EP3339569B1 - Method and device for ventilation of a tunnel structure - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a method and a device for ventilating a tunnel structure.

For tunnels, such as traffic tunnels or tunnels of a mine, a ventilation, d. H. Supply of fresh air needed. For this purpose, ventilation systems are usually provided which comprise at least one fan and at least one ventilation line connected thereto. Fresh air delivered by the fan is introduced through the ventilation duct into the tunnel structure.

In some ventilation systems, the fan is operated according to a fixed control, so that a substantially constant air flow is supplied by the ventilation line. Other concepts include various controls for operating a fan.

For this purpose, measured values of the required air flow are recorded. For example, this describes DE 28 03 830 a method for measuring and monitoring the pressure conditions and the air flow rates in Luttenleitungen. Static pressures are determined in openings in the jacket of the Luttenleitungen. From differential pressure values, the basic course of the air flow rates over the length of the Luttenleitung can be determined.

The WO 00/36275 discloses ventilation for tunneling sites where detectors measure air quality within the tunnel. Measurement signals are transmitted to a processor and compared there with reference values of the required air quality. Active ventilation components, such as controllable fans, are controlled according to the difference between the reference value and the value determined in order to maintain the air quality at the required level.

The US 6,724,917 B1 describes a fan control apparatus for ventilating a tunnel. The ventilation device comprises sensors for carbon monoxide and wind speed and an image sensor with which a visual index is determined. A control loop is provided to calculate a default for the operation of the fan based on the visual index.

The DE 1 110 894 discloses a method and a device for measuring weather currents flowing in a special ventilation in mine tailings. In a driving section, a Luttenstrang is provided, in the front end portion of a fan and in the opposite end portion of a measuring device is provided for measuring the sucked weather. Another measuring device is provided on the fan. The measuring devices each have constrictions, wherein by pressure measurements, the performance, ie the actual sucked amount of weather can be determined.

The EP 0 240 713 describes a controller for a tunnel ventilation system. Detectors in or on a tunnel detect physical values related to air pollution in the tunnel. An arithmetic processing element calculates a ventilation rate correction value and a control value for regulating the flow rate of fresh air supplied from the tunnel.

The WO 2011/042980 A1 describes a control system for tunnel ventilation. A feed-forward control unit makes a prediction of the generated pollution, natural wind and wind generated by vehicles based on a target value for visibility, a CO concentration target and other data measured in the tunnel.

EP 1 524 404 A2 describes a method and a device for monitoring structures. Combinations of various suitable aerosol and gas sensors as well as an integrated linkage with other sensor signals enable a permanent air control, react quickly to changes in the air composition and these are compensated by ventilation fans.

It is for the design and operation of ventilation systems for tunnel structures essential to ensure that sufficient fresh air is supplied, especially to people working in tunnels or mines. However, the design and operation of the ventilation system should not go beyond what is required in each case. This presents a particular challenge in the area of tunnel construction sites, ie ventilation systems which are not permanently set up for continuous operation, but in which, for example, changes can result from constant construction progress.

It can be regarded as an object to propose a method and a device for ventilating a tunnel construction, which enable operation to be as efficient as possible, in particular for changing requirements.

This object is achieved by a method according to claim 1 and an apparatus according to claim 14. Dependent claims relate to advantageous embodiments of the invention.

The device according to the invention and the method according to the invention comprise a Ventilation system with at least one fan and a ventilation duct connected to it.

The fan can be arranged, for example, outside the tunnel structure. The use of different types of fans is possible. The drive of the fan is preferably electrical. From the design axial fans are preferred.

The ventilation duct may comprise a wide variety of materials and constructions, for example pipelines of different cross sections. The ventilation duct can have several sections with different properties. In particular, for the requirements in the construction site area, it is preferred that the ventilation line has at least one flexible section or is designed to be flexible overall, that is, for example, deformable or variable in length.

Particularly preferably, at least a portion of the ventilation line comprises a flexible Luttenleitung.

According to the invention, at least one measuring device for detecting one or more values of the air flow supplied through the ventilation line is connected to the ventilation line. For this purpose, various types of known measuring devices in question, with which, for example, values such as pressure, flow rate or air velocity can be determined. Preferably, the volume flow is detected directly or can be derived from the values. Measured values are preferably supplied as electrical signals. The ventilation duct may have a plurality of outlets, in preferred embodiments at least one outlet, preferably the single outlet, is arranged at the end of the ventilation duct. The measuring device is preferably arranged at or near an outlet so as to measure the air flow delivered through the outlet.

According to the invention, the operation of the fan is regulated as a function of at least one measured value determined by means of the measuring device. For this purpose, the fan is variably controllable, especially in electrically powered fans by appropriate specification of the electrical supply. Particularly preferably, the control is performed by specifying the frequency of the electric power supplied to the fan, eg. by controlling a frequency converter.

According to the invention, the fan is thus operated in a regulated manner in accordance with the measured value determined on the ventilation line. By controlling the fan and the feedback of the measured value, a closed loop is formed. Preferably, the control of the fan is carried out so that the controlled variable is set to a desired value, which may be, for example, constant. A setpoint value is a constant volume flow at an outlet of the ventilation line.

Parallel to the control according to the invention, the thereby adjusting operation of the fan is checked by means of a calculation or simulation.

By means of a suitable calculation device, an expected operating value of the fan is calculated before and / or during operation. In the preferably automatically running calculation of the operating value, at least parameters of the fan, parameters of the ventilation line and, optionally, other parameters flow in, for example environmental parameters.

The calculation means can be designed differently, in particular as an electrical circuit. Preferably, the calculation is done in a suitably programmed computer, i. by executing a calculation or simulation program or corresponding software module as explained below.

Parameters of the fan can, for example, be pre-stored in a computer used for the calculation or be retrievable by the calculation means via a data connection. These parameters may include, for example, data on various operating points of the fan, e.g. As functions, curves, tables or in any other form, for example. Data on the dependence of values of an air flow promoted by the fan of the control, for example. From the frequency. The parameters of the fan can also include, for example, data on the dependence of a supplied volume flow from the pressure for different operating points, for example for different frequencies.

For venting, at least one or more of the parameters used in the calculation can also be pre-stored or retrievable via data connection.

Possible parameters for the calculation include, for example, dimensions of the ventilation line, or of different sections thereof, ie z. B. Length and diameter. Other parameters can be z. B. friction coefficients or leakage values.

As will be explained in greater detail below, at least some of the parameters of the ventilation line used in the calculation are each provided with a location which assigns properties (eg line cross sections or the like) to specific locations in the ventilation line.

In addition, other parameters can be included in the calculation, which are independent of the ventilation line and the fan, z. B. Environmental parameters such as current air density, temperature, humidity, etc.

As will be explained in more detail below, it is preferred that some of the parameters used be entered and stored via a user interface, in particular data on the length and course of the ventilation line. Some of the parameters used in the calculation can also be determined, for example, by measuring devices or sensors.

The calculation determines at least one expected operating value of the fan. These may be different values characterizing the operating point of the fan, for example the speed. The operating value can also be a value of the control of the fan, for example the frequency with which an electrically operated fan is controlled. Preferably, the calculated expected operating value is the power consumed by the fan.

One or more setpoint values on which control of the operation of the fan is based are also preferably taken into account in the calculation, in particular a default value for a volume flow to be achieved at an outlet.

According to the invention, a real, resulting from the above control operating value of the fan is determined in operation and compared with the expected operating value. Thus, there is a check of the adjusting itself in the real-time control operating point with the expected operating point based on parameters of the fan and the ventilation duct. If these - within the limits to be determined in each case - match, an expected operation can be determined and, if necessary, signaled.

In the case of deviations of the real operating value from the expected operating value, which exceed fixed tolerances, either there is a malfunction of the system or at least the parameters used in the calculation are not completely correct. Usually, deviations are caused by unexpected losses, that is, too much operation of the fan, which is accompanied by an increased power consumption.

The deviation is signaled according to the invention, for example in the form of an optical or acoustic display or in the form of an electrical signal, which can be used, for example, for controlling or transmitting information.

As a rule, a deviation will indicate a fault condition of the ventilation system. While this u. U. can also be a fault on the fan, a control device or the connected measuring device, it will be mainly to errors or defects of the ventilation line, d. H. For example, not included in the calculation leakage, changed or incorrect installation, kinks, bottlenecks or additional, not included in the calculation consumers such as filters, mufflers or grille.

It has been found that, especially in construction site operation, such defects or deviations in the laying of the ventilation line can occur unnoticed, for example due to improper handling. Thus, in particular with flexible sections of the ventilation line, in particular Luttenleitungen, come to damage such as leaks, or by pressing the line bottlenecks may arise. Likewise, it is possible that by employees, for example, a misplaced Luttenleitung moves and thereby bent or kinked to create space required for work.

Due to the regulation, although the desired ventilation is still guaranteed despite such changes or errors. However, this is to compensate for losses stronger operation of the fan necessary, so that more energy is needed. Without the monitoring according to the invention, this would generally not be noticed in a timely manner.

Thus, the inventive method and the inventive device on the one hand by the scheme to ensure the orderly, trouble-free operation with provision of the required ventilation in the event of defects occurring or improper use of the ventilation duct. At the same time, however, a constant check of the operation is made possible by the signaling.

Thus, in particular, defects or changes to the ventilation duct can not only be determined, but it can also be preferred when signaling the degree of deviation, which effects the deviation has on the energy-efficient operation of the entire system. On the basis of the signaling, a decision can be made as to whether defects or changes made in the laying of the ventilation duct should be repaired or corrected if necessary. Thus, a particularly energy-efficient operation can be meaningfully supported.

Due to the automatic execution of the calculation and the comparison, the permanent presence of expert personnel is not necessary for the determination of corresponding problems, but this can be informed if necessary by signaling a deviation.

The method and apparatus of the present invention can be used to ventilate any form of underground structures, generally referred to herein as tunneling structures. In particular, they are suitable for non-continuous tunnel structures, i. Tunnel with a closed end, eg during tunnel construction. As already explained, this results in particular advantages in the case of temporarily created and often changed configuration of the ventilation line, nevertheless, ventilation systems that have been set up for permanent operation can also be sensibly monitored for possible defects.

The method and the device can be designed to be particularly flexible, so that at any time the consideration of changes, for example. The ventilation system possible is. According to one embodiment of the invention, for example. Changes in the ventilation line can be made, ie z. As a change in the course of the line, an extension of the line or an addition of new line sections or consumers. According to the development, a recalculation of the expected operating value then takes place based on parameters of the changed ventilation line. These can be, for example, entered via a user interface and possibly saved. In the following, the operation of the ventilation system with the modified ventilation line can then be carried out and monitored.

Different calculation paths are possible for the calculation of the respective expected operating value of the fan. The calculation is preferably carried out such that one or more air flow parameters are assumed at an outlet of the ventilation line. The airflow parameters may in particular include the volume flow, the static pressure and / or the dynamic pressure. In the further course of the calculation, one or more air flow parameters at the inlet of the ventilation line are preferred, taking into account properties of the ventilation line. H. determined at the connection of the fan. Thus, the expected adjusting operating point of the fan can be determined.

Particularly preferably, the calculation can be carried out by an iterative calculation method in which local airflow parameters are determined on the basis of one or more airflow parameters at an outlet of the ventilation line for a plurality of points along the ventilation line and finally for the inlet of the ventilation line. In this case, it is possible to proceed stepwise from the outlet to the inlet of the ventilation line, for example, in a fixed or variable step along the length of the ventilation line, so that z. B. iteratively for each meter of the route, starting from the outlet, the respective local parameters of the air flow, z. As pressure and / or flow rate can be calculated.

In general, parameters such as leakage values and coefficients of friction of the ventilation line as well as dimensions, ie, for example, length and / or diameter of the ventilation line can be included in the calculation. In addition, information about the course of the ventilation line can be included in the calculation, for example about consumers, constrictions, changes of direction and / or side outlets of the ventilation duct. This information preferably contains information about the respective position within the ventilation line. In the preferred iterative calculation, such parameters can each be used for each of the steps or sections to be calculated iteratively one after the other. This means that very different line characteristics can be calculated easily and automatically with sufficient accuracy.

Fig. 1

in schematischer Ansicht eine Tunnelbaustelle mit einer Belüftungsanlage mit einer beispielhaft ideal verlegten Belüftungsleitung;

Fig. 2

in schematischer Ansicht eine alternative Belüftungsleitung für die Belüftungsanlage aus Fig. 1;

Fig. 3

in schematischer Ansicht eine weitere Belüftungsleitung;

Fig. 4

Schematisch ein Kennlinienfeld eines Ventilators und

Fig. 5

in schematischer Ansicht Bestandteile einer Regelvorrichtung und einer Überwachungsvorrichtung für die Belüftungsanlage aus Fig. 1.

Embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. Showing:

Fig. 1

a schematic view of a tunnel construction site with a ventilation system with an exemplary ideally laid ventilation duct;

Fig. 2

in schematic view, an alternative ventilation line for the ventilation system off Fig. 1 ;

Fig. 3

a schematic view of another ventilation line;

Fig. 4

Schematically a characteristic field of a fan and

Fig. 5

in a schematic view of components of a control device and a monitoring device for the ventilation system off Fig. 1 ,

In FIG. 1 schematically a ventilation system 10 for the construction site of a tunnel 12 is shown. Outside the tunnel 12 is a fan 14, the fresh air 16 sucks and introduces through a ventilation duct 20 in the tunnel 12. The conveyed air is discharged to an outlet 18 at the end of the ventilation duct 20 into the interior of the tunnel 12.

The ventilation line 20 is a Luttenleitung, constructed of individual interconnected flexible Luttenelementen. The Luttenelemente have a wall of plastic-coated fabric, which is reinforced with a reinforcing spiral. Successive Luttenelemente are connected with couplings to each other and connected to a Luttenstrang. The Luttenleitung can be folded or pulled apart, so that the Luttenelemente are variable in their length. Thus, the conduit 20 during the constant propulsion during the construction of the tunnel 12 can be adapted in each case in length, so that fresh air always into the area of the tunnel end can be delivered.

From the air flow discharged at the outlet 18, measured values are detected by a measuring device 24. The measured values thus acquired are supplied as an electrical signal via a signal line 26 to a control device 22.

In the preferred embodiment, the control device 22 comprises a programmable logic controller (PLC), which processes the measurement signal, and a frequency converter (not shown), with which a frequency for the electrical supply and the operation of the fan 14 can be preset.

In the preferred embodiment, the detected measured value is the volume flow at the outlet 18. In the PLC, a control program takes place, with which the volume flow reported by the measuring device 24 is regulated to a constant preset value. For this purpose, the measurement signal received via the line 26 is evaluated and, in accordance with a control algorithm, a suitable control of the fan 14 is predetermined by the frequency converter, wherein the manipulated variable is the frequency.

FIG. 4 shows an example of a characteristic field for the fan 14. There are shown for various exemplary frequencies f ₁ , f ₂ , f ₃ dependencies of the achievable pressure p of delivered volume flow V. At constant operation with a fixed frequency, here eg. F ₂ , results from the connected load, here the vent line 20, an operating point A with an output pressure p _A and a supplied from the fan in the vent line 20 volume flow V _A. By increasing the frequency, for example to the frequency f ₁ , higher pressures or volume flows can be achieved.

In the presently preferred embodiment, a PI control algorithm is used to cause the fan 14 to each be driven at a frequency f such that the volumetric flow V detected at the outlet 18 by the measuring device 24 is regulated to a constant setpoint. In order to keep changes in the control of the fan 14 as low as possible and also to take into account the inertia of the system, which is determined by the length of the vent line 20, the respective control of the fan 14 upon reaching the predetermined desired Volume flow at the outlet 18 kept constant when the predetermined setpoint for the flow rate was achieved with a deviation below a tolerance threshold of, for example, 10% over a stability period of, for example, 60 seconds. A readjustment is triggered when either a new default value for the desired volume flow is entered or the measured value for the real volume flow at the outlet 18 deviates by more than the predefined tolerance threshold for longer than the predefined stability period.

In this way it can be ensured that the predetermined setpoint of the volume flow of fresh air is always introduced into the tunnel 12 through the ventilation system 10.

While the ventilation line 20 in FIG. 1 As an ideal straight laid ventilation duct is shown, it can come in real ventilation systems, especially under construction site conditions, to changes or defects in the vent line 20. A first possible change would be, for example, the extension of the vent line 20, either by a new Lutastegment is set or by an existing Lutastegment flexibly changed in length. In FIG. 2 For example, further changes or possible defects are shown. For example, by bottlenecking or buckling, a bottleneck 28a may be formed in a flexible portion of the venting conduit 20. Further, portions of the vent line 20 may deviate from the ideal straight line and, for example, form bows 28b. Finally, a variety of defects, such as in particular leaks 28c at locations along the ventilation duct 20 are possible.

The mentioned changes or defects in the ventilation line 20 result in increased air resistance. When the operation of the fan 14 is changed, the volume flow at the outlet 18 would be reduced. Due to the closed loop control device 22 causes a readjustment, d. H. Frequency increase on the fan 14, so that finally at the outlet 18 but the preset setpoint for the desired flow rate V is reached.

However, the required readjustment, ie frequency increase at the fan, leads to an increased power consumption. This is monitored by the monitoring device 30.

FIG. 5 shows the logical structure of the monitoring device 30. This comprises - shown schematically - a calculation unit 32, associated therewith memory 34a, 34b, a comparison unit 36 and a display unit 38. Here, the subdivision between the respective units is logical / organizational to understand. In the preferred concrete implementation is a computer of conventional design, ie in particular with a central unit for executing a program, volatile and non-volatile memory, as well as with input / output interfaces. The functionality described below is provided by suitable software.

In the memory 34 a characteristic data for the operation of the connected fan 14 are stored, in particular the relevant characteristic field, as symbolically in FIG. 4 is shown. The relevant curves are represented by table values, where intermediate values are calculated by interpolation.

Information about the ventilation line 20 is stored in memory 34b. This includes the length L of the line 20 as well as line parameters such as mean leakage losses (leakage value f for the undamaged line), line diameter D, coefficient of friction λ, etc .. If these values are constant for all sections of the line 20, each time storing the values is sufficient , If the line 20 comprises different sections, for example with different material or different dimensions, then memory 34b additionally stores in each case in which of the sections which values apply.

Finally, the information stored in memory 34b via the venting line 20 include any consumers within the line, eg. Filter, grid, but also bends, bottlenecks, etc. Changes and even minor defects of FIG. 2 In some cases, it may well be known in principle and at least temporarily be accepted. For example. can be useful in construction site operation a short-term installation of the Luttenleitung 20 in a bow 28b to avoid an obstacle, or a constriction 28a can be at least temporarily accepted, as long as no repaired material is available.

All of this information about the routing of the vent line 20 is input via a user interface 40 and stored in the memory 34b. In any case, the change of the installation, the stored information is updated.

Based on this stored information, the computing unit 32 predicts the expected operation of the fan and determines an expected operating value E. In the presently preferred embodiment, the expected operating value E is the predicted electrical power consumption of the fan. Details on how to perform the calculation are explained below.

In actual operation of the ventilation system 10 with the control explained above, a real operating value of the fan 14 will be determined, which is the same size as the expected operating value, namely in the preferred example, the electrical power consumption W. This can either be measured or by the PLC 22 or the monitoring device 30 on the basis of known characteristics of the fan 14 from the operating data, eg. The speed, operating frequency f or additional data of the operating point A, are determined by calculation.

The real operating value of the electrical power consumption W is compared in the comparison unit 36 with the expected operating value of the electrical power consumption E. The result of the comparison is output by the display device 38.

In this case, in the currently preferred embodiment, the display device 38 shows the degree of deviation between the real power consumption W and the expected power consumption E, for example, in percent, as an efficiency. The efficiency can be signaled in different ways at intervals, for example green at high efficiency (for example 100% -95%), yellow at medium efficiency (for example below 95% -85%) and red at low efficiency (for example below 85%).

In this way, it is always displayed how the current operation of the ventilation system 10 differs in terms of efficiency from the ideal state according to the parameters entered. A deterioration of the efficiency caused by losses caused by unknown, ie not contained in the stored information Changes or defects are not only generally displayed, but can also be quantified.

Thus, it is made clear what saving potentials exist for the operator of the ventilation system 10. If poor efficiency is indicated, the operator should review and improve the system, and in particular the vent line 20, to allow more energy efficient ventilation. In particular, any damage or not actually required changes such as kinks, bends or additional consumers should be determined, leading to avoidable losses.

The calculation within the calculation unit 32 can be different, depending on the desired accuracy and the reasonable effort for this. In the presently preferred embodiment, the required operating point of the fan 14 is first determined by an iterative calculation method using the stored parameters of the ventilation duct 20. In this case, starting from the outlet 18 is recalculated stepwise to the input of the ventilation line 20, wherein for each point of the calculation, on the one hand, local parameters of the ventilation line 20 and, on the other hand, environmental parameters are taken into account. This calculates airflow parameters for each point. Based on the thus determined air flow parameters at the inlet of the ventilation duct, i. At the connection of the fan 14, the operating point A is determined from the stored parameters of the fan 14, so that the expected control, namely the frequency f to be set at the frequency converter and the resulting expected electrical power consumption E can be derived.

In the calculation of the air flow parameters within the ventilation duct, in the preferred example, the coefficient of friction λ, a leakage value f *, the diameter D of the duct are used as local parameters of the duct, and the density ρ of the air is used as the ambient parameter in the calculation.

The leakage value f is a measure of the tightness of the respective line section, eg. Luttenleitung. The value can, for example, be calculated or determined experimentally for the line used in each case.

The friction coefficient λ is dependent on the nature of the line, in particular its surface, the leakage and the flow conditions. This value can also be determined, for example, experimentally for the line used in each case. The coefficient of friction λ is tabulated for many types of line as a function of the Reynolds number Re, with which the flow conditions in the line can be characterized.

As air flow parameters, static pressure p _static and air velocity U are calculated locally for each point of the duct considered.

The starting point of the calculation is the desired value of the air volume flow V at the outlet 18 of the ventilation line 20.

und $$\mathrm{U}\left({\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{aktuell}}\right)=4\ast \mathrm{f}\ast \mathrm{/D}\ast \mathrm{sqrt}\left({\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{statisch}}\left({\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{aktuell}}\right)\ast 2/\mathrm{\rho }\right)+\mathrm{U}\left({\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{vorheriger}\mathrm{Schritt}}\right).$$

Iteratively, from the air flow parameters of the previous step, the local parameters of the pipe and the environmental parameters, the airflow parameters of the current step are calculated according to the following formulas $${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{static}}\left({\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{current}}\right)=\mathrm{\lambda }*\left(1/\mathrm{D}\right)*\mathrm{\rho }/2*\mathrm{U}{\left({\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="previous\; step"\; filenames="imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">previous\; </figure-callout>}\mathrm{step}}\right)}^2+{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{static}}\left({\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{previous}\mathrm{step}}\right)+{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{additionally}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\mathrm{suddenly}}\left({\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{current}}\right)$$

and $$\mathrm{U}\left({\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{current}}\right)=4*\mathrm{f}*\mathrm{/\; D}*\mathrm{sqrt}\left({\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{static}}\left({\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="current\; *"\; filenames="imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">current\; </figure-callout>}},\right)*2/\mathrm{\rho }\right)+\mathrm{U}\left({\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{previous}\mathrm{step}}\right),$$

The value U (x _{previous step} ) indicates the flow rate of the previous step, p _static (x _{previous step} ) denotes the pressure increase compared to the previous step due to the conditions in the line.

Any stored consumers within the currently calculated line section are _additionally considered by the term p (x _actual ) as an additional pressure increase compared to the last calculated step. Such consumers can, for example, cross-sectional changes within the line, changes in direction or arranged in the air flow obstacles such as mufflers, protective grille o.Ä. his. For each type of consumer to be included in the calculation, on the one hand information stored within the line and on the other hand parameters for the influence of the consumer on the air flow in the memory 34b, so-called zeta values, from which the respective term p _additionally calculates (x _actual ) using the air flow parameters determined for the respective location can be. The zeta values are tabulated for different types of consumption or can be determined experimentally.

As a step size, for example, each 1 meter can be used. For example, for the in Fig. 3 shown aeration line 20 are calculated starting from the target value of the volume flow at the outlet 18 step by step for every meter to the input of the air flow parameters U, p _statically . As in the example of Fig. 3 If the parameters diameter D, leakage value f and friction coefficient λ of the line do not change, constant values can be used here. In the case of a line with different sections, the local value should be used for each step.

At the in Fig. 3 exemplified point L1 is a bend of the line 20, with an obstacle is bypassed. The parameters of this bend at the point L1, for example the bend radius, can also be input via the user interface 40 and thus the bend as consumer by p _additionally (L1) can be taken into account in the calculation.

Experiments have shown that with this step-by-step calculation a relatively accurate simulation of the conditions in the ventilation line 20 is possible and thus the necessary operating point A of the fan 14 at the entrance of the ventilation line 20 can be calculated in advance taking into account the stored characteristic field. Thus, a good prediction of operating values of the fan, in particular the expected electrical power consumption E is possible.

While preferred embodiments have been presented above, the invention is not limited to these embodiments, but multiple modifications, additions and additional functions are possible.

In particular, the described iterative simulation method can run differently, for example, with respect to the example mentioned step size of 1 meter with different step size or considering less, different or more parameters. The use of completely different simulation methods for determining the expected operating value is also possible.

Furthermore, the use of a computer connected to the control device (SPS) 22 of the monitoring device 30, for example, also allows a documentation function in which all measured values are stored and archived over the entire operating period. Thus, for example, it can also be documented retrospectively that or whether the required volume flow V has been supplied at the outlet of the Luttenleitung 20 throughout.

Also useful is an external data interface for the monitoring device 30, for example as a digital network connection, preferably as an Internet connection. Thus, all data on the operating state at any time be remotely available, in particular the current efficiency. Remote monitoring or control is possible via the external data interface. Similarly, data may also be actively transmitted from the monitoring device 30 to remote devices, for example, an alarm when a monitored parameter, e.g. the efficiency falls below a predetermined threshold.

Claims (14)

1. A method for ventilating a tunnel structure, comprising

   - providing a ventilation system (10), at least comprising a fan (14), a ventilation line (20) connected to the fan (14) and a measuring device (24) connected to the ventilation line (20) for an airflow supplied through the ventilation line (20),

   - controlling the operation of the fan (14) depending on a measured value of the measuring device (24),

   - calculating at least one expected operating value (E) of the fan (14) in consideration at least of parameters of the fan (14) and ventilation line (20),

   - determining a real operating value (W) of the fan (14),

   - comparing the real operating value (W) with the expected operating value (E) and signaling a deviation.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein

   - the ventilation line (20) comprises at least one flexible portion.
3. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein

   - a change is made to the ventilation line (20),

   - and the expected operating value (E) is recalculated based on parameters of the changed ventilation line (20).
4. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein

   - the operating value (E, W) is the power consumed by the fan.
5. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein

   - the measuring device (24) is provided at the outlet (18) of the ventilation line (20).
6. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein

   - the measuring device (24) determines measured values for the volumetric flow rate (V) of the airflow supplied through the ventilation line (20).
7. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein

   - the operation of the fan (14) is controlled such that the measured value corresponds at least substantially to a constant target value.
8. The method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein

   - during calculation of the expected operating value (E), one or more airflow parameters at the inlet of the ventilation line (20) are determined proceeding from one or more airflow parameters at the outlet (18) of the ventilation line (20) in consideration of properties of the ventilation line (20).
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein

   - an iterative calculation method is used for the calculation, local airflow parameters being determined for a plurality of locations along the ventilation line (20) and finally for the inlet of the ventilation line (20) proceeding from one or more airflow parameters of the airflow at the outlet of the ventilation line (20).
10. The method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein

    - a leakage value of the ventilation line (20) is taken into consideration during the calculation.
11. The method according to one of claims 8 to 10, wherein

    - information about the length (L) and/or diameter (D) of the ventilation line (20) is taken into consideration during the calculation.
12. The method according to one of claims 8 to 11, wherein

    - information about loads, constrictions, changes of direction and/or side outlets of the ventilation line (20) as well as data on the relevant position (L1) thereof within the ventilation line (20) are taken into consideration during the calculation.
13. The method according to one of claims 8 to 12, wherein

    - the parameters of the fan (14) taken into consideration during the calculation at least comprise data on the dependence of a supplied volumetric flow rate (V) on the pressure for various operating points.
14. A device for ventilating a tunnel structure, comprising

    - a ventilation system (14), at least comprising a fan (14), a ventilation line (20) connected to the fan (14) and a measuring device (24) connected to the ventilation line (20) for an airflow supplied through the ventilation line (20),

    - an apparatus (32) for calculating at least one expected operating value (E) of the fan (14) in consideration at least of parameters of the fan (14) and ventilation line (20),

    - an apparatus (22) for controlling the operation of the fan (14) depending on a measured value (V) of the measuring device (24),

    - an apparatus (36, 38) for comparing a real operating value (W) of the fan (14) with the expected operating value (E) and for signaling a deviation.

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