EP3447190B1 - Bearing device for a railway system - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a storage device for a rail system, according to the preamble of claim 1. According to [1], Klaus Lieberenz et. al., Dynamic stability of the carriageway, Edition ETR 2005, increases the stress on the carriageway and the substructure by increasing the operating speed. Static, quasi-static and dynamic load entries occur that are particularly relevant for loads and emissions. It was found that, depending on the speed and typical distances in the vehicle track system - such as bogie and axle distances, but also due to wheel roundness and rail corrugation, periodically recurring load entries occur in different frequency ranges, which lead to increased loads. Model calculations have shown that elastic elements such as intermediate layers, sleeper pads and sub-ballast mats in the superstructure can contribute to the reduction of these loads.

The 2], DE102013209495A1 describes a sleeper sole, which consists of a highly polymeric elastic material and which is intended for direct connection to a prestressed concrete sleeper made of fresh, unbound concrete, for the purpose of protecting the ballast, as well as for vibration and sound decoupling during track construction for rail traffic.

It should be noted that the entire rail system forms a vibration system, which essentially consists of the wheel set with a vibratable, unsprung wheel set mass, the rail, the rail intermediate layer, the sleeper with any soling, gravel and substructure (e.g. soil, concrete slab, tunnel sole, etc.) . The upper coupling level is defined by the rails and the lower one Coupling level formed by the foundation and the soil. Vibrations can pass from threshold to threshold in the upper coupling level via the railroad tracks and in the lower coupling level through the foundation and soil. Due to the effects of the wheels of a rail vehicle on the rails, mechanical vibrations are coupled into the ballast and the substructure (eg soil) via the sleepers. The vibrations of the sleepers and the soil result on the one hand in loads and possibly damage to the track superstructure and substructure (hereinafter the rail system) and on the other hand acoustic and dynamic impairments in the vicinity of the railroad tracks, for example in nearby buildings.

From the EP3121333A1 a vibration-damping railway track support is known, the rails of which rest on a concrete beam by means of sleepers including a ballast bed or track slabs. The track track support comprises a spring device, which consists of metal springs or an elastomer and is arranged below the track between the concrete beam and a foundation. In addition to and next to the spring device, shock absorbing elements are arranged between the concrete beam and the foundation, which act in parallel with the spring device.

The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing an improved bearing device for a rail system.

In particular, a storage device is to be created with which, on the one hand, the loads on the rail system and, on the other hand, disruptive acoustic effects on the near area of the railroad tracks can be reduced.

The normal superstructure, but also special defects in the railway network, such as switches, insulation joints, insufficient ballast thickness, transitions, bridges, tunnels, etc., are to be improved with regard to harmful vibrations, vibrations and shocks. Ballast and substructure in high traffic areas, where maintenance work is only possible to a limited extent, should be extended by using the improved bearing devices.

Storage devices according to the invention should be able to be implemented in all required configurations and without restrictions, e.g. can be used advantageously on open routes and engineering structures or in tunnels.

This object is achieved with a storage device which has the features specified in claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the dependent claims.

The bearing device serves to hold at least one railroad track which rests on an elastic element which bears against a support device.

According to the invention, the elastic element is a first macroscopic crystalline spring structure which is aligned with its longitudinal axis or expansion axis perpendicular to the railroad track and preferably perpendicular to the wheel axles of the rail vehicles and which has a preferably periodic three-dimensional crystal structure which has mechanical vibrations in a first frequency range of 1 Hz - 200 Hz at least partially absorbed and / or reflected.

The first crystalline spring structure has a crystal structure with a three-dimensional crystal lattice or point lattice, with spacings of the lattice points that are enlarged many times over and range from a few centimeters to a few decimeters.

Three-dimensional crystal structures with a lattice structure which correspond to the so-called Bravais lattice are preferably used. Lattice structures with right-angled (orthogonal) axis systems, such as cubic crystal systems, tetragonal crystal systems, orthorombic crystal systems, or lattice structures with oblique angles can be used Axis systems, such as hexagonal crystal systems, trigonal crystal systems, for example rhombohedral crystal systems, triclinic crystal systems, cylindrical crystal systems are used.

The crystalline spring structures used can have the crystal structure of a metallic or non-metallic element or a semiconductor. In [3], Gorishnyy et. al., Sound ideas, Physics World, December 2005 , it is found that so-called phononic crystals offer new components by means of which sound can be controlled as well as light by means of mirrors, lenses or photonic optical fibers.

The elastic properties of crystals can be represented for small deflections with the help of Hooke's generalized law, i.e. through a linear relationship between tension and shape change.

In [4], Delpero et. al., Structural engineering of three-dimensional phononic crystals, Journal of Sound and Vibration, November 2015, states that macroscopic structures can be used to achieve new damping solutions in conventional technical areas such as mechanics.

Crystalline spring structures according to the invention are modeled on phononic crystal structures and are dimensioned and designed in such a way that disruptive vibrations which occur in the rail system can be damped or absorbed or reflected.

For storage devices according to the invention, the spectra of oscillations and vibrations that occur in a rail system can be recorded and the damping curves or filter curves of the damping system according to the invention Storage devices are adjusted accordingly. In particular, vibrations are suppressed that burden the infrastructure or the environment in the near field.

In preferred configurations, the first crystalline spring structure is preferably connected in series, directly or indirectly, along the longitudinal axis with at least one second crystalline or elastic spring structure, for example an elastomer, the mechanical vibrations in a second frequency range of preferably 40 Hz - 500 Hz at least partially absorbed and / or reflected. By combining different damping systems with crystalline and elastic spring structures, any desired damping characteristics of the overall system can advantageously be achieved. Crystalline spring structures can also correspond to a crystal lattice in a linear or non-linear manner in one or more axes. These measures can also optionally influence the vibration properties or damping properties of the damping system over the entire frequency range.

In the storage devices according to the invention, crystalline spring structures can also be provided parallel to one another and connected directly or indirectly to one another.

A storage device can be provided for storing only one railroad track or for storing two or more rails. If the bearing device supports two rails, at least one first crystalline spring structure is preferably provided for each rail. At least one second crystalline or elastic spring structure is preferably provided, which extends, for example, over the entire bearing device.

At least the first crystalline spring structure preferably has two, three or more preferably identical unit cells lying one above the other along the longitudinal axis. As an alternative or in addition, the unit cells can also have a plurality of unit cells adjoining one another laterally.

In order to determine the damping behavior over the relevant frequency range, unit cells of different types can advantageously also be combined with one another. A plurality of layers of different unit cells are preferably provided, which are each provided for damping vibrations in a specific frequency range.

The existing crystalline spring structures can be made of metal or plastic. Crystalline spring structures used to dampen vibrations in the lowest frequency range of e.g. 1 Hz to 100 Hz are provided, are preferably made of metal. Crystalline or elastic spring structures that are used to dampen vibrations above the lowest wave range, e.g. are provided above 40 Hz, are preferably made of plastic, preferably an elastomer.

The first and preferably also all further crystalline spring structures are preferably designed in such a way that when a force is applied along the longitudinal axis, on the one hand there is compression along the longitudinal axis and on the other hand torsion or shear perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the crystalline spring structure. Crystal structures with oblique-axis systems that favor shear can be used particularly advantageously.

The first and optionally also the further crystalline spring structures are preferably designed such that the bonds between ions and / or atoms of the crystal structure are formed by spring-elastic mechanical connecting elements, such as straight or curved rods made of plastic or spring steel, which are parallel or inclined in accordance with the selected crystal structure are arranged to the longitudinal axis. Rectangular rods with an aspect ratio of 1: 4 to 1: 8, which favors bending, are preferred.

In particularly preferred embodiments, at least the first crystalline spring structure has one, two or more connecting plates made of metal or plastic, which are preferably oriented perpendicular to the axis of elongation or longitudinal axis and in which the points of a plane of the lattice structure or crystal structure are included, which are defined by the spring-elastic mechanical connecting elements are connected to one another in one piece or in a form-fitting manner and / or by welding. The crystalline spring elements preferably have at least one base plate and a cover plate or at least one base plate, an intermediate plate and a cover plate. By connecting the lattice points in one plane not by individual mechanical connection elements, but by the connection plates, the crystalline spring structure is simple and stable. Exposed connecting plates or intermediate plates can perform shear movements and / or rotary movements when the crystalline spring structure is loaded. However, it is also possible to connect all the lattice points of a plane of the lattice structure to one another individually by mechanical connecting elements. As a result, shear movements or Rotational movements in a lattice plane performed jointly by all the connecting elements located therein.

The support device can be formed by a metal base plate or by a one-part or multi-part threshold made of wood, plastic, concrete or metal, which is optionally designed as a tightly sealed hollow body. The support device is preferably formed by a combination of a base plate and a threshold.

The crystalline spring structure is adapted to the associated support device or threshold and has e.g. a height in a range from 7.5 cm to 40 cm. The crystalline spring structure completely or partially penetrates the support device or threshold and projects above it at the upper edge by the required amount of e.g. 0.2 cm to 3 cm so that the rail does not hit the support device or threshold under load. It should be noted that the amplitudes of the vibrations that occur are usually relatively low. The amplitudes of the vibrations are preferably measured, after which the excess of the crystalline spring structure is selected accordingly.

The crystalline spring structure can advantageously be supported on the threshold in a recess. In particularly preferred configurations, however, the first crystalline spring structure is supported on a base plate made of steel, which serves to distribute the forces transmitted via the first crystalline spring structure, so that as far as possible no local forces occur. As mentioned, a solid base plate can serve as a support device. However, the base plate is preferably in combination with a threshold made of wood, metal, concrete or plastic, which the storage device desires Gives size and stability. In this case, the threshold has a continuous recess within which the crystalline spring structure is supported on the one hand on the base plate and from which the crystalline spring structure preferably protrudes on the other hand. Of course, the spring structure can also be combined with additional elements that, for example, protrude from the recess.

A threshold sole is preferably provided below the base plate, which absorbs or reflects mechanical vibrations transmitted by the base plate in a second frequency range of preferably 40 Hz to 500 Hz. The vibrations acting on the railway vehicle can therefore be advantageously damped by the bearing device using the various damping elements sequentially in different frequency ranges.

On the first crystalline spring structures, damping intermediate layers are preferably provided, on which the railroad tracks rest.

The threshold sole and the intermediate layers are preferably designed as second or further crystalline or elastic spring structures and preferably comprise a matrix formed from an elastomer, which has a crystalline lattice with periodically repeating regions or unit cells.

In this case, the oscillation system comprises three or more phononic crystal structures, which have their damping effect and / or reflection effect in frequency ranges.

The railroad tracks are also preferably connected to the supporting device by means of spring-elastic clamps in such a way that the first crystalline spring structure is preferably pretensioned in such a way that the first crystalline spring structure operates in the intended first frequency range.

Fig. 1

eine erfindungsgemässe Lagervorrichtung 1 für zwei Eisenbahnschienen in einer ersten Ausgestaltung mit ersten kristallinen Federstrukturen 11 und einer zweiten kristallinen oder elastischen Federstruktur 13, welche je eine Eisenbahnschiene 6 stützen;

Fig. 2

eine erfindungsgemässe Lagervorrichtung 1 in einer zweiten Ausgestaltung mit in einer metallenen Hohlschwelle 120 angeordneten ersten kristallinen Federstrukturen 11 und einer zweiten elastischen oder kristallinen Federstruktur 13, welche je eine Eisenbahnschiene 6 stützen;

Fig. 3

eine erfindungsgemässe Lagervorrichtung 1 in einer dritten Ausgestaltung mit einer Schwelle 16 aus Beton, Holz oder Kunststoff und ersten kristallinen Federstrukturen 11, welche je eine Eisenbahnschiene 6 stützen und je in einer Ausnehmung 160 der Schwelle 16 angeordnet sind, und einer zweiten elastischen oder kristallinen Federstruktur 13;

Fig. 4

eine für den Einsatz in einer erfindungsgemässen Lagervorrichtung 1 vorgesehene kristalline Federstruktur 11 in exemplarischer Darstellung; und

Fig. 5

einen Dämpfungsverlauf einer erfindungsgemässen Lagervorrichtung.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are explained in more detail below with reference to figures. Show it:

Fig. 1

a bearing device 1 according to the invention for two railroad tracks in a first embodiment with first crystalline spring structures 11 and a second crystalline or elastic spring structure 13, which each support a railroad track 6;

Fig. 2

a bearing device 1 according to the invention in a second embodiment with first crystalline spring structures 11 arranged in a metal hollow sleeper 120 and a second elastic or crystalline spring structure 13, each of which supports a railroad track 6;

Fig. 3

a bearing device 1 according to the invention in a third embodiment with a threshold 16 made of concrete, wood or plastic and first crystalline spring structures 11, which each support a railroad track 6 and are each arranged in a recess 160 of the threshold 16, and a second elastic or crystalline spring structure 13 ;

Fig. 4

an exemplary illustration of a crystalline spring structure 11 intended for use in a bearing device 1 according to the invention; and

Fig. 5

a damping curve of a bearing device according to the invention.

Fig. 1 shows a storage device 1 according to the invention in a first preferred embodiment. The bearing device 1 rests on a natural or artificial substructure 9 or 90, on which a layer of ballast 8 is provided.

The bearing device 1 resting on the ballast layer 8 comprises a solid metal base plate 12 on which two crystalline or phononic spring elements 11 are arranged, each of which supports a railroad track 6 on which the wheels 4 of a rail vehicle roll. The base plate 12, over which the coupled vibrations are distributed, serves in this case as the sole support device 12.

The crystalline spring structures 11, which are shown symbolically, have a periodic three-dimensional crystal structure which at least partially absorbs and / or reflects mechanical vibrations in a first frequency range of preferably 1 Hz to 200 Hz. Analogous to a photonic optical waveguide that does not allow light of a certain wavelength to pass, the crystalline spring structures 11 also do not allow vibrations of a certain frequency to pass and absorb or reflect the incoming vibrations.

In the exemplary embodiments shown, the crystalline spring structures 11 have a base plate 111B resting on the base plate 12 and a cover plate 111T which carries the associated railroad track 6. In this preferred embodiment, the base plate 111B and the cover plate 111T are connected to an intermediate plate 111I by spring-elastic mechanical connecting elements 112BI, 112IT. The connecting elements 112BI, 112IT correspond to the bonds between the atoms or ions of the crystal structure.

The base plate 111B, the intermediate plate 111I and the cover plate 111T lie in adjacent planes of the lattice structure in which the atoms or ions are arranged. However, the crystal structures can be designed to be far more complex and have mechanical connecting elements 112BI, 112IT which lead between the base plate 111B, the intermediate plate 111I and the cover plate 111T to further lattice points and where appropriate are connected to one another or pass through the corresponding lattice points.

The crystal structures between the base plate 111B and the intermediate plate 111I on the one hand and the intermediate plate 111I and the cover plate 111T on the other hand can be configured identically or differently, so that two interconnected damping systems result which have different damping behavior or different damping curves or filter curves. Any crystalline spring structures 11 can be realized, which have one or more subordinate crystalline spring structures, which work together in order to achieve an optimal damping behavior over the relevant frequency spectrum. For example, both crystalline spring structures 11 can dampen vibrations in the range from 1 Hz to 150 Hz in the same way. Alternatively, one of the spring structures 11 can be set to a frequency range of e.g. 1 Hz to 20 Hz and the other spring structures can be tuned to a frequency range from 20 Hz to 150 Hz. The frequency ranges in which the crystalline spring structures 11 are to have their effect are selected such that, in particular, strongly disruptive vibrations and shocks are reduced particularly well.

On the underside of the base plate 12 is a threshold sole 13 made of an elastic material provided that absorbs or reflects mechanical vibrations transmitted by the base plate 12 in a second frequency range of preferably 40 Hz to 500 Hz.

Elastic intermediate layers 14 are also provided on the first crystalline spring structures 11, on which the railroad tracks 6 rest. The elastic intermediate layers 14 serve to fix the rails 6 and at the same time serve as first damping layers.

The threshold sole 13 and / or the intermediate layer 14 are preferably designed as a second or further crystalline or phononic spring structure and preferably comprise a matrix made of an elastomer, which forms a crystalline lattice with periodically repeating regions or unit cells. Corresponding materials are, for example, from [5], WO2012151472A2 known.

The first crystalline spring structure 11 therefore preferably consists of hard-elastic metal parts, while the second spring structure 13 designed as a threshold sole 13 and preferably also the intermediate layer 14 consist of a hard-elastic but relatively soft plastic compared to the first crystalline spring structure 11. The spring structures 11, 13, 14 complement each other to form an advantageous damping system and are tuned to the critical frequency ranges. Each spring structure can be tuned to one or more frequencies, in the range of which vibrations are to be damped or reflected. The spring structure 14 is preferably dimensioned and constructed in such a way that as little noise as possible is emitted from the rail and threshold.

Fig. 1 further shows that adjacent to each crystalline spring structure 11 is at least one limiting element 18 is arranged. The limiting element 18 prevents inadmissible lateral deflection or deflection of the crystalline spring structure 11 and is delimited by the latter by an air gap 181. The air gap 181 is dimensioned such that shear movements and rotational movements of the crystalline spring structure 11 can take place, but a material breakage is prevented. Preferably, only shear movements in the linear force-expansion range of the crystalline spring structure 11 are permitted, which do not lead to any overloading or breakage of the crystalline spring structure 11.

The preferably metal limiting element 18 is e.g. plate-shaped or tubular and screwed or welded to the base plate 12. E.g. four cross-shaped angle elements 18 with vertically aligned plates enclose the crystalline spring structure 11.

The railroad tracks 6 are further connected to the support device or the base plate 12 by means of spring-elastic clamps 15 such that the first crystalline spring structure 11 is preferably prestressed and operates in the desired first frequency range.

Fig. 2 shows the storage device 1 of Fig. 1 in a second embodiment with a metal hollow sleeper 120, which is preferably cuboid and in which crystalline spring structures 11 are arranged. The hollow sleeper 120, which is preferably sealed, comprises the metal base plate 12 on the underside and a metal upper plate 121 on the upper side. The hollow sleeper 120 can be manufactured or bent from a single metal plate or cut-out development, which has a thickness, for example Has a range of 4 mm to 10 mm.

Fig. 2 shows two possible variants A (left) and B (right) of the arrangement of the crystalline spring structures 11. Either variant A or variant B is realized.

Variant A (left) shows that the crystalline spring structure 11 lies with the cover plate 111T on the top plate 121 and with the base plate 111B on the base plate 12 of the hollow sleeper 120. Deformations of the hollow sleeper 120 are thus dampened by the crystalline spring structure 11. The side walls of the hollow sleeper 120 are connected to at least one spring element, e.g. a resilient bead 125, which gives the hollow sleeper 120 elasticity so that it can follow the movements of the first crystalline spring structures 11.

Variant B (right) shows that the crystalline spring structure 11 there is led out through the top plate 121. The required opening in the top plate 121 is sealed by an elastic material 126, preferably an elastomer. The hollow sleeper 120 is thus sealed off, but allows the crystalline spring structure 11 to be coupled directly to the railroad track 6.

The railroad track 6 can be fixedly mounted or slidably mounted in variants A and B by means of spring-elastic clamps 15 and connected to a point machine 5. For this purpose, a bearing plate 7 is preferably provided on each crystalline spring structure 11, on which the mounted rail 6 can be displaced. Storage devices 1 according to the invention can thus also be used advantageously for the construction of switches. In this application, wider crystalline spring structures 11 are preferably provided.

Of course, the railroad track 6 can also be firmly mounted in this embodiment and supported on an intermediate layer 14, as shown in FIG Fig. 1 is shown.

Fig. 3 shows the storage device 1 of Fig. 1 in a third embodiment again in two variants A (left) and B (right). The bearing device 1 can be configured in one part or two parts and comprises a threshold 16 or threshold parts 161, 162 made of concrete, wood or plastic. In both variants A and B, the crystalline spring structures 11 are arranged in a recess 160 of the threshold 16 and separated from the threshold 16 by an air gap 166.

In variant A, the recess 160 runs through the entire threshold 16, so that the crystalline spring structure 11 can be supported on the base plate 12. The railroad track 6 is separated from the crystalline spring structure 11 by an intermediate layer 14 and held by spring-elastic clamps 15 which are screwed to the sleeper 16.

In variant B, the recess 160 does not completely pass the threshold 16 and is e.g. embedded in the shape of a cup in the threshold 16, so that the crystalline spring structure 11 is supported on part of the threshold 16. The diameter of the recess 160 is again dimensioned somewhat larger than the diameter of the crystalline spring structure 11, so that an air gap 166 remains.

Fig. 4 shows an example of a crystalline spring structure 11 intended for use in a bearing device 1 according to the invention. The macroscopic crystalline spring structure 11 has a crystal structure with a three-dimensional crystal lattice or point lattice, with distances between the dots that are enlarged many times over and are in the range of a few centimeters, for example 2.5 cm to 60 cm.

A simple three-dimensional crystal structure was chosen with right-angled (orthogonal) axis systems or oblique-angled axis systems. The type of axis system is no longer recognizable under load, as shown.

The crystalline spring structure has three connecting plates aligned parallel to one another, a base plate 111B, an intermediate plate 111I, a cover plate 111T, made of metal or plastic, which are aligned perpendicular to the expansion axis or longitudinal axis y and in which the points each have a plane of the lattice structure or Crystal structure are included. The points of the lattice structure are connected to one another by spring-elastic mechanical connecting elements. The connecting elements are preferably held in a form-fitting manner in openings in the connecting plates and / or welded to the connecting plates. The connecting plates and the preferably rod-shaped connecting elements can also be connected to one another in one piece and e.g. using a casting process or 3D design process.

Behavior of the crystalline spring structure: The two connecting plates 111B, 111T were pressed against one another by a force introduced parallel to the longitudinal axis y. During this process, the rod-shaped connecting elements 112BI, 112IT were bent and / or inclined, causing the intermediate plate 111I to shear or rotate.

After the relief of the crystalline spring structure 11, it falls back into the rest position and it can be determined whether a right-angled (orthogonal orientation of the Connectors 112BI; 112IT) or angled axis system (inclined alignment of the connecting elements 112BI; 112IT) is present.

Fig. 5 shows a damping curve or frequency curve of a bearing device 1 according to the invention. By selecting the crystal structure and the dimensions and nature of the connecting plates 111B, 111I, 111T and the connecting elements 112BI; 112IT, the damping behavior or filter behavior of the crystalline spring structure 11 can be defined. In a first example, the bold line shows that the first crystalline spring structure 11 can dampen the vibrations with the frequencies in the range from 1 Hz to 100 Hz well. While the attenuation line from 1 Hz to almost 100 Hz is almost linear in the first example, in a second example with a dash-dotted line it is shown that reduced attenuation can also be present in certain frequency ranges (exemplary at 10 Hz). It is therefore measured at which frequencies disturbing vibrations occur. As a result, appropriately coordinated crystalline spring structures 11 are used and, if necessary, combined with one another in order to suppress vibrations, in particular in those areas where they appear to be disruptive or damaging.

bibliography

1. [1] Klaus Lieberenz et. al., Dynamic stability of the road, Edition ETR 2005
2. [2] DE102013209495A1
3. [3] Gorishnyy et. al., Sound ideas, Physics World, Dec. 2005
4. [4] Delpero et. al., Structural engineering of three-dimensional phononic crystals, Journal of Sound and Vibration, November 2015
5. [5] WO2012151472A2

Claims (15)

1. Support device (1) for a rail system, with at least one railway rail (6), with an elastic element (11) and with a bearing device (12; 13, 16) for resting on a substructure (9), characterised in that the elastic element (11) is a first macroscopic crystalline spring structure (11), which is aligned with its longitudinal axis (y) perpendicular to the railway rail (6) and which has a periodic three-dimensional crystal structure which, in the installed state, at least partially absorbs and/or reflects mechanical vibrations in a first frequency range of 1 Hz - 200 Hz, wherein the elastic element (11) abuts against the bearing device (12; 13; 16) and the at least one railway rail (6) rests on the elastic element.
2. Support device (1) according to claim 1, characterised in that the first crystalline spring structure (11) is connected along the longitudinal axis (y) serially, directly or indirectly, to at least one second crystalline spring structure (13) which, in the installed state, at least partially absorbs and/or reflects mechanical vibrations in a second frequency range of preferably 40 Hz - 500 Hz.
3. Support device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that at least the first crystalline spring structure (11) has the crystal structure of a metallic or non-metallic element or of a semiconductor, or in that at least the first crystalline spring structure (11) has two, three or more identical or different elementary cells lying one above the other along the longitudinal axis (y) and/or in that at least the first crystalline spring structure (11) has two, three or more elementary cells lying one above the other along the longitudinal axis (y), to which further elementary cells optionally adjoin laterally.
4. Support device (1) according to one of the claims 1 - 3, characterised in that at least the first crystalline spring structure (11) is made of metal or plastic and/or in that at least the first crystalline spring structure (11) is designed in such a way that when a force is applied along the longitudinal axis (y), on the one hand a compression and on the other hand a torsion or shearing of the crystalline spring structure (11) can occur.
5. Support device (1) according to one of the claims 1 - 4, characterised in that at least the first crystalline spring structure (11) is designed in such a way that the bonds between ions or atoms of the crystal structure are formed by spring-elastic mechanical connecting elements (112BI; 112IT), such as straight or curved rods of plastic or metal, preferably spring steel, which are arranged parallel or inclined to the longitudinal axis (y).
6. Support device (1) according to claim 5, characterised in that at least the first crystalline spring structure (11) has one, two or more connecting plates (111B, 111I, 111T) made of metal or plastic, which are aligned perpendicular to the axis of elongation or longitudinal axis (y) and in which the points of a plane of the lattice structure or crystal structure are enclosed, which are connected or welded to one another in one piece or in a form-fitting manner by the spring-elastic mechanical connecting elements (112BI; 112IT).
7. Support device (1) according to one of the claims 1 - 6, characterised in that the bearing device (12; 13, 16) is formed by a metal base plate (12) or by a one-piece or multi-piece sleeper (13, 16) made of wood, plastic, concrete or metal, which is optionally designed as a tightly sealed hollow body, or in that the bearing device (12, 13, 16) is a combination of the base plate (12) and the sleeper (13, 16).
8. Support device (1) according to one of the claims 1 - 7, characterised in that the first crystalline spring structure (11) is supported on the base plate (12) made of steel, which serves to absorb and/or distribute the vibrations and forces transmitted via the first crystalline spring structure (11).
9. Support device (1) according to claim 1 - 8, characterised in that the first crystalline spring structure (11) has a height in a range from 7.5 cm to 20 cm and/or in that the crystalline spring structure (11) at least partially penetrates the sleeper (13, 16) and preferably projects in height by 0.2 cm to 3 cm.
10. Support device (1) according to claim 7, characterised in that a sleeper sole pad (13) is provided below the base plate (12), which absorbs or reflects mechanical vibrations transmitted by the base plate (12) in the installed state in a second frequency range of preferably 40 Hz to 500 Hz.
11. Support device (1) according to one of the claims 1 - 10, characterised in that the at least one railway rail (6) is connected to the first crystalline spring structure (11) by an intermediate layer (14).
12. Support device (1) according to claim 11, characterised in that the sleeper sole pad (13) and/or the intermediate layer (14) are formed as a second or further crystalline spring structure and comprise a matrix of an elastomer which forms a crystalline grid with periodically repeating regions or elementary cells.
13. Support device (1) according to one of the claims 1 - 12, characterised in that at least one limiting element (16, 18), which limits the lateral deflection of the spring structure (11), is provided, separated from the first crystalline spring structure (11) by an air gap (161, 181).
14. Support device (1) according to claim 13, characterised in that the at least one limiting element (16, 18) is a hollow cylinder (18) resting on the base plate (11) or adjacent material of the sleeper (16), which has a recess (160) for receiving the first crystalline spring structure (11).
15. Support device (1) according to one of the claims 1 - 14, characterised in that the at least one railway rail (6) is connected to the bearing device (12; 13, 16) by means of spring-elastic clamps (15) in such a way that the first crystalline spring structure (11) is preferably pre-stressed in such a way that the first crystalline spring structure (11) can operate in the first frequency range provided.

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