EP3465009B1

EP3465009B1 - Fuel nozzle for a gas turbine with radial swirler and axial swirler and gas turbine

Info

Publication number: EP3465009B1
Application number: EP17727569.0A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Matteo CERUTTI
Original assignee: Nuovo Pignone Technologie SRL
Current assignee: Nuovo Pignone Technologie SRL
Priority date: 2016-05-31
Filing date: 2017-05-30
Publication date: 2022-07-20
Anticipated expiration: 2037-05-30
Also published as: EP3465009A1

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein correspond to fuel nozzles for gas turbines with radial swirler and axial swirler and gas turbines using such nozzles.

BACKGROUND ART

Stability of the flame and low NOx emission are important features for fuel nozzles of a burner of a gas turbine.
This is particularly true in the field of "Oil & Gas" (i.e. machines used in plants for exploration, production, storage, refinement and distribution of oil and/or gas).
For this purpose, swirlers are used in the fuel nozzles of gas turbines.
A double radial swirler is disclosed, for example, in US2010126176A1 .
An axial swirler is disclosed, for example, in US2016010856A1 .
A swirler wherein a radial flow of air and an axial flow of air are combined to form a single flow of air is disclosed, for example, in US4754600 ; there is a single recirculation zone that can be controlled.
EP2716976A1 discloses a gas turbine combustor of a type having no flow guide used therein. An air and stream flowing outwardly from the main nozzle unit flows generally axially creating a long central recirculation zone under the influence of a short corner flow. A nozzle in the form of a central convergent-divergent conduit comprising an axial swirler (labeled 34 in Fig. 3) is used for spraying fuel. An annular radial swirler provides an additional fuel-air mixture to the combustor.
US 2002/0162333 A1 discloses a fuel nozzle in a gas turbine combustor. A central converging-diverging conduit comprises an axial swirler which creates a central, short recirculation zone for the air/fuel mixture. An annular radial swirler creates an annular, long recirculation zone for an additional air/fuel mixture.

SUMMARY

The present invention is defined in the accompanying claims.
In order to achieve this goal, both a radial swirler and an axial swirler are integrated in a single fuel nozzle.
Recirculation in the combustion chamber, that is a stabilization mechanism, may depend on the load of the gas turbine, e.g. low load, intermediate load, high load. Depending of the load of the gas turbine, recirculation in the combustion chamber may be provided only or mainly by the radial swirler, or only or mainly by the axial swirler, or by both swirlers.
First embodiments of the invention relate to fuel nozzles for gas turbines.
According to the invention, a fuel nozzle comprises a radial swirler and an axial swirler; the radial swirler is arranged to swirl a first flow of a first oxidant-fuel mixture and the axial swirler is arranged to swirl a second flow of a second oxidant-fuel mixture. The first flow may be fed by a central conduit and the second flow may be fed by an annular conduit surrounding the central conduit.
The invention also relates to gas turbines.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute an integral part of the present specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention and, together with the detailed description, explain these embodiments. In the drawings:

Fig. 1 shows a partial longitudinal cross-section view of a burner of a gas turbine wherein an embodiment of a fuel nozzle is located,
Fig. 2 shows a partial longitudinal cross-section view of the nozzle of Fig. 1,
Fig. 3 shows a front three-dimensional view of the nozzle of Fig. 1,
Fig. 4 shows a front three-dimensional view of the nozzle of Fig. 1, transversally cross-sectioned at the radial swirler, and
Fig. 5 shows two plots of Wg/Wa ratios of swirlers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description of exemplary embodiments refers to the accompanying drawings.
The following description does not limit the invention. Instead, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
Reference throughout the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the subject matter disclosed. Thus, the appearance of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout the specification is not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Fig. 1 shows a partial longitudinal cross-section view of a burner 10 of a gas turbine 1 wherein an embodiment of a fuel nozzle 100 is located.
The burner 10 is annular-shaped, has a axis 11, an internal (e.g. cylindrical) wall 12 and an external (e.g. cylindrical) wall 13. A transversal wall 14 divides a feeding plenum 15 of the burner 10 from a combustion chamber 16 of the burner 10; the feeding plenum 15 is in fluid communication with a discharge chamber of a compressor of the gas turbine 1. The burner 10 comprises a plurality of nozzles 100 arranged in a crown around the axis 11 of the burner 10. The wall 14 has a plurality of (e.g. circular) holes wherein a corresponding plurality of (e.g. cylindrical) bodies of the nozzles 100 are fit. Furthermore, each nozzle 100 has a support arm 130, in particular an L-shaped arm, for fixing the nozzle 100, in particular for fixing it to the external wall 13.
The nozzle 100 comprises a radial swirler, that is shown schematically in Fig. 1 as element 111, and an axial swirler, that is shown schematically in Fig. 1 as element 121B. As it will be described better with the help of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, the axial swirler essentially consists of a set of vanes 121 and the radial swirler essentially consists of a set of channels 111; the vanes 121 develop substantially axially and the channels 111 develop substantially radially. It is to be noted that, in the embodiment of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, each vane has a straight portion 121A and a curved portion 121B (downstream the straight portion 121A); the curved portion 121B provides radial swirl to a flowing gas (as explained in the following) and the straight portion 121A houses a channel 111, i.e. is hollow.
A body of the nozzle 100 develops in an axial direction, i.e. along an axis 101, from an inlet side 103 of the nozzle to an outlet side 105 of the nozzle; the body may be, for example, cylindrical-shaped, cone-shaped, prism-shaped or pyramid-shaped.
The body of the nozzle 100 comprises a central conduit 110 developing in the axial direction 101 and an annular conduit 120 developing in the axial direction 101 around the central conduit 110. The annular conduit 120 houses the vanes 121. The channels 111 start on an outer surface of the body, pass through the straight portions 121A of the vanes 121 and end in a chamber 112 being in a central region of the body; the chamber 112 is the start of the central conduit 110. The channels 111 provide axial swirl to a flowing gas (as explained in the following).
Inside arm 130 there is at least a first pipe 131 for feeding a first fuel flow F1 to the body of the nozzle 100, in particular to its inlet side 103, and a second pipe 132 for feeding a second fuel flow F2 to the body of the nozzle 100, in particular to its inlet side 103; there may be other pipes, in particular for other fuel flows.
A first flow A1 of oxidant, in particular air, enters the central conduit 110 from the plenum 15 (in particular from the lateral side of the nozzle body through channels 111); a second flow A2 of oxidant, in particular air, enters the annular conduit 120 from the plenum 15 (in particular from the inlet side 103 of the nozzle body).
The first fuel flow F1 is injected axially into the central conduit 110 (this is not shown in Fig. 1, but only in Fig. 2) and mixes with the first oxidant flow A1; the second fuel flow F2 is injected radially into the annular conduit 120 (this is not shown in Fig. 1, but only in Fig. 2) and mixes with the second oxidant flow A2.
The channels 111 are tangential and are arranged to create radially swirling motion in the central conduit 110 around the axial direction 101. The first fuel flow F1 enters the chamber 112 tangentially and mixes with the first oxidant flow A1 so a first flow A1+F1 of a first oxidant-fuel mixture is created with radially swirling motion (in particular in the center of the nozzle body). The first oxidant flow A1 and the first fuel flow F1 are components of the first flow A1+F1.
The second oxidant flow A2 enters the annular conduit 120 axially and mixes with the second fuel flow F2 so a second flow A2+F2 of a second oxidant-fuel mixture is created with axially directed motion. The second oxidant flow A2 and the second fuel flow F2 are components of the second flow A2+F2. Feeding channels 122 are defined between airfoil portions of adjacent swirl vanes 121 and arranged to feed the second flow A2-F2. The second flow A2+F2 flows in the channels 122 first between the straight portions 121A of the vanes 121 and then between the curved portions 121B so a flow with axially swirling motion is created (in particular close to the outlet side 105 of the nozzle body).
The central conduit 110 is arranged to feed the first flow A1+F1 to the outlet side 105 of the nozzle body and the annular conduit 120 is arranged to feed the second flow A2+F2 to the outlet side 105 of the nozzle body.
A first recirculation zone R1 is associated to the radial swirler, and a second recirculation zone R2 is associated to the axial swirler. In the embodiments of the figures, the second recirculation zone R2 is at least partially downstream the first recirculation zone R1.
With reference to Fig. 2, the central conduit 110 starts with the chamber 112, follows with a converging section 113 (converging with respect to the axial direction 101), and ends with a diverging section 115 (diverging with respect to the axial direction 101). In Fig. 2, the constricted section, after the section 113 and before section 115, is extremely short. The converging section may correspond to an abrupt (as in Fig. 2) or a gradual cross-section reduction. The diverging section corresponds typically to a gradual cross-section increase.
In the embodiment of Fig. 2, the end of the diverging section 115 of the central conduit 110 and the end of the annular conduit 120 are axially aligned at the outlet side 105 of the nozzle body.
In the embodiment of Fig. 2, the feeding channels 111 end in a region of the central conduit 110, in particular in the chamber 112, before the converging section 113 of the central conduit 110.
As can be seen in Fig. 2, inside the nozzle body, there are annular pipes that feed the first input fuel flow F1 to the central conduit 110 through a first plurality of little (lateral) holes, in particular to the chamber 112, and the second input fuel flow F2 to the annular conduit 120 through a second plurality of little (front) holes (see Fig. 4).
The nozzle of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 comprises further a pilot injector 140 located in the center of the central conduit 110, in particular partially in the chamber 112. The pilot injector 140 receives a third fuel flow F3 from a third pipe inside the support arm of the nozzle. The pilot injector 140 is cone-shaped at its end and an internal pipe feed the third fuel flow F3 to its tip. A plurality of little holes at the tip (see Fig. 4) eject the fuel into the central conduit 110, in particular into the chamber 112, in particular shortly upstream the converging section 113.
Fig. 5 shows two plots: a first plot (continuous line labelled RAD) is a possible plot of a ratio between fuel gas mass flow rate Wg and oxidant gas (typically air) mass flow rate Wa in the radial swirler, and a second plot (dashed line labelled AX) is a possible plot of a ratio between fuel gas mass flow rate Wg and oxidant gas (typically air) mass flow rate Wa in the axial swirler. As it is known, the temperature of a flame is linked to the ratio between fuel gas mass flow rate and oxidant gas mass flow rate.
Both plots start from 0 at zero (or approximately zero) load of the gas turbine Lgt.
According to this embodiment, for example, both plots end approximately at the same point (the two points are not necessarily identical) at full (or approximately full) load of the gas turbine Lgt. In fact, it may be advantageous that the flame due to the radial swirler and the flame due to the axial swirler are approximately at the same temperature.
According to this embodiment, for example, the axial ratio is rather constant and approximately zero between 0% of load of the gas turbine and 30% of load of the gas turbine.
According to this embodiment, for example, the axial ratio is rather constant (to be precise, slowly decreasing) between 50% of load of the gas turbine and 100% of load of the gas turbine.
According to this embodiment, for example, the radial ratio gradually increases between 0% of load of the gas turbine and 30% of load of the gas turbine.
According to this embodiment, for example, the radial ratio gradually increases between 50% of load of the gas turbine and 100% of load of the gas turbine.
According to this embodiment, for example, the radial ratio drastically decreases between 30% of load of the gas turbine and 50% of load of the gas turbine.
According to this embodiment, for example, the axial ratio drastically increases between 30% of load of the gas turbine and 50% of load of the gas turbine.
The fuel gas mass flow rate in the radial swirler, in the axial swirler or in both swirlers may be controlled through a control system comprising for example a controlled valve or controlled movable diaphragm.
The oxidant gas mass flow rate in the radial swirler, in the axial swirler or in both swirlers may be controlled through a control system for example a controlled valve or controlled movable diaphragm.

Claims

A fuel nozzle (100) for a gas turbine (1) comprising a radial swirler and an axial swirler (121), wherein the radial swirler is arranged to swirl a first flow (A1+F1) of a first oxidant-fuel mixture and the axial swirler (121) is arranged to swirl a second flow (A2+F2) of a second oxidant-fuel mixture, wherein a first recirculation zone (R1) is associated to the radial swirler, wherein a second recirculation zone (R2) is associated to the axial swirler (121), and wherein the second recirculation zone (R2) is at least partially downstream the first recirculation zone (R1);
wherein a body of the fuel nozzle (100) developing in an axial direction (101) from an inlet side (103) to an outlet side (105), comprises a central conduit (110) developing in the axial direction (101) and an annular conduit (120) developing in the axial direction (101) around the central conduit (110), wherein the central conduit (110) is arranged to feed the first flow (A1+F1) and the annular conduit (120) is arranged to feed the second flow (A2+F2);

wherein the central conduit (110) starts with a chamber (112), continues with a converging section (113) and ends with a diverging section (115);

wherein the radial swirler essentially consists of a set of channels (111) which develop radially and tangentially to create radially swirling motion in the central conduit (110) around the axial direction (101).
The fuel nozzle (100) of claim 1, wherein the annular conduit (120) comprises a plurality of swirl vanes (121) arranged to axially swirl the second flow (A2+F2).
The fuel nozzle (100) of claim 2, wherein the swirl vanes (121) are hollow and are arranged to feed a first component (A1) of the first flow (A1+F1) radially to the central conduit (110).
The fuel nozzle (100) of claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the channels (111) are first feeding channels (111) located inside the swirl vanes (121) and arranged to feed the first component (A1).
The fuel nozzle (100) of claim 4, being arranged to inject a second component (F1) of the first flow (A1+F1) to the central conduit (110) and mix it with the first component (A1) thereby obtaining the first flow (A1+F1) with radially swirling motion.
The fuel nozzle (100) of any of claims from 2 to 5, wherein second feeding channels (122) are defined between airfoil portions of adjacent swirl vanes (121) and arranged to feed the second flow (A2+F2).
The fuel nozzle (100) of claim 6, being arranged to mix a first component (A2) and a second component (F2) of the second flow (A2+F2) in the annular conduit (120) upstream the swirl vanes (121).
The fuel nozzle (100) of claim 6 or 7, wherein the swirl vanes (121) comprise first portions (121A) being essentially straight and second portions (121B) being curved, the second portions (121B) being located downstream the first portions (121A) and arranged to axially swirl the second flow (A2+F2).
The fuel nozzle (100) of claim 8, wherein the first feeding channels (111) are located inside the first portions (121A) of the swirl vanes (121).
The fuel nozzle (100) of any of the preceding claims, comprising further a pilot injector (140) located in the center of the central conduit (110).
A gas turbine (1) comprising at least one fuel nozzle (100) according to any of claims from 1 to 10.