EP3488023A1 - Lead-free aluminium sliding bearing material having a functional surface - Google Patents

Lead-free aluminium sliding bearing material having a functional surface

Info

Publication number
EP3488023A1
EP3488023A1 EP17742378.7A EP17742378A EP3488023A1 EP 3488023 A1 EP3488023 A1 EP 3488023A1 EP 17742378 A EP17742378 A EP 17742378A EP 3488023 A1 EP3488023 A1 EP 3488023A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sliding element
element according
doing
particles
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP17742378.7A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Holger Schmitt
Daniel Meister
Michael Wagner
Gaetano Fabio Cosentino
Ralph Herber
Stefanie Katharina WEIDMANN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Federal Mogul Wiesbaden GmbH
Original Assignee
Federal Mogul Wiesbaden GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Federal Mogul Wiesbaden GmbH filed Critical Federal Mogul Wiesbaden GmbH
Publication of EP3488023A1 publication Critical patent/EP3488023A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/003—Alloys based on aluminium containing at least 2.6% of one or more of the elements: tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and titanium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/012—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of aluminium or an aluminium alloy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/10—Construction relative to lubrication
    • F16C33/1095—Construction relative to lubrication with solids as lubricant, e.g. dry coatings, powder
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/121—Use of special materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
    • F16C33/124—Details of overlays
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
    • F16C33/125—Details of bearing layers, i.e. the lining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
    • B32B2264/102—Oxide or hydroxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
    • B32B2264/104—Oxysalt, e.g. carbonate, sulfate, phosphate or nitrate particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
    • B32B2264/107—Ceramic
    • B32B2264/108—Carbon, e.g. graphite particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
    • B32B2307/302—Conductive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
    • B32B2307/536—Hardness
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2311/00—Metals, their alloys or their compounds
    • B32B2311/24—Aluminium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2311/00—Metals, their alloys or their compounds
    • B32B2311/30—Iron, e.g. steel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2475/00—Frictional elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2202/00—Solid materials defined by their properties
    • F16C2202/02—Mechanical properties
    • F16C2202/04—Hardness
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2202/00—Solid materials defined by their properties
    • F16C2202/20—Thermal properties
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2202/00—Solid materials defined by their properties
    • F16C2202/20—Thermal properties
    • F16C2202/24—Insulating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
    • F16C2204/20—Alloys based on aluminium
    • F16C2204/22—Alloys based on aluminium with tin as the next major constituent
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2206/00—Materials with ceramics, cermets, hard carbon or similar non-metallic hard materials as main constituents
    • F16C2206/40—Ceramics, e.g. carbides, nitrides, oxides, borides of a metal
    • F16C2206/42—Ceramics, e.g. carbides, nitrides, oxides, borides of a metal based on ceramic oxides
    • F16C2206/44—Ceramics, e.g. carbides, nitrides, oxides, borides of a metal based on ceramic oxides based on aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2223/00—Surface treatments; Hardening; Coating
    • F16C2223/30—Coating surfaces
    • F16C2223/70—Coating surfaces by electroplating or electrolytic coating, e.g. anodising, galvanising
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
    • F16C2240/40—Linear dimensions, e.g. length, radius, thickness, gap
    • F16C2240/60—Thickness, e.g. thickness of coatings
    • F16C2240/64—Thickness, e.g. thickness of coatings in the nanometer range
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
    • F16C33/127—Details of intermediate layers, e.g. nickel dams

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a sliding element with a mixed oxide matrix functional layer.
  • An inventive sliding element is characterized by advantageous
  • oxide layers is known as a component of plain bearing coatings.
  • DE 10 2007 042 382 B3 discloses a component which is suitable as a plain bearing, wherein in the construction of the component a layer of a light metal material is provided which is provided to the sliding surface of the component with a pore-containing oxide layer and wherein in these pores Hard material is introduced.
  • the bearing component consists of a metal-matrix composite material whose matrix is replaced by a
  • the invention has for its object to provide a slider available that improved
  • Thermal conductivity, wetting behavior, friction coefficient, wear behavior, roughness and / or topography has.
  • the embedding of solid lubricant particles and / or hard particles in the mixed oxide matrix of the functional layer of the sliding element coating leads to particularly advantageous mechanical properties of the sliding element.
  • the property profile of the sliding element can be tailored specifically to the particular application by targeted selection of the solid lubricant particles and / or hard particles.
  • the coating from the inside to the outside, at least one aluminum alloy layer consisting of an aluminum-based alloy, and the functional layer.
  • Such a structure is particularly easy to produce by electrolytic oxidation of the aluminum alloy layer.
  • the terms aluminum alloy layer or aluminum-based alloy also include pure aluminum or pure aluminum layers.
  • the aluminum-based alloy consists of up to 10.0 wt% Fe, up to 10.0 wt% Mg, up to 15.0 wt% Zn, up to 15.0 wt% Si, up to 30.0 wt% Sn, up to 5.0 wt% Cu, up to 5.0 wt% Ni, up to 5.0 wt% Mn, up to 5, 0 wt .-% Cr, up to 1.0 wt .-% Zr, V, Sr and / or Ti and the balance of aluminum and unavoidable impurities.
  • the aforementioned chemical composition of the aluminum-based alloy makes it possible to achieve a sliding element metal hardness between 30 and 100 HBW 1/5/30.
  • the functional layer is applied to the aluminum alloy layer.
  • Aluminum alloy layer is again preferably on a substrate back of steel, preferably one of the Steel grades C06-C45, applied.
  • the steels mentioned are characterized by good availability and can be combined particularly well with the aluminum alloy layer to form a sliding element.
  • the solid lubricant particles comprise BaS0 4 , h-BN, graphite, MoS 2 , PTFE, WS 2 , ZnS and / or SnS 2 .
  • the particles mentioned are particularly suitable for improving the lubricating properties of the sliding element surface.
  • the hard particles include oxides, nitrides, phosphides, phosphates, fluorides, WC, Tic, TaC, CrC, B 4 C, CaC 2 and / or Al 4 C 3 to increase the wear resistance.
  • the coating has a hardness of 10 to 1500 HV, preferably 10-500 HV0.1. Too soft layers give way under load and lead to seizing by transfer of material and reduce the effect of hard particles and solid lubricants. Too hard layers, however, can attack the counter-rotor of the sliding element by means of abrasion.
  • the functional layer is furthermore preferably between 10 nm and 100 ⁇ m thick. With a layer thickness of less than 10 nm, there is no sufficient improvement in wear protection, whereas layers with layer thicknesses of more than 100 ⁇ m can only be produced with great economic outlay.
  • the aluminum alloy layer has a thickness of up to 500 ym. Larger layer thicknesses have no further improvement in the mechanical properties of the
  • the embedded particles preferably have an average diameter of 1 nm to 15 ⁇ m.
  • the functional layer has a
  • Thermal conductivity of 5 to 100 W / m * K, preferably 20 to 40 W / m * K, on. These values are at the level of pure alumina, so that a good heat dissipation under mixed friction conditions is achieved.
  • the distribution of the solid lubricant particles and / or hard particles in the mixed oxide matrix has a gradient from the inside to the outside.
  • other structures can be set in the surface area of the coating than in the inner area, without weakening the adhesion by discontinuities.
  • the coating preferably has on the outside a preferably electrolytically applied cover layer.
  • a cover layer may, depending on the application, increase the wear resistance and / or improve the friction properties.
  • a sliding bearing is provided with a coating on a CO 6 steel substrate back.
  • the following layer structure is particularly preferred: On the steel back there is a so-called aluminum alloy layer containing the elements mentioned in claim 3. By chemical-physical processes (anodizing), the functional layer is then generated, which in turn may contain Feststoffschmierstoff- and / or hard particles.
  • an aluminum alloy is first cast by strip casting and then by the subsequent rolling steps to a thickness of max. 1.5 mm rolled off.
  • the tape and the film by means of roll-plating, connected to form a strand. Subsequently, the strand is ground and applied to the C06 steel by roll-plating.
  • the sliding bearing material is subsequently transferred into bearing shell dimensions.
  • the mixed oxide matrix is then produced by electrolytic oxidation of the aluminum alloy layer using DC, AC or pulse current sources galvanostatically or potentiostatically.
  • the methodology required for this purpose is known to the person skilled in the art from the prior art, for example from the final report on the IGF project 321 ZBG ("Optimization of the modification of anodizing layers on aluminum materials by chemical nanotechnology and industrial adaptation of the process", Fürbeth et al., Chapter 2.5
  • B 4 C particles are deposited in parallel by means of electrophoretic deposition, which particles are thereby embedded in the mixed oxide matrix
  • agglomeration of the particles is achieved by use stabilized dispersions ensured.
  • a reworking of the sliding bearing surfaces takes place.

Abstract

The invention relates to a sliding element having a coating, which comprises at least one functional layer, said functional layer having a mixed oxide-matrix and in the mixed-oxide matrix and solid lubricant particles and/or hard particles are embedded in the mixed oxide-matrix.

Description

Bleifreies Aluminiumgleitlagermaterial mit  Lead-free aluminum plain bearing material with
Funktionsoberfläche  Working surface
Technisches Gebiet Technical area
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Gleitelement mit einer Mischoxidmatrix-Funktionsschicht. Ein erfindungsgemäßes Gleitelement zeichnet sich durch vorteilhafteThe present invention relates to a sliding element with a mixed oxide matrix functional layer. An inventive sliding element is characterized by advantageous
Oberflächeneigenschaften sowie einfache Herstellbarkeit aus. Surface properties and ease of manufacture.
Stand der Technik State of the art
Aus dem Stand der Technik ist die Nutzung von Oxidschichten als Bestandteil von Gleitlagerbeschichtungen bekannt. From the prior art, the use of oxide layers is known as a component of plain bearing coatings.
So offenbart die DE 10 2007 042 382 B3 ein Bauteil, welches als Gleitlager geeignet ist, wobei im Aufbau des Bauteils eine Schicht aus einem Leichtmetallwerkstoff vorgesehen ist, welcher hin zur Gleitfläche des Bauteils mit einer Poren aufweisenden Oxidschicht versehen ist und wobei in diese Poren ein Hartstoff eingebracht ist. Thus, DE 10 2007 042 382 B3 discloses a component which is suitable as a plain bearing, wherein in the construction of the component a layer of a light metal material is provided which is provided to the sliding surface of the component with a pore-containing oxide layer and wherein in these pores Hard material is introduced.
Die DE 196 12 109 Cl betrifft ein Lagerbauteil mit einer tribologisch beanspruchbaren Fläche. Hierzu ist vorgesehen, dass das Lagerbauteil aus einem Metall-Matrix-Composit- Werkstoff besteht, dessen Matrix durch eineDE 196 12 109 Cl relates to a bearing component with a tribologically stressable surface. For this purpose, it is provided that the bearing component consists of a metal-matrix composite material whose matrix is replaced by a
Aluminiumlegierung gebildet ist, die mit SiC-Partikeln in einem Anteil von mehr als 1 Gewichtsprozent verstärkt ist, und dass die tribologisch beanspruchbare Fläche die Oberfläche einer Anodisierschicht ist. Aluminum alloy reinforced with SiC particles in a proportion of more than 1% by weight, and that the tribologically stressable surface is the surface of an anodization layer.
Der Abschlussbericht zu dem IGF-Vorhaben 302 ZBG „Nanopartikelverstärkte Hartanodisierschichten als innovativer Verschleiß- und Korrosionsschutz für Aluminiumwerkstoffe" von Fürbeth et al . befasst sich mit dem Einbringen von Nanopartikeln in Hartanodisierschichten von Aluminiumwerkstoffen . The final report of the IGF Project 302 ZBG "Nanoparticle Reinforced Hard Anodizing Layers as Innovative Wear and Corrosion Protection for Aluminum Materials" by Fürbeth et al., Deals with the incorporation of nanoparticles into hard anodization layers of aluminum materials.
Schließlich lehrt der Abschlussbericht zu dem IGF-Vorhaben 321 ZBG „Optimierung der Modifizierung von Anodisierschichten auf Aluminiumwerkstoffen durch chemische Nanotechnologie und industrielle Anpassung des Verfahrens" von Fürbeth et al . die Imprägnierung von Anodisierschichten mit Nanopartikeln zur Verbesserung des Korrosionsschutzes. Finally, the final report on IGF project 321 ZBG "Optimizing the Modification of Anodizing Layers on Aluminum Materials by Chemical Nanotechnology and Industrial Adaptation of the Method" by Fürbeth et al teaches the impregnation of anodization layers with nanoparticles to improve corrosion protection.
Darstellung der Erfindung Presentation of the invention
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Gleitelement zur Verfügung zu stellen, das verbesserteThe invention has for its object to provide a slider available that improved
Oberflächeneigenschaften, insbesondere hinsichtlich zumindest einer der Eigenschaften Härte, Duktilität,Surface properties, in particular with regard to at least one of the properties of hardness, ductility,
Wärmeleitfähigkeit, Benetzungsverhalten, Reibkoeffizient, Verschleißverhalten, Rauheit und/oder Topographie aufweist. Thermal conductivity, wetting behavior, friction coefficient, wear behavior, roughness and / or topography has.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt durch das in Anspruch 1 beschriebene Gleitelement. The solution to this problem is achieved by the sliding element described in claim 1.
Das Einbetten von Feststoffschmiermittelpartikeln und/oder Hartpartikeln in die Mischoxid-Matrix der Funktionsschicht der Gleitelementbeschichtung führt dabei zu besonders vorteilhaften mechanischen Eigenschaften des Gleitelements. Insbesondere kann das Eigenschaftsprofil des Gleitelementes durch gezielte Auswahl der Feststoffschmiermittelpartikel und/oder Hartpartikel auf den jeweiligen Anwendungsfall spezifisch zugeschnitten werden. Gegenüber der Nutzung von Poren in Oxidbeschichtungen von Gleitlagern als Reservoir für Schmiermittel ergibt sich zudem der Vorteil einer homogeneren Verteilung sowie einer größeren Flexibilität hinsichtlich der einzusetzenden Partikel. The embedding of solid lubricant particles and / or hard particles in the mixed oxide matrix of the functional layer of the sliding element coating leads to particularly advantageous mechanical properties of the sliding element. In particular, the property profile of the sliding element can be tailored specifically to the particular application by targeted selection of the solid lubricant particles and / or hard particles. Compared with the use of pores in oxide coatings of sliding bearings as a reservoir for lubricants, there is also the advantage of a more homogeneous distribution and greater flexibility with regard to the particles to be used.
Bevorzugte Weiterbildungen sind in den weiteren Ansprüchen beschrieben . Preferred developments are described in the further claims.
Mit Vorteil weist die Beschichtung, von innen nach außen, zumindest eine Aluminiumlegierungsschicht, bestehend aus einer Aluminium-basierten Legierung, und die Funktionsschicht auf. Ein derartiger Aufbau lässt sich besonders einfach durch elektrolytische Oxidation der Aluminiumlegierungsschicht herstellen. Die Begriffe Aluminiumlegierungsschicht bzw. Aluminium-basierte Legierung umfassen hierbei auch Reinaluminium bzw. Reinaluminiumschichten. Advantageously, the coating, from the inside to the outside, at least one aluminum alloy layer consisting of an aluminum-based alloy, and the functional layer. Such a structure is particularly easy to produce by electrolytic oxidation of the aluminum alloy layer. The terms aluminum alloy layer or aluminum-based alloy also include pure aluminum or pure aluminum layers.
Bevorzugt besteht die Aluminium-basierte Legierung aus bis zu 10,0 Gew.-% Fe, bis zu 10,0 Gew.-% Mg, bis zu 15,0 Gew.-% Zn, bis zu 15,0 Gew.-% Si, bis zu 30,0 Gew.-% Sn, bis zu 5,0 Gew.-% Cu, bis zu 5,0 Gew.-% Ni, bis zu 5,0 Gew.-% Mn, bis zu 5,0 Gew.-% Cr, bis zu 1,0 Gew.-% Zr, V, Sr und/oder Ti und als Rest aus Aluminium und unvermeidlichen Verunreinigungen. Die genannte chemische Zusammensetzung der Aluminiumbasierten Legierung ermöglicht es, eine Gleitelement- Metallhärte zwischen 30 und 100 HBW 1/5/30 zu erzielen. Preferably, the aluminum-based alloy consists of up to 10.0 wt% Fe, up to 10.0 wt% Mg, up to 15.0 wt% Zn, up to 15.0 wt% Si, up to 30.0 wt% Sn, up to 5.0 wt% Cu, up to 5.0 wt% Ni, up to 5.0 wt% Mn, up to 5, 0 wt .-% Cr, up to 1.0 wt .-% Zr, V, Sr and / or Ti and the balance of aluminum and unavoidable impurities. The aforementioned chemical composition of the aluminum-based alloy makes it possible to achieve a sliding element metal hardness between 30 and 100 HBW 1/5/30.
Besonders bevorzugt ist die Funktionsschicht auf der Aluminiumlegierungsschicht aufgebracht. DieParticularly preferably, the functional layer is applied to the aluminum alloy layer. The
Aluminiumlegierungsschicht ist wiederum bevorzugt auf einem Substratrücken aus Stahl, vorzugsweise aus einer der Stahlsorten C06-C45, aufgebracht. Die genannten Stähle zeichnen sich durch gute Verfügbarkeit aus und lassen sich besonders gut mit der Aluminiumlegierungsschicht zu einem Gleitelement verbinden. Aluminum alloy layer is again preferably on a substrate back of steel, preferably one of the Steel grades C06-C45, applied. The steels mentioned are characterized by good availability and can be combined particularly well with the aluminum alloy layer to form a sliding element.
Zudem ist vorgesehen, zwischen dem Substratrücken und der Aluminiumlegierungsschicht eine Zwischenschicht, vorzugsweise aus Reinaluminium bestehend, einzubringen. DieIn addition, it is provided to introduce an intermediate layer, preferably consisting of pure aluminum, between the substrate back and the aluminum alloy layer. The
Zwischenschicht verbessert die Bindung zwischenInterlayer improves the bond between
Substratrücken und der Beschichtung . Substrate back and the coating.
Mit Vorteil umfassen die Feststoffschmiermittelpartikel BaS04, h-BN, Graphit, MoS2, PTFE, WS2, ZnS und/oder SnS2. Die genannten Partikel eignen sich besonders zur Verbesserung der Schmiereigenschaften der Gleitelementoberfläche. Advantageously, the solid lubricant particles comprise BaS0 4 , h-BN, graphite, MoS 2 , PTFE, WS 2 , ZnS and / or SnS 2 . The particles mentioned are particularly suitable for improving the lubricating properties of the sliding element surface.
Bevorzugt umfassen die Hartpartikel Oxide, Nitride, Phosphide, Phosphate, Fluoride, WC, Tic, TaC, CrC, B4C, CaC2 und/oder AI4C3 zur Steigerung des Verschleißwiderstands. Preferably, the hard particles include oxides, nitrides, phosphides, phosphates, fluorides, WC, Tic, TaC, CrC, B 4 C, CaC 2 and / or Al 4 C 3 to increase the wear resistance.
Ferner ist vorgesehen, in der Mischoxid-Matrix organisch modifizierte Partikel, mit Sinteradditiven, vorzugsweise NaHC03, versehene Partikel, Core-Shell-Partikel , Nanokapseln, welche vorzugsweise mit FeststoffSchmiermittel gefüllt sind, und/oder in ein polymeres Sol eingebettete Partikel einzubetten. Diese führen zu einer besonders homogenen Verteilung der Partikel in der Mischoxid-Matrix. It is further provided to embed in the mixed oxide matrix organically modified particles, particles provided with sintering additives, preferably NaHCO 3, core-shell particles, nanocapsules, which are preferably filled with solid lubricant, and / or embedded in a polymeric sol particles. These lead to a particularly homogeneous distribution of the particles in the mixed oxide matrix.
Mit Vorteil weist die Beschichtung eine Härte von 10 bis 1500 HV, bevorzugt 10-500 HV0.1 auf. Zu weiche Schichten geben unter Last nach und führen zum Fressen durch Materialübertrag und verringern die Wirkung der Hartpartikel und FeststoffSchmiermittel . Zu harte Schichten können dagegen den Gegenläufer des Gleitelementes mittels Abrieb angreifen. Die Funktionsschicht ist ferner bevorzugt zwischen 10 nm und 100 ym dick. Bei einer Schichtdicke unter 10 nm stellt sich keine ausreichende Verbesserung des Verschleißschutzes ein, wohingegen Schichten mit Schichtdicken von über 100 ym nur unter hohem wirtschaftlichen Aufwand zu fertigen sind. Advantageously, the coating has a hardness of 10 to 1500 HV, preferably 10-500 HV0.1. Too soft layers give way under load and lead to seizing by transfer of material and reduce the effect of hard particles and solid lubricants. Too hard layers, however, can attack the counter-rotor of the sliding element by means of abrasion. The functional layer is furthermore preferably between 10 nm and 100 μm thick. With a layer thickness of less than 10 nm, there is no sufficient improvement in wear protection, whereas layers with layer thicknesses of more than 100 μm can only be produced with great economic outlay.
Bevorzugt weist die Aluminiumlegierungsschicht eine Dicke von bis zu 500 ym auf. Größere Schichtdicken haben keine weitere Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften desPreferably, the aluminum alloy layer has a thickness of up to 500 ym. Larger layer thicknesses have no further improvement in the mechanical properties of the
Gleitelementes zur Folge. Sliding element result.
Zur Verbesserung der Funktionsschichteigenschaften weisen die eingebetteten Partikel bevorzugt einen durchschnittlichen Durchmesser von 1 nm bis 15 ym auf. To improve the functional layer properties, the embedded particles preferably have an average diameter of 1 nm to 15 μm.
Mit Vorteil weist die Funktionsschicht eineAdvantageously, the functional layer has a
Wärmeleitfähigkeit von 5 bis 100 W/m*K, vorzugsweise 20 bis 40 W/m*K, auf. Diese Werte liegen auf dem Niveau von reinem Aluminiumoxid, so dass eine gute Wärmeabfuhr unter Mischreibungsbedingungen erzielt wird. Thermal conductivity of 5 to 100 W / m * K, preferably 20 to 40 W / m * K, on. These values are at the level of pure alumina, so that a good heat dissipation under mixed friction conditions is achieved.
Zudem ist erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen, dass die Verteilung der Feststoffschmiermittelpartikel und/oder Hartpartikel in der Mischoxid-Matrix von innen nach außen einen Gradienten aufweist. Somit können im Oberflächenbereich der Beschichtung andere Strukturen eingestellt werden als im inneren Bereich, ohne durch Diskontinuitäten die Haftung zu schwächen. In addition, it is provided according to the invention that the distribution of the solid lubricant particles and / or hard particles in the mixed oxide matrix has a gradient from the inside to the outside. Thus, other structures can be set in the surface area of the coating than in the inner area, without weakening the adhesion by discontinuities.
Bevorzugt weist die Beschichtung schließlich außen eine vorzugsweise elektrolytisch aufgebrachte Deckschicht auf. Eine solche Deckschicht kann, je nach Anwendungsfall, den Verschleißwiderstand erhöhen und/oder die Reibeigenschaften verbessern . Finally, the coating preferably has on the outside a preferably electrolytically applied cover layer. Such a cover layer may, depending on the application, increase the wear resistance and / or improve the friction properties.
Bevorzugte Aus führuncrs form Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird ein Gleitlager mit einer Beschichtung auf einem CO 6-Stahlsubstratrücken bereitgestellt. Besonders bevorzugt ist dabei folgender Schichtaufbau: Auf dem Stahlrücken befindet sich eine sogenannte Aluminiumlegierungsschicht, die die in Anspruch 3 genannten Elemente enthält. Durch chemisch-physikalische Prozesse (Eloxieren) wird dann die Funktionsschicht erzeugt, welche wiederum FeststoffSchmiermittel- und/oder Hartpartikel enthalten kann. Dabei wird eine Aluminiumlegierung zunächst mittels Bandguss vergossen und anschließend durch die nachfolgenden Walzschritte auf eine Dicke von max . 1,5 mm abgewalzt. Bei Einsatz einer Zwischenfolie zur Haftverbesserung, wird anschließend das Band und die Folie, mittels Walzplattieren, zu einem Strang verbunden. Anschließend wird der Strang geschliffen und durch Walzplattieren auf den C06-Stahl aufgebracht. Durch übliche Umformschritte wird der Gleitlagerwerkstoff nachfolgend in Lagerschalendimensionen überführt. Die Mischoxid-Matrix wird anschließend durch elektrolytische Oxidation der Aluminiumlegierungsschicht unter Anwendung von Gleichstrom-, Wechselstrom- oder Pulsstromquellen galvanostatisch oder potentiostatisch erzeugt. Die hierzu benötigte Methodik ist dem Fachmann aus dem Stand der Technik, beispielsweise aus dem Abschlussbericht zu dem IGF-Vorhaben 321 ZBG („Optimierung der Modifizierung von Anodisierschichten auf Aluminiumwerkstoffen durch chemische Nanotechnologie und industrielle Anpassung des Verfahrens"; Fürbeth et al . ; Kapitel 2.5) bekannt. Gleichzeitig werden parallel mittels elektrophoretischer Abscheidung B4C-Partikel abgeschieden, die hierdurch in der Mischoxid-Matrix eingebettet werden. Um eine homogene Verteilung der Partikel sicherzustellen, wird die Agglomeration der Partikel durch Verwendung stabilisierter Dispersionen sichergestellt. Zum Abschluss erfolgt eine Nachbearbeitung der Gleitlageroberflächen. Preferred embodiment According to a preferred embodiment, a sliding bearing is provided with a coating on a CO 6 steel substrate back. The following layer structure is particularly preferred: On the steel back there is a so-called aluminum alloy layer containing the elements mentioned in claim 3. By chemical-physical processes (anodizing), the functional layer is then generated, which in turn may contain Feststoffschmiermittel- and / or hard particles. Here, an aluminum alloy is first cast by strip casting and then by the subsequent rolling steps to a thickness of max. 1.5 mm rolled off. When using an intermediate film to improve adhesion, then the tape and the film, by means of roll-plating, connected to form a strand. Subsequently, the strand is ground and applied to the C06 steel by roll-plating. By customary forming steps, the sliding bearing material is subsequently transferred into bearing shell dimensions. The mixed oxide matrix is then produced by electrolytic oxidation of the aluminum alloy layer using DC, AC or pulse current sources galvanostatically or potentiostatically. The methodology required for this purpose is known to the person skilled in the art from the prior art, for example from the final report on the IGF project 321 ZBG ("Optimization of the modification of anodizing layers on aluminum materials by chemical nanotechnology and industrial adaptation of the process", Fürbeth et al., Chapter 2.5 At the same time, B 4 C particles are deposited in parallel by means of electrophoretic deposition, which particles are thereby embedded in the mixed oxide matrix In order to ensure a homogeneous distribution of the particles, agglomeration of the particles is achieved by use stabilized dispersions ensured. Finally, a reworking of the sliding bearing surfaces takes place.

Claims

Patentansprüche 196 745 p6/t6 Claims 196 745 p6 / t6
Gleitelement mit einer Beschichtung, die zumindest eine Funktionsschicht aufweist, Sliding element with a coating which has at least one functional layer,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Funktionsschicht eine Mischoxid-Matrix aufweist und in der Mischoxid-Matrix Feststoffschmiermittelpartikel und/oder Hartpartikel eingebettet sind.  the functional layer has a mixed oxide matrix and solid lubricant particles and / or hard particles are embedded in the mixed oxide matrix.
Gleitelement nach Anspruch 1, Sliding element according to claim 1,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Beschichtung, von innen nach außen, zumindest folgende Schichten aufweist:  the coating, from the inside to the outside, has at least the following layers:
eine Aluminiumlegierungsschicht, bestehend aus einer Aluminium-basierten Legierung, und  an aluminum alloy layer consisting of an aluminum-based alloy, and
die Funktionsschicht.  the functional layer.
Gleitelement nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, Sliding element according to claim 1 or 2,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Aluminium-basierte Legierung aus  made of the aluminum-based alloy
bis zu 10,0 Gew.-% Fe,  up to 10.0% by weight Fe,
bis zu 10,0 Gew. -% Mg,  up to 10.0% by weight of Mg,
bis zu 15,0 Gew.-% Zn,  up to 15.0% by weight of Zn,
bis zu 15,0 Gew . ~6 Si ,  up to 15.0 wt. ~ 6 Si,
bis zu 30,0 Gew.-% Sn,  up to 30.0% by weight of Sn,
bis zu 5,0 Gew.-% Cu,  up to 5.0% by weight of Cu,
bis zu 5,0 Gew.-% Ni,  up to 5.0% by weight of Ni,
bis zu 5,0 Gew.-% Mn,  up to 5.0% by weight of Mn,
bis zu 5,0 Gew.-% Cr,  up to 5.0% by weight Cr,
bis zu 1,0 Gew.-% Zr, V, Sr und/oder Ti und als Rest aus Aluminium und unvermeidl Verunreinigungen besteht. up to 1.0% by weight of Zr, V, Sr and / or Ti and the remainder being aluminum and unavoidable impurities.
4. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass 4. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it e e n e c e s e s that
die Funktionsschicht auf der Aluminiumlegierungsschicht aufgebracht ist und diese wiederum mit einem Substratrücken verbunden ist und der Substratrücken aus Stahl, vorzugsweise aus einer der Stahlsorten C06-C45, besteht .  the functional layer is applied to the aluminum alloy layer and this in turn is connected to a substrate back and the substrate back of steel, preferably from one of the steel grades C06-C45 exists.
5. Gleitelement nach Anspruch 4, 5. sliding element according to claim 4,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass zwischen dem Substratrücken und der Beschichtung eine Thereby, there is a difference between the substrate back and the coating
Zwischenschicht, vorzugsweise aus Reinaluminium bestehend, vorgesehen ist. Intermediate layer, preferably made of pure aluminum, is provided.
6. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 6. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Feststoffschmiermittelpartikel BaSC^, h-BN, the solid lubricant particles BaSC ^, h-BN,
Graphit, MoS2, PTFE, WS2, ZnS und/oder SnS2 umfassen. Graphite, MoS 2 , PTFE, WS 2 , ZnS and / or SnS 2 .
7. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 7. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Hartpartikel Oxide, Nitride, Phosphide, Phosphate, Fluoride, WC, Tic, TaC, CrC, B4C, CaC2 und/oder A14C3 umfassen . the hard particles include oxides, nitrides, phosphides, phosphates, fluorides, WC, Tic, TaC, CrC, B 4 C, CaC 2 and / or Al 4 C 3 .
8. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 8. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
in der Mischoxid-Matrix organisch modifizierte Partikel, mit Sinteradditiven, vorzugsweise NaHCO^, versehene Partikel, Core-Shell-Partikel , Nanokapseln, welche vorzugsweise mit FeststoffSchmiermittel gefüllt sind, und/oder in ein polymeres Sol eingebettete Partikel eingebettet sind.  in the mixed oxide matrix, organically modified particles, with sintering additives, preferably NaHCO ^, provided particles, core-shell particles, nanocapsules, which are preferably filled with solid lubricant, and / or embedded in a polymer sol embedded particles.
9. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 9. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass die Beschichtung eine Härte von 10 bis 1500 HV0.1, bevorzugt 10-500 HVO .1 aufweist. characterized in that the coating has a hardness of 10 to 1500 HV0.1, preferably 10-500 HVO .1.
10. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 10. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Funktionsschicht eine Dicke von 10 nm bis 100 ym aufweist .  the functional layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 100 ym.
11. Gleitelement nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 10, 11. Sliding element according to one of claims 2 to 10,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Aluminiumlegierungsschicht eine Dicke von bis zu 200 ym aufweist.  the aluminum alloy layer has a thickness of up to 200 ym.
12. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 12. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die eingebetteten Partikel einen durchschnittlichen Durchmesser von 1 nm bis 15 ym aufweisen.  the embedded particles have an average diameter of 1 nm to 15 ym.
13. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 13. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Funktionsschicht eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit von 5 bis 100 W/m*K, vorzugsweise 20 bis 40 W/m*K aufweist.  the functional layer has a thermal conductivity of 5 to 100 W / m * K, preferably 20 to 40 W / m * K.
14. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 14. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Verteilung der Feststoffschmiermittelpartikel und/oder Hartpartikel in der Mischoxid-Matrix von innen nach außen einen Gradienten aufweist.  the distribution of the solid lubricant particles and / or hard particles in the mixed oxide matrix has a gradient from the inside to the outside.
15. Gleitelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, 15. Sliding element according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass  By doing so, that is
die Beschichtung außen eine vorzugsweise elektrolytisch aufgebrachte Deckschicht aufweist.  the coating has on the outside a preferably electrolytically applied cover layer.
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