EP3381009A1 - Procédé de traitement d'une séquence d'images numériques, procédé de tatouage, dispositifs et programmes d'ordinateurs associés - Google Patents
Procédé de traitement d'une séquence d'images numériques, procédé de tatouage, dispositifs et programmes d'ordinateurs associésInfo
- Publication number
- EP3381009A1 EP3381009A1 EP16819593.1A EP16819593A EP3381009A1 EP 3381009 A1 EP3381009 A1 EP 3381009A1 EP 16819593 A EP16819593 A EP 16819593A EP 3381009 A1 EP3381009 A1 EP 3381009A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- group
- images
- tattooing
- tattoo
- area
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/0085—Time domain based watermarking, e.g. watermarks spread over several images
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
- H04N19/467—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process characterised by the embedded information being invisible, e.g. watermarking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/80—Generation or processing of content or additional data by content creator independently of the distribution process; Content per se
- H04N21/83—Generation or processing of protective or descriptive data associated with content; Content structuring
- H04N21/835—Generation of protective data, e.g. certificates
- H04N21/8358—Generation of protective data, e.g. certificates involving watermark
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0051—Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0061—Embedding of the watermark in each block of the image, e.g. segmented watermarking
Definitions
- the field of the invention is that of the transmission of video content encoded in a communication network, in particular the transmission of video content intended to be digitally tattooed before delivery to a customer.
- the invention may especially, but not exclusively, apply to tracking copy of a digital content.
- tattooing techniques which consist in inserting a client code in a bit stream comprising coded data representative of a video content intended for a client, in order to "tattoo" the copy of the video content before delivery to the customer.
- a current image group GC of a digital image sequence Im with m non-zero integer between 1 and M.
- the tattoo information to be inserted into the segment is binary.
- TBTl a first binary train
- TBT2 binary train
- the bit streams TBT1 and TBT2 obtained are stored in a memory M. For a given quality level, it is therefore necessary to provide an encoded version of the group Gl embedding a first symbol and a second version of the same group G2 boarding a different symbol. In the binary case, it is customary to use a version carrying the bit 0 and a version carrying the bit 1.
- Figure 1B illustrates an assembly example for a client whose identifier IDCL is the symbol sequence T1T2T1T2.
- This identifier can be transmitted in the coded data of 4 consecutive image groups GC1, GC2, GC3 and GC4, the bit stream TBT1 (GCl) associated with GC1 carrying the value T1, the bit stream TBT2 (GC2) associated with GC2 carrying the value T2, the bit stream TBT1 (GC3) associated with GC3 carrying the value Tl and the bit stream TBT2 (GC4) associated with GC4 carrying the value T2.
- Such an assembly can be implemented at the server which stores the bitstreams corresponding to different tattooed versions of the encoded groups or further downstream, for example at an intermediate equipment or in the client terminal.
- the article by Kopilovic et al, titled “Video-DNA: Large-scale server-side watermarking" published in the Proceedings of the 15th European Signal Processing Conference in 2007, describes several approaches for tattooing coded data representative of audiovisual content. .
- it describes an "all-server” approach whereby the server is responsible for the assembly for each client and sends as many bitstreams as clients to the network, an "all-customer” approach where the client equipment performs all the operations tattoo, the same binary train being sent to all customers.
- This second approach requires significant computing capabilities on the client side.
- An intermediate approach is to transmit the two current tattooed group versions with different values to the client who is responsible for the final assembly. The transmission network is then loaded but the assembly does not require significant computing capacity.
- the bit trains relating to a group of images are encapsulated in a transport container for example specified by ISO / IEC 14496-12 for the transport of streams.
- Multimedia known as ISOMBFF (for "ISO Base Media File Format").
- ISOMBFF ISO Base Media File Format
- An extension of this standard provides for the possibility of transporting a main bit stream comprising coded data representative of a group of images in which a first tattoo information value has been spread out and at least one variant of this bit stream. (for "variant", in English) representative of the same group of images, in which a second tattoo value has been spread
- HAS Hyttp Adaptive Streaming
- a client who wishes to receive content first requires a description file, MPD or Manifest type, server-side available streams and orders the server the delivery of the quality level segment adapted to the network transmission conditions it has. It can change version over time depending on the evolution of these conditions.
- This technique is particularly described in the article "Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over http (DASH) - Standards and Design Principles", by Thomas Stockhammer, published in Proceedings of the "ACM Conference on Multimedia Systems, February 2011, pages 133- 144.
- the main bit stream comprising a first tattoo information value and its variant or variants containing at least one other tattoo information value are segmented temporally.
- a customer orders which of the available qualities best suits his resources.
- the server responds by transmitting to it the main bitstream corresponding to the selected segment and at least one variant.
- a customer-specific tattoo can be made at a point in the path followed by the binary trains, more or less close to the end customer.
- the invention improves the situation.
- the invention particularly aims to overcome these disadvantages of the prior art.
- an object of the invention is to propose a solution that is more economical in coding / storage / transmission resources, while remaining robust and adaptive to the different needs of customers.
- Another object of the invention is to propose a solution that is compatible with current or future standards for transporting bitstreams in a communication network.
- the method is particular in that, the images of a group being partitioned into spatial zones, it comprises the following steps, implemented for a group of images, called current group:
- the invention proposes to limit the duplication of the encoded data for the same segment, by tattooing only a subset of the pixels of the images of this segment.
- At least one secondary group of images is constructed whose spatial dimensions are those of the tattooing area and the temporal dimensions of those of the current group.
- the secondary group is then encoded as a small independent sequence, in a so-called secondary binary train.
- the main group whose images are partitioned in spatial zones, collocated in the group images, is encoded by spatial area, so that from the bit stream obtained, it is possible to access the coded data representative of the tattooing area and replace them with others of the same spatial and temporal dimensions, such as for example that of a secondary group.
- the main bit stream and the secondary bit stream (s) obtained for the current group are independent and recomposable into a bit stream including the desired tattoo information value for example for a particular customer.
- a secondary bitstream because it encodes spatial areas smaller than those of an image in the main group, requires less computing resources to be processed, occupies less memory space, and requires fewer network resources to to be transmitted as the main bit stream.
- the method further comprises a step of inserting a second tattooing information, distinct from the first, in the tattooing zone of the main group formed.
- the tattoo information is binary and the tattoo code of a client is formed by concatenating a number of tattoo information or symbols.
- the main bitstream carries a first value, for example 0 and the secondary bitstream a second value distinct from the first, for example 1. Because of the encoding by zone as specified by the invention , it is possible to extract the tattoo area comprising the 0 of the main segment and replace it with the tattoo area of the secondary segment including zero.
- the invention therefore provides, from the main bitstream and a secondary bitstream, what to construct for the current segment, the bitstream comprising the symbol corresponding to the target client.
- the method further comprises the following steps: for a tattoo area:
- This alternative is to transmit the first and at least the second tattoo value in secondary bitstreams corresponding to a tattooing area. It has the advantage of being generic in the sense that it does not require tattooing at the source of the main gear. It thus allows a pre-routing of generic bitstreams in the network, for example in multicast mode and a specific processing for each client as far downstream as possible.
- the step of forming the main group comprises replacing the original intensities of the at least one tattooing area with predetermined intensity values.
- An advantage of this embodiment is to be more secure.
- the predetermined values are invariable values.
- An additional advantage is that the spatial zone corresponding to the tattooing area in the main segment is inexpensive to encode with an encoder implementing a prediction of pixels of a current image from pixels of an already processed image.
- the step of forming a secondary group for a tattooing area comprises extracting intensity values of the pixels from the tattooing area in the original images of the current group.
- the secondary bitstreams encode the original video content into the tattoo area, in which a tattoo information value has been inserted.
- One advantage is that the recomposition of the main and secondary bitstreams by replacing the coded data concerning the tattooing area of the main bit stream with that of a secondary train comprising information of tattooing, leads to reconstructing the entire video content by recomposition of the binary trains received, without loss of relevant information.
- the method comprises a step of choosing said at least one tattooing zone among the partitioned zones.
- the invention thus allows the possibility of changing tattooing zone from one segment to another.
- One advantage is to change the location of the tattoo area when processing a new segment, for example to hide relevant content.
- the method further comprises a step of determining an enlarged tattoo area in the main group images, including the tattoo area and a predetermined width border around said area.
- the zone encoding comprises a step of applying a filter of size less than or equal to the predetermined width at the borders of the zones of the images of the main group and for an area of an image other than said at least one tattooing area. , the prediction of the pixels of the zone does not refer to the pixels of said at least one enlarged tattooing area of another image of the group.
- the partitioning implemented in the main group forming step comprises at least a first and a second tattooing area and the step of inserting at least a first information item.
- Tattooing in the secondary group includes inserting a first tattoo information into the first area and a third tattoo information into the second area. This third tattooing information may take the first or second value in the binary case.
- a device for processing a sequence of digital images for transmission to at least one client via a telecommunications network said sequence being cut into a plurality of groups of images.
- a device for processing a sequence of digital images for transmission to at least one client via a telecommunications network, said sequence being cut into a plurality of groups of images.
- the images of a group being partitioned into spatial zones, it comprises the following units, which can be implemented for a group of images, called the current group: a) formation of a main group comprising the original images of the group current, said images being partitioned into at least two predetermined spatial zones, located at the same spatial coordinates, or collocated, in the images of the current group and comprising at least one so-called tattooing zone;
- the invention also relates to a method of tattooing a sequence of digital images transmitted in a telecommunication network to at least one customer, said sequence being divided into groups of images, characterized in that said method comprises the following steps, implemented for one group, said current group: - preliminary obtaining a representative value of at least one tattoo information, said customer tattoo information, to be inserted in the current group intended for audit at least a customer ;
- a main bitstream comprising coded data representative of a main group, formed from the original group images partitioned in at least two predetermined spatial areas, collocated in the group images and comprising at least one area so-called tattooing, the coded data having been obtained by means of a spatial zone encoding of the main group, in which the prediction of the pixels of an area of an image of the group other than said at least one tattooing area. is not made by reference to the pixels of said at least one tattooing area of said image or other image of the group; obtaining information relating to a tattoo information value inserted in the current group of the received primary bitstream;
- the method further comprises:
- Composing a bit train intended for auditing at least one client by replacing the coded data associated with the at least one tattooing area in the main group with the coded data of the secondary bitstream.
- the bit streams are recomposed to insert the tattoo information or adapted to the recipient customer.
- the method according to the invention can be implemented at different points of the path followed by the main and secondary bitstreams.
- the composition will be customer-specific and a tattoo to uniquely identify it will be inserted into one or more groups in the sequence.
- the recomposed bitstream will then be presented to the decoder.
- the recomposed bitstream is transmitted to the customer (s) instead of the primary and secondary bitstreams.
- the method just described is advantageously implemented by a tattooing device of a sequence of digital images transmitted in a telecommunications network to at least one customer.
- the sequence is divided into groups of images.
- the device according to the invention comprises the following units, which can be implemented for one group, said current group: prior obtaining of a representative value of at least one tattooing information, said tattooing information of the client, to be inserted into the current group intended for auditing at least one client;
- a main bit stream comprising encoded data representative of a main group, formed from the current group-origin images partitioned into at least two predetermined spatial areas, collocated in the group images, and comprising at least one so-called tattooing area, the coded data having been obtained by means of a spatial zone encoding of the main group, according to which the prediction of the pixels of an area of an image of the group other than said at least one zone of tattooing is not done by reference to the pixels of said at least one tattooing area of said image or other image of the group;
- the method further comprises:
- Composing a bit train intended for auditing at least one client by replacing the coded data associated with the at least one tattooing area in the main group with the coded data of the secondary bitstream.
- the invention also relates to communication equipment adapted to receive one or more bitstreams comprising coded data representative of a sequence of images from a server equipment and to transmit them to one or more client equipment recipients and the device tattoo that has just been described.
- the invention also relates to a client equipment capable of receiving one or more bitstreams comprising coded data representative of a sequence of images from a server equipment, said equipment comprising a decoder capable of decoding the received bitstreams and the tattoo device which has just been described.
- the invention relates to a signal carrying encoded data representative of a sequence of digital images for transmission to at least one client via a telecommunications network, said sequence being divided into groups of images, characterized in that for said group, said current group, said coded data comprises: - a main bit stream comprises encoded data representative of the images of a main group formed by partitioning the original images of the current group into at least two predetermined spatial areas, located at the same spatial coordinates, or collocated, in the images of the main group and comprising at least one so-called tattooing zone, said zones having been obtained by zone encoding of the main group, according to which for an area other than said at least one zone tattoo, the pixels in the area are not predicted by reference to pixels in the tato image of the main group;
- At least one first secondary bit stream comprising encoded data representative of the images of a secondary group of images, of the same temporal dimension as the main group and of spatial dimensions equal to those of the tattooing zone, in which a first value representative of a tattoo information has been inserted;
- bit streams being intended to be received by a device able to determine at least one tattoo information value to be associated with at least one client, and, when the value of tattoo information of the customer is equal to the first information tattooing, to recompose, from received bitstreams, a bit stream intended for said at least one client, by replacing the coded data of the main bitstream associated with said at least one tattooing zone in the main group, with the coded data of the secondary binary train.
- the main bit stream comprises coded data representative of the images of the main group and the second tattoo information value.
- the invention also relates to a computer program comprising instructions for implementing the steps of a processing method as described above, when this program is executed by a processor.
- the invention also relates to a computer program comprising instructions for implementing the steps of a tattooing method as described above, when this program is executed by a processor.
- These programs can use any programming language. They can be downloaded from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer-readable medium.
- the invention finally relates to recording media, readable by a processor, integrated or not integrated with the treatment device and the tattooing device according to the invention, possibly removable, respectively storing a computer program implementing a method. process and a computer program implementing a tattooing method, as described above.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B show schematically a method for transmitting a digital image sequence comprising tattooing information according to the prior art
- Figure 2 schematically shows a method of processing a sequence of digital images according to a first embodiment of the invention
- FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate two examples of spatial zone partitioning of images of a time segment of a sequence of digital images implemented by the processing method according to the invention
- FIG. 3C illustrates an example of a region encompassing a tattooing zone, implemented during the encoding of the main image group according to the invention
- Figure 4 schematically shows the steps of a method of tattooing a sequence of digital images according to the first embodiment of the invention
- Figure 5A schematically illustrates an example of processing a digital image sequence by a server equipment according to the first embodiment of the invention
- Figure 5B schematically illustrates an exemplary implementation of the tattooing method according to the first embodiment of the invention
- Figure 6A schematically illustrates an example of segmentation of bitstreams from the processing method according to the invention by an intermediate equipment
- Figure 6B schematically illustrates an example of combined implementation of the tattooing method according to the first embodiment of the invention and a segmentation of bitstreams by an intermediate equipment
- Figure 7 schematically shows a method of processing a sequence of digital images according to a second embodiment of the invention
- Figures 8A and 8B illustrate two examples of tattoo area choice in a current segment according to the invention
- Figure 9 schematically shows the steps of a method of tattooing a sequence of digital images according to the second embodiment of the invention
- Figure 10A schematically illustrates an exemplary implementation of the method of
- the general principle of the invention rests first on the partitioning in spatial zones of the images of a current group of images of a sequence of digital images comprising at least one tattoo area. It also includes the insertion of tattoo information into the tattoo area and the independent encoding of one or more tattooed versions of that tattoo area, so that its coded data can be easily inserted into a train main binary of the current group, before its delivery to a client and without transcoding operation.
- a sequence of images divided into consecutive groups of images for example of duration of 2 seconds, comprising 50 images, is considered.
- a group of images may or may not correspond to a GoP (for "Group of Pictures") in the terminology of video compression standards such as HEVC for "High Efficiency Video Coding” or AVC (for "Advanced Video Coding”) by example.
- GoP for "Group of Pictures”
- HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding
- AVC Advanced Video Coding
- the invention applies to any type of image sequence and in particular to a sequence of images obtained from an immersive video, that is to say from a video recording of a video. real-world scene where images are captured in multiple directions at the same time, around a central point, corresponding to the user's position.
- the acquired images are projected for example on a cube from the center of which the user can control the angle of view and the speed of movement.
- an image (for "frame", in English) of the sequence within the meaning of the invention comprises the six unfolded faces of the cube.
- a current image group GC of the image sequence is considered.
- each of its images is partitioned into at least two spatial zones, according to a predetermined partitioning. At least one of these areas constitutes a tattoo area ZT.
- any type of spatial partitioning can be considered. However, in practice, it must be authorized by the coding scheme of the image sequence.
- FIG. 3A there is shown an example of partitioning in two slices SU, SI2 (for "slices", in English), as specified in the AVC standard, by Iain E. Richardson, in section 5.6 of the 'The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard', 2nd Edition, ISBN: 978-0-470-51692-8), published in April 2010 by Wiley.
- SI2 for "slices", in English
- Iain E. Richardson in section 5.6 of the 'The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard', 2nd Edition, ISBN: 978-0-470-51692-78, published in April 2010 by Wiley.
- These two slices can be encoded independently of one another according to a particular mode of the AVC standard.
- the tattooing zone ZT1 corresponds to the slot SU, for which it is possible to generate a bit stream specific to this zone, comprising encoded data independent of those of the current group GC.
- the tattoo area ZT is the TI4 tile.
- This tile can be the subject of an independent encoding and the construction of a specific bit stream.
- a main group GP is formed from the partitioned current group.
- This main group has the same temporal and spatial dimensions as the current group.
- the information, in particular the intensity, carried by the elements of these images, pixels or voxels, is unchanged with respect to the current group in the spatial zones other than the tattooing area ZT.
- the original values of this intensity information are replaced by determined values, for example invariant on all the images of the main group.
- the same information is preserved in the tattooing zone of the main group as in the current group.
- the main group is identical to the current group.
- tattooing area IT2 is inserted into the tattooing area ZT of the main group SP.
- This tattoo information can be binary. or n-aire.
- this step has been shown schematically by a dotted box, to indicate that it is not essential to the implementation of the invention.
- An alternative, that no tattoo information is inserted into the main bit stream will be presented in connection with Figure 7.
- the insertion of the tattoo information is done according to a method known to those skilled in the art, for example that described in the article by Cox et al, entitled “Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking Multimedia", published in IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 6, 12, pp 1673-1687, in 1997.
- This method relies on the use of a spread spectrum function to transform a binary symbol into a sequence to be added to the elements of the image sequence. in the space or frequency domain (these elements can be pixels, or coefficients of a frequency transform DCT type for Discrete Cosine Transform, or DWT for Discrete Wavelets Transform (Discrete Cosine transform) Wavelet Transform ", in English.).
- I be the vector representing the set of m elements that we wish to tattoo, coming from the zone ZT.
- it is the set of coefficients resulting from the frequency transform of the images of a group of images.
- a sequence denoted G is generated from a pseudo-random generator of length m.
- the elements of this sequence G must follow a Normal distribution centered in 0.
- the factor a> 0 is a weighting that can be used to adjust the tradeoff between the strength of the brand and its visibility.
- the tattoo information will be spread over the 640 x 360 pixels of the tattoo area of the images of the group of images considered.
- the main group of images is encoded according to a zone encoding technique, known per se.
- This encoding by spatial area can be advantageously achieved for example by implementing a so-called tile encoding technique, described in the specifications of the HEVC standard by Sze, Vivienne, Budagavi, Madhukar, Sullivan, Gary J. (Eds.) , titled High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Algorithms and Architectures, ISBN 978-3-319-06895-4, DATE.
- Slice-type spatial zone encoding is also described in the AVC standard, by Iain E. Richardson, in "The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard,” 2nd Edition, ISBN: 978-0-470. 51692-8, DATA.
- a property of a slice / tile is to be decodable independently of other tiles in the current image, because the encoding of a tile does not introduce dependency with pixels of other tiles of the current image.
- constraints to be applied are on the one hand, to have a tile cutting structure that is the same on the sequence of images concerned, and secondly, to encode these tiles by making sure that blocks of pixels contained in a tile are predicted only by pixels contained in that tile or pixels belonging to a tile located at the same spatial coordinates in another image of that series.
- the coded data contained in the tattooing area may be modified, for example replaced by others without impact on the coded data of the other spatial areas of the main image group.
- the prediction of elements or blocks of elements contained in distinct spatial zones of the tattooing zone is forbidden by pixels contained in a region more broadly encompassing the tattooing zone. Indeed, it is known in the HEVC standard that when an image is subdivided into tiles, a reduction filter of the discontinuities is applied along the boundaries of the blocks, and therefore in particular along the tile boundaries.
- the pixels located in the region RE are likely to take a modified value when the content of the tattoo area ZT is modified to adapt to the tattoo information, which would introduce an error in the prediction. Prohibiting this prediction thus makes it possible to avoid propagating prediction errors that would be detrimental to the quality of the reconstructed video.
- the intensity information of the tattoo area and the IT2 tattoo information inserted therein are therefore encoded in the same TBP bit stream as the other areas of the main image group, but independently.
- the coded data representative of the tattooing area in the consecutive images of the main image group can be placed after the coded data representative of the other spatial areas of the other images of the main image group, for example at the end of the bitstreams comprising the coded data of the main group.
- a specific signaling is implemented to allow identification of the coded data corresponding to this tattooing area, without requiring a decoding of the data.
- This signaling may take the form of a start code, that is to say a sequence of bits known a priori, which serves to mark the beginning of the data corresponding to a tile.
- it may also take the form of length information, including the number of bits to count from the beginning of the data of the segment to arrive at the beginning of the data associated with the tile.
- a group of secondary images GS is formed from the intensity information contained in the tattooing area ZT of the current group GC.
- This secondary group has the same temporal dimension as the current group and the same spatial dimensions as the tattoo zone ZT. Examples of secondary groups formed from the common group are shown in Figures 3A and 3B, already described.
- the intensity information of the elements of the tattoo zone is extracted.
- the images of the secondary group GS are encoded, using the same encoding scheme as for the main group.
- the same encoding scheme we mean an encoding conforming to the specifications of the same standard, so that the same decoder can decode the main and secondary bitstreams and we also make sure to configure the encoder so as to obtain an encoding quality equivalent to that of the main group.
- a TBST1 binary train representative of the secondary group containing the IT1 tattooing information is obtained.
- bitstreams obtained are formatted for transmission via a telecommunications network and the formatted bitstreams are transmitted.
- This formatting or encapsulation consists in placing the bitstreams in one or more containers.
- Such containers include a header in which information about the description of the bitstreams transported.
- these bitstreams can be transported in MPEG-2 TS (for Transport Stream in English) format, specified in standard ISO / IEC 13818-1, or ITU-T Rec. H.222.0, or the ISOBMFF format already cited.
- the steps E1 to E7 of the method are then repeated for successive groups of temporal images of the image sequence.
- Tattoo information can be inserted in all successive image groups or only in some of them.
- An advantage of repeating the tattoo information sending throughout the image sequence is to ensure that the tattoo can be made from an extract of the sequence, provided that it includes enough groups of tattoos. temporal images.
- an SV server forms and transmits, in the telecommunications network, to one or more clients, at least two bitstreams:
- a TBP master bitstream comprising coded data representative of groups of images of the sequence of images to be delivered to one or more clients.
- IT2 tattoo information has been inserted in the middle of the intensity information of at least one tattooing area of the images of the group.
- Zone coding has been applied to the temporal image group so that the coded data representative of the tattooing area of the images of the group and those representative of the remainder of the images are independent of one another; at least one secondary bit stream TBST1 comprising coded data representative of a secondary group comprising "thumbnails" of equal dimensions those of the tattoo area and, for each image, the intensity information of the tattoo area in the original group of images.
- IT1 tattoo information distinct from IT2.
- the "thumbnails” of the secondary group were encoded, using a coding scheme compatible with that used for the main group.
- n-1 secondary bitstreams can be transmitted.
- Primary and secondary bit streams are encapsulated in one or more containers
- each bit stream is transported independently of the other or in its own container.
- bitstreams are multiplexed before encapsulating them in one and the same container and transmitting it on the communication network.
- the bitstreams are segmented in the sense of an adaptive transmission standard, such as DASH, already cited for example, before their encapsulation in one or more containers.
- an adaptive transmission standard such as DASH
- the same container can encapsulate segments corresponding to the same group of images, and encoded at different levels of quality.
- the bitstreams are not segmented at the SV server which implements the processing method according to the invention. They are transmitted in unsegmented form to an intermediate equipment EQ placed at break of the data streams. This equipment is in charge of segmenting them for delivery to customers, for example in adaptive transmission mode. The interest is to realize a part of the transmission path in a non-specific transport mode, in a generic configuration and to specify the bitstreams as far downstream as possible. It will be understood that in this case, the client requests the segments from this intermediate equipment EQ, rather than from the server equipment SV.
- This process can be implemented within different equipment on the path followed by the primary and secondary bitstreams to an end customer.
- a client equipment for example a tablet or a laptop or a set-top box, in front of the decoding of the sequence.
- 'images or in an intermediate equipment, type server or router, which serves several customers.
- a current image group GC of the digital image sequence to be tattooed is considered for delivery to a client.
- This client is identified by a tattoo identifier comprising a sequence of B tattoo information, with B non-zero integer.
- the value of the tattooing information for example a binary value, to be inserted into the current group is obtained for at least one client.
- this ITCL information is equal to IT1.
- the equipment that implements the tattooing process has previously stored in memory, on the one hand the tattoo information sequence that forms the customer's tattoo identifier and on the other hand the tattoo information already inserted in previous time segments. This is to determine the value of the next ITCL tattoo information to be sent to the client to form the sequence of the customer's tattoo ID.
- the i th bit of the tattoo identifier IDTCL of the client which comprises B a non-zero integer, for example equal to 20, which corresponds to more than a million of possible identifiers.
- T2 At least the main bit stream TBP, corresponding to the current group GC, is received. If the TBP master bitstream has previously been multiplexed to one or more secondary bitstreams before being encapsulated in a transport container, all bitstreams are necessarily received in this step.
- T3 information about a tattoo information value inserted into the received TBP master bit stream is obtained.
- the tattoo information is binary
- the equipment that implements the tattooing process has previously obtained the information that the main bit stream carries the value IT1 and the secondary bit stream carries the value IT2.
- this information is indicated in the header of the container of the main bit stream TBP.
- a field of the transport container of the binary train or trains is inserted, a "flag" type information signaling that tattooing information has been inserted into the current time segment and complementary fields including the tattoo indications, such as for example, the value of the tattoo information inserted and the tattoo area where it was inserted.
- the additional information further comprises dependency information with the main bit stream, so that the tattooing device knows how to recompose the train full binary from the main and the secondary.
- a known file format or transport container such as ISOBMFF, provides zones ("free boxes”) for recording metadata of this type.
- NAL Unit sub-container
- PPS Physical Parameter Set
- image for example, a parameter indicating whether the image is encoded inter or intra
- SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information
- SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information
- NALUs are called “non VCL” (for "Video Coding Layer” in English) because they do not carry video data.
- the zone encoding information is inserted into the SPS and PPS fields and information about a tattoo area, inserting a tattoo information value into that zone, and the dependency. from a secondary binary train to a tattooing area of the secondary train are recorded in the SEI field.
- T4 it is determined whether a tattooing area of the current group contains in the main bit stream the tattoo information value contained intended for the customer.
- the TBP master bit stream can be transmitted to the client without modification. Otherwise, it implements, for the tattooing zone considered, a T5 receiving step TBST1 secondary bit stream containing the desired tattoo information.
- a new bitstream is composed by replacing the coded data of the main bitstream corresponding to the tattoo zone ZT with those of the secondary bitstream TBST1.
- This bit stream TBCL specific to the client CL is transmitted to the client in a transport container, for example in accordance with one of the MPEG2 TS or ISO BFF standards already mentioned.
- FIG. 5B there is shown an intermediate equipment EQ implementing the tattooing method according to the invention.
- This equipment may be intermediate, or the SV server or the end customer. This equipment implements the tattooing method according to the first embodiment of the invention.
- the tattoo information contained in the group considered the main bit stream is not that for the client CL.
- a composition operation is therefore implemented to replace the coded data of the tattoo zone ZT with that of the secondary bit stream TBTS1 and form a client-specific TBCL bit stream for the current group.
- the bit train TBCL thus formed is transmitted to the customer CL via the network R. If the equipment EQ is the final customer, it is transmitted to a decoder.
- the intermediate equipment received the bitstreams in independent containers.
- the bitstreams are segmented by an intermediate equipment EQ 'which does not implement the tattooing method according to the invention.
- the equipment EQ ' receives the unsegmented bitstreams, extracts them from their container, segments them, encapsulates them again and transmits them in the network to one or more clients. They will then be tattooed by another equipment, intermediary or client.
- One advantage is that non-segmented bitstreams can be broadcast in multicast mode, for example to segmentation equipment.
- the time segments used have a size of 1 second, which means that there will be approximately 2 segments per group of images, for a group of 50 images. In this case, it is understood that the end customer will request the segments directly from this intermediate equipment EQ ".
- This last mode of transport corresponds to the "mezzanine" mode specified by the MPEG-2 TS standard.
- the initial bitstreams are prepared at the level of the initial encoding by the server equipment to allow a subsequent "aligned" segmentation for all the binary trains transported, regardless of the quality of the associated encoding.
- the segmentation performs a division at the boundaries between images of different types, for example Intra, Inter type P or Inter type B for example.
- This is particularly suitable for adaptive transmission, in which a client can request segments of different quality to adapt to variations in the transmission conditions in the telecommunication network.
- step E1 the option already mentioned with reference to FIG. 3 is advantageously chosen, which consists in assigning values of predetermined and invariable intensities in the tattoo zone ZT of the images of the main group.
- ab initio tattooing information is not inserted in the main group.
- the tattooing zone (s) determined during partitioning of the current group are provided in the main group to subsequently receive the tattoo information value for one or more clients.
- the main group is encode in a conventional manner, in order to obtain a binary bit TBP '.
- E4 and E7 are formed at least two secondary groups SS1 and SS1 comprising N "thumbnails" of dimensions equal to that of the zone ZT, in a manner similar to that described in relation to 3.
- the "images" of SS1 and SS2 are assigned the intensity values of the elements of the tattooing area ZT in the current group.
- the secondary groups SS1 and SS2 are identical.
- the subtypes IT1 and IT2 are respectively inserted in the secondary groups SS1 and SS2, in a manner similar to that described for the first embodiment of the invention in connection with FIG. 2.
- IT1 and IT2 are the two possible values of tattoo information, 0 and 1 in binary. If this tattoo information is of n-ary type with n> 2, n secondary groups will be formed to insert each of the possible values of the tattoo information into a separate secondary group.
- the secondary groups GS1 and GS2 are respectively encoded in a manner similar to that described for the first embodiment of the invention.
- First and second secondary bit streams TBST1 'and TBST2' are obtained.
- bitstreams obtained TBP ', TBST1' and TBST2 ' are stored in a memory M.
- a memory M is a memory of a server equipment implementing the invention.
- the bit trains obtained are encapsulated in a container, for example as specified in the TS or ISOBMFF standards already mentioned, and they are transmitted via a telecommunications network R.
- Steps E0 to E10 are then repeated for subsequent groups of the image sequence.
- the EO partitioning step it is possible, for simplicity, to decide to apply the same partitioning and the same choice of positioning of the tattooing zone (s) to all the groups of the image sequence.
- the same partitioning of the images is reproduced on the current group SC, but the positioning of the tattooing zone ZT is changed.
- the tattoo area ZT is positioned on a player.
- Figure 8B corresponding to the next segment SG + i, the tattoo area ZT has been moved to follow the player.
- the method implements a preliminary step of analyzing the semantic content of the images of the current segment, for example tracking an object in the image sequence.
- this analysis is based on a technique known to those skilled in the art and for example described in the document by Wren et al, entitled “Pfinder: real-time tracking of the human body", published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Volume: 19, Issue: 7, pp. 780 - 785 ISSN: 0162-8828, in July 1997.
- This technique consists in using a two-dimensional contour model and a color histogram model, associated with a MAP type indicator (for "Maximum A Posteriori").
- FIG. 10A there is shown a server SV implementing the second embodiment of the invention.
- a current group GC of an image sequence Im is partitioned into spatial zones comprising at least one tattooing zone.
- a main group and a secondary group are formed. No tattoo information is inserted in the main group.
- the main group is zone-encoded so that data from areas other than the tattoo area do not depend on the tattoo area.
- a TBP main bit stream is obtained.
- Secondary groups are encoded conventionally. Secondary bit streams TBST1 'and TBST2' are obtained.
- the TBP ', TBST1' and TBST2 'bitstreams are encapsulated in one, two or three containers which are transmitted to one or more clients via the transmission network R.
- At least three bitstreams are thus transmitted in the telecommunications network, intended for one or more clients: a main bit stream TBP 'comprising coded data representative of groups of images of the sequence of images to be delivered to one or more clients.
- At least one tattooing zone has been determined in which the intensity values of the elements of the images of the current segment have advantageously been replaced by predetermined values that are more economical to code.
- Zone coding has been applied to the group so that the coded data representative of the tattooing area of the group images and those representative of the remainder of the images are independent of one another;
- coded data representative of a secondary group comprising thumbnails of dimensions equal to those of the tattooing zone and, for each image, intensity information of the tattooing zone in the group of original images.
- the “thumbnails” of the secondary group were encoded, using an encoding scheme compatible with that used for the main group; and
- coded data representative of a secondary group comprising thumbnails of dimensions equal to those of the tattooing zone and, for each image, information of intensity of the tattooing zone in the group of original images.
- the thumbnails of the second subgroup were encoded, using a coding scheme compatible with that used for the main group; If the tattoo information is n-ary with n> 2, then n secondary bit streams are transmitted.
- tattooing zones are defined in the images of a group or the n possible values are transmitted over n successive segments.
- the bit streams TBP ', TBST1' and TBST2 ' are transmitted to a client equipment via a telecommunications network.
- the tattooing method which will now be described may be implemented by the client equipment or by a network equipment, for example a server or a router placed at a break in the path of the bit trains.
- a current image group GC of the digital image sequence to be tattooed is considered for delivery to a client.
- This client is identified by a tattoo identifier comprising a sequence of B tattoo information, with B non-zero integer.
- the step T 1 'of obtaining the tattoo information value (s), for example a binary value, to be inserted in the current segment, for the customer, is identical to that already described in relation to FIG. 4.
- this ITCL information is equal to IT1 for the tattoo area ZT.
- T2 ' At least the main bit stream TBP' corresponding to the current group GC is received.
- the TBP master bitstream has previously been multiplexed to one or more secondary bitstreams before being encapsulated in a transport container, all bitstreams, primary and secondary, are necessarily received during this step.
- information is obtained relating to a tattoo information value inserted into the tattooing area ZT of the main group corresponding to the main bit stream TBP received.
- the watermarking information is binary, we get 0 if bit 0 was inserted in the current group, 1 if bit 1 was inserted in the current segment and 2 if no bit was inserted into the current segment. current group.
- this information is reported in the container that encapsulates the TBP main bit stream.
- the main bit stream TBP 'does not contain tattoo information.
- the information obtained is 2 in the binary case. It is therefore appropriate to receive at least one secondary binary train.
- information relating to the tattoo information values inserted in the secondary bit streams TBTS1' and TBTS2 'associated with the received TBP main bit stream is obtained.
- the equipment that implements the tattooing process has previously obtained the information that the main bit stream carries the value IT1 and that the secondary bit stream carries the value IT2.
- this information is indicated in the header of the container of the main bitstream TBP '.
- tattoo information is binary, 0 is obtained if bit 0 has been inserted in the current segment, 1 if bit 1 has been inserted in the current segment and 2 if no bit has been inserted in the current group.
- the secondary bit stream TBST1' containing the desired tattoo information is received.
- a new bit stream TBCL' is formed by replacing the coded data of the main bitstream TBP 'corresponding to the tattoo zone ZT with those of the secondary bitstream TBST1'. This produces for the current group a bit stream TBCL integrating the tattoo information value for the customer CL in the tattoo area ZT.
- bit streams TBP ', TBST1' and TBST2 ' are received by EQ equipment' which may be intermediate, or SV server or end customer.
- This equipment implements the tattooing method according to the second embodiment of the invention. It processes at least the TBP main bit stream it extracts from its CTR container and, depending on the ITCL tattoo information to be transmitted to the client CL, it decides the secondary bit stream TBST1 'or TBST2' to be processed.
- the ITCL tattoo information of the client is Tl. It is contained in the coded data of the first secondary bit stream TBSTl '.
- the intermediate equipment E ' obtained this information, for example by reading the header of the container of the TBP' main bitstream or of the secondary bitstream TBST1 ', for example a metadata field of the transport container.
- a COMPO composition operation is therefore implemented to replace the coded data of the tattooing area ZT of the main bit stream with that of the secondary bit stream TBTS1 and to form a client-specific bit stream TBCL 'for the current segment SC.
- the equipment EQ is an intermediate equipment or the server SV
- the binary train TBCL 'thus formed is encapsulated in a container and then transmitted to the customer CL via the network R. If the equipment EQ is the final customer, it is transmitted to a decoder.
- the intermediate equipment segments the bit stream TBCL 'formed for the customer before encapsulating it in the transport container.
- module and/or entity
- module may correspond either to a software component, or to a hardware component, or to a set of hardware and / or software components, capable of implementing perform the function (s) described for the module or entity concerned.
- FIG. 11A an example of a simplified structure of a device 100 for processing a digital image sequence according to the invention is now presented.
- the device 100 implements the treatment method according to the invention which has just been described in relation with FIGS. 2 and 5.
- the device 100 comprises a processing unit 110, equipped with a processor ⁇ , and driven by a computer program Pgl 120, stored in a memory 130 and implementing the method according to the invention.
- the code instructions of the computer program Pgi 120 are for example loaded into a RAM before being executed by the processor of the processing unit 110.
- the processor of the processing unit 110 implements the steps of the method described above, according to the instructions of the computer program 120.
- the device 100 comprises at least the following units: partitioning part of the images of the current group GC into at least two areas co-located in the images of the group and comprising at least one tattooing area ZT ,
- - FORM GS for forming a secondary group of the same temporal dimension as the main group and of spatial dimensions equal to those of the tattooing area;
- - INS IT1 for inserting a first IT1 tattoo information value into the secondary group formed,
- - ENC TBST1 for obtaining a first representative sub-bit secondary train TBST1 of the encoded secondary group including the first tattoo information value and a transmission unit of the main bit stream and the at least one first secondary bit stream destined for at least one customer.
- the device 100 comprises an INS insertion unit T2 of a second tattoo information value IT2 in the tattooing area of the main group.
- the device 100 further comprises the following units:
- this transmission unit comprises a sub-unit for encapsulating the bit streams in one or more transport containers.
- the device 100 further comprises a storage unit Ml for storing the main and secondary bitstreams obtained.
- These units are driven by the ⁇ processor of the processing unit 110.
- such a device 100 can be integrated with an SV server equipment.
- the device 100 is then arranged to cooperate at least with the following module of the server SV: a data transmission / reception module E / R, through which the bit streams are transmitted in a telecommunications network, for example a wired, wireless or radio network.
- a telecommunications network for example a wired, wireless or radio network.
- FIG. 11B an example of a simplified structure of a tattooing device 200 of a digital image sequence according to the invention is now presented.
- the device 200 implements the tattooing method according to the invention which has just been described in relation with FIGS. 4 and 7.
- the device 200 comprises a processing unit 210, equipped with a processor ⁇ 2, and driven by a computer program Pg2 220, stored in a memory 230 and implementing the method according to the invention.
- the code Pg 2220 computer program instructions are loaded for example in a RAM memory before being executed by the processor of the processing unit 210.
- the processor of the processing unit 210 implements the steps of the method described above, according to the instructions of the computer program 220.
- the device 200 comprises at least the following units:
- REC TBP receiving a main bit stream comprising coded data representative of a main group, formed from the original images of the current group partitioned into at least two predetermined spatial areas. Spatial areas are collocated in the group's images and include at least one so-called tattoo area.
- the coded data is obtained by means of a spatial zone encoding of the main group, wherein the prediction of the pixels of an area of an image of the segment other than the said at least one tattooing area is not made by reference to the pixels at least one tattooing area of said image or another image of the group;
- the device comprises the following units that can be implemented when the value obtained does not equal the tattooing information of the client:
- ⁇ REC TBSTi receiving at least a first secondary bit stream comprising coded data representative of a subgroup, wherein a tattoo information value equal to the tattoo information of the client has been previously inserted, said group being of the same temporal dimension as the current group and of spatial dimensions equal to those of the tattooing area;
- the device 200 further comprises a unit M2 for storing the compound bitstream.
- These units are driven by the processor ⁇ 2 of the processing unit 210.
- such a device 200 may be integrated with an EQ equipment located at a cutoff of the path followed by the bitstreams to the client.
- an EQ equipment located at a cutoff of the path followed by the bitstreams to the client.
- This is for example the SV server, an intermediate equipment type router or server or a client terminal.
- the device 200 is then arranged to cooperate at least with the following module of the equipment EQ: a data transmission / reception module E / R, through which the bitstreams are received from a telecommunications network, for example a wired wireless network or radio, by the equipment EQ.
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- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
- Editing Of Facsimile Originals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1561323A FR3044140B1 (fr) | 2015-11-24 | 2015-11-24 | Procede de traitement d'une sequence d'images numeriques, procede de tatouage, dispositifs et programmes d'ordinateurs associes |
PCT/FR2016/053036 WO2017089689A1 (fr) | 2015-11-24 | 2016-11-21 | Procédé de traitement d'une séquence d'images numériques, procédé de tatouage, dispositifs et programmes d'ordinateurs associés |
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EP3381009A1 true EP3381009A1 (fr) | 2018-10-03 |
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EP16819593.1A Withdrawn EP3381009A1 (fr) | 2015-11-24 | 2016-11-21 | Procédé de traitement d'une séquence d'images numériques, procédé de tatouage, dispositifs et programmes d'ordinateurs associés |
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US (1) | US20180357742A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3381009A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3044140B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2017089689A1 (fr) |
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WO2018154381A1 (fr) * | 2017-02-24 | 2018-08-30 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Système et procédé de filigranage de segments multimédias à l'aide de variantes échantillon pour un chiffrement normalisé (svne) |
CA3071560C (fr) * | 2017-08-10 | 2024-01-23 | Sony Corporation | Dispositif d'emission, procede d'emission, dispositif de reception et procede de reception |
US10937117B2 (en) * | 2018-07-20 | 2021-03-02 | Comcast Cable Communications, Llc | Collusion attack prevention |
CN112150337B (zh) * | 2019-06-28 | 2024-02-23 | 北京地平线机器人技术研发有限公司 | 图像处理方法、装置以及电子设备 |
CN113380322B (zh) * | 2021-06-25 | 2023-10-24 | 倍生生物科技(深圳)有限公司 | 人工核酸序列水印编码系统、水印字符串及编码和解码方法 |
CN117150457B (zh) * | 2023-10-31 | 2024-02-23 | 南京中孚信息技术有限公司 | 一种防窃水印的应用方法及系统 |
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GB2505657A (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2014-03-12 | Id3As Company Ltd | Digital watermarking and fingerprinting of source data |
EP2843963A1 (fr) * | 2013-08-30 | 2015-03-04 | Thomson Licensing | Procédé de tatouage numérique de contenu |
-
2015
- 2015-11-24 FR FR1561323A patent/FR3044140B1/fr active Active
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2016
- 2016-11-21 US US15/778,657 patent/US20180357742A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-11-21 WO PCT/FR2016/053036 patent/WO2017089689A1/fr unknown
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WO2017089689A1 (fr) | 2017-06-01 |
FR3044140B1 (fr) | 2017-11-24 |
FR3044140A1 (fr) | 2017-05-26 |
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