EP3493996B1 - Élément de sécurité optiquement variable - Google Patents

Élément de sécurité optiquement variable Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3493996B1
EP3493996B1 EP17742233.4A EP17742233A EP3493996B1 EP 3493996 B1 EP3493996 B1 EP 3493996B1 EP 17742233 A EP17742233 A EP 17742233A EP 3493996 B1 EP3493996 B1 EP 3493996B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
diffraction
reflection
security element
optically variable
variable security
Prior art date
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Active
Application number
EP17742233.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3493996A1 (fr
Inventor
Stefan BORGSMÜLLER
Tobias Kresse
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Scribos GmbH
Original Assignee
Tesa Scribos GmbH
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Publication of EP3493996A1 publication Critical patent/EP3493996A1/fr
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/324—Reliefs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
    • B42D25/21—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose for multiple purposes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/328—Diffraction gratings; Holograms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/40—Manufacture
    • B42D25/405—Marking
    • B42D25/43—Marking by removal of material
    • B42D25/435—Marking by removal of material using electromagnetic radiation, e.g. laser

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an optically variable security element and a production method for an optically variable security element.
  • Optically variable security elements are well known in the prior art.
  • a security element for displaying at least one optically variable item of information is disclosed with a reflective layer which is formed from a grid of optically effective elements which are formed by embossed elements of identical basic shape.
  • the grid of optically effective elements contains at least one optically variable item of information that can be recognized in reflection with directional illumination without aids.
  • a security element for producing documents of value is known with a top side on which a microrelief structure is formed, which has at least two subregions, each of which has a plurality of groove-shaped or rib-shaped, juxtaposed and longitudinally extending, reflective or backscattered structural elements.
  • a security element which is intended to be added to or on a security document, including at least a first optical structure, such as a standard rainbow hologram and / or a raster image which represents a first pattern.
  • the security element has at least one second optical structure that is achromatic and represents a second pattern that is at least partially identical to the first pattern.
  • EP 1 932 679 A1 is an optical device, and a method for producing such devices is known, as well as a method for Authentication of objects, documents.
  • a substrate and several chips are arranged inside or on the substrate; the substrate having two types of markings imaged directly thereon or on an additional layer carried thereby.
  • a security element for displaying at least one optically variable item of information has a carrier substrate with an opposing reflective layer, a grid being embedded in or above the reflective layer as an optically effective element.
  • Embossed elements form an identical basic shape, with at least one local defect being introduced into the basic shape, through which the visual appearance of the defective embossed element is changed as a function of the viewing angle.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a further developed optically variable security element which, in addition to reflection images, contains a further security element.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a production method for an optically variable security element according to the invention.
  • optically variable security element with the features of claim 1 mentioned at the beginning.
  • the invention makes use of the idea of intermingling two security features distributed over an optically effective surface of a variable security element.
  • a relief layer is provided which extends along the optically effective surface of the security element.
  • the relief layer has a large number of structurally identical individual optical elements.
  • Each individual element has an individual element surface which is divided into sub-surfaces that have different directed reflectivities, and the sub-surfaces are divided into groups such that each group comprises a sub-surface of an individual element surface and each group of sub-surfaces has an associated viewing angle-dependent reflection image visible to the naked eye coded.
  • the large number of individual optical elements forms a security feature that is based on the formation of reflection images.
  • At least one planar area is provided in the relief layer, which extends between the individual optical elements and is provided with a diffraction grating structure applied over the at least one planar area, which creates diffraction patterns that are visible to the naked eye through the specified directional illumination.
  • the invention thus makes use of the idea of providing a diffraction grating structure between the individual reflective elements.
  • the diffraction grating structure forms diffraction motifs that are dependent on the viewing angle.
  • the viewing angle-dependent diffraction motifs and the viewing angle-dependent reflection motifs form overall images according to the invention, which are also visible to the naked eye. Diffraction motifs and reflection motifs are intermingled.
  • a first reflective motif is broken down into first sub-motifs.
  • First directed degrees of reflection are assigned to the first sub-motifs, which encode the reflection motif.
  • it is either Partial surfaces with a high degree of reflection, preferably completely reflective, or around areas with a very low degree of reflection, preferably completely absorbing.
  • each partial motif is preferably assigned the same degree of reflection over the entire extent of the partial motif.
  • the degree of reflection changes over the extension of one or more or all of the partial motifs.
  • a relief layer is produced with a multiplicity of individual optical elements, each with an individual element surface.
  • the individual optical elements can be arranged identically or differently or in two, three or any higher number of groups of elements of the same type in the relief layer.
  • Each of the individual element surfaces is preferably divided into disjoint sub-surfaces.
  • each of the individual element surfaces is preferably divided into identical and an equal number of partial surfaces. Groups of partial surfaces are formed, and the number of groups of partial surfaces advantageously corresponds to the number of coded reflection motifs. However, it is also conceivable that the number of reflection areas is greater than the number of coded motifs.
  • a first group of partial surfaces of different individual element surfaces is assigned to the first reflective motif, and the first group of partial surfaces assigned to the first reflective motif is provided with the first directed degrees of reflection. That is to say, the first reflection motif broken down into first sub-motifs is coded into a first group of sub-surfaces. It is preferably provided here to use reflection motifs which are formed from black paint on a white background, and then to form the black and white motif in partial motifs and each of the partial motifs either completely black or completely white. If one of the partial motifs consists exclusively of a white background, this is assigned a very low degree of reflection over its entire extent. If the partial motif is designed exclusively in black, the partial motif is assigned a high degree of reflection over its entire extent. If a partial motif consists of areas of black color and a white background, different first directed degrees of reflection are assigned to the partial motif. It is essential to the invention that the partial surfaces are provided with directional degrees of reflection, that is to say the reflection is non-diffuse.
  • Directed reflection occurs in particular when the surface is sufficiently smooth compared to the wavelength of the light, i.e. H. the roughness structures are much smaller than the wavelength of the light.
  • Curved surfaces and directed reflection are not mutually exclusive; a parabolic mirror of a telescope is given here as an example. Directed reflection behaves according to "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection", with the angle to the surface normal (normal of the tangential surface) being decisive for curved surfaces.
  • the degree of reflection is the ratio of the reflected to the incident light intensity.
  • the ratio of the directionally reflected to the incident light intensity is referred to below as the directional reflectance.
  • the directional reflectance can also be referred to as the degree of reflection.
  • the directed reflectivities in the visible wavelength range of light (approx. 400 nm - 700 nm) are of particular interest.
  • Metals have particularly high degrees of reflection here, e.g. B. aluminum, silver, gold, copper, etc. This is particularly interesting because thin and smooth highly reflective layers can be created by vapor deposition, electroplating or printing with a metal pigment paint.
  • optical variable security element according to the invention is based on differently directed reflection. It is therefore particularly advantageous if the maximum directional reflectance of an optically variable security element according to the invention is particularly high, preferably at least in a visible wavelength range more than 5%, preferably more than 10%, preferably more than 50% and optimally more than 90% amounts.
  • the optically variable security element is preferably illuminated in a non-diffuse manner.
  • Diffuse is a lighting that hits the optically variable security element uniformly from all directions, for example daylight outdoors when it is cloudy or an extended surface light source or indirect light that shines through a large illuminated area is generated.
  • non-diffuse and diffuse light sources are quite fluid and that non-diffuse lighting can be implemented through a cloudless sky when the sun is shining and diffuse lighting when the sky is cloudy.
  • optically variable behavior according to the invention of changing between the motifs is established also depends on the size of the reflection areas, which can be selected to be smaller, the more non-diffuse the incident light is.
  • the invention is based on the directional reflection of light on curved surfaces. If a directionally reflecting curved surface is illuminated by a non-diffuse light source, a viewer can see a reflection of the light source on the directionally reflecting curved surface at a location on the surface where the surface normal of the surface is parallel to the bisector of the angle between a straight line from the light source to the location on the surface and a straight line from the viewer to the location on the surface.
  • angle of incidence equals angle of reflection
  • the curved surface and the sub-surfaces reflecting in different directions are coordinated with one another in such a way that a viewer perceives different reflection motifs from different viewing angles.
  • These reflection motifs are composed of specular reflections.
  • One advantage of the invention is that a specular light reflex has great brightness depending on the degree of reflection can own and thus also the composite reflection motif. The greater the maximum directional degree of reflection of the surface, the brighter the reflection motif appears.
  • optically variable security elements in which the information layer directly adjoins the relief structure are based on shadowing. This means that the angular range that is required to be able to display two different images separately from one another must be very large. In order to completely separate two images from each other by shading, they must be arranged on surfaces that have an angle of 90 ° to each other. If the angle is reduced, the shadowing is no longer complete. As a result, not very many different motifs can be coded in an optically variable security element. In the case of four-sided pyramids, these are z. B. only four, in the case of corrugated iron structures only two.
  • shading proves to be unnecessary according to the invention.
  • the viewer sees the specular reflections from which the reflection motif is composed for this viewing angle.
  • all or some other partial surfaces can in principle also be seen in this viewing angle (not shaded), i.e. H. the groups of partial surfaces of different reflectance, which are provided for other viewing angles.
  • a superimposition of several reflection motifs should actually be perceived.
  • the annoying reflection motifs are so dark compared to the reflective reflections that they are only perceived as a homogeneous background. This perception as a homogeneous background is further enhanced by the small lateral size of the structures, which is preferably smaller than the resolution of the human eye.
  • positions of the first group of partial surfaces on the individual element surfaces are determined by determining a position of a visible, directed reflection of a light source on each of the individual element surfaces from a predetermined first viewing angle and the first group assigned to a first reflection motif around the positions of the reflections of the directed reflections is arranged on partial surfaces.
  • the first group of partial surfaces, which is assigned to a first reflection motif is thus distributed on the individual element surfaces in such a way that from a predetermined viewing angle in one
  • First reflections of a preferably virtual point light source or a real non-diffuse light source are formed on the optically variable security element at a certain angle and the first group of partial surfaces is formed around the first reflections, on which the partial motifs of the first reflection motif are then distributed.
  • the optically variable security element according to the invention is preferably created when at least one further motif is broken down into further sub-motifs, each of which is assigned further directed degrees of reflection that encode the further reflection motif, and the individual element surfaces are subdivided into further groups of sub-surfaces and further groups of sub-surfaces different individual element surfaces are each assigned to a further reflection motif and the further groups of sub-surfaces assigned to the at least one further reflection motif are provided with the respective further directed degrees of reflection.
  • a further reflection motif is to be understood here as in the following as well as more than a single further motif, namely also two, three or any even higher number of motifs.
  • At least one further reflection motif is coded on the optically variable security element, with at least one further viewing angle different from the first viewing angle being advantageously selected and at least one further position of at least one further directed reflection of the light source on each of the individual ones Element surfaces is determined and around the at least one further position of the at least one further directed reflection the further group of partial surfaces assigned to the at least one further reflection motif is arranged.
  • reflection motifs can be formed in a two-dimensional relief layer or a one-dimensional relief layer, as will be explained below.
  • the invention works with any reliefs, that is to say with curved surfaces that contain areas of different directed degrees of reflection. Completely randomly selected free-form surfaces are also possible.
  • the calculation of which surface elements are covered with which degree of reflection is very complex and has to be determined with the help of 3D programs and simulations.
  • the production of such elements is also very complex.
  • reliefs are to be preferred which have repeating individual structures at least in partial areas. Basically you can with the repeating individual structures differentiate between two-dimensional and essentially one-dimensional individual structures.
  • each individual one of the M repeating individual elements is interpreted as a multiple motif point.
  • the perceived brightness of a partial surface of the multiple motif points depends on the position and location of the light source, the security element and the viewer as well as the directed degree of reflection at the point where the reflex appears.
  • the M multiple motif points are each subdivided into N sub-surfaces, each of the N sub-surfaces of the M multiple motif points corresponding to one of M sub-motifs of one of N motifs.
  • the directional reflectance of the N partial surfaces of the M multiple motif points is adjusted according to the brightness of the corresponding partial motif of the motif.
  • Has z. B. the corresponding partial motif has a low brightness, a lower directed reflectance is set and vice versa.
  • Each of the N motifs can then be perceived by a viewer from a different viewing angle through specular reflections.
  • the two-dimensional structures are advantageously repeated in a regular two-dimensional grid.
  • a grid can be orthogonal, hexagonal or otherwise regular.
  • the individual elements can be concave, convex or convex / concave.
  • the individual elements consist of hemispheres, spherical segments, semi-ellipsoids, ellipsoidal segments, parabolic segments or structures with slight deviations therefrom or individual elements curved in some other way.
  • optically variable security element Individual elements of the optically variable security element whose length is significantly greater than their width and whose sectional image perpendicular to the long axis along this axis is essentially the same in the longitudinal direction are referred to as essentially one-dimensional.
  • each individual K repeating individual element is understood as a motif line.
  • This motif line is divided into M multiple motif points parallel to the one-dimensional structure.
  • the perceived brightness of a partial surface of the multiple motif point depends on the position and location of the light source, the individual element and the viewer as well as the directed degree of reflection at the point at which the reflex appears.
  • the light source should have a minimum dimension that is the size of the optical corresponds to variable security elements.
  • the M multiple motif points are each subdivided into N reflection areas, with each of the N partial surfaces of the M multiple motif points corresponding to one of M partial motifs of one of N motifs.
  • the directional reflectance of the N reflection areas of the M multiple motif points is set in accordance with the brightness of the corresponding multiple motif point of the motif.
  • Each of the N motifs can then be perceived by a viewer from a different position through reflective reflections.
  • the one-dimensional individual elements are advantageously repeated in a regular grid.
  • the individual elements can be concave, convex or convex / concave.
  • the sectional images of the individual elements consist of semicircles, circular segments, elliptical segments, parabolic segments or structures with slight deviations therefrom or otherwise curved structures.
  • positions of the first group of partial surfaces on the individual element surfaces are determined by determining a position of a first reflection of a visible directional reflection of a light source on each of the individual element surfaces from a predetermined first observer position and by determining the positions of the first reflections of the directional reflections
  • the first group associated with the first motif is arranged on partial surfaces.
  • a further observer position that deviates from the first observer position is selected and a position of a further reflection of a further directed reflection of the light source on each of the individual element surfaces is determined, and around the The further reflection areas assigned to the further motif are arranged around positions of the further reflections of the further directed reflection.
  • a light source emitting non-diffuse light generates reflections on the individual element surfaces.
  • the reflections are bright when the reflectance is high and dark when the reflectance is low.
  • the position of the reflections on the individual element surface depends on the observer angle with which the observer looks at the optically variable security element given a predetermined position of the security element and a predetermined arrangement relative to the security element the light source. Depending on the viewing angle, the reflections wander along the individual element surfaces.
  • the group of partial surfaces assigned to a reflection motif is generally chosen so that further reflections, which are assigned to a further reflection motif, cannot be perceived from the first observer position and, conversely, first reflections, which are assigned to the first reflection motif, cannot be perceived from a further observer position can.
  • the reflection areas and the further reflection areas reflect incident light in a directed manner.
  • the profile layer is advantageously designed in such a way that the first and the further reflection areas cannot be seen in the case of non-diffuse incidence of light from the further observer position or the first observer position and, in the case of diffuse incidence of light, both the first and the further reflection motifs from both the first and can be seen from the further observer position.
  • the first and the further reflection areas are expediently arranged in such a way that they do not shade one another, that is to say they are together in the viewing area of the observer in preferably each of the observer positions. In the case of directed reflection, however, reflections can only be recognized by the observer when he is in the first or in the further observer position.
  • the relief layer according to the invention can have very low relief heights in order to achieve the desired alternating effect or tilting effect.
  • the dimensions of the individual elements are favorably in an order of magnitude below the resolution of the eye, which is 80 ⁇ m.
  • an information layer is advantageously applied to the relief layer in that only the reflection areas with a high degree of reflection are printed with a metal-containing lacquer.
  • the relief layer is first completely metallized and then the information layer formed by demetalling reflection areas with low reflectance.
  • the demetallization can preferably take place with a laser lithograph.
  • the laser lithographs used are focused and bundled onto the metallized layer.
  • the diameter of the focused laser beam is approximately 8 ⁇ m, so that five different partial motifs can be applied to individual elements with a diameter of approximately 40 ⁇ m.
  • the relief layer is coated with a release lacquer in reflection areas with a low degree of reflection, the relief layer is then completely mirrored, and the release lacquer is then washed out.
  • the relief layer can be coated with an adhesion promoting lacquer in the reflection areas with a high degree of reflection, the relief layer can then be completely mirrored and the mirroring of the relief layer in the reflection areas can be washed out without adhesion promoting lacquer.
  • planar areas are provided between the individual elements. These planar areas can be contiguous or discontinuous.
  • the planar areas contain a diffraction grating structure.
  • the diffraction grating structure can have diffraction gratings of a first group of diffraction gratings and diffraction gratings of several groups of diffraction gratings.
  • a group of diffraction gratings is defined by the same diffraction grating type, so that they have the same diffraction properties, that is to say in particular have the same grating constant or the same grating constants.
  • the diffraction grating can be a line grating or a raster grating.
  • One group or several groups of diffraction gratings can be provided, each group of diffraction gratings being distinguished by the fact that it has diffraction gratings of the same diffraction grating type.
  • the diffraction gratings of a group can form a contiguous or several partial diffraction gratings. Each group of partial diffraction gratings encodes a diffraction motif.
  • the optically variable security element is illuminated both with regard to the diffraction grating structure and with regard to the individual elements with the same directed illumination source and viewed with the naked eye from the same viewing angle.
  • the geometry and the arrangement of the individual elements and the geometry and arrangement of the diffraction gratings are coordinated so that the viewing angle-dependent reflection motifs and the viewing angle-dependent diffraction motifs generate viewing angle-dependent overall motifs that are visible to the naked eye.
  • the reflection motifs and the diffraction motifs can be recognized along the same optically effective surface of the optically variable security element. They can be arranged right next to one another, alternate and complement one another.
  • the concept of the overall motif is to be understood broadly here. On the one hand, this is to be understood as meaning overall motifs which include at least one diffraction motif and at least one reflection motif in the same viewing angle. When the viewer looks at the optically variable security element from a viewing angle, he perceives both a diffraction and a reflection motif at the same time. Different forms of simultaneous interaction are conceivable.
  • the diffraction and reflection motifs can be arranged next to one another and thereby each form motifs that can be read individually; For example, both the diffraction and reflection motifs can each have a letter or a sequence of letters, a number or a sequence of numbers or mixtures of both or the like. train, and the overall motif is a word, a security code or the like, which is composed of the individual letters, letter sequences, numbers or the number sequences of both types of motifs.
  • the individual letter, the individual number itself consists partly of a diffraction motif and partly of a reflection motif.
  • the reflection motifs and diffraction motifs each do not form any individually readable motifs.
  • the overall motif can only be read when the two types of motif work together.
  • the concept of the overall motif also includes a sequence or sequence of diffraction and reflection motifs.
  • the result is obtained by changing the viewing angle, for example by tilting the optically variable security element.
  • the temporal duration of the tilting creates a chronological sequence of successive motifs.
  • another motif either diffraction or reflection, becomes visible, or one of the motif combinations described above becomes visible at the same viewing angle.
  • a sequence of motifs is presented to the viewer as an overall motif.
  • a first motif can be seen in a first viewing angle, and a second motif, etc., can be seen for the viewer in a second viewing angle.
  • the first motif can be a reflection motif and the second motif can be a diffraction motif. Almost any consequences are conceivable. It is also conceivable that both a diffraction and a reflection motif are arranged within the sequence at a viewing angle.
  • An overall motif is therefore to be understood both as a static overall motif, which was described first, and a dynamic overall motif in the form of a sequence, as it was then described.
  • the diffraction grating structure is provided between the individual elements in planar areas. It is particularly advantageous that the planar and curved areas are provided alternately and are thus intermeshed with one another.
  • the diffraction grating structure advantageously contains groups of diffraction gratings with diffraction properties that are the same in the groups but differ from one another; these are the diffraction angles of the diffraction grating and the individual diffraction angles. These are determined by the grating constant of the diffraction grating.
  • the diffraction properties depend on the microstructure of a diffraction grating, which can be a rectangular structure, a sawtooth structure or a sinus structure. They depend on whether it is a phase or amplitude grating or a hybrid of them. They depend on whether it is a line grid or a cross grid.
  • the diffraction gratings can also be blazed gratings which essentially have exactly one diffraction order.
  • the lattice constant ie the repetition rate of the diffractive microstructures, is particularly important for the diffraction properties.
  • the lattice constant essentially determines the angles at which diffraction orders occur.
  • the planar regions contain groups of diffraction gratings with the same diffraction property.
  • each of the groups of diffraction gratings of the planar areas forms a diffraction motif which is visible in the diffraction angles and thus as a function of the viewing angle.
  • the areas with diffraction gratings correspond to the motif, i.e. H. where the subject has light areas there are diffraction gratings of the associated group and where the image has dark areas there are no diffraction gratings.
  • the image has medium brightness, the image can be divided into light and dark areas using a screening process, as is known from printing technology.
  • An image that is composed of diffraction gratings is called a diffraction image in the following.
  • diffraction gratings cause color splitting of white light, since the diffraction angle is dependent on the ratio of the wavelength of the light to the grating constant. As a result, diffraction images appear in rainbow colors when illuminated with white light, they shimmer. The perceived color depends in particular on the lighting or viewing angle. If the viewing angle is enlarged compared to the surface normal, the diffraction image is first perceived in blue, then in green, then in orange / yellow and finally in red.
  • No diffraction gratings are provided at the points where the individual elements of the relief structure are located, and thus no diffraction motifs are present at these points. It has been found that the diffraction motifs are nevertheless very easily recognizable for a viewer, in particular if the size of the individual elements of the structure is at least in one dimension close to or preferably below the resolution limit of the human eye.
  • the planar regions contain N groups with diffraction gratings with N different diffraction properties.
  • sub-areas of the planar areas assigned to the groups with the same diffraction property form a diffraction motif that is visible at the respective diffraction angles and thus as a function of the viewing angle, resulting in the total of N diffraction images.
  • These N diffraction motifs in turn are intermingled or superimposed in the planar areas.
  • At least one of the overall motifs preferably has a complete reflection motif and a complete diffraction motif arranged next to one another at a viewing angle.
  • a complete reflection motif for example a company logo, a number, a letter, a word, and a complete diffraction motif, also a company logo, a number, a letter, a word, can be recognized at the same time in the viewing angle.
  • the object is achieved by a production method for one of the optically variable security elements described above.
  • a master is first produced with a negative of a relief layer with a large number of structurally identical individual elements and with at least one planar area between the individual elements.
  • the structure, the height profile of the relief layer is negatively shaped into the master.
  • This can e.g. B. done by lithography techniques or by diamond machining.
  • the relief layer is embossed from the master into a carrier substrate, e.g. B. by a hot stamping process or by a UV stamping process. It is preferably a rotary embossing process.
  • the carrier substrate with the embossed relief layer is then coated with a metal layer.
  • the different degrees of reflection of partial surfaces of individual element surfaces and partial areas with diffraction gratings are produced in a laser lithography process by processing the metal layer of the carrier substrate. Partial areas with low reflectance are demetallized.
  • the subregions with diffraction gratings are preferably produced by demetallizing intermediate surfaces between gratings of the diffraction grating.
  • the diffraction grating has a grating or line structure with the same grating constants in one direction. These are elevations or depressions in the carrier layer.
  • the gratings themselves remain metallized so that they can diffract incident light, but the interfaces between the gratings are demetallized.
  • the laser lithography process must be precisely aligned with the embossed structures in order to obtain the desired effects.
  • Laser lithography is particularly advantageous when a series of security elements is produced in which each individual security element is individualized or serialized, ie, for example, has its own serial number, which is represented in an optically variable manner.
  • the master already contains diffraction gratings in the planar areas between the individual elements, which are also transferred into the material in the embossing process.
  • the subregions with diffraction gratings are produced by covering, destroying or demetallizing the pre-embossed diffraction gratings at the points where no diffraction grating is provided.
  • an embossing cylinder is produced directly by diamond turning a raw cylinder. It is particularly preferred here that the structures are essentially one-dimensional. In this case, the geometry of the individual elements of the relief structure is preferably predetermined by the diamond tool. The diffraction gratings in the planar areas can also be produced directly by diamond turning a raw cylinder by z. B. the grid lines can be screwed in directly with a diamond tool. In this case, the grid lines and the individual elements are arranged parallel to one another.
  • the demetallization can preferably take place with a laser lithograph.
  • the laser lithographs used are focused and bundled onto the metallized layer.
  • the diameter of the focused laser beam is approximately 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, so that up to forty different partial motifs can be applied to individual elements with a diameter of approximately 40 ⁇ m.
  • the relief layer according to the invention with its individual elements can have very low relief heights in order to achieve the desired alternating effect or tilting effect.
  • the dimensions of the individual elements are favorably in an order of magnitude below the resolution of the eye, which is around 80 ⁇ m.
  • Fig. 1a shows schematically a sectional view of an optically variable security element 1 according to the invention.
  • Fig. 1a shows a relief structure with four periodically repeating individual elements 2 with planar regions 3 arranged between them.
  • planar areas 3 there are partial areas with diffraction gratings which diffract the light 4 into one or more diffraction orders.
  • Fig. 2 shows the design of the optically variable security element 1 with two reflection motifs, the letters F and T, and one diffraction motif, the letter L.
  • the two reflection motifs and one diffraction motif are in the first line of FIG Fig. 2 shown.
  • the two reflection motifs F, T are coded in the different degree of reflection of the partial surfaces of the individual elements 2 repeating periodically in the X and Y directions.
  • the individual elements 2 are dome-shaped bulges or dome-shaped indentations.
  • the inventive, repeating individual elements 2 are in the second row of Fig. 2 shown on the far left.
  • the planar areas 3 are provided between the individual elements 2. This is the contiguous area between the individual elements 2, which are circular in cross section and parallel to the plane of the optically variable security element 1.
  • the second image of the second row shows how the individual surfaces 6 are divided into partial surfaces 61, 62 with different degrees of reflection.
  • the sub-surfaces are divided into a first group of sub-surfaces 61, which encode the letter F, and a second group of sub-surfaces 62, which encode the letter T.
  • Each individual element surface 6 is disjointly divided into the partial surfaces 61, 62 of the first and second group.
  • Black indicates a high reflectance and white a very low reflectance, i.e. the partial surfaces 61, 62 of the individual element surfaces 6, which are marked in black, are fully reflective, while the partial surfaces 61, 62 of the individual elements 1, which are marked in white, are non-reflective. This creates the impression that when looking at the plurality of individual elements 2 arranged in a grid, the letter F appears at a first viewing angle and the letter T appears as a reflection motif at a second viewing angle.
  • a diffraction grating is provided which is defined by a certain type of diffraction grating.
  • the letter L can therefore be recognized with the same directional illumination by the light 4 at a diffraction angle determined by the type of diffraction grating.
  • the third line of the Fig. 2 shows how the letters F and T are combined to form a reflection motif by individual reflections on the associated partial surfaces 61, 62 and the letter L, which is formed here by the contiguous sub-area 31 of the planar area 3. If the size of the individual elements 2 is below the resolution of the human eye, i.e. approximately below 50 ⁇ m, the viewer has the impression of continuous illuminated lines and he no longer registers the individual reflections or the holes in the diffraction pattern.
  • the schematic representations of the Fig. 2 represent the basic principle of the creation of an optically variable security element 1 according to the invention.
  • the relationships would be selected differently.
  • So z. B. a digit to be displayed 5 mm in size, while the individual elements z. B. would repeat in a grid of 50 microns.
  • the number is made up of 100 x 100 individual elements 2, the size of which is again below the resolution limit of the eye.
  • the human observer cannot perceive the individual image points separately from one another, which results in continuous individual images - both with the reflection motifs F, T and with the diffraction motifs L.
  • Fig. 3 shows an extension of the representation in Fig. 2 .
  • a second diffraction motif is integrated into the optically variable security element 1.
  • This is the letter H, which is integrated in addition to the letter L as a second diffraction motif.
  • the planar area 3 is divided into two groups of partial areas 31, 32, like the second illustration in FIG Fig. 3 shows.
  • the first group of sub-areas 31 is in contrast to the sub-area of Fig. 2 is no longer contiguous, but the first group of partial areas 31, which codes the letter L, consists of five individual first types of diffraction grating, like the illustration on the left in the second row in FIG Fig. 3 shows, which together generate the letter L in a diffraction motif with directed incidence of light, while the letter H is encoded in a second group of subregions 32, which is encoded in nine individual second diffraction grating types, like the second illustration of the second row in Fig. 3 shows.
  • the first group of sub-areas 31 and the second group of sub-areas 32 are also intermingled so that, depending on the viewing angle, the letter L appears if the viewing angle appears in the direction of a diffraction order of the first grating type and the letter H if the viewing angle is in the diffraction order of the second type of grid.
  • Fig. 4 shows the design of the optically variable security element 1 when the individual elements 2 are formed in the form of grooves or semicylinders or ribs.
  • the individual individual element 2 can extend over an entire length L of the optically variable security element 1, while the individual element 2 repeats itself along a width B at periodic intervals.
  • the left representation of the first line of the Fig. 4 shows the basic design of the individual elements 2.
  • Each of the individual elements 2 is divided into three rows of five pixels each along its longitudinal direction. The pixels all have the same length extension and the same but narrower extension along the width B of the individual element 2.
  • Each of the individual elements 2 is divided into five pixels along the length L and three pixels along the width B.
  • Fig. 4 shows the coding of the three reflection motifs F, T and N by appropriate selection of the degree of reflection of the first, second and third row of pixels and one diffraction motif L.
  • the diffraction motif L is in the planar area 3 between the elongated individual elements 2 in a first group of sub-areas 31 coded with a diffraction grating, while the three reflection motifs are each coded in a group of sub-surfaces, the first group of sub-surfaces comprising the top row of pixels, the second group of sub-surfaces the middle pixels and the third group of sub-surfaces the lower Includes pixels of the individual element surfaces 6.
  • the dark marking again shows the extent to which the individual element surfaces 6 are mirrored along their longitudinal direction.
  • FIG. 5a, 5b and 5c an example of a possible sequence of motifs is given in each case.
  • the scale indicates the viewing angle.
  • the viewing angle 0 is given in this example when the viewer is in the direction of the zero order of the diffraction grating.
  • the reflection motifs are formed as an image sequence 1-2-3-4-5 which is visible in a certain viewing angle range, and the diffraction image B is visible at a viewing angle outside the viewing angle range of the reflection motif sequence.
  • the diffraction motif B is visible from at least two viewing angles, the are arranged symmetrically around the viewing angle 0. It should be noted that this symmetry is not given in the reflection motif sequence.
  • the numbers 1-2-3-4-5 and the letter B stand for any content of the motif.
  • the content can be logos, texts, serial numbers, symbols, photos, etc.
  • the image sequence 1-2-3-4-5 can be an animation, e.g. B. a movement or zoom animation.
  • further diffraction motifs can also be present.
  • the first image information is an image sequence 1-2-3-4-5 which is visible in a certain viewing angle range with the exception of two viewing angles, and the diffraction image B is visible in the two viewing angles which are excluded.
  • the reflection motif sequence 1-2-3-4-5-6 is shown, which is visible in a certain viewing angle range with the exception of one viewing angle, and the diffraction image B is visible in the excluded viewing angle. Since it is an asymmetrical, blazed diffraction grating in this example, the diffraction image B is visible from exactly one viewing angle.
  • the reflection motifs are visible as an image sequence 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 in a certain viewing angle range, and the diffraction image B is visible in two symmetrical diffraction angles.
  • the respective visible image of the image sequence (image 3 and image 5) and the visible diffraction image B are matched to one another in the diffraction angles.
  • the respective motifs can be the same in parts or disjoint in parts or complement each other in parts or represent complementary content.
  • Fig. 7 two contents are shown in the illustration on the left: a customer logo "BRAND TM" as a reflection motif and a serial number "9 8 1 3 0" as a diffraction motif.
  • the customer logo appears as silver-colored font, while the serial number shimmers in rainbow colors.
  • Both motifs appear essentially in the same area of the optically variable security element 1 and at the same viewing angle.
  • the reflection motif is shown as filled and the diffraction motif as an outline.
  • In the middle display only one content is shown as Overall motif shown, the content being divided into the reflection motif and the diffraction motif.
  • the first three digits 9 8 1 of the serial number are shown as a reflection motif and the last two digits 3 0 of the serial number as a diffraction motif.
  • a content is presented as an overall motif, the content being divided into the reflection and diffraction motif.
  • the upper half of the serial number 9 8 1 3 0 is the reflection motif, while the lower half represents the diffraction motif.
  • the reflection motifs are shown as a sequence of motifs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, which are each visible in a certain viewing angle range, and the diffraction motifs are shown here as letter B.
  • the letter B is visible in a range of diffraction angles. Since the individual colors on the same type of diffraction grating bend to different degrees when white light falls, the angle of diffraction of the different colors can be adapted to the viewing angle of the different reflection motifs, so that when the reflection motif "3" appears, the letter B in blue, when the reflection motif appears "4" the letter B in green and when the reflection motif "5" appears the letter B in red.
  • Fig. 9 shows a similar example.
  • the diffraction motif here the serial number 98130
  • the serial number 98130 produces a blue color impression
  • the content of the reflection image that is matched to it i.e. in Fig. 8 of the third picture, the picture sequence visible.
  • the text "blue" appears here.
  • the content of the fourth image that is matched to this is in accordance with Fig. 8 the sequence of images visible in a text "green”.
  • the content of the fifth image that is matched to this is in accordance with Fig. 8 the sequence of images visible in a text "red”.
  • Fig. 10 shows an example of a layer structure of the invention.
  • a substantially transparent carrier layer 100 made of polymer.
  • Underneath is the relief structure which is embossed into a substantially transparent lacquer layer 101 adjoining the carrier layer 100.
  • Underneath is a metallized layer 102 in which the partial surfaces with different degrees of reflection and the subregions with diffraction gratings are located.
  • Fig. 11 shows different beam paths over the metallized layer 102 over a planar region 3 and an individual element 2 when a medium with a refractive index n is above the metallized layer 102.
  • the wavelength ⁇ in the lacquer layer 101 with refractive index n is shortened by a factor of 1 / n compared to the wavelength in air.
  • the sine of the diffraction angle in the medium is also smaller by a factor of 1 / n.
  • an incident light beam is reflected according to the law of reflection "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection", regardless of the refractive index n of lacquer layer 101.
  • angle of incidence equals angle of reflection
  • the sine of the angle is increased by a factor of n.
  • the mirror angles and thus the angles at which the first image information according to the invention are visible are significantly enlarged.
  • the lacquer layer 101 and the carrier layer 100 are viewed as one layer, as lacquer layer 101, to explain the reflection behavior.
  • the carrier layer 100 has a different refractive index than the lacquer layer 101, because the refractive index of the carrier layer 100 is canceled out in both the diffraction motif and the reflection motif.
  • the refractive index n of the layer 101 lying above the relief structure is taken into account by compensating for the angle enlargement of the reflection motifs caused by the refractive index n in the design of the optically variable security element 1. Compensation can take place here either through an adapted selection of the geometry of the individual elements 1, the curvatures of the geometry generally being reduced with a larger refractive index or, with the same geometry, by changing or shifting the areas of different reflection.

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Claims (18)

  1. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable (1) comprenant une couche en relief (102) pourvue d'un grand nombre d'éléments optiques individuels (2) structurellement identiques qui comportent chacun une surface d'élément individuel (6) qui est divisée en parties de surface (61, 62) qui ont des réflectivités dirigées différentes, les parties de surface (61, 62) étant divisées en groupes de telle sorte que chaque groupe comprend une partie de surface (61, 62) d'une surface d'élément individuel (6) et chaque groupe code un motif de réflexion associé qui dépend de l'angle de vision et qui visible à l'œil nu,
    et au moins une zone plane (3) qui s'étend entre les éléments optiques individuels (2) et qui comprend des parties de zone (31, 32) pourvues de réseaux de diffraction qui génèrent, grâce à l'éclairage dirigé prédéterminé, au moins un motif de diffraction qui dépend de l'angle de vision et qui est visible à l'œil nu, caractérisé en ce que
    les motifs de réflexion qui dépendent de l'angle de vision et l'au moins un motif de diffraction qui dépend de l'angle de vision génèrent des motifs globaux qui dépendent de l'angle de vision qui sont visibles à l'œil nu.
  2. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que l'un au moins des motifs globaux, disposés les uns à côté des autres par référence à un angle d'observation, comporte un motif de réflexion complet et un motif de diffraction complet.
  3. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    caractérisé en ce que l'un au moins des motifs globaux est formé dans une partie d'un motif de réflexion et dans une autre partie d'un motif de diffraction.
  4. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que les motifs de réflexion et les motifs de diffraction sont représentés l'un après l'autre dans des angles d'observation croissants le long d'un axe d'inclinaison et les motifs de réflexion sont disposés entre les motifs de diffraction ou les motifs de diffraction sont disposés entre les motifs de réflexion.
  5. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la couche en relief (102) comporte des éléments individuels (2) qui se répètent le long d'une direction longitudinale.
  6. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la couche en relief (102) comporte des éléments individuels (2) qui se répètent le long d'une direction transversale.
  7. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que les éléments individuels (2) sont disposés selon une trame.
  8. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les parties de zone sont divisées en groupes et chaque groupe est associé à un type de réseau de diffraction et chaque groupe code un motif de diffraction associé.
  9. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon la revendication 8,
    caractérisé en ce que différents types de réseau de diffraction ont des propriétés de diffraction différentes.
  10. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que les éléments individuels (2) ont un diamètre maximum inférieur à 200 µm, de préférence inférieur à 100 µm, de préférence inférieur à 75 µm, de préférence inférieur à 50 µm.
  11. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que la zone plane (3) occupe un pourcentage de surface compris entre 20 % et 80 % d'une surface totale optiquement efficace de l'élément de sécurité optiquement variable (1).
  12. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce qu'une couche de support transparente (100) s'étend sur toute la surface le long du côté de la couche en relief (102) qui est dirigée vers l'éclairage dirigé.
  13. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce qu'une couche de contraste (103) s'étend sur toute la surface le long du côté de la couche en relief (102) qui est opposé à l'éclairage dirigé.
  14. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'une couche adhésive s'étend sur toute la surface le long d'un côté inférieur de l'élément de sécurité optiquement variable (1).
  15. Élément de sécurité optiquement variable selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce qu'une couche de protection (101) d'indice de réfraction (n) est disposée directement sur la couche en relief (102), l'angle de diffraction du motif de diffraction par rapport à l'air ambiant étant indépendant de la dimension de l'indice de réfraction (n) et l'angle de réfraction du motif de réflexion étant dépendant de la dimension de l'indice de réfraction (n) et la relation de dépendance déterminant conjointement les propriétés de diffraction du réseau de diffraction et/ou la position des parties de surface (61, 62).
  16. Procédé de fabrication d'un élément de sécurité optiquement variable (1) selon la revendication 1, procédé dans lequel
    une matrice est réalisée avec un négatif d'une couche en relief (102) pourvue d'un grand nombre d'éléments individuels structurellement identiques (2) et d'au moins une zone plane (3) située entre les éléments individuels (2),
    la couche en relief (102) est estampée par la matrice dans un substrat porteur,
    le substrat porteur pourvu de la couche en relief estampée (102) est revêtu d'une couche métallique, différentes réflexivités des parties de surface (61, 62) de surfaces d'élément individuel (6) et des parties de zone pourvues de réseaux de diffraction peuvent être générées dans un processus de lithographie laser par traitement de la couche métallique du substrat porteur.
  17. Procédé de fabrication selon la revendication 16, caractérisé en ce que les parties de zone (31, 32) sont pourvues de réseaux de diffraction par démétallisation de surfaces intermédiaires situées entre des lignes de réseau ou des points de réseau du réseau de diffraction.
  18. Procédé de fabrication selon la revendication 16 ou 17,
    caractérisé en ce que les parties de zone (31, 32) sont pourvues de réseaux de diffraction par incorporation de réseaux de diffraction sur toute la surface dans la zone plane de la matrice, par transfert par estampage dans le substrat porteur et par démétallisation de parties de zone dans lesquelles aucun réseau de diffraction n'est prévu.
EP17742233.4A 2016-08-04 2017-07-20 Élément de sécurité optiquement variable Active EP3493996B1 (fr)

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DE102016214407.3A DE102016214407A1 (de) 2016-08-04 2016-08-04 Optisch variables Sicherheitselement
PCT/EP2017/068308 WO2018024488A1 (fr) 2016-08-04 2017-07-20 Élément de sécurité optiquement variable

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DE102018216221B4 (de) * 2018-09-24 2020-07-30 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer strukturierten Oberfläche auf einem Gegenstand
CN112572019B (zh) * 2019-09-30 2022-03-01 中钞特种防伪科技有限公司 光学防伪元件及防伪产品
FR3105088B1 (fr) * 2019-12-20 2021-12-24 Oberthur Fiduciaire Sas Structure optique à effet de relief
DE102020000027A1 (de) * 2020-01-03 2021-07-08 Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh Optisch variables Sicherheitselement
CN115230363B (zh) * 2021-04-25 2024-03-29 中钞特种防伪科技有限公司 光学防伪元件及其设计方法、防伪产品
DE102021002333A1 (de) * 2021-05-03 2022-11-03 Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh Optisch variables sicherheitselement und wertdokument mit dem optisch variablen sicherheitselement

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CA2564764C (fr) * 2005-10-25 2014-05-13 Jds Uniphase Corporation Structures optiques a motif avec fonction de securite amelioree
CA2613830A1 (fr) * 2006-12-15 2008-06-15 Alberto Argoitia Article avec amelioration de securite par micro-empreintes
DE102008009296A1 (de) * 2008-02-15 2009-08-20 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Sicherheitselement und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
EP2161598B2 (fr) * 2008-09-05 2021-06-09 Viavi Solutions Inc. Dispositif optique démontrant de la couleur lors de la rotation
FR2953965B1 (fr) * 2009-12-14 2011-11-25 Arjowiggins Security Element de securite comportant une structure optique
DE102012203350A1 (de) * 2012-03-02 2013-09-05 Tesa Scribos Gmbh Sicherheitsetikett und ein Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
DE102012105571B4 (de) * 2012-06-26 2017-03-09 Ovd Kinegram Ag Dekorelement sowie Sicherheitsdokument mit einem Dekorelement
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CN109562636A (zh) 2019-04-02
DE102016214407A1 (de) 2018-02-08
CN109562636B (zh) 2020-09-01
WO2018024488A1 (fr) 2018-02-08
EP3493996A1 (fr) 2019-06-12

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