition. Armor plates are used not only in military vehicles, such as tanks, to protect against projectiles, but also in civil vehicles, such as, for example, automobiles, which require certain protection. Armor plates can in principle also be used for personal protection vests or property protection in general. When the armor plate is fired at, it should always prevent a bullet through, whereby an opening in a rear side of the armor plate facing away from a firing direction is already regarded as a bullet. An armor plate can in principle also be a component of a composite armor if the armor plate is assembled with a composite material to form the composite armor after its manufacture. Armor plates should be very hard, which can be made possible by a high proportion of manganese as an alloy component. However, a high hardness can also lead to a more rapid breakage of the armor plate when a projectile hits, which is why it is also advantageous if an armor plate has a high toughness, which is in contradiction to a high hardness. In order to achieve the most favorable material properties possible for an armor plate, it is known to heat-treat it in several stages.
Die
Die
Ausführungsform der Panzerplatte ersichtlich, welche eine Metallschicht und eine Verbundschicht umfasst. Die Metallschicht kann dabei aus einem Stahlguss ausgebildet sein, wobei der Stahlguss als ein Legierungsbestandteil 4 bis 30 Masseprozent Mangan enthalten kann. Weiter kann vorgesehen sein, den Stahlguss der Metallschicht einer Kaltverformung zu unterziehen, wodurch eine Kaltverfestigung sowie eine teilweise Umwandlung eines Gefüges des Stahlgusses in martensitisches Gefüge erfolgen können.
Die
Eine weitere Panzerplatte zum Schutz gegen Geschosse ist aus der
Diese Aufgabe wird durch eine Panzerplatte mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 und ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 9 gelöst. Die erfindungsgemäße Panzerplatte zum Schutz gegen Geschosse ist aus wenigstens einer Metallschicht ausgebildet, wobei die Metallschicht aus Stahlguss ausgebildet ist, wobei der Stahlguss als ein Legierungsbestandteil 8 bis 25, vorzugsweise 10 bis 20 Masseprozent Mangan enthält, wobei die Panzerplatte mit einer Tragschicht und einer Deckschicht ausgebildet ist, wobei die Deckschicht mittels Kaltumformung des Stahlgusses ausgebildet und kaltverfestigt ist, wobei die Deckschicht ein überwiegend martensitisches Gefüge aufweist, wobei vor der Kaltumformung mittels Bearbeitung der Platte mit einem Scheibenfräser parallel und äquidistant verlaufende Nuten ausgebildet sind.The
The
Embodiment of the armor plate can be seen, which comprises a metal layer and a composite layer. The metal layer can be formed from a cast steel, wherein the cast steel can contain 4 to 30 percent by mass of manganese as an alloy component. It can further be provided that the cast steel of the metal layer is subjected to cold deformation, as a result of which work hardening and a partial conversion of a structure of the cast steel into a martensitic structure can take place.
The
Another armor plate for protection against projectiles is from the
This object is achieved by an armor plate with the features of claim 1 and a method with the features of claim 9. The armor plate according to the invention for protection against projectiles is formed from at least one metal layer, the metal layer being formed from cast steel, the cast steel containing 8 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 percent by mass of manganese as an alloy component, The armor plate is designed with a base layer and a cover layer, the cover layer being formed and work-hardened by cold forming of the cast steel, the cover layer having a predominantly martensitic structure, with grooves running parallel and equidistantly formed prior to the cold forming by machining the plate with a disc milling cutter are.
Das Material der Metallschicht ist folglich Stahlguss bzw. Gussstahl und die Panzerplatte wird bereits durch eine Metallschicht ausgebildet, die ihrerseits die Tragschicht und die Deckschicht umfasst. Die Panzerplatte kann prinzipiell jede beliebige geometrische Form aufweisen, die durch Gießen hergestellt werden kann. Dabei wird eine Gussform mit flüssigem Stahl ausgegossen, so dass sich eine räumliche Struktur der Panzerplatte ergibt, so dass die Panzerplatte vollständig aus Stahlguss besteht und durch das Gießen einstückig ausgebildet ist. Durch den hohen Anteil an Mangan als ein Legierungsbestandteil ist es möglich, die Platte mit großer Härte auszubilden. Je nach Behandlung der gegossenen Panzerplatte kann dann ein überwiegend bainitisches, austenitisches und/oder martensitisches Gefüge der Panzerplatte ausgebildet werden. Insbesondere ist die Deckschicht mittels der teilweisen Kaltumformung des Stahlgusses der Panzerplatte, bezogen auf eine Gesamtdicke der Panzerplatte, kaltverfestigt ausgebildet. Das heißt, dass die Deckschicht erst durch die teilweise Kaltumformung des Stahlgusses der Panzerplatte ausgebildet wird. Die nicht der Kaltumformung ausgesetzten Bereiche der Panzerplatte bilden dann die Tragschicht, die unmittelbar an die Deckschicht angrenzt. Die Deckschicht kann dabei in die Tragschicht, beispielsweise unter Ausbildung eines Gradienten eines Gefüges, übergehen. Durch die Kaltumformung, beispielsweise durch Aufbringen von Druck auf die Panzerplatte, mittels Stempel, Walzen, Hämmern oder dergleichen, werden Versetzungen und Eigenspannungen im Stahlguss der Panzerplatte hervorgerufen, die zu einer Erhöhung der Härte und der Streckgrenze führen, was eine Festigkeit der Deckschicht der Panzerplatte wesentlich erhöht. Druck- oder Zugspannungen, die durch einen Aufprall von Geschossen auf die Deckschicht erzeugt werden können, werden in die Tragschicht verlagert, wodurch ein Bruch der Panzerplatte wirkungsvoll verhindert werden kann. Unter Kaltumformung wird hier ein plastisches Umformen des Stahlgusses unterhalb seiner Rekristallationstemperatur verstanden.The material of the metal layer is consequently cast steel or cast steel and the armor plate is already formed by a metal layer, which in turn comprises the support layer and the cover layer. The armor plate can in principle have any geometric shape that can be produced by casting. A casting mold is poured with liquid steel, so that a three-dimensional structure of the armor plate results, so that the armor plate consists entirely of cast steel and is formed in one piece by the casting. Due to the high proportion of manganese as an alloy component, it is possible to design the plate with great hardness. Depending on the treatment of the cast armor plate, a predominantly bainitic, austenitic and / or martensitic structure of the armor plate can then be formed. In particular, the cover layer is designed to be cold-hardened by means of the partial cold forming of the cast steel of the armor plate, based on a total thickness of the armor plate. This means that the cover layer is only formed by the partial cold forming of the cast steel of the armor plate. The areas of the armor plate that are not exposed to cold forming then form the base layer, which is directly adjacent to the top layer. The cover layer can merge into the base layer, for example with the formation of a gradient of a structure. Cold forming, for example by applying pressure to the armor plate, by means of punches, rollers, hammers or the like, causes dislocations and internal stresses in the cast steel of the armor plate, which lead to an increase in hardness and the yield point, which increases the strength of the outer layer of the armor plate significantly increased. Compressive or tensile stresses caused by projectile impact can be generated on the top layer, are shifted into the base layer, whereby a breakage of the armor plate can be effectively prevented. Cold forming is understood here to mean plastic forming of the cast steel below its recrystallization temperature.
Die Tragschicht kann ein überwiegend bainitisches und/oder austenitisches Gefüge aufweisen. Dies kann sich dadurch ergeben, dass der Stahlguss dieses Gefüge aufweist und die Tragschicht nicht der Kaltumformung unterzogen wird. Weiter kann auch dadurch, dass der Stahlguss einen Mangangehalt von 8 bis 25, vorzugsweise 10 bis 20 Masseprozent aufweist, leichter ein bainitisches oder austenitisches Gefüge des Stahlgusses erhalten werden. Das jeweilige Gefüge liegt in einem abgekühlten bzw. gebrauchsfertigen Zustand der Panzerplatte vor. Dabei überwiegt das martensitische Gefüge in der Deckschicht mögliche andere Gefüge des Stahlgusses mit einem Anteil von > 50 Masseprozent. Insbesondere austenitischer bzw. bainitischer Stahlguss verfestigt bei Kaltverformung stark, so dass der Stahlguss schwer zu verarbeiten ist, jedoch gleichzeitig eindringenden Geschossen einen großen Widerstand entgegensetzt. Durch das Herstellen der räumlichen Struktur der Panzerplatte durch Vergießen ist jedoch eine besondere Bearbeitung der Panzerplatte nach der Kaltverfestigung nicht mehr erforderlich.The base layer can have a predominantly bainitic and / or austenitic structure. This can result from the fact that the cast steel has this structure and the base layer is not subjected to cold forming. Furthermore, because the cast steel has a manganese content of 8 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 percent by weight, a bainitic or austenitic structure of the cast steel can be obtained more easily. The respective structure is in a cooled or ready-to-use state of the armor plate. The martensitic structure in the top layer outweighs possible other structures of the cast steel with a share of> 50 percent by mass. Austenitic or bainitic cast steel, in particular, hardens when cold worked, so that the cast steel is difficult to process, but at the same time offers great resistance to penetrating bullets. By producing the three-dimensional structure of the armor plate by potting, however, special processing of the armor plate after the work hardening is no longer necessary.
Auch bei einem Auftreffen eines Geschosses auf die Metallschicht wird der Stahlguss plastisch verformt und zumindest teilweise kaltverfestigt, wobei eine Festigkeit bzw. Zugfestigkeit und Härte des Stahlgusses in unterschiedlichem Maße zunimmt. Im Gegensatz dazu nimmt eine Dehnung und Kerbschlagzähigkeit ab. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass eine Zunahme an Festigkeit abhängig ist von der aufgebrachten kinetischen Energie, mit der sich die Verformung vollzieht sowie von der Veranlagung des Stahlgusses zum Kaltverfestigen. Eine hohe Kaltverfestigungsgeschwindigkeit bedeutet eine schnelle Erhöhung der Festigkeit im Verhältnis zur abnehmenden Verformungsgeschwindigkeit. Diese Verfestigung im Oberflächenbereich der Panzerplatte oder auch innerhalb der Panzerplatte im Bereich der Tragschicht erfolgt durch eine Umwandlung des austenitischen Gefüges oder einer mechanisch instabilen Austenit-Phase des bainitischen Gefüges in martensitisches Gefüge. Insgesamt kommt es so zu einer Härtesteigerung des Stahlgusses, was seine Durchschlagfestigkeit wesentlich verbessert.Even when a projectile strikes the metal layer, the cast steel is plastically deformed and at least partially cold-hardened, the strength or tensile strength and hardness of the cast steel increasing to different degrees. In contrast, elongation and impact strength decrease. It has been shown that an increase in strength depends on the applied kinetic energy with which the deformation takes place and on the tendency of the cast steel to work hardening. A high work hardening rate means a rapid increase in strength in relation to the decreasing rate of deformation. This solidification in the surface area the armor plate or within the armor plate in the area of the base layer takes place through a conversion of the austenitic structure or a mechanically unstable austenite phase of the bainitic structure into martensitic structure. Overall, this results in an increase in the hardness of the cast steel, which significantly improves its dielectric strength.
Der Stahlguss kann weiter als ein Legierungsbestandteil 0,01 bis 2, vorzugsweise 0,3 bis 1,5 Masseprozent Kohlenstoff enthalten. Insbesondere ein höherer Kohlenstoffgehalt begünstigt bei einem Mangangehalt von über 4 % die Ausbildung eines austenitischen Gefüges. Mit einem niedrigen Kohlenstoffgehalt wird es möglich, eher ein bainitisches Gefüge zu erhalten. Gleichzeitig bildet Kohlenstoff eine wichtige Rolle bei der Umwandlung des austenitischen Gefüges in martensitisches Gefüge, weshalb der Stahlguss vorteilhaft zumindest 0,2 % Kohlenstoff enthalten kann. So kann dann auch mittels der Kaltumformung eine Kaltverfestigung der Deckschicht einfach erfolgen. Die Panzerplatte kann dann bei einer großen Härte noch eine vergleichsweise hohe Zähigkeit aufweisen. Insbesondere bei dem bainitischen Gefüge wird eine Umwandlung von Restaustenit im Martensit bei einer Verformung durch eine hohe Kohlenstoffkonzentration begünstigt. Beispielsweise kann auch eine besonders hohe Bruchdehnung bei einer Menge von Restaustenit von 33 bis 57 Volumenprozent erzielt werden.The cast steel can also contain 0.01 to 2, preferably 0.3 to 1.5, percent by mass of carbon as an alloy component. In particular, a higher carbon content favors the formation of an austenitic structure with a manganese content of over 4%. With a low carbon content it becomes possible to obtain a rather bainitic structure. At the same time, carbon plays an important role in converting the austenitic structure into a martensitic structure, which is why the cast steel can advantageously contain at least 0.2% carbon. In this way, cold working can then also be used to work harden the cover layer in a simple manner. The armor plate can then still have a comparatively high level of toughness with a high degree of hardness. In the case of the bainitic structure in particular, a transformation of retained austenite into martensite is favored in the event of deformation by a high carbon concentration. For example, a particularly high elongation at break can also be achieved with an amount of retained austenite of 33 to 57 percent by volume.
Der Stahlguss kann als ein Legierungsbestandteil 0,4 bis 3,5, vorzugsweise 1 bis 2,5 Masseprozent Chrom enthalten. Zunächst wird es dadurch möglich, eine höhere Härte und Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Stahlgusses zu erzielen. Neben einer Steigerung der Zugfestigkeit kann mittels des Chroms das austenitische Gefüge auch bei vergleichsweise niedrigen Temperaturen durch die Kaltumformung ausgebildet werden.The cast steel can contain 0.4 to 3.5, preferably 1 to 2.5 percent by weight of chromium as an alloy component. First of all, this makes it possible to achieve a higher hardness and corrosion resistance of the cast steel. In addition to increasing the tensile strength, the austenitic structure can also be formed by cold forming at comparatively low temperatures by means of chrome.
Der Stahlguss kann vergütet sein, vorzugsweise durch Abschrecken in einem Salzbad und/oder durch Temperierung in einem Ofen in einer Luftatmosphäre. Wesentlich dabei ist, dass die Vergütung des Stahlgusses stets vor der Kaltumformung erfolgt, da sonst die Kaltverfestigung der Deckschicht zumindest teilweise oder vollständig aufgehoben werden kann. Durch die Vergütung kann beispielsweise ein bainitisches oder martensitisches Gefüge ausgebildet werden. Weiter kann vorgesehen sein, dass diese Gefüge lediglich in einer Randzone der Panzerplatte ausgebildet sind. Durch die Temperierung in dem Ofen kann auch ein bainitisches oder austenitisches Gefüge erhalten werden, welches eine mechanisch instabile Austenit-Phase aufweist, die bei dem Kaltumformen oder einem Eindringen eines Geschosses vergleichsweise schnell zu einem martensitischen Gefüge umwandelbar ist.The cast steel can be tempered, preferably by quenching in a salt bath and / or by tempering in an oven in an air atmosphere. It is essential that the remuneration of the cast steel always takes place before the cold forming, since otherwise the work hardening of the top layer can be at least partially or completely eliminated. A bainitic or martensitic structure can, for example, be formed by the remuneration. It can further be provided that these structures are only formed in an edge zone of the armor plate. By tempering in the furnace, a bainitic or austenitic structure can also be obtained, which has a mechanically unstable austenite phase that can be converted comparatively quickly to a martensitic structure during cold forming or when a projectile penetrates.
Die Deckschicht kann in Richtung einer Beschussrichtung angeordnet sein. Die Tragschicht kann dann eine von der Beschussrichtung abgewandte Rückseite der Panzerplatte ausbilden. Optional ist es auch möglich, die Tragschicht in Richtung einer Beschussrichtung anzuordnen, wenn dies zum Schutz gegen bestimmte Geschosse sinnvoll ist.The cover layer can be arranged in the direction of a bombardment direction. The base layer can then form a rear side of the armor plate facing away from the direction of fire. Optionally, it is also possible to arrange the base layer in the direction of a bombardment direction if this makes sense for protection against certain projectiles.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die Tragschicht zwei Drittel und die Deckschicht ein Drittel einer Dicke der Panzerplatte ausbilden. Weiter ist es auch möglich, dass die Panzerplatte Variationen von Dicken der jeweiligen Schichten aufweist. Die jeweiligen Schichten können dann gleich dick oder auch unterschiedlich dick ausgebildet sein, wobei die in einer Beschussrichtung angeordnete Deckschicht vor einem Eindringen in die Tragschicht eine genetische Energie eines Geschosses absenken kann. Die eine Rückseite ausbildende Tragschicht kann dann eine stützende Rückenplatte für die Deckschicht ausbilden.It is particularly advantageous if the support layer forms two thirds and the cover layer one third of the thickness of the armor plate. Furthermore, it is also possible for the armor plate to have variations in the thicknesses of the respective layers. The respective layers can then be of the same thickness or also of different thicknesses, the cover layer arranged in a firing direction being able to lower a genetic energy of a projectile before it penetrates the base layer. The support layer forming a rear side can then form a supporting back plate for the cover layer.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verbundpanzerung ist mit zumindest zwei erfindungsgemäßen Panzerplatten ausgebildet, die durch eine Verbundschicht voneinander getrennt sind. Prinzipiell können auch mehr als zwei Panzerplatten oder eine Verbundschicht vorhanden sein. Die Verbundschicht ist dann zwischen den Panzerplatten angeordnet und kann aus einem Material ausgebildet sein, welches eine vergleichsweise größere Härte und eine höhere Dichte als die Panzerplatten aufweist. Die Verbundschicht kann beispielsweise aus Uran oder Wolfram bestehen bzw. diese Stoffe enthalten. Optional ist es auch möglich, die Verbundschicht aus Keramik oder Gummi auszubilden, wobei dann eine Härte und/oder Dichte der Verbundschicht vergleichsweise gering ist. Mit einer Verbundschicht kann ein Schutz gegen Wuchtgeschosse weiter verbessert werden. Wenn die Verbundschicht aus einem keramischen Material ausgebildet ist, kann dieses durch Sintern ausgebildet sein. Das keramische Material kann dann aus Aluminiumoxid, Siliziumkarbid oder Borkarbid ausgebildet sein.The composite armor according to the invention is formed with at least two armor plates according to the invention, which are separated from one another by a composite layer. In principle, there can also be more than two armor plates or a composite layer. The composite layer is then arranged between the armor plates and can be formed from a material which has a comparatively greater hardness and a higher density than the armor plates. The composite layer can for example consist of uranium or tungsten or contain these substances. It is optionally also possible to form the composite layer from ceramic or rubber, in which case the hardness and / or density of the composite layer is comparatively low. Protection against impact projectiles can be further improved with a composite layer. If the composite layer is formed from a ceramic material, this can be formed by sintering. The ceramic material can then be formed from aluminum oxide, silicon carbide or boron carbide.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Panzerplatte, insbesondere Panzerplatte zum Schutz gegen Geschosse, wird die Panzerplatte aus wenigstens einer Metallschicht ausgebildet, wobei die Metallschicht aus Stahlguss ausgebildet wird, wobei der Stahlguss als ein Legierungsbestandteil 8 bis 25, vorzugsweise 10 bis 20 Masseprozent Mangan enthält, wobei die Panzerplatte mit einer Tragschicht und einer Deckschicht ausgebildet wird, wobei die Deckschicht mittels Kaltumformung des Stahlgusses der Panzerplatte ausgebildet und kaltverfestigt wird, wobei die Deckschicht mittels der Kaltumformung mit einem überwiegend martensitischen Gefüge ausgebildet wird, wobei vor der Kaltumformung mittels Bearbeitung der Platte mit einem Scheibenfräser parallel und äquidistant verlaufende Nuten ausgebildet werden.In the method according to the invention for producing an armor plate, in particular armor plate for protection against projectiles, the armor plate is formed from at least one metal layer, the metal layer being formed from cast steel, the cast steel containing 8 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 percent by mass of manganese as an alloy component , wherein the armor plate is formed with a base layer and a cover layer, wherein the cover layer is formed and work hardened by means of cold forming of the cast steel of the armor plate, the cover layer being formed by means of cold forming with a predominantly martensitic structure, with prior to cold forming by machining the plate with grooves running parallel and equidistantly can be formed using a side milling cutter.
Erfindungsgemäß werden vor der Kaltumformung mittels Bearbeitung der Panzerplatte mit einem Scheibenfräser parallele und äquidistant verlaufende Nuten ausgebildet. Diese spanende Bearbeitung der Panzerplatte wird vor der Kaltumformung durchgeführt, da eine spanende Bearbeitung der kaltverfestigten Deckschicht kaum möglich ist.According to the invention, parallel and equidistant grooves are formed prior to cold forming by machining the armor plate with a disk milling cutter. This machining of the armor plate is carried out before the cold forming, since machining of the cold-hardened top layer is hardly possible.
Zu den Vorteilen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird auf die Vorteilsbeschreibung der erfindungsgemäßen Panzerplatte verwiesen.Regarding the advantages of the method according to the invention, reference is made to the description of the advantages of the armor plate according to the invention.
Durch die Kaltverformung des Stahlgusses der Panzerplatte kann im Bereich der Deckschicht ein bainitisches oder austenitisches Gefüge in vorteilhafter Weise ausgebildet und gegebenenfalls in ein martensitisches Gefüge umgewandelt werden. Dabei erfolgt die Kaltverformung so, dass die Metallschicht, bezogen auf eine Schichtdicke der Metallschicht, zumindest teilweise im Bereich der Deckschicht kaltverfestigt wird. Die Deckschicht der Metallschicht kann dann vergleichsweise hart, und die Tragschicht der Metallschicht vergleichsweise zäh ausgebildet werden. Durch die Verwendung von Mangan als ein Legierungsbestandteil in den angegebenen Anteilen ergibt sich eine vollkommen neue Verwendungsmöglichkeit des betreffenden Stahlgusses, insbesondere für Panzerplatten zum Schutz gegen Geschosse.As a result of the cold deformation of the cast steel of the armor plate, a bainitic or austenitic structure can advantageously be used in the area of the cover layer Wise formed and possibly converted into a martensitic structure. The cold deformation takes place in such a way that the metal layer, based on a layer thickness of the metal layer, is at least partially cold-hardened in the area of the cover layer. The cover layer of the metal layer can then be made comparatively hard and the base layer of the metal layer can be made comparatively tough. The use of manganese as an alloy component in the specified proportions results in a completely new use of the cast steel in question, in particular for armor plates to protect against projectiles.
Beim Gießen des Stahlgusses kann eine Temperatur des Stahlgusses in einem Bereich von ± 1 bis 5°C konstant sein. Um das betreffende Gefüge zu erhalten, ist die Einhaltung dieses Temperaturbereiches besonders vorteilhaft.When casting the cast steel, a temperature of the cast steel can be constant in a range of ± 1 to 5 ° C. In order to maintain the structure in question, it is particularly advantageous to maintain this temperature range.
Die Deckschicht kann mittels von mit einem Stempel, Walzen oder Hämmern auf die Platte ausgeübten Drucks kaltverfestigt werden. Eine abschließende Wärmebehandlung der Panzerplatte nach der Kaltumformung ist ausgeschlossen bzw. nicht vorgesehen, da dann die Kaltverfestigung wieder abgebaut werden kann. Weiter kann durch die Kaltumformung auch eine Duktilität der Deckschicht verringert werden, wodurch die Deckschicht vergleichsweise spröde gegenüber der Tragschicht ausgebildet werden kann.The top layer can be work hardened by means of pressure exerted on the plate with a stamp, rollers or hammers. A final heat treatment of the armor plate after cold forming is excluded or not provided, since the work hardening can then be broken down again. Furthermore, the ductility of the cover layer can also be reduced by the cold forming, as a result of which the cover layer can be made comparatively brittle with respect to the base layer.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen des Verfahrens ergeben sich aus den Merkmalsbeschreibungen der auf den Erzeugnisanspruch 1 rückbezogenen Unteransprüche.Further advantageous embodiments of the method result from the description of features in the dependent claims referring back to product claim 1.
Claims (11)
- An armor plate for protection against projectiles, the armor plate being made of at least one metal layer, the metal layer being made of cast steel, the cast steel containing (8 to 25) % by mass, preferably (10 to 20) % by mass, manganese (Mn) as an alloy component,
characterized in that
the armor plate has a support layer and a cover layer, the cover layer being realized by means of cold forming the cast steel and being cold-hardened, the cover layer having a mostly martensitic structure, the plate being treated using a side milling cutter to form grooves, which extend parallel and equidistantly, before cold forming. - The armor plate according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the support layer has a mostly bainitic and/or austenitic structure. - The armor plate according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that
the cast steel contains (0.01 to 2) % by mass, preferably (0.3 to 1.5) % by mass, carbon (C) as an alloy component. - The armor plate according to any one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the cast steel contains (0.4 to 3.5) % by mass, preferably (1 to 2.5) % by mass, chrome (Cr) as an alloy component. - The armor plate according to any one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the cast steel is hardened and tempered, preferably by being quenched in a salt bath and/or by being tempered in a furnace in an air atmosphere. - The armor plate according to any one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the cover layer is disposed in the direction of fire. - The armor plate according to any one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the support layer makes up two thirds and the cover layer makes up one third of the thickness of the armor plate. - A composite armor having two armor plates according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the composite armor has two armor plates which are divided by a composite layer. - A method for producing an armor plate, in particular an armor plate for protection against projectiles, the armor plate being made of at least one metal layer, the metal layer being made of cast steel, the cast steel containing (8 to 25) % by mass, preferably (10 to 20) % by mass, manganese (Mn) as an alloy component,
characterized in that
the armor plate has a support layer and a cover layer, the cover layer being realized by means of cold forming the cast steel and being cold-hardened, the cover layer being realized having a mostly martensitic structure by means of the cold forming, the plate being treated using a side milling cutter to form grooves, which extend parallel and equidistantly, before cold forming. - The method according to claim 9,
characterized in that
a temperature of the cast steel remains constant in a range from +/- (1 to 5) degrees Celsius during casting. - The method according to claim 9 or 10,
characterized in that
the cover layer is cold-hardened by means of pressure exerted on the plate by means of a stamp, a roll or hammers.
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DE2818733A1 (en) * | 1978-04-28 | 1979-10-31 | Wahl Verschleiss Tech | Low cost armour plating - comprises chilled cast iron layers opt. contg. hard inserts |
DE10220476B9 (en) * | 2002-05-07 | 2004-12-30 | Thyssenkrupp Stahl Ag | Steel and component made therefrom for the ballistic protection of living beings, devices or structures and component |
ITUD20120159A1 (en) * | 2012-09-14 | 2014-03-15 | F A R Fonderie Acciaierie Roiale S P A | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL JETS |
DE102012109692A1 (en) * | 2012-10-11 | 2014-04-17 | Benteler Defense Gmbh & Co. Kg | Use of steel alloy containing carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphor, sulfur, aluminum, chromium, copper, titanium, boron, niobium, nitrogen, cobalt and iron for preparation of tank component e.g. side wall and roof for vehicles |
DE102016117071A1 (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2018-01-18 | Craco Gmbh | Composite armor and method of manufacture |
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