EP3286344B1 - Method for the mechanical-thermal treatment of reduced-carbon steels - Google Patents
Method for the mechanical-thermal treatment of reduced-carbon steels Download PDFInfo
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- EP3286344B1 EP3286344B1 EP16720336.3A EP16720336A EP3286344B1 EP 3286344 B1 EP3286344 B1 EP 3286344B1 EP 16720336 A EP16720336 A EP 16720336A EP 3286344 B1 EP3286344 B1 EP 3286344B1
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- temperature
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 59
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012821 model calculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/78—Combined heat-treatments not provided for above
- C21D1/785—Thermocycling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
- C21D1/20—Isothermal quenching, e.g. bainitic hardening
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/28—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in one step
- C23C8/30—Carbo-nitriding
- C23C8/32—Carbo-nitriding of ferrous surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/80—After-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/002—Bainite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article
- C21D2221/10—Differential treatment of inner with respect to outer regions, e.g. core and periphery, respectively
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2241/00—Treatments in a special environment
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the thermochemical-thermal treatment of carbon-reduced steels, in which an edge zone of a workpiece, in particular a roller bearing part is case-hardened with respect to a core.
- Carbon-reduced steels such as case-hardened steels, tempered steels and the like are used, for example, in applications, for example rolling bearings, in which a high surface hardness with a residual elasticity of the workpiece is required.
- Process for case hardening of the surface by means of a carbonitriding are, for example, from DE 43 27 440 A1 known. In this case, the edge hardness of the workpiece is increased, so that a good load capacity with high toughness and wear resistance occurs.
- DE 22 29 028 A a member of steel of elastic nature, the carbon content of which is low in the inner region and higher on the outside and has a sorbitic or bainitic structure, the thickness of this direction being at least 10% of the low carbon steel.
- the DE 10 2007 044 950 B3 describes a workpiece having a core zone with a bainite structure and a marginal zone with a mixed structure of martensite and bainite, wherein the martensite has a volume fraction of at least 20%.
- the DE 43 27 440 A1 The invention relates to a method for the thermochemical-thermal treatment of steels, in which an edge zone of a workpiece is enriched with carbon and nitrogen or with carbon and is then subjected to a martensitic hardening.
- the object of the invention is the advantageous development of a method for the thermochemical-thermal treatment of carbon-reduced steels.
- tempering between 120 ° C and 300 ° C or freezing at -40 ° C to -80 ° C with subsequent tempering between 120 ° C and 300 ° C.
- the contents of nitrogen and carbon are preferably in the finished state of the workpiece Abraded determined.
- the edge zone over the specified penetration depth of the workpiece to a significantly increased toughness of the material structure with sufficient hardness of, for example greater than 59 HRC.
- the cooling of the workpiece to room temperature before and / or after the treatment in the lower bainite stage may take place in a salt bath or in a furnace environment respectively.
- the continuation of the process can be carried out in the same furnace environment as the carbonitriding.
- stepped temperature steps, C-levels and / or nitrogen contents in the gas phase can be carried out.
- the C level for example a CO content, a methane content or the like
- the temperature or an ammonia content in the sense of a boost / diffuse process can be changed.
- Typical C-levels for carburization are between 0.65 to 1.2% depending on the use of the alloy of the steel used.
- the nitrogen contents in the gas phase for nitriding the surface layer, such as the edge zone of the material are adjusted, for example, depending on production batches of workpieces, the component surface of the workpiece, the furnace load and the like.
- the workpiece after completing the austenitizing process step, the workpiece may be hardened to the lower bainite step by quenching the workpiece in a salt bath or the like.
- a temperature of the lower bainite step can be set between the austenitization and the bainitization over a predetermined time interval.
- the workpiece is cooled to temperatures below the lower bainite level, for example to room temperature, and an intermediate annealing step is carried out at a temperature of between 550 ° C and 650 ° C with a subsequent austenitizing temperature austenitizing step prior to bainitizing on the lower bainite step ,
- the austenitizing step may be immediately followed by the intermediate annealing step by immediately raising the temperature.
- the intermediate annealing step and the austenitizing step may be cooled to a temperature below the lower bainite level, for example room temperature, for a predetermined time interval.
- the intermediate annealing step can be held for at least 2 hours.
- the austenitizing temperature can be maintained at least until complete reheating of the workpiece and a time margin of safety. Depending on the size of the workpiece, a corresponding safety margin between 5 and 60, preferably 30 minutes.
- the process step for bainitizing the workpiece can be carried out at bainitizing temperatures within a predetermined temperature interval, wherein the bainitization temperature is performed isothermally or with increasing temperature. It is understood that the individual time intervals are dependent on the size of the workpiece, the furnace properties and the like, and depending on the size of the workpiece, its position in the furnace and the like can be determined empirically or determined by means of appropriate model calculations.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 each show a diagram 100, 200, 300 with the process temperature T against the process time t for carrying out a thermochemical / thermal process for the treatment of workpieces from carbon-reduced steels.
- the real process temperature T moves between the upper temperature shown by solid lines and the lower temperature represented by broken lines.
- the FIG. 1 shows the diagram 100 with a carbonitriding of the workpiece between the time 0 and the time t1.
- the carbonitriding takes place by means of a C-level between 0.65 and 1.2% with the goal of a specified case hardening depth.
- Target size of the edge carbon content of the prefabricated component after grinding is here a carbon content of 0.5 to 0.9 weight percent, while in the core of the material 0.1 to 0.4 weight percent are provided depending on the type of material used.
- nitrogen is diffused into the surface by means of a predetermined ammonia content in the gas phase.
- the target here after grinding is a nitrogen content of at least 0.1% by weight and at the surface of at most 0.50% by weight.
- This carburizing / nitriding phase takes place with graduated temperatures / C levels and ammonia contents in the gas phase. For example, a carburizing / nitriding at temperatures greater than 900 ° C and a C-level greater than 0.9 and increased ammonia levels is started.
- This furnace atmosphere is kept constant and after reaching about 90% of the hardening depth takes place between the times t1, t2, a lowering of the furnace temperature to the typical Austenitmaschinestemperatur between 800 ° C and 860 ° C depending on the composition of the materials used.
- the lowering of the C-level to 0.6 to 0.9 and the ammonia content to about 50% of the content of the first process step.
- This furnace atmosphere is maintained until 100% CHD (Case Hardened Depth) is reached.
- the quenching of the workpiece and between the times t2, t3 the hardening in the form of a bainitization in the salt bath isothermally at temperatures of 170 ° C to 250 ° C.
- the workpiece After the conversion of the largest volume fraction of the structure, for example, bainitic contents greater than 75 percent by weight, the workpiece can be cooled in air to room temperature. Subsequent tempering at 150 ° C to 250 ° C is optional.
- FIG. 2 shows that over the method of FIG. 1 modified procedures with diagram 200.
- the execution of the carburizing / nitriding phase can be carried out accordingly FIG. 1 between times 0, t1 are carried out continuously with a constant temperature / C level and ammonia content in the gas phase.
- a gradation / reduction of the C-level or temperature and ammonia content in the sense of a boost / diffuse process is also possible.
- the temperature range of the process temperature T is between 850 ° C and 960 ° C, typical C levels are 0.65 to 1.2, depending on the alloy used of the workpiece.
- the nitrogen contents of the gas phase are determined on the basis of the specific component surface of the furnace loading with workpieces.
- the hardening in the form of bainitization is carried out isothermally in salt bath at temperatures of 170 ° C to 250 ° C between times t4, t5.
- the component After the conversion of the largest volume fraction of the structure, for example greater than 50 percent by weight, the component can be cooled in air to room temperature.
- FIG. 3 shows in contrast to the method of FIG. 2 with the diagram 200 a slightly modified method with the diagram 300.
- the work piece After the conversion of the largest volume fraction of the structure into bainite with a content of more than 50 percent by volume, the work piece can be cooled in air to room temperature.
- tempering may optionally be performed at 150 ° C to 250 ° C.
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- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur thermochemisch-thermischen Behandlung von kohlenstoffreduzierten Stählen, bei denen eine Randzone eines Werkstücks, insbesondere eines Wälzlagerteiles gegenüber einem Kern einsatzgehärtet ist. Kohlenstoffreduzierte Stähle wie Einsatzstähle, Vergütungsstähle und dergleichen kommen beispielsweise in Anwendungen, beispielsweise Wälzlagern zum Einsatz, bei denen eine hohe Oberflächenhärte mit einer Restelastizität des Werkstücks gefordert ist. Verfahren zur Einsatzhärtung der Oberfläche mittels einer Carbonitrierung sind beispielsweise aus der
Weiter beschreibt die
Die
Die
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist die vorteilhafte Weiterbildung eines Verfahrens zur thermochemischen-thermischen Behandlung von kohlenstoffreduzierten Stählen.The object of the invention is the advantageous development of a method for the thermochemical-thermal treatment of carbon-reduced steels.
Die Aufgabe wird durch den Gegenstand des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Die von diesem abhängigen Ansprüche geben vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen des Gegenstands des Anspruchs 1 wieder.The object is solved by the subject matter of claim 1. The dependent claims give advantageous embodiments of the subject matter of claim 1 again.
Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren betrifft die thermochemisch-thermische Behandlung von kohlenstoffreduzierten Stählen, beispielsweise Einsatzstählen, Vergütungsstählen und dergleichen mit einem Kohlenstoffgehalt von 0,1 bis 0,4 Gewichtsprozent. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren enthält zumindest folgende Verfahrensschritte:
- a) Carbonitrieren der Randzone des Werkstücks in einer festgelegten Einsatzhärtetiefe mit einem Kohlenstoffanteil zwischen 0,65 und 1,2 Gewichtsprozent und einem Stickstoffgehalt von zumindest 0,1 Gewichtsprozent und maximal 0,5 Gewichtsprozent Stickstoff bei einer Temperatur zwischen 850°C und 1000°C,
- b) Abkühlen und Durchführung eines Austenitisierungsschritts bei einer werkstoffabhängigen Austenitisierungstemperatur zwischen 800°C und 1000°C, beispielsweise im Ofen, mittels Laser, Induktion oder dergleichen
- c) Behandlung des Werkstücks auf der unteren Bainitstufe bei einer Bainitisierungstemperatur von 150°C bis 250°C bis zum Erreichen eines Volumengehalts an Bainit von zumindest 50 Gewichtsprozent im Randbereich wie Randzone,
- d) Abkühlen des Werkstücks auf Raumtemperatur nach Erreichen eines Volumengehalts an Bainit von zumindest 50 Gewichtsprozent.,.
- a) carbonitriding the edge zone of the workpiece in a specified case hardening depth with a carbon content of between 0.65 and 1.2 weight percent and a nitrogen content of at least 0.1 weight percent and a maximum of 0.5 weight percent nitrogen at a temperature between 850 ° C and 1000 ° C. .
- b) cooling and carrying out an austenitizing step at a material-dependent austenitizing temperature between 800 ° C and 1000 ° C, for example in the oven, by means of laser, induction or the like
- c) treatment of the workpiece on the lower bainite stage at a bainitization temperature of 150 ° C to 250 ° C until reaching a volume content of bainite of at least 50 weight percent in the edge region such as edge zone,
- d) cooling the workpiece to room temperature after reaching a volume content of bainite of at least 50% by weight.
Optional erfolgt danach ein Anlassen zwischen 120 °C und 300 °C oder Tiefkühlen bei -40 °C bis -80 °C mit anschließendem Anlassen zwischen 120 °C und 300 °C Die Gehalte an Stickstoff und Kohlenstoff werden bevorzugt im fertigen Zustand des Werkstücks nach Abschliff ermittelt.Optionally, then tempering between 120 ° C and 300 ° C or freezing at -40 ° C to -80 ° C with subsequent tempering between 120 ° C and 300 ° C. The contents of nitrogen and carbon are preferably in the finished state of the workpiece Abraded determined.
Durch das vorgeschlagene Verfahren weist die Randzone über die festgelegte Eindringtiefe des Werkstücks eine deutlich erhöhte Zähigkeit des Materialgefüges bei ausreichender Härte von beispielsweise größer 59 HRC auf.By the proposed method, the edge zone over the specified penetration depth of the workpiece to a significantly increased toughness of the material structure with sufficient hardness of, for example greater than 59 HRC.
Die Abkühlung des Werkstücks auf Raumtemperatur vor und/oder nach der Behandlung in der unteren Bainitstufe kann in einem Salzwärmebad oder in einer Ofenumgebung erfolgen. Die Fortführung des Verfahrens kann in derselben Ofenumgebung erfolgen wie die Carbonitrierung.The cooling of the workpiece to room temperature before and / or after the treatment in the lower bainite stage may take place in a salt bath or in a furnace environment respectively. The continuation of the process can be carried out in the same furnace environment as the carbonitriding.
Während der Carbonitrierung können abgestufte Temperaturschritte, C-Pegel und/oder Stickstoffgehalte in der Gasphase durchgeführt werden. Beispielsweise kann der C-Pegel, beispielsweise ein CO-Gehalt, ein Methangehalt oder dergleichen, die Temperatur oder ein Ammoniakgehalt im Sinne eines Boost/Diffuse-Prozesses geändert werden. Typische C-Pegel für die Aufkohlung liegen zwischen 0,65 bis 1,2 % abhängig von der Verwendung der Legierung des verwendeten Stahls. Die Stickstoffgehalte in der Gasphase zur Nitrierung der Randschicht wie Randzone des Werkstoffs werden beispielsweise abhängig von Fertigungschargen von Werkstücken, von der Bauteiloberfläche des Werkstücks, der Ofenbeladung und dergleichen eingestellt.During carbonitriding, stepped temperature steps, C-levels and / or nitrogen contents in the gas phase can be carried out. For example, the C level, for example a CO content, a methane content or the like, the temperature or an ammonia content in the sense of a boost / diffuse process can be changed. Typical C-levels for carburization are between 0.65 to 1.2% depending on the use of the alloy of the steel used. The nitrogen contents in the gas phase for nitriding the surface layer, such as the edge zone of the material, are adjusted, for example, depending on production batches of workpieces, the component surface of the workpiece, the furnace load and the like.
In einer ersten Ausführungsform des vorgeschlagenen Verfahrens kann das Werkstück nach Beendigung des Verfahrensschritts des Austenitisierens auf die untere Bainitstufe abgehärtet werden, indem das Werkstück in einem Salzwarmbad oder dergleichen abgeschreckt wird. Hierbei kann zwischen der Austenitisierung und der Bainitisierung über ein vorgegebenes Zeitintervall eine Temperatur der unteren Bainitstufe eingestellt werden.In a first embodiment of the proposed method, after completing the austenitizing process step, the workpiece may be hardened to the lower bainite step by quenching the workpiece in a salt bath or the like. In this case, a temperature of the lower bainite step can be set between the austenitization and the bainitization over a predetermined time interval.
Erfindungsgemäß wird nach dem Verfahrensschritt der Austenitisierung das Werkstück auf Temperaturen unterhalb der unteren Bainitstufe, beispielsweise auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt und vor Durchführung des Bainitisierens auf der unteren Bainitstufe ein Zwischenglühschritt bei einer Temperatur zwischen 550°C und 650°C mit einem sich anschließenden Austenitisierungsschritt bei Austenitisierungstemperatur durchgeführt.According to the invention, after the austenitizing step, the workpiece is cooled to temperatures below the lower bainite level, for example to room temperature, and an intermediate annealing step is carried out at a temperature of between 550 ° C and 650 ° C with a subsequent austenitizing temperature austenitizing step prior to bainitizing on the lower bainite step ,
Hierbei kann sich der Austenitisierungsschritt unmittelbar an den Zwischenglühschritt anschließen, indem die Temperatur sofort erhöht wird.Hereby, the austenitizing step may be immediately followed by the intermediate annealing step by immediately raising the temperature.
Alternativ kann zwischen dem Zwischenglühschritt und dem Austenitisierungsschritt über ein vorgegebenes Zeitintervall auf eine Temperatur unterhalb der unteren Bainitstufe, beispielsweise Raumtemperatur abgekühlt werden.Alternatively, between the intermediate annealing step and the austenitizing step, it may be cooled to a temperature below the lower bainite level, for example room temperature, for a predetermined time interval.
Der Zwischenglühschritt kann zumindest 2 Stunden gehalten werden.The intermediate annealing step can be held for at least 2 hours.
Die Austenitisierungstemperatur kann zumindest bis zur kompletten Durchwärmung des Werkstücks und einem zeitlichen Sicherheitszuschlag aufrechterhalten werden. Je nach Größe des Werkstücks kann ein entsprechender Sicherheitszuschlag zwischen 5 und 60, bevorzugt 30 Minuten betragen.The austenitizing temperature can be maintained at least until complete reheating of the workpiece and a time margin of safety. Depending on the size of the workpiece, a corresponding safety margin between 5 and 60, preferably 30 minutes.
Der Verfahrensschritt zur Bainitisierung des Werkstücks kann bei Bainitisierungstemperaturen innerhalb eines vorgegebenen Temperaturintervalls erfolgen, wobei die Bainitisierungstemperatur isotherm oder mit ansteigender Temperatur geführt wird. Es versteht sich, dass die einzelnen Zeitintervalle von der Größe des Werkstücks, von den Ofeneigenschaften und dergleichen abhängig sind und je nach Größe des Werkstücks, dessen Lage im Ofen und dergleichen empirisch bestimmt oder mittels entsprechender Modellrechnungen ermittelt werden können.The process step for bainitizing the workpiece can be carried out at bainitizing temperatures within a predetermined temperature interval, wherein the bainitization temperature is performed isothermally or with increasing temperature. It is understood that the individual time intervals are dependent on the size of the workpiece, the furnace properties and the like, and depending on the size of the workpiece, its position in the furnace and the like can be determined empirically or determined by means of appropriate model calculations.
Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren wird anhand der in den
- Figur 1
- ein Diagramm der Verfahrenstemperatur über die Zeit eines ersten Verfahrens mit einem abschreckenden Abhärtprozess,
- Figur 2
- ein Diagramm der Verfahrenstemperatur über die Zeit eines zweiten Verfahrens mit einem Zwischenglühschritt und
- Figur 3
- ein Diagramm der Verfahrenstemperatur über die Zeit eines dritten, gegenüber dem Verfahren der
Figur 2 mit geändertem Zwischenglühschritt versehenen Verfahrens.
- FIG. 1
- a diagram of the process temperature over the time of a first method with a deterrent hardening process,
- FIG. 2
- a diagram of the process temperature over time of a second method with an intermediate annealing step and
- FIG. 3
- a diagram of the process temperature over time of a third, compared to the method of
FIG. 2 with modified intermediate annealing step provided method.
Die
Die
Die Ausführung dieser Aufkohlungs- / Aufstickungsphase erfolgt mit abgestuften Temperaturen / C-Pegeln und Ammoniakgehalten in der Gasphase. Beispielsweise wird mit einer Aufkohlung / Aufstickung bei Temperaturen größer 900°C und einem C-Pegel größer 0,9 sowie erhöhten Ammoniakgehalten begonnen. Diese Ofenatmosphäre wird konstant gehalten und nach Erreichen von ca. 90% der Einhärtetiefe erfolgt zwischen den Zeitpunkten t1, t2 ein Absenken der Ofentemperatur auf die typische Austenitisierungstemperatur zwischen 800°C und 860°C abhängig von der Zusammensetzung der verwendeten Werkstoffe. Gleichzeitig erfolgt das Absenken des C-Pegels auf 0,6 bis 0,9 und des Ammoniakgehaltes auf ca. 50% des Gehaltes des ersten Prozessschrittes. Diese Ofenatmosphäre wird bis zum Erreichen von 100% CHD (Case Hardened Depth) gehalten.The execution of this carburizing / nitriding phase takes place with graduated temperatures / C levels and ammonia contents in the gas phase. For example, a carburizing / nitriding at temperatures greater than 900 ° C and a C-level greater than 0.9 and increased ammonia levels is started. This furnace atmosphere is kept constant and after reaching about 90% of the hardening depth takes place between the times t1, t2, a lowering of the furnace temperature to the typical Austenitisierungstemperatur between 800 ° C and 860 ° C depending on the composition of the materials used. At the same time, the lowering of the C-level to 0.6 to 0.9 and the ammonia content to about 50% of the content of the first process step. This furnace atmosphere is maintained until 100% CHD (Case Hardened Depth) is reached.
Anschließend erfolgt zum Zeitpunkt t2 die Abschreckung des Werkstücks und zwischen den Zeitpunkten t2, t3 die Abhärtung in Form einer Bainitisierung im Salzwarmbad isotherm bei Temperaturen von 170°C bis 250°C. Alternativ kann auch mit ansteigender Temperatur im Umwandlungsprozess und einer Umsetzung in einen Niedertemperaturofen gearbeitet werden.Subsequently, at the time t2, the quenching of the workpiece and between the times t2, t3 the hardening in the form of a bainitization in the salt bath isothermally at temperatures of 170 ° C to 250 ° C. Alternatively, it is also possible to work with increasing temperature in the conversion process and conversion into a low-temperature furnace.
Nach der Umwandlung des größten Volumenanteils des Gefüges beispielsweise bainitischen Gehalten größer 75 Gewichtsprozent kann das Werkstück an Luft bis auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt werden. Ein anschließendes Anlassen bei 150°C bis 250°C ist optional.After the conversion of the largest volume fraction of the structure, for example, bainitic contents greater than 75 percent by weight, the workpiece can be cooled in air to room temperature. Subsequent tempering at 150 ° C to 250 ° C is optional.
Die
Anschließend an das Zeitintervall zwischen den Zeitpunkten 0, t1 erfolgende Carbonitrierung schließt sich zwischen den Zeitpunkten t1, t2 die langsame Abkühlung im Salzwarmbad oder in der Ofenatmosphäre bis auf Raumtemperatur. Im nächsten Teilschritt erfolgt ein langsames, gegebenenfalls gestuftes Aufheizen auf eine Zwischenglühtemperatur, im Bereich von 550°C bis 650°C, abhängig vom verwendeten Material des Werkstücks. Die Zwischenglühtemperatur wird für mindestens 2 Stunden gehalten. Danach erfolgt zwischen den Zeitpunkten t3, t4 die weitere Erwärmung bis auf die für den verwendeten Werkstoff typische Austenitisierungstemperatur. Diese wird gehalten, bis querschnittsabhängig eine vollständige Durchwärmung des Werkstücks erzielt ist, plus weitere 5 bis 60 Minuten, vorzugsweise 30 Minuten.Following the time interval between the times 0, t1 taking place carbonitriding closes between the times t1, t2, the slow cooling in Brine or in the oven atmosphere to room temperature. In the next sub-step, a slow, possibly stepped heating to an intermediate annealing temperature, in the range of 550 ° C to 650 ° C, depending on the material used of the workpiece. The intermediate annealing temperature is maintained for at least 2 hours. Thereafter, between the times t3, t4 further heating takes place except for the austenitizing temperature which is typical for the material used. This is held until cross-section-dependent complete heating of the workpiece is achieved, plus another 5 to 60 minutes, preferably 30 minutes.
Die Abhärtung in Form der Bainitisierung erfolgt im Salzwarmbad isotherm bei Temperaturen von 170°C bis 250°C zwischen den Zeitpunkten t4, t5. Alternativ kann auch mit ansteigender Temperatur im Umwandlungsprozess und einer Umsetzung in einem Niedertemperaturofen gearbeitet werden.The hardening in the form of bainitization is carried out isothermally in salt bath at temperatures of 170 ° C to 250 ° C between times t4, t5. Alternatively, it is also possible to work with an increasing temperature in the conversion process and a conversion in a low-temperature furnace.
Nach der Umwandlung des größten Volumenanteils des Gefüges, beispielsweise größer 50 Gewichtsprozent kann das Bauteil an Luft bis auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt werden.After the conversion of the largest volume fraction of the structure, for example greater than 50 percent by weight, the component can be cooled in air to room temperature.
Die
Nach der Umwandlung des größten Volumenanteils des Gefüges in Bainit mit einem Gehalt größer 50 Volumenprozent kann das Werkstück an Luft bis auf Raumtemperatur abkühlen.After the conversion of the largest volume fraction of the structure into bainite with a content of more than 50 percent by volume, the work piece can be cooled in air to room temperature.
Bei den vorgeschlagenen Verfahren kann optional ein Anlassen bei 150°C bis 250°C erfolgen.In the proposed methods, tempering may optionally be performed at 150 ° C to 250 ° C.
Claims (9)
- Method of thermochemical-thermal treatment of reduced-carbon steels having a carbon content of 0.1 to 0.4 per cent by weight, in which an edge zone of a workpiece has been case-hardened relative to a core, comprising the following method steps:a) carbonitriding the edge zone of the workpiece at a fixed case hardening depth with a carbon content between 0.65 and 1.2 per cent by weight and a nitrogen content of at least 0.1 per cent by weight and at most 0.5 per cent by weight of nitrogen at a temperature between 850°C and 1000°C,b) cooling and performing an austenitization step at a material-dependent austenitization temperature between 800°C and 1000°C,c) treating the workpiece in the lower bainite range at a bainitization temperature of 150°C to 250°C until attainment of a volume content of bainite of at least 50 per cent by weight,d) cooling the workpiece to room temperature after attainment of a volume content of bainite of at least 50 per cent by weight in the carburized region,
characterized in that, after method step b), the workpiece is cooled down to temperatures below the lower bainite range and, prior to performance of method step c), an intermediate annealing step is conducted at a temperature between 550°C and 650°C with a subsequent austenitization step at austenitization temperature. - Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that, after method step d), the workpiece is annealed at 150°C to 250°C, optionally after refrigeration between -40°C and -80°C.
- Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cooling of the workpiece in method step b) and/or d) is effected in a salt heating bath or in a furnace environment.
- Method according to any of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, during method step a), graduated temperature steps, C levels and/or nitrogen contents in the gas phase are conducted.
- Method according to any of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, after method step b) has ended, hardening is effected to the lower bainite range.
- Method according to any of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, between the intermediate annealing step and the austenitization step, cooling is effected to a temperature below the lower bainite range.
- Method according to any of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the intermediate annealing step is continued for at least 2 hours.
- Method according to any of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the austenitization temperature is maintained at least until complete through-heating of the workpiece plus a safety margin time.
- Method according to any of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the bainitization temperature is run through isothermally or with rising temperature.
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DE102015207111.1A DE102015207111B3 (en) | 2015-04-20 | 2015-04-20 | Process for the thermochemical-thermal treatment of carbon-reduced steels |
PCT/DE2016/200174 WO2016169560A1 (en) | 2015-04-20 | 2016-04-07 | Method for the mechanical-thermal treatment of reduced-carbon steels |
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US20220268315A1 (en) * | 2021-02-25 | 2022-08-25 | Aktiebolaget Skf | Heat-treated roller bearing ring |
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DE102017117290A1 (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2019-01-31 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Process for producing a rolling bearing component |
CN108220871A (en) * | 2017-11-13 | 2018-06-29 | 常州天山重工机械有限公司 | A kind of heat treatment method for controlling 31CrMoV9 gear material nitride |
CN112877639A (en) * | 2021-01-12 | 2021-06-01 | 浙江辛子精工机械有限公司 | Carbonitriding process and equipment for high-carbon chromium bearing steel |
CN117802446B (en) * | 2024-03-01 | 2024-07-02 | 山东天瑞重工有限公司 | Heat treatment process method of low-carbon high-alloy structural steel and hydraulic breaking hammer piston |
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FR2142158A5 (en) * | 1971-06-15 | 1973-01-26 | Ferodo Sa | |
DE4204982A1 (en) * | 1992-02-19 | 1993-08-26 | Hoechstadter Maschinenfabrik S | Thermochemical-thermal treatment of case hardening steels - with deep cooling between hardening and tempering |
DE4327440C2 (en) * | 1993-08-14 | 1997-07-03 | Schaeffler Waelzlager Kg | Process for the thermochemical-thermal treatment of case hardening steels, quenched and tempered steels and rolling bearing steels |
DE102004037067B3 (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2006-01-05 | Ab Skf | Process for the heat treatment of steel workpieces |
DE102007044950B3 (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-01-29 | Ab Skf | Hardened steel workpiece designed for rolling load and method of heat treatment |
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US20220268315A1 (en) * | 2021-02-25 | 2022-08-25 | Aktiebolaget Skf | Heat-treated roller bearing ring |
US11821465B2 (en) * | 2021-02-25 | 2023-11-21 | Aktiebolaget Skf | Heat-treated roller bearing ring |
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