Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
  • G01N9/24—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by observing the transmission of wave or particle radiation through the material
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
  • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
  • G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
  • G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
  • G01T1/2921—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras
  • G01T1/2935—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras using ionisation detectors
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
  • G01T5/00—Recording of movements or tracks of particles; Processing or analysis of such tracks
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
  • G01T5/00—Recording of movements or tracks of particles; Processing or analysis of such tracks
  • G01T5/12—Circuit arrangements with multi-wire or parallel-plate chambers, e.g. spark chambers
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
  • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
  • G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of determination in transmission of the density of rock volumes or artificial buildings in situ, and more particularly a method and a device based on the study of the trajectory and the absorption of muons to determine such density.
• basement mapping knowledge of the structure of basements and rocks is of interest for many applications such as basement mapping, for research and monitoring of natural resources, for example, for the monitoring of subsoils.
• the characterization of the properties of the subsoil uses indirect measurement techniques such as, for example, seismic imaging, electrical prospecting or gravimetry. Depending on the approaches and measuring devices used, the data obtained allow, after study and treatment, to obtain an image of the subsoil.
• Transmission tomography is a known imaging technique that allows reconstructing the interior volume of an object (eg geological structure, structure, industrial infrastructure) from remote measurements outside the object.
• an object eg geological structure, structure, industrial infrastructure
• Muons are charged particles produced by the interaction of protons cosmic high energy with the atmosphere.
• the muons by their great mass, about 207 times larger than that of the electrons, their high speed (0.9997c) and their insensitivity to the strong interaction, have a great power of penetration in the matter. Typically, they spread over several hundred meters of rock, the depth reached depending essentially on their initial energy and the density of the medium through.
• the analysis of the number of muons received as a function of the trajectory makes it possible to provide information on the density of the subsoils.
• Devices such as those of the aforementioned patent applications require the establishment of several detectors having a suitable geometry in order to recover the electrical signals produced by the detectors and to analyze them. Their use remains however limited to areas that offer accessibility imposing little constraint of space.
• the muon rate decreases in depth and that at certain depths, the weak muon flow will require measurement times that can be long.
• the measurement time is such that it can affect the stability of the measurement due to variations of the fluid injected into the detector. Also, the quality of the fluid used in a gas detector is critical for the good performance of the system.
• An object of the present invention is to propose a device that makes it possible tomography (or muography) of an in-situ medium by measuring the flow and trajectory of the muons passing through it.
• the technique used is nondestructive. It is based on the quantification of the absorption of the natural flow of muons, which depends on the amount of matter that the particles pass through. The absorption rate makes it possible to deduce the density of the material traversed, given its geometry.
• the process used makes it possible to measure the density of the subsoil and its temporal variations. Using a measuring device in transmission, the process makes it possible to image places that are difficult or dangerously accessible without direct exposure to the possible risks.
• the invention makes it possible to monitor localized variations in density of material over time.
• the applications of the present invention are numerous, and can cover, for example, the monitoring of gravity instabilities, the research and monitoring of natural resources or the monitoring of sites presenting natural risks.
• the device of the present invention uses a gaseous detector of small space combining two chambers separated by a microgrid, a first chamber called drift chamber associated with a second chamber called amplification chamber, the assembly allowing the detection and the identification of each intercepted muon.
• the invention is based on the principle of the ionization of a gas contained in a chamber sealed to polluting gases and dust, comprising two chambers, the conversion chamber and drift, and the chamber of amplification.
• the passage of a muon in the drift chamber produces positive electron-ion pairs along its trajectory (about a hundred ionizations per centimeter).
• the electric field applied in the drift chamber is drifting on the height of the first chamber, orthogonal to the plane defined by the micro-grid, the primary electrons generated up to the micro-grid, input of the amplification chamber.
• the signals measured in the amplification chamber thus plot the projection in the plane of the grid, the initial trajectory of the muon.
• the counting of the muon trajectories makes it possible to determine the local density of the analyzed volume per unit of solid angle.
• the measurement of the absorption of the muon flux in the subsoil makes it possible to map the average density of the medium according to each solid angle determined by its azimuth, its zenith and its opening.
• the invention also relates to a gas reconditioning system for gas detector, in particular for a gas detector such as that claimed by the present invention.
• a gas reconditioning system for gas detector in particular for a gas detector such as that claimed by the present invention.
• the performance of gas detectors is inextricably and fundamentally linked to the quality and stability of the gas used.
• gas detectors operate in open circuit generating a loss of a large percentage of gas, limiting their autonomy and altering their operating environment.
• a new gas conditioning system in almost closed circuit is proposed.
• the proposed gas reconditioning circuit meets the needs of:
• the device of the invention is a device for determining the density of volumes of material to be imaged, which comprises an ionizing particle detector for detecting a flow of ionizing particles and for calculating the trajectory of each particle. ionizing device passing through the detector, and calculation means coupled to the detector for converting the trajectory calculations of the ionizing particles into volume density information of matter to be imaged.
• the detector is a gas detector having a first drift chamber for generating primary electrons and a second amplification chamber separated from the first chamber by a micro-grid, the device being characterized in that the first chamber comprises first means polarization circuit configured according to the height of said first chamber to obtain in the first chamber a homogeneous, constant and controlled electric field in order to cause the primary electrons to drift towards the micro-grid over the height of the first chamber, orthogonal to the defined plane by the micro-grid.
• the first polarization means are configured to allow the gas to diffuse into the first chamber in a homogeneous non-turbulent or convective manner.
• the first polarization means comprise a printed circuit having interconnected copper tracks and holes for diffusing the gas.
• the computing means are configured to determine the trajectory of each ionizing particle and calculate the flux of the ionizing particles from electrical signals produced in the second chamber.
• the second chamber comprises second polarization means, for producing an avalanche effect on the primary electrons passing the microgrid and generating secondary electrons in a micro-avalanche.
• the ratio between the electric field created in the second chamber and the electric field created in the first chamber is at least greater than 10.
• the drift space of the first chamber presents a height of several centimeters much greater than the height of the second chamber.
• the second chamber has a height of one hundred microns.
• the gaseous detector placed in or near a rock volume makes it possible to image the volume between the detector and the surface of the ground.
• the second chamber comprises a resistive protection, either a resistive layer, or a set of resistive tracks inductively producing an electric current during the displacement of the charges in the amplification chamber.
• the reading tracks located under the resistive protection are superimposed and isolated on two different levels along perpendicular axes.
• the device further comprises a circuit for injecting gas into the chamber, said circuit being configured in an almost closed circuit between a gas inlet and a gas outlet.
• the gas circuit comprises means for filtering the various contaminants present in the gas (eg impurities in the initial gas, desorption of the materials constituting the detector, ionization gas wear), control means the speed of circulation of the gas and the control means of the environment variables.
• the gas flow velocity control means receives gas flow and pressure measurements taken from the gas circuit and temperature information to adjust the gas flow rate and maintain the gas flow rate. gain of the detector to a desired value.
• the invention also relates to a method for determining the density of volumes of material to be imaged, the method comprising the steps of:
• detecting a stream of ionizing particles passing through a detector said detector being a gaseous detector as claimed;
• the invention also covers a computer program product that includes code instructions for performing all or part of the steps of the method, when said program is executed on a computer. Description of figures
• Figure 1 shows schematically a sectional view of the gas detector of the invention according to one embodiment
• Figure 2 shows in zoom a sectional view of the amplification chamber of the detector of Figure 1 according to one embodiment
• FIG. 3 shows a sequence of steps of the operation of the detector of the invention
• Figure 4 shows a sequence of data analysis steps to reconstruct the trajectory of the ionizing particles
• Figure 5 illustrates the gas flows and data in the gas reconditioning circuit of the invention
• FIG. 6 schematically shows a gas reconditioning circuit adapted to the detector of the invention according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a sectional view of the gaseous detector of the invention according to one embodiment.
• the gaseous detector of the invention comprises at least a first chamber (110) said drift chamber (D) separated in its lower part by a micro-grid (111) of a second chamber (112) called chamber amplifier (A), and interfaces (120,123) to the signal acquisition and data analysis and processing devices.
• the gas detector also includes a gas inlet (121) and a gas outlet (122) with diffusing elements (11 6a, 11 6b) for circulating gas in the drift chamber (110).
• the gas is a gas mixture composed mainly of argon with at least one deactivator, chosen to maximize the drift rate of the electrons to the desired electric field value.
• the detector comes from an almost closed circuit reconditioning circuit which has the advantage of directly filtering, controlling and stabilizing the gain of the gaseous detector of the invention, in order to maximize its quality and the improve the consistency of the data to be analyzed.
• the drift chamber further comprises a bias circuit (11 5a,
• the bias circuit creates an electric field in the drift chamber strong enough to separate the electron-ion pairs formed during the ionization.
• the electric field created is homogeneous and it makes it possible to obtain a projection orthogonal to the plane of the micro-grid of the electrons generated (1 04, 1 06, 1 08). This point is critical to allow the measurements necessary for an accurate determination of muon trajectory.
• the drift chamber of the gaseous detector of the invention has a height ⁇ 0 'of several centimeters.
• the distance between the drift cathode (114) and the micro-grid (11) is of the order of 5 cm.
• the height of the drift chamber is defined so as to obtain a specific precision on the trajectory of the muons and to guarantee good analysis performance.
• the height of the drift chamber must meet two constraints which are (1) to maximize the drift space to increase the quality of the trajectories to be determined, and (2) to minimize the volume to have a compact sensor limited adapted to areas with high space requirements.
• the detector of the invention by the unusual height of the chamber of derives, generates problems not addressed by known detectors. Indeed, the significant height of several centimeters of the drift chamber, requires the establishment of special polarization means to obtain a homogeneous electric field, which is controlled and control.
• the shape and characteristics of the polarization system are determined by multiphysical numerical simulations to take into account all complex interactions between processes within the detector, such as ion diffusion and drift within the detector. a fluid, or the calculation of trajectories of charged particles subjected to an electric field.
• the polarization system of the invention has a predefined configuration which is a function of the height of the drift chamber.
• the bias circuit is in a particular implementation realized as a printed circuit with interconnected copper tracks having resistances of very large values (of the order of 500Mohm) and small holes to allow the diffusion of the gas homogeneously non-turbulent or convective.
• the bias circuit serves to minimize the effect of artifacts in the image, particularly on the sides of the detector.
• the drift cathode (114) is brought to a negative potential of the order of -3000 V, the micro-gate (111) is grounded by means of a resistor (121), to create an electric field of the order of 500 V / cm in the drift chamber.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional view of the amplification chamber (112) of the gas detector of FIG. 1.
• the amplification chamber is defined between the micro-gate (111) and an electrode (113) called resistive anode which is a resistive protection.
• the resistive electrode having a fixed electrical conductivity (0.5-5M ⁇ / cm), is composed of a mesh of bands or conductive tracks organized according to a predefined pattern.
• the primary electrons (106) that have passed through the holes of the microgrid are accelerated to create an avalanche effect (107).
• the arrangement of the bands (x, y) makes it possible to collect a measurable electrical signal with conventional electronic instrumentation of the signal acquisition devices (120).
• the reading conductive strips are copper tracks of variable width depending on the proximity of a track to the resistive layer, so that the electrical signal induced is the more homogeneous possible between the different levels.
• a track that is close to the resistive anode must have dimensions smaller than that which is remote from this anode. These are protected from sparks by the said resistive layer, and distributed along perpendicular axes 'x' and 'y'. This distribution of the tracks conductive allows by the analysis of the electrical pulses induced in these tracks, a two-dimensional positioning.
• the mesh may comprise for example 1024 tracks on the 'x' axis and 512 tracks on the 'y' axis.
• the conductive strips of the resistive layer are brought to a potential 'HV2' much lower than the potential 'HV1' of the cathode of the drift chamber.
• the potential ⁇ ⁇ / 2 ' is of the order of 500 V to create an electric field in the amplification chamber of the order of 50 kV / cm.
• the value of HV1 is chosen to optimize the drift rate of the primary electrons.
• the value of the second field HV2 makes it possible to adjust the gain of the detector.
• the two values are not independent because the ratio between the two electric fields affects the amount of primary electrons that can cross the micro-grid to the second enclosure, which is also known as the "electronic transparency". A bad value of electronic transparency produces a loss of efficiency of the measurement.
• the amplifier zone and the electric field created in the first chamber (drift chamber) is a function of the gas used. It is at least greater than 10, and preferably of the order of 50.
• the amplification chamber has a height ⁇ ⁇ 'much lower than the height ⁇ 0 ' of the drift chamber.
• the distance between the micro-grid (111) and the resistive layer (113) is of the order of a hundred microns.
• Pillars (119) are evenly distributed over the surface of the reading electrode to support the micro-grid, keeping it at a fixed distance from the resistive electrode over its entire length.
• the supporting pillars are made of a dielectric material to keep the microgrid and the resistive layer electrically insulated and at a constant distance.
• the diameter of the pillars should be as small as possible to limit the dead zones where no detection is possible.
• FIG. 3 illustrates the different states undergoing a flow of ionizing particles passing through the detector of the invention.
• Figure 3 is described for a particle such as a muon passing through the detector, but the principles remain unchanged for a muon flow.
• the principle of the invention on the ionization of the gas at the passage of a charged particle (302) in the drift chamber. As it passes, the muon ionizes the gas flowing in the drift chamber and generates electrons (304) called primary electrons.
• the generated primary electrons that are subjected to the electric field existing in the drift chamber, drift (306) to the micro-grid orthogonally thereto, which is the transition zone (308) to the amplification chamber.
• the primary electrons that pass through the holes of the micro-grid are then multiplied by the electric field existing in the amplification chamber according to an avalanche effect (310).
• the avalanche of electrons referred to as secondary electrons and ions, induces a current in the resistive layer (312), which induces electrical signals (314) in the underlying conductive (x, y) readout tracks by coupling capacitive.
• the analysis of the signals makes it possible to determine a two-dimensional position (x, y) and an arrival time of the impact associated with the passage of the particle.
• the set of electrical signals is then processed by the acquisition and processing circuit (120).
• the signals are initially amplified (31 6).
• the amplifiers are the circuits of a hybrid card of well-known type "APV25".
• the analog signals are then digitized (318) by an analog-to-digital converter, then the digital data is adapted (320) and stored (324) for processing by computer.
• the avalanche effect (310) produced in the amplification chamber generates an identical pulse, but of inverse polarity on the gate (311).
• the device for analysis and data processing of the detector of the invention makes it possible to use this signal as the information of passage of the ionizing particle through the detector.
• These induced electrical signals are firstly amplified (313), then discriminated (315) to eliminate background noise, and converted into logic pulses (317).
• the pulses generated are in a standardized format of the well-known "Nuclear Instrumentation Module” (NIM) type. This NIM pulse is used to trigger the acquisition of data in order to capture exclusively the precise moment of the passage of the ionizing particles.
• NIM Nuclear Instrumentation Module
• the efficiency of the detector is increased, because of the minimization of data loss related to an acquisition with a fixed sampling frequency for example (indeed, the electronic cards, because of the dead time between the samples are not fit to record continuously).
• the set of acquisition and data processing circuits can advantageously be available on a single electronic card as a single interface (120) to the detector of the invention.
• an external scintillator-based data acquisition device may be added to trigger data acquisition for the analysis of the path of the ionizing particles.
• Figure 4 shows a sequence of data analysis steps to reconstruct the trajectory of the ionizing particles.
• the principle of the invention is to calculate a precise position in 2D according to a combination of tracks that are on two axes offset by 90 °.
• the method begins by measuring at regular intervals the voltage amplitude of the electrical signals produced during a given period.
• the voltage is measured every 25 nanoseconds for 67.5 ⁇ , for each hybrid card dedicated to measuring 128 reads (x, y).
• the measurement is considered noise (406). If the measured average voltage is greater than the given threshold (404, YES branch), the measurement is considered representative of an impact on a reading track and is retained (408).
• the threshold equals a charge of 20,000 electrons.
• the method then makes it possible to determine whether the impacts recorded by each hybrid card are close impacts (410) relative to the reading tracks. If the impacts correspond to isolated reading tracks, they are considered isolated impacts and rejected as noise (412). If the impacts correspond to contiguous reading tracks, for example ten contiguous tracks, the method makes it possible to group (414) the tracks impacted along the axis 'x' and along the axis 'y'.
• the method makes it possible to determine which groups of tracks along each axis 'x' and 'y' are impacted in the same time window and associated.
• the association of the groups of tracks (x, y) determines a point (418) giving a position information of the particle and thus determines the height at which the particle corresponding to this point is passed in the drift chamber, and thus reconstitute its trajectory.
• the method makes it possible to differentiate the points according to the angle of incidence according to which the particle has penetrated into the drift chamber.
• a first treatment (420) is applied to the points for which the angle of incidence with respect to the vertical is almost zero, corresponding to particles which have penetrated into the detector chamber at an angle of less than 20 ° (angular range from + 10 ° to -10 °).
• the set of groups of nearby tracks is considered as a single group and the method makes it possible to analyze the displacement of the center of gravity within this group over the entire duration of the measurement. The method then makes it possible to reconstruct (422) the azimuthal trajectory of the particle from the direction of displacement of the center of gravity and the positions of the points (x, y).
• a second treatment For particles entering the detector at a non-zero angle, ranging in an angular range from 20 ° to 90 °, a second treatment (424) is applied.
• the different avalanches of secondary electrons generated during the passage of the particle in the drift chamber impact groups of tracks well dissociated and different.
• the method makes it possible to analyze (424) each group of tracks over the duration of the measurement to determine the evolution of the movement of the groups of tracks.
• the method then makes it possible to reconstruct (426) the azimuth trajectory of the particle from the direction of movement of the groups of tracks and the positions of the points (x, y).
• the computation of the trajectory in 3D is done with the obtaining of the zenith angle of each particle.
• the process is able to reconstruct the vertical distance traveled, and thus the zenith angle of each trajectory.
• Attenuation of the muon flux is defined as the ratio between the flux of muons at the surface and the flow of muons measured after passing through the environment (eg subsoil, structure, industrial building). This parameter is connected by a known mathematical law to the traversed material length multiplied by its average density.
• ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ 0 ( ⁇ -) where 0 is the surface flux, ⁇ the attenuation coefficient related to the density and d is the distance traversed by the particles.
• the surface flux l 0 is known thanks to theoretical models that can predict the value of muon flux depending among other parameters, altitude, latitude and longitude, as the following models:
• Figure 5 illustrates a method for controlling and controlling the distribution and quality of gas in a gas detector.
• the known gas distribution circuits for gas detectors operate in open circuit, which generates a significant loss of gas and a risk of unnecessary pollution of the environment.
• the performance of gas detectors depends among other things on quality and stability. gas used.
• a new gas detector gas distribution device and a related method are provided.
• the device is a quasi-closed circuit which makes it possible to reduce the consumption of gas without reducing the performance of the detector.
• the device is composed of a system for filtering the various contaminants present in the gases, associated with a circuit for controlling the flow rate of the gas and a control circuit of the environment variables, such as in particular the internal pressure of the detector. gaseous and temperature.
• the combination of the various elements making up the device makes it possible to directly control and stabilize the gain of the gas detector and thus allow coherent data acquisition to establish the trajectory of the particles.
• the closed circuit gas distribution circuit the gas emissions are reduced, which is advantageous and necessary in confined spaces with low ventilation.
• Figure 5 illustrates the gas flow (double line arrows) in the closed circuit and the data flow (single line arrows) that are recorded at different measurement points of the circuit.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an implementation of such a gas distribution device, particularly adapted to the gaseous detector of the invention. For the sake of clarity, data streams are not shown in Figure 6.
• the method of controlling and regulating the gas (500) begins with a gas injection (502) at the inlet of the circuit.
• the gas can come from a bottle of high-pressure gas (600) whose outlet gas passes into a pressure reducer (601) in order to bring the pressure to a defined value, preferentially up to 0.1 bar above ambient pressure.
• the gas is then filtered through a particulate filter (602). Filtration prevents contamination of the inside of the detector by keeping the particles in suspension.
• the filter is a 0.22 micron particle filter, which is smaller than the size of the holes in the micro-gate of the detector.
• the gas is then fed to the closed circuit input through a variable section flowmeter (603) to manually control the gas flow.
• This flow rate is measured numerically (504, 604) at the input of the closed circuit and the measurements are transmitted to a control automaton (540).
• the gas is then fed into an adjustable speed pump (506, 606) that generates a pressure gradient to force the flow of gas.
• the gas can then optionally be filtered in a first filter which holds oxygen (508, 608) followed by a second filter for the steam (510, 610), either directly sent to a second particulate filter (512, 612), which may be necessary because of the impurities released by the filter (s). oxygen and water vapor.
• the particulate filter is a 0.22 micron particulate filter.
• the oxygen filter serves to minimize the absorption of primary electrons by this molecule by increasing the performance of the detector.
• the water filter makes it possible to prevent the water vapor from reaching the drift chamber, for the same reason as the preceding filter, and secondly because it greatly alters the gain of the detector and promotes its corrosion.
• the gas pressure is measured and the values are transmitted to the control automaton (510). The gas then enters the detector (100).
• an anti-return valve calibrated to a desired operating pressure (51 6, 61 6) makes it possible to test (518) the pressure of the gas to allow a release of gas and to protect the overpressure system.
• the release is carried out in a bubbler (526,626) which prevents any air intake and allows to see the outgoing gas flow.
• the gas flow output from the detector (100) is measured (520, 620) to determine the amount of gas recirculation.
• the measured value is transmitted to the control automaton (510).
• the gas then passes into a control valve (522, 622) which prevents a return of the gas and forces the flow in one direction.
• the gas then loops back onto the inlet pump (506, 606).
• the control machine (510) receives the flow measurements of the gas (504, 520) and pressure (514) recorded in the closed circuit as well as the temperature information of a thermocouple (527) installed for this purpose, and is able to adjust the gas flow (538).
• the control circuit of the gas flow rate makes it possible to maintain the gain of the detector at the desired value.
• the gain of the detector is periodically calculated at adjustable intervals (typically 1 h), by reading the data in the detector (530) and is compared with the optimum value designated by the user (532).
• a calculation unit (534) determines the gain of the detector and this value is compared (536) with a predefined value of optimum gain.
• the circuit makes it possible to define the adjustment to supplying the flow (538) and transmitting the value to the control machine (540) which automatically changes the speed of the pump (506), which regulates the flow of the gas, and returns to the gain value optimum.
• the proposed closed loop gas detector gas distribution device combines the effects of gas filtration, recirculation of the filtered gas and the direct control of the gain of the detector by measuring and adapting the parameters of the gas. operation as the internal pressure of the detector.

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