EP3304609A1 - Ein elektromechanischer wandler bestehend aus einer zyklisch stabilen, reversibel, dehnfähigen elektrode und ein verfahren zur deren herstellung - Google Patents
Ein elektromechanischer wandler bestehend aus einer zyklisch stabilen, reversibel, dehnfähigen elektrode und ein verfahren zur deren herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP3304609A1 EP3304609A1 EP16725500.9A EP16725500A EP3304609A1 EP 3304609 A1 EP3304609 A1 EP 3304609A1 EP 16725500 A EP16725500 A EP 16725500A EP 3304609 A1 EP3304609 A1 EP 3304609A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
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Links
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/06—Forming electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/06—Forming electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
- H10N30/067—Forming single-layered electrodes of multilayered piezoelectric or electrostrictive parts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/857—Macromolecular compositions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
- H10N30/871—Single-layered electrodes of multilayer piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices, e.g. internal electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
- H10N30/877—Conductive materials
- H10N30/878—Conductive materials the principal material being non-metallic, e.g. oxide or carbon based
Definitions
- An electromechanical transducer consisting of a cyclically stable, reversible, stretchable electrode and a method for the production thereof
- the invention relates to electrically conductive, flexible, stretchable and thin electrode layers based on conductive carbon, which in stack actuators have a sufficiently high adhesion to dielectric layers without delamination, a process for their preparation and their use for the production of electromechanical transducers based on dielectric
- Elastomers and components comprising the electromechanical transducer, a use of the electromechanical transducer and an apparatus for producing the electroactive polymer film system and the electromechanical transducer of multilayer actuators.
- Electromechanical converters convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. They can be used as part of sensors, actuators and / or generators.
- the basic structure of such a transducer consists of electroactive polymers EAP. The construction principle and the operation are similar to those of an electrical capacitor. Between two conductive electrodes, to which a voltage is applied, there is a dielectric.
- EAPs are a ductile dielectric that deforms depending on the electric field. Strictly speaking, they are dielectric elastomers, usually in the form of films DE AP (dielectric electroactive polymer), which have a high electrical resistance and are coated on both sides with extensible electrodes with high conductivity, as described, for example, in WO 01/006575 A.
- This basic structure can be used in a variety of configurations for the production of sensors, actuators or generators.
- multilayer electromechanical transducers are also known.
- electroactive polymers as elastic dielectric in such transducer systems have different electrical and mechanical properties.
- the common electrical properties are a high electrical resistance of the dielectric, a high dielectric strength, a high electrical conductivity of the electrode and a high dielectric constant in the frequency range of the application. These properties allow to permanently store a large amount of electrical energy in the volume filled with the electroactive polymer.
- Common mechanical properties are sufficiently high elongation at break, low residual strains and sufficiently high compressive / tensile strengths. These properties provide a sufficiently large elastic deformability without mechanical damage to the energy converter.
- the maximum possible electrical voltage is in turn dependent on the Durehbruchsfeld53.
- a low breakdown field strength results in that only low voltages can be applied.
- the DurehbruchsfeldST is preferably correspondingly high.
- the realization of low operating voltages is important. This often small size and low power, but also goes along with low operating voltage.
- PELRINE et al has four layers of dielectric and electrode and has been produced manually a certain structure, which can be achieved by a spray mask, inkjet printing and / or a screen in the case of screen printing.
- Danfoss Polypower uses corrugated EAP material to construct a coreless rolled actuator [Tryson, M., Kiil, H.-E., Benslimane, M .: Powerful tubular core free electrode electroactive polymer DEAP 'PUSH'actuator; Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices EAP AD, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7287, 2009.]; in the EM PA [Zhang, R., Lochmatter, P., Kunz, A., Kovacs, G .: Spring Roll Dielectric Elastomer Actuators for a Portable Force Feedback Glove; Smart Structures and Materials, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6168, 2006.] the EAP material was preloaded using an integrated coil spring.
- a disadvantage of the latter principle is the high susceptibility to mechanical Defelcte in EAP material.
- the actuator effect in the coreless actuator is only due to the rigid electrode in the circumferential direction.
- a major challenge in the production of a stack actuator or multilayer electromechanical transducer in all methods is the fault and contamination-free covering of a plurality of dielectric layers and electrode layers.
- CARPI et al. Identified the cutting of a hose as a solution to this problem.
- the dielectric is in the form of a silicone tube. This tube is cut in a spiral, then the cut surfaces are covered with conductive material, which serve as electrodes [F. CARPI, A. MIGLIORE, G. SERRA and D. DE ROSSI.
- the method is that the layers of electrode and elastomer layers only weakly adhere to each other and in the processes a gapless, accurate fitting the structured electrode segments either very slowly and thus unproductively possible or leads to strong shifts of the active surfaces.
- Another disadvantage is that the electrode layers are too thick and thus inhibit the movement of the active surface based on the dielectric elastomer.
- Thin electrodes with high conductivity are known only on the basis of metals such as silver or aluminum. These metals, in turn, are expensive and usually brittle, what a technical use difficult.
- Thin electrode layers based on carbon are characterized by low conductivities, lack of elasticity and high creep. Highly conductive layers, in turn, show no adhesion to a superimposed elastomer layer.
- the object of the invention was therefore the production of electrically conductive, flexible, stretchable, thin structured electrodes, cyclically stable, ha fectable electrode layers containing conductive carbon, a method for their Herst llun and their use for H ere position of electromechanical transducers.
- Fine dispersed particles ⁇ 10 ⁇ m in the dispersion and in the electrode layer;
- the electrode should be applied homogeneously on a soft, stretchable elastomeric film without leading to wetting disorders, characterized in that the elastomer is ⁇ 100 ⁇ thick and has a modulus of ⁇ 10 MPa;
- the dry film thickness of the electrode should be ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, preferably ⁇ 1 ⁇ m, so that the elastomer is not restricted in its actoric function;
- the electrode should adhere to the elastomer layer and, upon reversible stretching for 1000 cycles at 15% elongation at 0.125 Hz, adhere to a maximum conductivity loss of 30% relative to the initial value;
- the electrode should have a surface resistance of ⁇ 10000 ohms / square at 0% elongation and a surface resistance of ⁇ 50000 ohms / square at 15% elongation;
- the composite of elastomer and electrode should have a creep of ⁇ 15%.
- the dispersion of the carbon particles in the process according to the invention is preferably carried out in dispersing aggregates with a high local energy input, preferably by means of dispersing disks and rotor-stator systems, eg colloid mills, tooth dispersing machines, etc.
- the rotor-stator principle is a technique known per se, with high Shearing forces fillers or the like are evenly distributed in liquid media. With the rotor-stator-machines solid and liquid media can be dispersed in a liquid matrix.
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a process for producing a laminate comprising an electrodeposit layer and a dielectric layer comprising the steps:
- an organic or aqueous solvent which is present in the range from 50% by weight to 97% by weight, based on the sum of a, b, c, d, e and f in the starting mixture;
- At least one conductive carbon black having a BET surface area of> 1000 m 2 / g
- the proportion by weight of d of the sum of b, c, d, e and f is in the range of 1 to 20 parts by weight
- the proportion by weight of e of the sum of b, c, d, e and f is in the range of 1 to 60 parts by weight
- the proportion by weight of f of the sum of b, c, d, e and f is in the range of 0 to 20 parts by weight
- a preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein, wherein the starting material results in the formation of a matrix polymer to form a polyurethane.
- Another preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein wherein the ratio of d) to e) is in the range of 10: 1 to 1:20, preferably in the range of 5: 1 to 1:15, more preferably in the range of 1 : 2 to 1: 10 is.
- a further preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein, wherein the conductive carbon black having a BET surface area of ⁇ 1000 m 2 / g has a BET surface area of ⁇ 900 m 2 / g.
- a further preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein, wherein the Leitruß having a BET surface area of ⁇ 1000 m 2 / g has a BET surface area in the range of 10 m 2 / g to 900 m 2 / g.
- Leitruß preferred with a BET surface area of ⁇ 1000 m 2 / g of a mixture of Leitruß with a BET surface area of 300 m 2 / g to 1000 m 2 / g 300 m 2 / g to 900 m 2 / g and a BET surface area of 50 m 2 / g to 300 m 2 / g.
- a further preferred embodiment relates to the method described herein, wherein the dry Elektrodenschi chdu thickness in the range of 0.1 ⁇ to 5 ⁇ , preferably in the range of 0.2 ⁇ to 3 ⁇ , more preferably in the range of 0.3 ⁇ to 1 ⁇ , lies.
- a further preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein, wherein conductive carbon black and other auxiliaries and / or additives at a power density of 102 kW / m 3 to 1014 kW / m 3 , preferably from 104 kW / m 3 to 1013 kW / m 3 are added.
- Another preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein, wherein the binder may be one or more components.
- a further preferred disclosed embodiment relates to the method described herein, wherein the layer thickness of the dielectric elastomeric film is in the range of 1 ⁇ to 200 ⁇ .
- Another preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein, wherein the foaming polymer of a dielectric elastomeric film is polyurethane.
- Another preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein, wherein and the ratio of electrode layer thickness to dielectric elastomer film layer thickness is ⁇ 0.06.
- a further preferred embodiment relates to the process described herein, further comprising step III:
- a further preferred embodiment relates to the method described herein, wherein the second electrode layer is produced in step III from a composition described according to the method according to the invention.
- Another aspect relates to a laminate consisting of a dielectric layer elastomeric film and an electrode layer wherein the electrode layer
- f 0 to 20 wt.%) consists of at least one further Hills and / or additive, and where the sum of b, c, d, e and f gives 100 wt.%.
- a further aspect relates to an electromechanical actuator comprising a laminate produced by a method according to the invention, wherein the electromechanical actuator preferably produces a first electrode unit on a dielectric elastomer film produced by a method according to the invention and a second electrode unit on the side of the dielectric elastomer film facing away from the first electrode unit with an electrode layer composition as described herein, a control unit contacting the first and second electrode units and configured to apply a voltage between the first and second electrode units and further configured to flow an electric current through the first and / or second electrode units allow.
- a further aspect relates to a multilayer actuator comprising at least one unit consisting of a first electrode unit on a dielectric elastomer film and a second electrode unit on the side facing away from the first electrode unit side of the dielectric elastomeric film and at least one further dielectric elastomeric film by means of an adhesive with a is connected to the two electrode unit, this unit having been prepared according to a method described herein comprising the steps I to IV described herein.
- the actuator comprises / comprises a laminate produced in accordance with steps I-Iii of a method according to the invention and in each case two current connections per electrode layer.
- a further preferred embodiment relates to an actuator further comprising two applied according to step IV of a method according to the invention dielectric elastomeric films.
- a further aspect relates to a layer actuator comprising at least two laminates produced according to steps I-III, which are each connected by a further dielectric elastomeric films with adhesive between two electrode layers.
- Another aspect relates to a laminate described herein or described herein
- Another aspect relates to a laminate or actuator described herein wherein the dielectric elastomer properties are not compromised with respect to electrical resistance and electrical breakdown voltage.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of making at least one multilayer electromechanical transducer comprising:
- the folding guide Arranging the elastomeric film on a face of a folding device, the folding guide having a first plate and at least one second plate;
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of making at least one multilayer electromechanical transducer comprising:
- Electrodes used must ideally conform to the tensile forces during preload / deflection and should not themselves build up any back tension, in other words, ideally speaking, be "softer" than the elastomer, so that an ideal electrode must have high extensibility and flexibility with consistently high conductivity but also that the electrode layer is thin compared to the polymer layer so that a uniform charge distribution is achieved on the adjacent polymer surface, electrodes must retain their conductivity and resistance to mechanical stress even after many cycles of stress, and precise patterning of the electrode should be possible Since the charge distribution over the polymer layer can be specifically influenced so that complex structures with defined electroactive centers can be designed, these electrode requirements are all the more important nere polymers, since the described amplification of the effects takes place here. Electrodes must also be thin, especially for multilayer actuators, otherwise beads will form.
- the previously derived and indicated object is achieved according to a first aspect of the invention in a method according to claim 1.
- the method of making at least one more hybrid electromechanical transducer comprises:
- the layer thickness of an electrode layer is prepared according to the inventive method in Range from 0.1 ⁇ to 5 ⁇ , preferably from 0.2 ⁇ to 3 ⁇ , more preferably from 0.3 ⁇ to
- At least one dielectric elastomeric film or elastomeric layer is provided.
- a dielectric elastomer layer preferably has a relatively high dielectric constant.
- a dielectric elastomer layer preferably has a high mechanical rigidity.
- a dielectric elastomer layer can be used in particular for an actuator application. However, dielectric elastomer layers are also suitable for sensor or generator applications.
- the dielectric elastomeric film may preferably comprise a material selected, for example, from the group of synthetic elastomers comprising polyurethane elastomers, silicone elastomers, acrylate elastomers e.g. Ethylene vinyl acetate, fluororubber, rubber, rubber, polyurethane, polybutadate, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) or isoprenes and / or polyvinylidene fluoride.
- polyurethane elastomers are used.
- Elastomer foils in particular polyurethane foils, may contain, in addition to the base polymer, further constituents, such as at least one oil and / or additive, as listed herein.
- an elastomeric film provided has at least a first part and a further or second part.
- the elastomeric film can be divided into substantially two equal parts.
- at least one electrode layer is applied at least to the first part, in particular to at least one upper side of the first part. Also, a two-sided application can take place.
- the thickness of such elastomeric films in the range of 1 ⁇ to 200 ⁇ , more preferably in the range of 1, 5 ⁇ to 150 ⁇ , even more preferably in the range of 2 ⁇ to 100 ⁇ .
- aqueous and organic solvents can be used.
- a solvent may be used which has a vapor pressure at 20 ° C in the range of 0.1 mbar to 200 mbar, preferably in the range of 0.2 mbar to 150 mbar and more preferably in the range of 0.3 mbar to 120 mbar , This solvent may in particular be added to the mixture of step I. It is particularly advantageous that the electrode layers according to the invention can be produced on a roller coating system.
- organic solvents are used.
- Preferred organic solvents are protic, organic solvents such as alcohols, preferably butanol, aprotic-polar solvents such as carboxylic acid esters or ketones, preferably ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, 1-methoxypropyl-2-acetate, butanone, aprotic-apolar organic solvents such as toluene or xylene.
- Particularly preferred solvents are ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, toluene, xylene, butanone, n-butanol and 1-methoxypropyl acetate-2.
- Dispersants are known in the art. Preferred dispersants are high molecular weight copolymers, polyurethanes. Polyacrylate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, block copolyether and block copolyether, carboxymethyl cellulose.
- suitable matrix polymers are electrically conductive polymers and / or their oligomers and / or their monomers, hereinafter referred to as polymers.
- monomers and oligomers often form the starting materials for forming a matrix polymer in the process of the present invention.
- Elastomers are particularly suitable as a matrix polymer for an electrode layer according to the invention.
- Particularly preferred matrix polymers are polyurethanes, aromatic polyester polyurethane, silicones, polysulfones, polyacrylates, aliphatic polyether polyurethane and polycarbonate ester polyether polyurethane.
- carbon black carbon black - CAS No. 1333-86-4 is known to those skilled in the art and is an carbon black consisting of small, generally spherical primary particles, most often 5 to 300 nanometers in size.
- the primary particles can form aggregates, and many of these aggregates aggregate to form agglomerates
- Conductive carbon blacks can have different values for BET surfaces (Brunauer, Emmet, Generaler Isotherm for the description of surfaces).
- the BET value of a surface can be determined by means of ASTM D 6556-04 as of 01.04.2015.
- an electrode layer comprises at least one conductive carbon black having a BET surface area of> 1000 m 2 / g, measured by the BET method according to ASTM D 6556-04, as of 27.4.2015, and at least one conductive carbon black having a BET surface area of ⁇ 1000 m 2 / g z. B. measured by the ET method according to ASTM D 6556-04. Stand 27.4.2015.
- the ratio of conductive carbon black having a BET surface area of> 1000 m7g to conductive carbon black having a BET surface area of ⁇ 1000 m7g is in the range from 10: 1 to 1:20, preferably in the range from 5: 1 to 1:15, more preferably in Range of 5: 1 to 1:15, more preferably in the range of 1: 2 to 1:10.
- the surface area of each conductive carbon black is a BET
- the surface is in a range of 1 m 2 / g to 900 m 2 / g, more preferably in a range of 1 m 2 / g to 600 m 2 / g, or in another, more preferred embodiment in a range of 50 m 2 / g to 900 m 2 / g, more preferably in a range of 50 m 2 / g to
- the mixture of step I may also contain f Hills and additives.
- auxiliaries and additives are crosslinkers, thickeners, solvents, thixotropic agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, light stabilizers, emuigators, surfactants, adhesives, plasticizers, water repellents.
- the mixture of step I particularly preferably contains wetting additives. Usually, the wetting additive is contained in an amount of 0 to 2%> in the mixture a, b, c, d, e and optionally f.
- Typical wetting additives are available, for example, from Altana.
- Byk Additives such as: polyester-modified polydimethylsiloxane, polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane or acrylate copolymers, and, for example, C ⁇ F 3 fluorotelomers.
- a layer thickness of a dielectric film calculated as monolayer ⁇ 100 ⁇ and preferably> 0.1 ⁇ , more preferably> 2 ⁇ , and ⁇ 100,000 layers are produced.
- the electrode layer may be applied to the first part of the elastomeric layer by spraying, casting, knife coating, brushing, printing, sputtering sputtering, or or plasma -C VD.
- a suitable device / application such as a spraying device, a printing device, a rolling device, etc.
- Exemplary printing processes are ink-jet printing, flexographic printing and screen printing.
- a particularly structured electrode layer can be applied to the elastomer film at least before a first folding step.
- the electrode layer is applied by means of a printing process.
- the electrode layer can be mixed with a binder. This improves the mechanical integrity of the layers of the multilayer electromechanical transducer. Furthermore, the electrode layer may preferably be dried before the folding step.
- an electromechanical transducer has at least two superimposed electrode layers with a dielectric elastomer layer disposed therebetween.
- a voltage that is, by applying different potentials to the two opposing electrode layers
- an elongation of the intermediate elastomeric film can be effected.
- an elongation of the elastomeric film cause a certain voltage to the electrode layers and this can be tapped at the electrodes.
- the layered electrodes can be supplied with alternating potential.
- a contacting electrode can be connected to first electrode layers of the electromechanical transducer for applying a first electrical potential to the first electrode layers.
- a second contact electrode layer may be connected to at least one second electrode layer, preferably a plurality of second electrode layers, of the electromechanical transducer for applying a second electrical potential to the second electrode layers.
- first electrode layers and second electrode layers may be arranged alternately. The same applies to tapping voltages in sensor or generator applications.
- the first electrode layers and the second electrode layers may be formed substantially the same.
- they may comprise a planar electrode surface and a terminal lug for connecting the electrode surface to a contacting electrode.
- the terminal lugs of all first electrode layers in an electromechanical transducer can be aligned with a same first outer side of the transducer.
- the terminal lugs of all the second electrode layers in an electromechanical transducer may be aligned with a same second outer side of the transducer, the first outer side being different from the second outer side.
- the two outer sides are opposite outer sides.
- the electrode layers are deposited on the elastomeric films so that they can be contacted from the sides rather than overlying the dielectric film edge. This is because otherwise it can lead to breakdowns.
- a safety margin can be left between the electrode and the dielectric so that the electrode area is smaller than the dielectric area.
- the electrode can be structured such that a conductor track for electrical contact is led out tion. In a simple way, the electrode layers can be contacted.
- Another aspect of the invention is an electromechanical transducer with the previously described electrode.
- a multilayer electromechanical transducer having at least one, preferably at least two, electrodes described above can be obtained by various methods known to the person skilled in the art be prepared, such. B. with a folding process or by a S chichtvon.
- the individual layers are connected to each other by a dielectric elastomer film and an adhesive see, for.
- a laminate produced by a method according to the invention or consisting of an electrode layer according to the invention on a first dielectric elastomer film can be selected from the starting point.
- an adhesive z On the one hand can on the surface of the first dielectric elastomeric film, which faces away from the surface with the electrode layer according to the invention, an adhesive z.
- Dispercoil UX 2643 or aqueous dispersions thereof are treated and this adhesive surface in turn a laminate preferably prepared by a method according to the invention or consisting of an electrode layer according to the invention are bonded to a first dielectric elastomer film with the electrode layer of the second laminate.
- a further dielectric elastomer film can be bonded to the electrode layer of a laminate produced by a method according to the invention or consisting of an electrode layer according to the invention on a first dielectric elastomer film, wherein the surface of this second dielectric elastomer film facing away from the adhesive surface again with a Electrode layer of a laminate preferably prepared by a method according to the invention or consisting of an electrode layer according to the invention are bonded to a first dielectric elastomeric film, wherein the adhesive was advantageously applied to the second dielectric elastomeric film.
- a laminate prepared according to steps I - III or consisting of an electrode layer according to the invention, a first dielectric elastomeric film and a second, preferably inventive electrode layer, are selected as a starting point and each of the two Elektrodenschi Chten further dielectric elastomer films are glued, if necessary . Again turn on their surface facing away from the adhesive surface by means of an adhesive with further electrode layers of z.
- laminates according to the invention according to steps I - III or prepared according to step I and 11, are connected (see, for example, Fig. 2).
- the component can be an electronic and / or electrical device, in particular a module, automaton, instrument or a component, comprising the electromechanical transducer.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a use of a previously described electromechanical transducer as an actuator, sensor and / or generator.
- the inventive electromechanical transducer in a variety of different Applications in the electro-mechanical and electro-acoustic field, in particular in the field of energy from mechanical vibrations energy harvesting, acoustics, ultrasound, medical diagnostics, acoustic microscopy, mechanical sensors, in particular pressure force and / or strain sensors, robotics and / or communication technology.
- Typical examples include pressure sensors, electroacoustic transducers, microphones, loudspeakers, vibration transducers, light deflectors, diaphragms, optical fiber modulators, pyroelectric detectors, capacitors, control systems and "intelligent" floors, and systems for converting mechanical energy, in particular rotating or oscillating motions electrical power.
- the electromechanical actuator comprising a laminate produced by a method according to the invention, the electromechanical actuator having a first electrode unit 10 and a second electrode unit 20 on the side of the dielectric elastomer film 30 facing away from the first electrode unit 10. Furthermore, the actuator comprises a control unit 40 contacting the first and second electrode units 10, 20, which is set up to apply an electrical voltage between the first and second electrode units 10, 20 and is further configured to pass through the first and / or second electrode unit 10 20 to let an electric current flow therethrough.
- FIG 2 shows a section of a stacking actuator comprising a laminate produced by a method according to the invention, which has a first electrode unit 10 and a second electrode unit 20 on the side of the dielectric elastomeric film 30 remote from the first electrode unit 10, and dielectric elastomeric films 50 which are identical to the one shown in FIG may be dielectric elastomeric film 30, and which are connected by an adhesive 60 respectively to an electrode unit 10 and 20, respectively.
- NCO contents were determined volumetrically in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1 1909, status 27.5.2015.
- Hydroxyizahien OHZ in mg KOH / g substance were determined according to DIN 53240 as of December 1971.
- the indicated viscosities were determined by rotational viscometry according to DIN 53019 at 23 ° C. with a rotational viscometer from Anton Paar Germany GmbH, Germany, Helmuth-Hirth-Str. 6, 73760 Ostfildern.
- Measurements of the film layer thicknesses of the dielectric were carried out using a mechanical probe from Dr. Ing. Johannes Heidenhain GmbH, Germany, Dr.-Johannes-Heidenhain-Str. 5, 83301 Traunreut. The specimens were measured at three different locations and the mean value was used as a representative measurement.
- the tensile tests were carried out by means of a tractor from Zwick, model number 1455, equipped with a load cell of the total measuring range lkN according to DIN 53 504 at a pulling speed of 50 mm / min. S2 specimens were used as specimens. Each measurement was carried out on three identically prepared test specimens and the mean of the data obtained was used for the evaluation. Specifically, in addition to the tensile strength in [MPa] and the elongation at break in [%], the stress in [MPa] at 100% and 200% elongation was determined.
- the determination of the stress relaxation was also carried out on the tractor Zwicki; the instrumentation corresponds to the attempt to determine the permanent strain.
- the sample used was a strip-shaped sample of the dimension 60 ⁇ 10 mm 2 , which was clamped with a clamp spacing of 50 mm. After a very fast deformation to 55 mm, this deformation was kept constant for a period of 30 minutes and during this time the force curve was determined.
- the stress relaxation after 30 minutes is the percentage decrease in stress, relative to the initial value immediately after deformation to 55 mm.
- the aim of the measurement is to investigate the surface area of an electrically conductive layer under a given mechanical load.
- the thus punched sample can be halved, so that two test pieces are formed.
- the samples are contacted by applying two strips of copper adhesive tape at a distance of 50 mm from each other on the test specimen.
- the sample is clamped between both clamps on the material testing machine.
- the data is recorded by means of a multimeter. To do this, contact the sample on the copper adhesive tape.
- the resistance of conductive layers is determined by the following methods: Conductivity under elongation: In this experiment, the force profile of the sample is recorded for a tensile load at a crosshead speed of 50 mm / min to an elongation of 100%; the resistance of the electrode is absorbed.
- Cyclic conductivity under strain The sample 15x50mm 2 is subjected to between 5% i and 15% o elongation, at 0.125 Hz, for 1000 cycles; the resistance of the electrode is recorded.
- Polyol PE5050 polyether polyol from Bayer MaterialScience AG, functionality 2,
- BYK 3441 polyacrylate-based surface additive, BYK-Chemie mbH
- Bayfol® EA 102 Dielectric polyurethane elastomer film based on Desmodur
- Bayer MaterialScience AG impranil VPLS 2346 polyacrylate resin, melamine / formaldehyde crosslinkable,
- Impranil DSB 1069 Anionic aliphatic pol yei herpol yu retlian.
- Hiblack 40B2 Conductive Carbon Black, Orion Engineered Carbons LLC (see Table 2)
- a coating plant Coatema 7 Troklin was used in a continuous roll-to-roll process, a laboratory blade maschi ne the Fa. Centher for laboratory experiments or a screen printing machine for the order of the electrode layers.
- Tabclc 1 Parameters of the individual layers of Examples 1-4
- Example 1 (according to the invention):
- the dispersion was carried out at a speed of 20,000 to 25,000 revolutions per minute, for about 20 min. Subsequently, a structured area of this dispersion was screen printed on Bayfol EA 102 and dried at 120 ° C for 4 minutes. The layer thickness was 1.3 ⁇ Example la, at 4 ⁇ Example lb. The measurement results are in Table 1.
- the film was printed on the other side with electrode la and laminated on both sides in each case with another layer of Bayfol EA 102 in order to test the adhesion of several layers.
- an alternating voltage of 10 Hz and 1500 V was applied for 2 h. No de-contamination of the layers could be observed.
- Step Example! 2 (not according to the invention):
- Example 3 (erfindungsgeniäß): In each 14.1 parts Teiie Polyoi PE5050 were 2 parts by weight of Ketjienblack EC 600 JD Specification d of claim 1, 0.5 parts by weight of dispersing aid BYK9077 and 83.4 parts by weight of 1-methoxy -2-propylacetate with a rotor-stator system Ultraturrax T25 from IKA, incorporated with a S 25 N-25 G-ST dispersing tool. The dispersion was carried out at a speed of 20,000 to 25,000 revolutions per minute, for about 3 min.
- Example 2 The procedure was as in Example 1, but without the dispersing additive BYK 9077, and with 3.6 e. Parts of Impranil V LS 2346. The carbon particles agglomerated and no homogeneous layer could be produced. The viscosity was so high that the ink clumped.
- Example 6 (not according to the invention): The procedure was as in Example 1, but without the starting material to form a matrix polymer Impranil VPLS 2346, and with 90.74 parts by weight of MPA. The dispersion could be prepared, but the dry electrode hardly adhered to the Bayfol EA 102. During the cyclic test under high tension, the layers delaminated after only 5 min.
- Example 7 (not according to the invention):
- Example 2 The procedure was as in Example 1, but with 10 parts by weight of starting material to form a matrix polymer Imprani l VPLS 2346 and with 80.74 parts by weight of MPA.
- the creep of the composite of electrode and Bayfol EA 102 was 50%, which is unusable for further use.
- Example 2 The procedure was as in Example 1, but with a carbon black having a high BET surface area and without a carbon black having a low BET surface area.
- a film was obtained according to Example 1 of the application made with 88.2 parts by weight of MPA, 1.0 parts by weight of Impranil V LS 2346 Bayer MaterialScience AG, 0.42 parts by weight of BYK 9077, and 1.7 parts by weight of Printex XE-2B Orion Engineered Carbons LLC and applied to Bayfol EA 102. During the cyclic test under high tension the layers delaminated already after 8 min.
- Example 8 The procedure was as in Example 8, but only with XPB545 instead of Printex XE-2B, a carbon black with a low BET surface area. The carbon particles agglomerated and no homogeneous layer could be produced.
- the film was also printed on the other side with the same electrode layer (electrode-foil electrode).
- electrode-foil electrode A tacky polyurethane-based dispersion Dispercoll U XP 2643 from Bayer MaterialScience AG, diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10 by means of a doctor blade, was printed on each surface of two Bayfol EA 102 and heated at 100 ° C. for 7 min. dried. The layer thickness was 2 ⁇ . The creep of these sticky films was in each case 4% (film adhesive).
- Electrode-Foiie electrode The double-sided printed with electrode film (electrode-Foiie electrode) was laminated on both sides in each case with another layer of adhesive-printed Bayfol EA 102 so that a laminate film-adhesive-electrode-film-electrode-adhesive film was created to the To test adhesion of several layers. For this purpose, an alternating voltage of 10 Hz and 1500 V was applied for 2 h. No delamination of the layers could be observed. It was tested for another 12 h, with no delamination observed.
- Example 11 (according to the invention):
- the film was also printed on the other side with the same electrode layer (electrode-foil electrode).
- Electrode-foil electrode was laminated on both sides in each case with another layer of adhesive-printed Bayfol EA 102 so that a laminate
- Foil-adhesive-electrode-foil-electrode-adhesive-foil was developed to test the adhesion of several layers.
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Abstract
Description
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EP15169895 | 2015-05-29 | ||
PCT/EP2016/061676 WO2016193061A1 (de) | 2015-05-29 | 2016-05-24 | Ein elektromechanischer wandler bestehend aus einer zyklisch stabilen, reversibel, dehnfähigen elektrode und ein verfahren zur deren herstellung |
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US (1) | US20180159022A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3304609A1 (de) |
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WO (1) | WO2016193061A1 (de) |
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CN110100384B (zh) * | 2016-12-29 | 2022-11-01 | 索尼公司 | 致动器及其制造方法 |
DE102018221051A1 (de) * | 2018-04-05 | 2019-10-10 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Messen einer mechanischen Kraft, umfassend eine erste, zweite, dritte, vierte und fünfte Schicht sowie die Verwendungen der Vorrichtung und Reifen oder technischer Gummiartikel umfassend die Vorrichtung |
CN109167530B (zh) * | 2018-09-20 | 2020-06-05 | 北京中石伟业科技股份有限公司 | 一种可低电压驱动的介电弹性体驱动器及其制备方法、换能器 |
WO2020180982A1 (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2020-09-10 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate | Composite layering of hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic transducers |
US11827459B2 (en) | 2020-10-16 | 2023-11-28 | Artimus Robotics Inc. | Control of conveyor systems using hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators |
JPWO2022172854A1 (de) * | 2021-02-09 | 2022-08-18 | ||
CN115971010A (zh) * | 2022-12-29 | 2023-04-18 | 西北工业大学太仓长三角研究院 | 一种制备纳米复合材料压阻式应变传感器的方法 |
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US20100119920A1 (en) * | 2004-07-14 | 2010-05-13 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Cathodes for microbial electrolysis cells and microbial fuel cells |
US7777397B2 (en) * | 2007-03-12 | 2010-08-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multilayer conductive elements |
US9070572B2 (en) * | 2012-11-15 | 2015-06-30 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Memory module and memory system |
WO2014131895A1 (de) * | 2013-02-28 | 2014-09-04 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung eines mehrschichtigen dielektrischen polyurethanfilmsystems |
CN104371326B (zh) * | 2014-11-27 | 2016-02-17 | 深圳市森日有机硅材料有限公司 | 一种液体硅橡胶组合物的制备方法 |
-
2016
- 2016-05-24 US US15/577,810 patent/US20180159022A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-05-24 WO PCT/EP2016/061676 patent/WO2016193061A1/de active Application Filing
- 2016-05-24 EP EP16725500.9A patent/EP3304609A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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US20180159022A1 (en) | 2018-06-07 |
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