EP3464919A1 - Rolling bearing having a coating - Google Patents

Rolling bearing having a coating

Info

Publication number
EP3464919A1
EP3464919A1 EP17727086.5A EP17727086A EP3464919A1 EP 3464919 A1 EP3464919 A1 EP 3464919A1 EP 17727086 A EP17727086 A EP 17727086A EP 3464919 A1 EP3464919 A1 EP 3464919A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coating
outer ring
inner ring
rolling bearing
rolling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP17727086.5A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Wolfram Kruhöffer
Toni BLAß
Bertram Haag
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG
Original Assignee
Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG filed Critical Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG
Publication of EP3464919A1 publication Critical patent/EP3464919A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/583—Details of specific parts of races
    • F16C33/585—Details of specific parts of races of raceways, e.g. ribs to guide the rollers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/62—Selection of substances
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/04—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for radial load mainly
    • F16C19/06—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for radial load mainly with a single row or balls
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
    • F16C2204/40—Alloys based on refractory metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2223/00—Surface treatments; Hardening; Coating
    • F16C2223/30—Coating surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
    • F16C2360/31—Wind motors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a rolling bearing, in particular for a wind turbine, comprising an inner ring, an outer ring and radially or axially between the inner ring and the outer ring arranged rolling elements.
  • the field of application of the invention extends primarily to wind turbines.
  • Other fields of application for the rolling bearing are also conceivable. Examples are automotive or industrial applications.
  • a phenomenon that adversely affects the reliability of bearings are the white etching cracks, in the - also German-speaking - experts called White Etching Cracks (WECs).
  • WECs White Etching Cracks
  • White etching cracks occur in both through hardened and case hardened bearings.
  • the causes for the formation of white etching cracks are not yet fully understood.
  • additional stresses in the form of dynamics and / or mixed friction and / or electrics form the precondition for the formation of white etching cracks.
  • the main reason for the formation of white etching cracks is the increased hydrogen absorption in the surface layer of the material in the rolling contact. The hydrogen formation and absorption is caused by the additional stress, for example by high frictional stress of the rolling surfaces and / or by additional electrical loads.
  • Such white etching cracks are described, for example, in document EP 2 573 195 A1.
  • EP 2 573 195 A1 proposes, in order to increase the robustness against white etching cracks of a roller bearing, to provide a connecting layer on the bearing surface of the roller bearing.
  • the connecting layer in this case has a lower yield stress than the rest of the material of the rolling bearing. This is done by the rolling bearing with heated at a certain temperature in a certain time and the bearing surface is brought into contact with a chemical additive.
  • the object of the invention is to further develop a rolling bearing, and in particular to increase the resistance of the rolling bearing against white etching cracks.
  • the rolling bearing according to the invention is preferably provided for a wind turbine and comprises an inner ring, an outer ring and radially or axially between the inner ring and the outer ring arranged rolling elements, wherein at least partially on the inner ring and / or on the outer ring and / or on the rolling elements, a coating to avoid White Etching Cracks is formed, wherein the coating is formed predominantly of tungsten.
  • the coating consists essentially of pure tungsten or of a tungsten alloy.
  • a coating consisting of a single, homogeneous layer layer is provided directly on the inner or outer ring. If the coating is formed from a tungsten alloy, tungsten is represented the most in the alloy composition over the other alloying elements.
  • the coating of predominantly tungsten on the one hand passivates the surface and in particular prevents the formation of diffusible hydrogen. Furthermore, the diffusion of hydrogen into the surface of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements is prevented or at least severely limited by a barrier effect of the tungsten. Furthermore, the surface strength and rollover resistance of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements can be increased by the coating of tungsten.
  • the coating is gas-tight in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention and has no open porosity.
  • the coating is particularly impenetrable to atomic hydrogen.
  • An optionally present closed pore volume of the coating is preferably less than or equal to 5% by volume of the total volume of the coating.
  • a layer thickness of the coating is in the range of 0.5 pm to 30 pm.
  • the layer thickness of the coating is particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 pm to 15 pm. If the coating is formed from a tungsten alloy, this tungsten alloy preferably comprises at least one alloying element from the group comprising titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, hafnium, cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, vanadium, carbon.
  • a tungsten content of the coating is in the range of 50% by mass to 100% by mass.
  • the tungsten content of the coating is in the range of 75% by mass to 100% by mass.
  • the tungsten content of the coating is in the range of 85% by mass to 100% by mass.
  • the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements are subjected to a heat treatment, ie before the coating has been applied thereto.
  • the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements are through hardened, case hardened or carboniert. When carbonitriding predominantly carbon, but also nitrogen is diffused into the peripheral layer of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements and thereby increases the edge hardening, as well as the edge structure selectively changed.
  • a rolling bearing steel is preferably used, which is in particular through-hardened or thermally edge-hardened or thermochemically surface-hardened.
  • the coating is functionally relevant to a raceway and / or formed on a board of the outer ring and / or the inner ring.
  • a targeted partial coating of the inner ring and / or the outer ring can preferably be made possible by covering the surfaces not to be coated on the inner ring and / or outer ring.
  • the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements are first heat treated and then at least partially coated to avoid white etching cracks, the coating is formed predominantly of tungsten.
  • a mechanical post-processing of the coating formed is preferably not. If an entry phase of the rolling bearing according to the invention can be used as a smoothing phase for smoothing the coating, it has proven useful if the coating has an average roughness Ra ⁇ 4 pm. If an entry phase of the rolling bearing according to the invention can not be used as a smoothing phase for smoothing the coating and also no mechanical post-processing of the coating should take place, then it has proven that the coating has an average roughness Ra ⁇ 0.3 pm.
  • the hardness of the coating formed is preferably below 1000HV, in particular in the range of 300 HV to 800 HV.
  • the hardness of the coating before rolling over by the rolling elements in the rolling bearing can be below 600HV.
  • the hardness of the coating can be below 800HV.
  • the coating is formed by an ionic liquid.
  • Ionic liquids are salts that have a melting point below 100 ° C (under normal conditions).
  • An ionic liquid consists of cations and anions.
  • cations a variety of different organic ions are provided, for example, imidazolium, pyridinium, tetraalkylammonium and tetraalkylphosphonium
  • anions however, halides, nitrates but also larger organic anions are provided.
  • the coating is formed by a plasma coating method. In thermal plasma coating processes, a coating material is ionized by the generation of a high temperature of several thousand degrees Celsius and thus converted into the plasma state.
  • the coating is formed by a PVD or CVD method.
  • the coating is applied by a method according to PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) or CVD (Chemical Vacuum Deposition).
  • PVD Physical Vapor Deposition
  • CVD Chemical Vacuum Deposition
  • the layer deposition takes place on the heated surface of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements due to a chemical reaction from a gas phase.
  • a combination of the aforementioned methods here: formation of the coating by ionic liquid, formation of the coating by plasma coating, formation of the coating by PVD method, formation of the coating by CVD method
  • the coating can be composed of at least two partial layers which, depending on the place of use, are formed on one another and / or next to one another by means of different deposition methods.
  • this can provide advantages with regard to the desired gas-tightness of the coating, its adhesion to the base material to be coated and its roughness. Further measures improving the invention will be described in more detail below together with the description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the two figures. This shows
  • Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of an inventive
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic sectional view of the rolling bearing according to the invention according to FIG. 1
  • an inventive rolling bearing 1 for a - not shown here - wind turbine on an inner ring 2 an outer ring 3 and radially between the inner ring 2 and the outer ring 3 arranged rolling elements 4.
  • the rolling elements 4 are guided by a cage 6.
  • the rolling bearing 1 is - here by way of example - designed as a deep groove ball bearing.
  • the rolling elements 4 are formed as balls.
  • this may very generally be a ball bearing, cylindrical roller bearings, needle roller bearings, spherical or spherical roller bearings, toroidal roller bearings, etc.
  • a coating 5 for avoiding white etching cracks is formed in part on the inner ring 2 and partly on the outer ring 3, the coating 5 being formed predominantly of tungsten.
  • a layer thickness of the coating 5 is 5pm.
  • a tungsten content of the coating 5 here is 90% to 100%.
  • the coating 5 is formed only on an inner peripheral surface of the outer ring 3 and on an outer peripheral surface of the inner ring 2.
  • the inner ring 2, the outer ring 3 and the rolling elements 4 have a heat treatment, which was carried out before the application of the coating 5.
  • the inner ring 2 and the outer ring 3 may have a complete coating 5 of predominantly tungsten.
  • the rolling bodies 4 may also have a different layer thickness or a tungsten content in the range from 50% by mass to less than 100% by mass.

Abstract

The invention relates to a rolling bearing (1), in particular for a wind turbine, comprising an inner ring (2), an outer ring (3) and rolling bodies (4) arranged radially or axially between the inner ring (2) and the outer ring (3), wherein a coating (5) for preventing white etching cracks is formed at least partially on the inner ring (2) and/or on the outer ring (3) and/or on the rolling bodies (4), wherein the coating (5) is formed predominantly from tungsten. The invention also relates to a method for at least partially coating the abovementioned rolling bearing.

Description

Wälzlager mit einer Beschichtung  Rolling bearing with a coating
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Wälzlager, insbesondere für eine Windkraftanlage, umfassend einen Innenring, einen Außenring sowie radial oder axial zwischen dem Innen- ring und dem Außenring angeordnete Wälzkörper. Das Anwendungsgebiet der Erfindung erstreckt sich vornehmlich auf Windkraftanlagen. Weitere Anwendungsgebiete für das Wälzlager sind aber auch denkbar. Beispiele dafür sind Kraftfahrzeug- oder Industrieanwendungen. Ein Phänomen, das die Zuverlässigkeit von Wälzlager negativ beeinflusst, sind die weiß anätzenden Risse, in der - auch deutschsprachigen - Fachwelt überwiegend White Etching Cracks (WECs) genannt. White Etching Cracks sind Veränderungen des Gefüges im Werkstoff, die sich unterhalb der Lageroberfläche bilden. Diese können sich unter Einfluss verschiedener äußerer Belastungen bis zur Oberfläche aus- breiten. Dadurch kann es zur Bildung von Grübchen oder Schälungen bis hin zu einem Durchreißen des Innen- oder Außenrings und somit zu einem vorzeitigen Ausfall des betroffenen Lagers kommen. White Etching Cracks treten sowohl in durchgehärteten als auch in einsatzgehärteten Wälzlagern auf. Die Ursachen für die Entstehung von White Etching Cracks sind noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Jedoch bilden nach heu- tigern Wissensstand Zusatzbeanspruchungen in Form von Dynamik und/oder Mischreibung und/oder Elektrik die Voraussetzung für die Entstehung von White Etching Cracks. Insbesondere wird als Grundursache für die Entstehung von White Etching Cracks die verstärkte Wasserstoffaufnahme in die Randschicht des Werkstoffs im Wälzkontakt angesehen. Die Wasserstoff bildung und Aufnahme wird durch die Zu- satzbeanspruchung, beispielsweise durch hohe Reibbeanspruchung der Wälzflächen und/oder durch elektrische Zusatzlasten hervorgerufen. Derartige White Etching Cracks sind beispielsweise in der Druckschrift EP 2 573 195 A1 beschrieben. The invention relates to a rolling bearing, in particular for a wind turbine, comprising an inner ring, an outer ring and radially or axially between the inner ring and the outer ring arranged rolling elements. The field of application of the invention extends primarily to wind turbines. Other fields of application for the rolling bearing are also conceivable. Examples are automotive or industrial applications. A phenomenon that adversely affects the reliability of bearings are the white etching cracks, in the - also German-speaking - experts called White Etching Cracks (WECs). White etching cracks are changes in the structure of the material that form below the bearing surface. These can spread to the surface under the influence of various external loads. This can lead to the formation of dimples or peels up to a tearing of the inner or outer ring and thus to premature failure of the affected bearing. White etching cracks occur in both through hardened and case hardened bearings. The causes for the formation of white etching cracks are not yet fully understood. However, according to current knowledge, additional stresses in the form of dynamics and / or mixed friction and / or electrics form the precondition for the formation of white etching cracks. In particular, the main reason for the formation of white etching cracks is the increased hydrogen absorption in the surface layer of the material in the rolling contact. The hydrogen formation and absorption is caused by the additional stress, for example by high frictional stress of the rolling surfaces and / or by additional electrical loads. Such white etching cracks are described, for example, in document EP 2 573 195 A1.
Die EP 2 573 195 A1 schlägt zur Erhöhung der Robustheit gegen White Etching Cracks eines Wälzlagers vor, eine Verbindungsschicht auf der Lagerfläche des Wälzlagers vorzusehen. Die Verbindungsschicht hat hierbei eine geringere Fließspannung als das übrige Material des Wälzlagers. Dies erfolgt dadurch, dass das Wälzlager mit einer bestimmten Temperatur in einer bestimmten Zeit erhitzt wird und die Lagerfläche mit einem chemischen Zusatz in Kontakt gebracht wird. EP 2 573 195 A1 proposes, in order to increase the robustness against white etching cracks of a roller bearing, to provide a connecting layer on the bearing surface of the roller bearing. The connecting layer in this case has a lower yield stress than the rest of the material of the rolling bearing. This is done by the rolling bearing with heated at a certain temperature in a certain time and the bearing surface is brought into contact with a chemical additive.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht darin, ein Wälzlager weiterzuentwickeln, und ins- besondere die Widerstandsfähigkeit des Wälzlagers gegenüber White Etching Cracks zu erhöhen. The object of the invention is to further develop a rolling bearing, and in particular to increase the resistance of the rolling bearing against white etching cracks.
Das erfindungsgemäße Wälzlager ist vorzugsweise für eine Windkraftanlage vorgesehen und umfasst einen Innenring, einen Außenring sowie radial oder axial zwischen dem Innenring und dem Außenring angeordnete Wälzkörper, wobei zumindest teilweise am Innenring und/oder am Außenring und/oder an den Wälzkörpern eine Beschichtung zur Vermeidung von White Etching Cracks ausgebildet ist, wobei die Beschichtung überwiegend aus Wolfram ausgebildet ist. Mit anderen Worten besteht die Beschichtung im Wesentlich aus reinem Wolfram oder aus einer Wolfram legierung. Da- bei ist eine Beschichtung bestehend aus einer einzelnen, homogenen Schichtlage unmittelbar auf dem Innen- oder Außenring vorgesehen. Sofern die Beschichtung aus einer Wolfram legierung gebildet ist, ist Wolfram gegenüber den anderen Legierungselementen am stärksten in der Legierungszusammensetzung vertreten. Die Beschichtung aus überwiegend Wolfram passiviert zum einen die Oberfläche und verhindert insbesondere die Entstehung von diffusiblem Wasserstoff. Weiterhin wird durch eine Barrierewirkung des Wolframs die Diffusion von Wasserstoff in die Oberfläche des Innenrings und/oder des Außenrings und/oder der Wälzkörper verhindert oder zumindest stark eingeschränkt. Ferner kann durch die Beschichtung aus Wolf- ram die Oberflächenfestigkeit und Überrollfestigkeit des Innenrings und/oder des Außenrings und/oder der Wälzkörper erhöht werden. The rolling bearing according to the invention is preferably provided for a wind turbine and comprises an inner ring, an outer ring and radially or axially between the inner ring and the outer ring arranged rolling elements, wherein at least partially on the inner ring and / or on the outer ring and / or on the rolling elements, a coating to avoid White Etching Cracks is formed, wherein the coating is formed predominantly of tungsten. In other words, the coating consists essentially of pure tungsten or of a tungsten alloy. In this case, a coating consisting of a single, homogeneous layer layer is provided directly on the inner or outer ring. If the coating is formed from a tungsten alloy, tungsten is represented the most in the alloy composition over the other alloying elements. The coating of predominantly tungsten on the one hand passivates the surface and in particular prevents the formation of diffusible hydrogen. Furthermore, the diffusion of hydrogen into the surface of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements is prevented or at least severely limited by a barrier effect of the tungsten. Furthermore, the surface strength and rollover resistance of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements can be increased by the coating of tungsten.
Die Beschichtung ist in einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung gasdicht ausgebildet und weist keine offene Porosität auf. Dabei ist die Beschichtung insbesondere undurchdringbar gegenüber atomarem Wasserstoff. Ein gegebenenfalls vorhandenes geschlossenes Porenvolumen der Beschichtung ist vorzugsweise kleiner oder gleich 5 Vol-% des Gesamtvolumens der Beschichtung ausgebildet. Vorzugsweise liegt eine Schichtdicke der Beschichtung im Bereich von 0,5pm bis 30pm. Besonders bevorzugt liegt die Schichtdicke der Beschichtung im Bereich von 0,5pm bis 15pm. Sofern die Beschichtung aus einer Wolfram legierung gebildet ist, umfasst diese Wolframlegierung bevorzugt mindestens ein Legierungselement aus der Gruppe umfassend Titan, Zirkonium, Molybdän, Hafnium, Kobalt, Nickel, Kupfer, Eisen, Vanadium, Kohlenstoff. Vorzugsweise liegt ein Wolframanteil der Beschichtung im Bereich von 50 Massen-% bis 100 Massen-%. Besonders bevorzugt liegt der Wolframanteil der Beschichtung im Bereich von 75 Massen-% bis 100 Massen-%. Insbesondere liegt der Wolframanteil der Beschichtung im Bereich von 85 Massen-% bis 100 Massen-%. Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind der Innenring und/oder der Außenring und/oder die Wälzkörper einer Wärmebehandlung unterzogen, d.h. bevor die Beschichtung darauf aufgebracht worden ist. Insbesondere sind der Innenring und/oder der Außenring und/oder die Wälzkörper durchgehärtet, einsatzgehärtet oder carboni- triert. Beim Carbonitrieren wird überwiegend Kohlenstoff, aber auch Stickstoff in die Randschicht des Innenrings und/oder des Außenrings und/oder der Wälzkörper eindiffundiert und dadurch die Randhärtung erhöht, sowie das Randgefüge gezielt verändert. The coating is gas-tight in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention and has no open porosity. The coating is particularly impenetrable to atomic hydrogen. An optionally present closed pore volume of the coating is preferably less than or equal to 5% by volume of the total volume of the coating. Preferably, a layer thickness of the coating is in the range of 0.5 pm to 30 pm. The layer thickness of the coating is particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 pm to 15 pm. If the coating is formed from a tungsten alloy, this tungsten alloy preferably comprises at least one alloying element from the group comprising titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, hafnium, cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, vanadium, carbon. Preferably, a tungsten content of the coating is in the range of 50% by mass to 100% by mass. Particularly preferably, the tungsten content of the coating is in the range of 75% by mass to 100% by mass. In particular, the tungsten content of the coating is in the range of 85% by mass to 100% by mass. According to a preferred embodiment, the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements are subjected to a heat treatment, ie before the coating has been applied thereto. In particular, the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements are through hardened, case hardened or carboniert. When carbonitriding predominantly carbon, but also nitrogen is diffused into the peripheral layer of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements and thereby increases the edge hardening, as well as the edge structure selectively changed.
Als Grundmaterial für den Innenring und/oder den Außenring und/oder die Wälzkörper wird bevorzugt ein Wälzlagerstahl eingesetzt, welcher insbesondere durchgehärtet oder thermisch randschichtgehärtet oder thermochemisch randschichtgehärtet ist. As a base material for the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements, a rolling bearing steel is preferably used, which is in particular through-hardened or thermally edge-hardened or thermochemically surface-hardened.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die Beschichtung funktionsrelevant an einer Laufbahn und/oder an einem Bord des Außenrings und/oder des Innenrings ausgebildet. Eine gezielt partielle Beschichtung des Innenrings und/oder des Außenrings kann vorzugsweise durch ein Abdecken der nicht zu beschichtenden Flächen am Innenring und/oder Außenring ermöglicht werden. Alternativ ist es auch denkbar die gesamte Oberfläche des Innenrings und/oder des Außenrings und/oder der Wälzkörper zu beschichten. Gemäß eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens werden der Innenring und/oder der Außenring und/oder die Wälzkörper zunächst wärmebehandelt und danach zur Vermeidung von White Etching Cracks zumindest teilweise beschichtet, wobei die Beschich- tung überwiegend aus Wolfram ausgebildet wird. According to a preferred embodiment, the coating is functionally relevant to a raceway and / or formed on a board of the outer ring and / or the inner ring. A targeted partial coating of the inner ring and / or the outer ring can preferably be made possible by covering the surfaces not to be coated on the inner ring and / or outer ring. Alternatively, it is also conceivable to coat the entire surface of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements. According to a method of the invention, the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements are first heat treated and then at least partially coated to avoid white etching cracks, the coating is formed predominantly of tungsten.
Eine mechanische Nachbearbeitung der gebildeten Beschichtung erfolgt vorzugsweise nicht. Sofern eine Einlaufphase des erfindungsgemäßen Wälzlagers als Glättungsphase zur Glättung der Beschichtung eingesetzt werden kann, hat es sich bewährt, wenn die Beschichtung eine mittlere Rauheit Ra < 4 pm aufweist. Sofern eine Einlaufphase des erfindungsgemäßen Wälzlagers nicht als Glättungsphase zur Glättung der Beschichtung eingesetzt werden kann und auch keine mechanische Nachbearbeitung der Beschichtung erfolgen soll, dann hat es sich bewährt, dass die Beschichtung eine mittlere Rauheit Ra < 0,3 pm aufweist. A mechanical post-processing of the coating formed is preferably not. If an entry phase of the rolling bearing according to the invention can be used as a smoothing phase for smoothing the coating, it has proven useful if the coating has an average roughness Ra <4 pm. If an entry phase of the rolling bearing according to the invention can not be used as a smoothing phase for smoothing the coating and also no mechanical post-processing of the coating should take place, then it has proven that the coating has an average roughness Ra <0.3 pm.
Die Härte der gebildeten Beschichtung liegt vorzugsweise unterhalb von 1000HV, insbesondere im Bereich von 300 HV bis 800 HV. So kann die Härte der Beschichtung vor Überrollung durch die Wälzkörper im Wälzlager unterhalb 600HV liegen. Nach Überrollung der Beschichtung durch die Wälzkörper des Wälzlagers kann die Härte der Beschichtung noch unterhalb 800HV liegen. The hardness of the coating formed is preferably below 1000HV, in particular in the range of 300 HV to 800 HV. Thus, the hardness of the coating before rolling over by the rolling elements in the rolling bearing can be below 600HV. After rolling over the coating by the rolling elements of the bearing, the hardness of the coating can be below 800HV.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird die Beschichtung durch eine ionische Flüssigkeit gebildet. Ionische Flüssigkeiten sind Salze, die einen Schmelzpunkt unterhalb von 100°C (unter Normalbedingungen) haben. Eine ionische Flüssigkeit be- steht aus Kationen und Anionen. Als Kationen sind eine Vielzahl an verschiedenen organischen Ionen vorgesehen, beispielsweise Imidazolium, Pyridinium, Tetraal- kylammonium und Tetraalkylphosphonium- Als Anionen sind dagegen Halogenide, Nitrate aber auch größere organische Anionen vorgesehen. Gemäß einer weiteren, besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird die Beschichtung durch ein Plasmabeschichtungsverfahren gebildet. Bei thermischen Plasmabe- schichtungsverfahren wird ein Beschichtungswerkstoff durch die Erzeugung einer hohen Temperatur von mehreren tausend Grad Celsius ionisiert und damit in den Plasmazustand überführt. Dazu wird vorzugsweise ein elektrischer Lichtbogen verwendet. Durch die hohe thermische Energie lässt sich vorzugsweise pulverförmiges Wolfram verdampfen, um den Dampf als dünne Schicht auf die Oberfläche des Innenrings und/oder des Außenrings und/oder der Wälzkörper abzuscheiden. Gemäß einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird die Beschichtung durch ein PVD- oder CVD-Verfahren gebildet. Mit anderen Worten wird die Beschichtung nach einem Verfahren gemäß PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) oder CVD (Chemical Va- pour Deposition) aufgebracht. Im PVD-Verfahren werden beispielsweise durch Sput- tern Partikeln aus einem Targetmaterial herausgelöst und in einem Plasma auf die Oberfläche des Innenrings und/oder des Außenrings und/oder der Wälzkörper transportiert. Bei dem CVD-Verfahren erfolgt die Schichtabscheidung an der erhitzten Oberfläche des Innenrings und/oder des Außenrings und/oder der Wälzkörper aufgrund einer chemischen Reaktion aus einer Gasphase. Aber auch eine Kombination der vorgenannten Verfahren (hier: Bildung der Beschichtung durch ionische Flüssigkeit; Bildung der Beschichtung durch Plasmabeschichtung; Bildung der Beschichtung durch PVD-Verfahren; Bildung der Beschichtung durch CVD-Verfahren) zur Bildung der Beschichtung ist möglich. So kann die Beschichtung aus mindestens zwei Teilschichten zusammengesetzt sein, die je nach Anwendungs- ort mittels unterschiedlicher Abscheideverfahren aufeinander und/oder nebeneinander ausgebildet sind. Dies kann in Abhängigkeit von verwendeten Beschichtungsmaterial Vorteile hinsichtlich der angestrebten Gasdichtheit der Beschichtung, deren Haftung am zu beschichtenden Grundmaterial sowie deren Rauheit bereitstellen. Weitere die Erfindung verbessernde Maßnahmen werden nachstehend gemeinsam mit der Beschreibung eines bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels der Erfindung anhand der beiden Figuren näher dargestellt. Hierbei zeigt According to a preferred embodiment, the coating is formed by an ionic liquid. Ionic liquids are salts that have a melting point below 100 ° C (under normal conditions). An ionic liquid consists of cations and anions. As cations, a variety of different organic ions are provided, for example, imidazolium, pyridinium, tetraalkylammonium and tetraalkylphosphonium As anions, however, halides, nitrates but also larger organic anions are provided. According to a further, particularly preferred embodiment, the coating is formed by a plasma coating method. In thermal plasma coating processes, a coating material is ionized by the generation of a high temperature of several thousand degrees Celsius and thus converted into the plasma state. For this purpose, preferably an electric arc is used. Due to the high thermal energy, powdery tungsten can preferably be evaporated in order to deposit the vapor as a thin layer on the surface of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements. According to a further preferred embodiment, the coating is formed by a PVD or CVD method. In other words, the coating is applied by a method according to PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) or CVD (Chemical Vacuum Deposition). In the PVD process, for example, particles are removed from a target material by sputtering and transported in a plasma onto the surface of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements. In the CVD method, the layer deposition takes place on the heated surface of the inner ring and / or the outer ring and / or the rolling elements due to a chemical reaction from a gas phase. However, a combination of the aforementioned methods (here: formation of the coating by ionic liquid, formation of the coating by plasma coating, formation of the coating by PVD method, formation of the coating by CVD method) to form the coating is possible. Thus, the coating can be composed of at least two partial layers which, depending on the place of use, are formed on one another and / or next to one another by means of different deposition methods. Depending on the coating material used, this can provide advantages with regard to the desired gas-tightness of the coating, its adhesion to the base material to be coated and its roughness. Further measures improving the invention will be described in more detail below together with the description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the two figures. This shows
Figur 1 eine schematische Perspektivdarstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of an inventive
Wälzlagers, und  Rolling bearing, and
Figur 2 eine schematische Schnittdarstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Wälzlagers gemäß Figur 1 . Gemäß Figur 1 weist ein erfindungsgemäßes Wälzlager 1 für eine - hier nicht dargestellte - Windkraftanlage einen Innenring 2, einen Außenring 3 sowie radial zwischen dem Innenring 2 und dem Außenring 3 angeordnete Wälzkörper 4 auf. Die Wälzkörper 4 werden durch einen Käfig 6 geführt. Das Wälzlager 1 ist - hier exemplarisch - als Rillenkugellager ausgebildet. Somit sind die Wälzkörper 4 als Kugeln ausgebildet. Es kann sich hier aber ganz generell um ein Kugellager, Zylinderrollenlager, Nadellager, Tonnen- oder Pendelrollenlager, Toroidalrollenlager usw. handeln. 2 shows a schematic sectional view of the rolling bearing according to the invention according to FIG. 1 According to Figure 1, an inventive rolling bearing 1 for a - not shown here - wind turbine on an inner ring 2, an outer ring 3 and radially between the inner ring 2 and the outer ring 3 arranged rolling elements 4. The rolling elements 4 are guided by a cage 6. The rolling bearing 1 is - here by way of example - designed as a deep groove ball bearing. Thus, the rolling elements 4 are formed as balls. However, this may very generally be a ball bearing, cylindrical roller bearings, needle roller bearings, spherical or spherical roller bearings, toroidal roller bearings, etc.
Gemäß Figur 2 ist teilweise am Innenring 2 sowie teilweise am Außenring 3 jeweils eine Beschichtung 5 zur Vermeidung von White Etching Cracks ausgebildet, wobei die Beschichtung 5 überwiegend aus Wolfram ausgebildet ist. Eine Schichtdicke der Beschichtung 5 beträgt 5pm. Ferner beträgt ein Wolframanteil der Beschichtung 5 hier 90% bis 100%. Insbesondere ist die Beschichtung 5 nur an einer Innenumfangsfläche des Außenrings 3 und an einer Außenumfangsfläche des Innenrings 2 ausgebildet. Ferner weisen der Innenring 2, der Außenring 3 und die Wälzkörper 4 eine Wärmebehandlung auf, die vor dem Aufbringen der Beschichtung 5 durchgeführt wurde. According to FIG. 2, in each case a coating 5 for avoiding white etching cracks is formed in part on the inner ring 2 and partly on the outer ring 3, the coating 5 being formed predominantly of tungsten. A layer thickness of the coating 5 is 5pm. Furthermore, a tungsten content of the coating 5 here is 90% to 100%. In particular, the coating 5 is formed only on an inner peripheral surface of the outer ring 3 and on an outer peripheral surface of the inner ring 2. Furthermore, the inner ring 2, the outer ring 3 and the rolling elements 4 have a heat treatment, which was carried out before the application of the coating 5.
Die Erfindung ist nicht beschränkt auf das zuvor beschriebene Ausführungsbeispiel. Weitere Ausführungsbeispiele oder Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten der Erfindung gehen insbesondere aus den Ansprüchen und der Beschreibung hervor. Beispielsweise können der Innenring 2 und der Außenring 3 eine vollständige Beschichtung 5 aus überwiegend Wolfram aufweisen. Ferner ist es auch denkbar, die Wälzkörper 4 mit der Beschichtung 5 aus überwiegend Wolfram zu beschichten. Des Weiteren kann die Beschichtung 5 auch eine andere Schichtdicke oder einen Wolframanteil im Bereich von 50 Massen-% bis kleiner 100 Massen-% aufweisen. The invention is not limited to the embodiment described above. Further exemplary embodiments or further development possibilities of the invention emerge in particular from the claims and the description. For example, the inner ring 2 and the outer ring 3 may have a complete coating 5 of predominantly tungsten. Furthermore, it is also conceivable to coat the rolling bodies 4 with the coating 5 of predominantly tungsten. Furthermore, the coating 5 may also have a different layer thickness or a tungsten content in the range from 50% by mass to less than 100% by mass.
Bezugszeichenliste LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
Wälzlager roller bearing
Innenring  inner ring
Außenring  outer ring
Wälzkörper  rolling elements
Beschichtung  coating
Käfig  Cage

Claims

Patentansprüche Patent claims
1 . Wälzlager (1 ), insbesondere für eine Windkraftanlage, umfassend einen Innen- ring (2), einen Außenring (3) sowie radial oder axial zwischen dem Innenring (2) und dem Außenring (3) angeordnete Wälzkörper (4), 1 . Rolling bearing (1), in particular for a wind turbine, comprising an inner ring (2), an outer ring (3) and rolling bodies (4) arranged radially or axially between the inner ring (2) and the outer ring (3),
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest teilweise am Innenring (2) und/oder am Außenring (3) und/oder an den Wälzkörpern (4) eine Beschichtung (5) zur Vermeidung von White Etching Cracks ausgebildet ist, wobei die Beschichtung (5) überwie- gend aus Wolfram ausgebildet ist. characterized in that a coating (5) is formed at least partially on the inner ring (2) and/or on the outer ring (3) and/or on the rolling elements (4) to prevent white etching cracks, the coating (5) being predominantly area is made of tungsten.
2. Wälzlager (1 ) nach Anspruch 1 , 2. Rolling bearing (1) according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Schichtdicke der Beschichtung (5) im Bereich von 0,5pm bis 30pm liegt. characterized in that a layer thickness of the coating (5) is in the range from 0.5pm to 30pm.
3. Wälzlager (1 ) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, 3. Rolling bearing (1) according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Wolframanteil der Beschichtung (5) im Bereich von 50 Massen-% bis 100 Massen-% liegt. characterized in that a tungsten content of the coating (5) is in the range of 50% by mass to 100% by mass.
4. Wälzlager (1 ) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, 4. Rolling bearing (1) according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Innenring (2) und/oder der Außenring (3) und/oder die Wälzkörper (4) eine Wärmebehandlung aufweisen. characterized in that the inner ring (2) and/or the outer ring (3) and/or the rolling bodies (4) have a heat treatment.
5. Wälzlager (1 ) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, 5. Rolling bearing (1) according to one of the preceding claims,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung (5) gasdicht ausgebildet ist. characterized in that the coating (5) is designed to be gas-tight.
6. Verwendung eines Wälzlagers (1 ) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5 in einer Windkraftanlage. 6. Use of a rolling bearing (1) according to one of claims 1 to 5 in a wind turbine.
7. Verfahren zur zumindest teilweisen Beschichtung eines Wälzlagers (1 ), insbesondere eines Innenrings (2) und/oder eines Außenrings (3) und/oder von Wälzkörpern (4) des Wälzlagers (1 ) gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei der Innenring (2) und/oder der Außenring (3) und/oder die Wälzkörper (4) zunächst wärmebehandelt und danach zur Vermeidung von White Etching Cracks zumindest teilweise beschichtet werden, wobei die Beschichtung (5) überwiegend aus Wolfram ausgebildet wird. 7. A method for at least partially coating a rolling bearing (1), in particular an inner ring (2) and / or an outer ring (3) and / or rolling bodies (4) of the rolling bearing (1) according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the Inner ring (2) and/or the outer ring (3) and/or the rolling elements (4) are first heat treated and then at least partially coated to avoid white etching cracks, the coating (5) being formed predominantly from tungsten.
8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, 8. Method according to claim 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung (5) zumindest teilweise durch eine ionische Flüssigkeit gebildet wird. characterized in that the coating (5) is at least partially formed by an ionic liquid.
9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7 oder Anspruch 8, 9. Method according to claim 7 or claim 8,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung (5) zumindest teilweise durch ein Plasmabeschichtungsverfahren gebildet wird. characterized in that the coating (5) is at least partially formed by a plasma coating process.
10. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, 10. Method according to one of claims 7 to 9,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung (5) zumindest teilweise durch ein PVD- oder CVD-Verfahren gebildet wird. characterized in that the coating (5) is at least partially formed by a PVD or CVD process.
EP17727086.5A 2016-06-02 2017-05-04 Rolling bearing having a coating Withdrawn EP3464919A1 (en)

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DE102016209695.8A DE102016209695A1 (en) 2016-06-02 2016-06-02 Rolling bearing with a coating
PCT/DE2017/100376 WO2017206981A1 (en) 2016-06-02 2017-05-04 Rolling bearing having a coating

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DE102016209695A1 (en) 2017-12-07
US10670076B2 (en) 2020-06-02
WO2017206981A1 (en) 2017-12-07
CN109196241A (en) 2019-01-11

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