Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
  • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
  • C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
  • C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
  • C25B9/73—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

• This disclosure relates to electrolysis and more particularly electrolyzer apparatuses for the electrolytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases.
• Hydrogen gas is a commodity chemical that is used in numerous manufacturing processes, such as petroleum refining, fertilizer production, glass manufacturing and many others. Hydrogen gas can also be used for storing intermittent renewable energy, such as wind electrical energy and solar electrical energy. Electrolytic hydrogen and oxygen can be produced using nuclear-energy generated electricity and transported in pipe lines to distances remote from the nuclear reactor.
• Electrolysis of water is a route to the production of hydrogen gas.
• gaseous oxygen may be produced as a byproduct which may be a useful and valuable industrial and medical product.
• Electricity that is generated by renewable energy sources, such as wind, hydroelectric, solar and nuclear energy can be used for electrolytic production of hydrogen and oxygen without the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide that accompanies hydrogen production from fossil fuels.
• References directed to electrolysis and hydrogen and oxygen production in hydraulic, hydrokinetic and submerged water environments include, for example: published U.S. patent application numbers 20130068629, 20120119503,
• An electrolysis apparatus may split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases.
• the apparatus may include a first hemi-enclosure having a facing edge; a second hemi-enclosure having a facing edge that is separable from and not integral with the first hemi-enclosure; a diaphragm that passes ions and impedes the passage of gas comprising a first side and a second opposing side, the diaphragm positioned between the facing edges of the first hemi- enclosure and the second hemi-enclosure, whereby the first hemi-enclosure and one side of the diaphragm form a first compartment and the second hemi-enclosure and the other side of the diaphragm form a second compartment; one or more electrodes in the first compartment that each pass through a first interface between the first side of the diaphragm and the facing edge of the first hemi-enclosure and that each span a width of the first interface; one or more electrodes in the second compartment that each pass
• the electrodes may be wire electrodes.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include a headspace barrier that abuts an edge of the diaphragm and is impermeable to ions, gases and water.
• the electrodes may extend beyond the apparatus.
• the diaphragm may have as a perimeter edge and at least a portion of this perimeter edge may be fastened to a strip that is impermeable to gas, water and ions.
• the electrolysis apparatus may cause pressure of gas in the first compartment and pressure of gas in the second compartment to be substantially equal.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include at least one back pressure regulator connected to the first compartment and at least one back pressure regulator connected to the second compartment. Both back pressure regulators may be set to cause the back pressures of gases in the first and the second compartments to be substantially equal.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include a first variable orifice valve connected to the first compartment; a second variable orifice valve connected to the second compartment; and a differential pressure gauge that detects a difference between the pressure of gas in the first compartment and the pressure of gas in the second compartment and controls the first and the second variable orifices so as to substantially equalize the pressures of gases in the first and the second compartments.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include a back pressure regulator that receives gas pressure data from the first compartment and uses the data to maintain the gas pressure in the second compartment equal to the gas pressure in the first compartment.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include at least one location in the apparatus wherein external ions in fluid surrounding the apparatus can pass from the exterior of the apparatus into the first and second compartments. At least one location may be between the first hemi- enclosure and the second hemi-enclosure. The at least one location may be on the diaphragm. A one-way valve may be at the at least one location. 14.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include an electrical conductor passing from the outside to the inside of the first fluid-tight compartment in a leak tight manner and in electrical contact with the one or more electrodes in the first compartment; and an electrical conductor passing from the outside to the inside of the second fluid-tight compartment in a leak tight manner and in electrical contact with the one or more electrodes in the second compartment.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include a fluid containing vessel that substantially surrounds the fastened together first hemi-enclosure, diaphragm, electrodes, and second hemi-enclosure.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include a pressure-transmitting tube passing between the outside and inside of the fluid containing vessel.
• the electrodes may extend beyond the fluid containing vessel.
• the electrolysis apparatus may include at least one impeller in at least one of the pipes that rotates when gas flows within the at least one of the pipes; and at least one electric generator that converts rotation of the impeller into electrical power.
• An apparatus may produce hydrogen and oxygen from water,
• the apparatus may include an electrolysis apparatus that may include at least one first electrode inside of a first electrode compartment; at least one second electrode inside of a second electrode
• the apparatus may also include a leak tight vessel completely surrounding the electrolysis apparatus that is capable of holding fluid in an interior region that completely surrounds the first electrode compartment and the second electrode compartment in a leak tight manner; one or more fluid
• first electrode compartment gas removal pipe that channels gas formed within the first electrode compartment outside of the vessel
• second electrode compartment gas removal pipe that channels gas formed within the second compartment outside of the vessel
• first electrical conductor that conducts electricity from outside of the vessel to the at least one first electrode
• second electrical conductor that conducts electricity from outside of the vessel to the at least one second electrode
• fluid-conducting tube that permits fluid outside of the vessel to be transmitted into the interior region of the vessel and, in turn, into the first electrode compartment through the one or more fluid
• the apparatus may include at least one back pressure regulator that causes the pressures in the first and second compartments to be equal.
• FIGS. 1 A-1D show perspective and detailed views of an embodiment of an
• electrolyzer apparatus comprising remotely controlled pressure regulators.
• FIGS. 2 A and 2B show perspective (FIG. 2 A) and detailed (FIG. 2B) views of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising manually controlled pressure regulators.
• FIGS. 3A and 3B show top perspective views of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising a differential pressure gauge and variable orifice valves.
• FIGS. 4 A and 4B show top perspective views of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising a back pressure regulator in a second compartment of an apparatus that references the pressure in a first compartment of the apparatus.
• FIG. 5 shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising a one-way valve.
• FIGS. 6A-6D show top (FIGS. 6A and 6B) and bottom (FIGS. 6C and 6D) perspective views of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising substantially rectangular hemi-enclosures.
• FIGS. 7A and 7B show a top perspective exploded view of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus and a detailed view of a diaphragm, electrodes and headspace barrier.
• FIGS. 8A-8C show a perspective assembled view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus (FIG. 8 A) and a detailed view (FIGS. 8B and 8C) of one edge of an embodiment of a diaphragm that is fastened to a strip that is impermeable to gas, water and ions.
• FIGS. 9A-9C show detailed bottom assembled perspective views of examples of embodiments of alternate locations for fastening an impermeable strip to one edge of a diaphragm.
• FIGS. lOA-lOC show top perspective exploded, assembled and detailed views of embodiments of water-tight seals that make leak tight electrical contact with an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus.
• FIGS. 11 A and 1 IB show views of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus that is surrounded by water.
• FIGS. 12A and 12B show views of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus that is submerged in water.
• FIGS. 13A and 13B show views of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus that is submerged in water with a first hemi-enclosure removed.
• FIGS. 14A and 14B show views of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus that is submerged in water with a first hemi-enclosure, first pipe and first electrical contact wire removed and a further view with a headspace barrier removed.
• FIGS. 15A and 15B show a perspective view of an embodiment of a second gas removal pipe and second electrical contact wire emerging from the surface of water and a perspective view of a second compartment in an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus.
• FIGS. 16A and 16B show a top perspective view and a front elevation view of a method of pressurizing gas in a second compartment of an embodiment of a second hemi- enclosure.
• FIGS. 17A and 17B show exploded views of an embodiment of water-tight electric contact seals for an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus.
• FIGS. 18A and 18B show assembled views of an embodiment of water-tight electric contact seals for an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus.
• FIGS. 19A and 19B show opposing detailed exploded views of an embodiment of water-tight electric contact seals for an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus.
• FIGS. 20 A and 20B show detailed assembled views of an embodiment of water-tight electric contact seals for an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus with a first hemi- enclosure removed and a further view with a first seal removed.
• FIGS. 21 A - 21C show an overall perspective view (FIG. 21 A), a detailed top perspective view (FIG. 2 IB) and a detailed bottom perspective view (FIG. 21C) of an embodiment of water-tight electric contact seals for an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus.
• FIGS. 22A-22C show top perspective views of a water level in an embodiment of a second gas removal pipe and a front elevation view (FIG. 22D) showing an embodiment of a method of pressurizing gas in the pipe.
• FIGS. 23 A-23C show top perspective views of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus above and partially submerged in a water-containing vessel.
• FIGS. 24A and 24B show top perspective views of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus submerged in a water-containing vessel with the plate removed.
• FIGS. 25A and 25B show top perspective views of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus submerged in a water-containing vessel with a top plate attached.
• FIGS. 26A-26D show bottom perspective views of an embodiment of electrical contact with the electrodes of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus via the bottom plate of a water-containing vessel.
• FIGS. 27A and 27B show perspective views of an embodiment of a compressor system transmitting pressure to water in a vessel.
• FIGS. 28 A and 28B show perspective views of an embodiment of a compressor system transmitting pressure to water in a vessel with the vessel removed.
• FIGS. 29 A and 29B show perspective views of an embodiment of a compressor system transmitting pressure to water in an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus.
• FIGS. 30A and 3 OB show perspective views of an embodiment of transmitting pressure to gas in gas removal tubes in an electrolysis apparatus that is surrounded by water in an embodiment of a water-containing vessel using a piston and cylinder system.
• FIGS. 31A-31D show perspective views of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus in a water-containing vessel wherein electrical contacts for the electrodes extend beyond the water-containing vessel.
• FIGS. 32A and 32B show an embodiment of an impeller and electric generator that are in line with one or more gas removal pipes of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus for converting kinetic energy of gas flow into electrical energy.
• Back pressure regulator means a normally-closed valve that provides an obstruction to flow but opens when an upstream set pressure is reached.
• Check valves and relief valves are included in this definition.
• “Differential pressure gauge” means a gauge that measures difference in gas pressure.
• One-way valve means a valve that allows fluid to flow through it in only one direction when the pressure difference across the valve has the appropriate direction and magnitude.
• Pressurize means to produce a pressure above the ambient pressure of an electrolysis apparatus.
• Ventilable orifice valve means a valve that regulates pressure or flow by adjusting the size of its orifice.
• One embodiment of an apparatus for the electrolytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases may include (i) a first hemi-enclosure having a facing edge; (ii) a second hemi-enclosure having a facing edge that is separable from and not integral with the first hemi-enclosure; (iii) a diaphragm that passes ions and impedes the passage of gas comprising a first side and a second opposing side, the diaphragm positioned between the facing edges of the first hemi-enclosure and the second hemi-enclosure, whereby the first hemi-enclosure and one side of the diaphragm form a first compartment and the second hemi-enclosure and the other side of the diaphragm form a second compartment; (iv) one or more electrodes in the first compartment that each pass through a first interface between the first side of the diaphragm and the facing edge of the first hemi-enclosure and that each span
• the electrodes are wire electrodes. Some embodiments comprise a headspace barrier that abuts an edge of the diaphragm and is impermeable to ions, gases and water and includes a water-fill region. In some embodiments the electrodes extend beyond the apparatus. In some embodiments at least one of the edges of the diaphragm is fastened to a strip that is impermeable to gas, water and ions. Multiple methods may be used to fasten the strip to the diaphragm including: directed energy, heating, welding, soldering, fusing and gluing, as examples.
• the pressure of the gas in the first compartment and the pressure of the gas in the second compartment are equal. Equality of pressure in the first and second compartments may be achieved in multiple ways. For example, the compartments may vent to the same ambient pressure such as atmospheric pressure.
• the pressures in first and second pressurized compartments may be regulated using equal set pressures for first and second back pressure regulators that regulate the pressures in the first and second compartments respectively.
• the regulators may be operated manually or remotely.
• a back pressure regulator may be configured to sense the pressure in a first compartment of an electrolysis apparatus and use it as a reference for setting the pressure to an equal value in a second compartment.
• the reference pressure may be independent of the electrolysis apparatus.
• Equality of pressure in the first and second compartments may also be achieved with a differential pressure gauge that measures the pressure difference between the first and second compartments and communicates the difference to a first adjustable orifice valve for the first compartment and a second adjustable orifice valve for the second compartment, whereby the first and second compartments are set to equal pressures.
• the electrolysis apparatus may be surrounded by water and include at least one location wherein external ions in the surrounding water may pass from the exterior of the apparatus into the interior of the apparatus.
• the at least one location is between a first hemi-enclosure and a second hemi-enclosure.
• the at least one location is on a perimeter edge of a diaphragm that passes ions and impedes the passage of gas.
• the at least one location includes a one-way valve.
• the water partially surrounds the electrolysis apparatus. In other embodiments the water fully surrounds the apparatus.
• electrical contacts that receive electricity that power the electrolysis apparatus may be sealed in fluid-tight compartments.
• sealing may be achieved by fastening cover plates over the contacts to shield them from water.
• the sealing may include gaskets, rubber liners, greases, aquarium cements, screws, bolts and nuts.
• the water-tight sealing may include directed energy, welding, heating, leak-tight paints, coatings and films or polymers.
• the interior of the electrolysis apparatus is pressurized.
• Pressurizing the apparatus may be achieved in multiple ways. In one embodiment
• pressurizing is achieved by the difference in height between an external water level and a water level in the apparatus.
• the apparatus may be pressurized electrically wherein electrolysis is performed in a sealed apparatus and a voltage is applied to the electrodes to electrolyze water to hydrogen and oxygen whereby the electrolytically produced gases are pressurized.
• Some embodiments comprise a vessel that contains water in which the electrolysis apparatus is partially or fully submerged.
• the water-containing vessel is pressurized.
• the water in the water containing vessel is pressurized using a compressor system.
• the pressurization system comprises a piston and cylinder system.
• the gases in the electrolysis apparatus are pressurized by the surrounding water in the vessel.
• the electrodes extend beyond the electrolysis apparatus and the water containing vessel.
• the electrodes may pierce the water containing vessel in a leak tight manner whereby access to the electrodes is external to the water in the vessel in a dry environment.
• the electrodes extend beyond the electrolysis apparatus and penetrate into the wall of the water-containing vessel, but not beyond the wall.
• the electrical leads that make contact with the electrodes are embedded in the wall of the water containing vessel.
• the electric leads are comprised of superconducting material.
• the electrolysis apparatus further comprises at least one impeller and at least one electric generator in at least one gas removal pipe for conversion of gas flow power into electrical power.
• An apparatus for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water comprising: (i) at least one cathode electrode in a cathode compartment; (ii) at least one anode electrode in an anode compartment; (iii) at least one location that is permeable to fluid; (iv) a leak tight vessel surrounding the electrolysis apparatus and capable of holding fluid in a leak tight manner; (v) a first cathode compartment gas removal pipe that penetrates into the cathode compartment and emerges from the vessel; (vi) a second anode compartment gas removal pipe that penetrates into the anode compartment and emerges from the vessel;
• a first method for using an electrolysis apparatus for the electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases comprising steps in the following order: (i) placing one or more electrodes on a first side of a substantially planar diaphragm that passes ions and impedes the passage of gas; (ii) placing one or more electrodes on a second opposing side of the diaphragm whereby a diaphragm electrode array is formed; (iii) placing the diaphragm electrode array between facing edges of a first hemi-enclosure and a second hemi-enclosure wherein a first compartment and a second compartment are formed and wherein segments of the electrodes that are external to the compartments are equal to or greater than the width of the edges; (iv) fastening the diaphragm electrode array, the first method of a substantially planar diaphragm that passes ions and impedes the passage of gas; (ii) placing one or more electrodes on a second opposing side of the diaphragm whereby a
• the placings steps are performed with wire electrodes.
• Some embodiments of the first method include attaching a headspace barrier to the diaphragm before or immediately after the one or more electrode placings steps.
• Some embodiments of the first method include fastening a strip to the diaphragm that is
• Some embodiments of the first method include connecting at least one back pressure regulator to the first compartment and connecting at least one back pressure regulator to the second compartment of the electrolysis apparatus wherein the set pressures of the regulators are equal, whereby the pressures of the first and second compartments are equal. Some embodiments of the first method include connecting a differential pressure gauge and variable orifice valves to the first gas removal pipe and the second gas removal pipe of the apparatus that cause the pressures in the first and second compartments to be equal.
• Some embodiments of the first method include connecting a back pressure regulator to the second compartment of the apparatus, receiving pressure data from the first compartment of the apparatus and using the received data from the first compartment for adjusting the pressure of the second compartment whereby the pressure in the first compartment and the pressure in the second compartment are equal.
• Some embodiments of the first method include adding aqueous ions to the first and second compartments through at least one location on the apparatus that is permeable to aqueous ions.
• the adding step is performed between the first hemi- enclosure and the second hemi-enclosure.
• the adding step is performed on the diaphragm.
• the adding step is performed using a one-way valve.
• the applying electric power step includes the step of sealing the electric contacts in leak tight electric contact seals.
• Some embodiments of the first method include surrounding the electrolysis apparatus with water. Some embodiments of the first method include submerging the electrolysis apparatus in water. Some embodiments of the first method include submerging the electrolysis apparatus in water that is contained in a water containing vessel. Some embodiments of the first method include penetrating the water containing vessel with a pressure-transmitting tube whereby pressure is transmitted to the water in the water containing vessel and to the interior of the electrolysis apparatus. Some embodiments of the first method include extending the electrode contacts beyond the water containing vessel. Some embodiments of the first method include inserting at least one impeller and at least one electric generator into at least one of the gas removal pipes whereby gas flow power is converted into electric power.
• a second method for using an electrolysis apparatus for the electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases comprising steps in the following order: (i) placing an electrolysis apparatus into water that is contained in a water containing vessel, the electrolysis apparatus comprising at least one cathode electrode in a cathode compartment, at least one anode electrode in an anode compartment, at least one location that is permeable to water, a first gas removal pipe connected to the cathode compartment that penetrates and emerges from the vessel, a second gas removal pipe connected to the anode compartment that penetrates and emerges from the vessel; (iii) attaching a pressure- transmitting tube that penetrates the water containing vessel, whereby pressure is transmitted to the water in the water containing vessel and to the interior of the electrolysis apparatus via the at least one permeable location; (iii) applying electric power to the at least one cathode electrode in the cathode compartment and to the at least one anode electrode in the anode compartment whereby an
• Some embodiments of the second method include connecting at least one back pressure regulator to the cathode compartment and connecting at least one back pressure regulator to the anode compartment. Some embodiments of the second method include connecting a differential pressure gauge and variable orifice valves to the first gas removal pipe and the second gas removal pipe. Some embodiments of the second method include connecting a back pressure regulator to the second compartment, receiving pressure data from the first compartment and using the received data from the first compartment for adjusting the pressure of the second compartment whereby the pressure in the first compartment and the pressure in the second compartment are equal. Some embodiments of the second method include inserting at least one impeller into at least one gas removal pipe and at least one electric generator whereby gas flow power is converted into electric power.
• FIG. 1 A shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising first hemi-enclosure 105, second hemi-enclosure 110, first top plate 114, second top plate 115, first remotely controlled pressure regulator 120 and second remotely controlled pressure regulator 125.
• FIG. IB shows a detailed perspective view of an embodiment of the electric contact region of a diaphragm electrode array that is external to the electrolysis apparatus housing comprising diaphragm 130 and one or more electrodes 135.
• FIG. 1C is a detailed top perspective view of the electrolysis apparatus showing first top plate 114, second top plate 115, first remotely controlled pressure regulator 120 and second remotely controlled pressure regulator 125.
• FIG. ID is a detailed bottom perspective view of the electrolysis apparatus showing first hemi-enclosure 105, second hemi-enclosure 110, diaphragm 130, one or more electrodes 135, first bottom plate 134 and second bottom plate 136.
• FIG. 2A shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising manually operated back pressure regulators.
• FIG. 2B is a detailed top perspective view of an embodiment of the apparatus showing first manual back pressure regulator 205, second manual back pressure regulator 210, first gauge 215 and second gauge 220.
• FIG. 3 A shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising a differential pressure gauge and variable orifice valves.
• FIG. 3B is a detailed top perspective view of the apparatus showing differential pressure gauge 305, first gas removal pipe 310 that communicates with a first compartment in the apparatus via a first variable orifice valve 330, second gas removal pipe 315 that communicates with a second
• compartments via communication pathways 320 and 325 are communicated to first and second variable orifice valves 330 and 335 via communication pathways 340 and 345 wherein the openings of the valve orifices operate to substantially zero the output of the differential pressure gauge 305, whereby the pressures of the first and second compartments are substantially equal.
• the communication pathways may be wired pathways or wireless pathways.
• FIG. 4A shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising a back pressure regulator 405 for a second compartment in the apparatus that references the pressure in a first compartment of the apparatus as the pressure set point for the pressure in the second compartment.
• FIG. 4B is a detailed top perspective view of the apparatus showing second compartment back pressure regulator 405, first compartment back pressure regulator 410, first compartment gas removal pipe 415 that communicates with back pressure regulator 410, second compartment gas removal pipe 420 that communicates with back pressure regulator 405, pipe 430 that communicates the value of the pressure in the first compartment of the apparatus to the reference input port 435 of the back pressure regulator 405 whereby the pressure in the second compartment and the pressure in the first
• FIG. 5 shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus comprising a one-way valve 505.
• Arrow 510 indicates the direction of water flow into the apparatus when the external pressure exceeds a set point.
• FIG. 6A shows a partially exploded top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus that is comprised of substantially rectangular first hemi-enclosure 605 and substantially rectangular second hemi-enclosure 610.
• Interior cavity 615 for second hemi-enclosure 610 is visible in Fig. 6A.
• a similar interior cavity for first hemi-enclosure 605 is present, but not visible in Fig. 6A.
• FIG. 6B is a detailed top perspective view of the assembled apparatus showing first hemi-enclosure 605, second hemi-enclosure 610 and assembly clearance holes 620. Multiple methods are available for fastening the electrolysis apparatus including bolts, nuts, gaskets and clearance holes 620.
• FIG. 6C shows a lower region detailed perspective of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus including diaphragm 625 and one or more electrodes 630.
• FIG. 6D shows a detailed bottom perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus.
• FIG. 7A shows a top perspective exploded view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus comprising headspace barrier 705, water fill mark 710, diaphragm electrode array 715, and headspace barrier top edge 730.
• FIG. 7B shows a detailed view of an embodiment of a headspace barrier and a diaphragm electrode array comprising headspace barrier 705, interface 720 and diaphragm top edge 725.
• the water fill mark 710 of the headspace barrier 705 is typically between the interface 720 defined by the abutting bottom edge of the barrier and top edge 725 of the diaphragm and the top edge 730 of the headspace barrier.
• FIG. 8A shows a top perspective assembled view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus 800 wherein at least one of the edges of the diaphragm is fastened to a strip that is impermeable to gas, water and ions.
• FIG. 8B shows impermeable strip 805, first hemi- enclosure 810, second hemi-enclosure 815 and one or more electrodes 820.
• FIG. 8C shows a further detailed perspective view of an embodiment with the hemi-enclosures removed comprising interface 825.
• Interface 825 is the interface defined by an edge of the fastened impermeable strip 805 and the at least one of the edges of the diaphragm 830. Headspace barrier 835 is also illustrated.
• FIG. 9 shows embodiments of detailed bottom perspective views of FIG. 8 A.
• FIG. 9 A shows an embodiment of fastening an impermeable strip to at least one edge of a diaphragm at location 905, wherein location 905 is at the periphery of an outer wall of a hemi-enclosure.
• FIG. 9B shows an embodiment of fastening an impermeable strip to at least one edge of a diaphragm at location 910, wherein location 910 is at the periphery of an inner wall of a hemi-enclosure.
• FIG. 9 A shows an embodiment of fastening an impermeable strip to at least one edge of a diaphragm at location 905, wherein location 905 is at the periphery of an outer wall of a hemi-enclosure.
• FIG. 9B shows an embodiment of fastening an impermeable strip to at least one edge of a diaphragm at location 910, wherein location 910 is at the perip
• 9C shows an embodiment of fastening an impermeable strip to at least one edge of a diaphragm at location 915, wherein location 915 is internal to the electrolysis apparatus and removed from the periphery of an inner wall of a hemi-enclosure.
• FIG. lOA shows an embodiment of a top perspective exploded view wherein first leak tight electric contact seal 1005 and second leak tight electric seal 1010 are used to make leak tight electric contact with an electrolyzer apparatus using first electric lead 1015 and second electric lead 1020.
• FIG. lOB is an assembled view of FIG. lOA.
• FIG. IOC is a detailed perspective view of the leak tight seals and electrical leads further illustrating leak tight interface 1025 defined by fastened first seal 1005 and second seal 1010. Feedthroughs 1030 and 1035 for electrical leads 1015 and 1020 are leak tight.
• FIG. 11 A shows an embodiment of a view of an electrolyzer apparatus that is surrounded by water 1105 comprising first leak tight electric contact seal 1110, second leak tight electric contact seal 1115, first electric contact lead 1120, second electric contact lead 1125, first hemi-enclosure 1130, first back pressure regulator 1135, and first gas removal pipe 1140.
• FIG. 1 IB shows an embodiment of a further view of FIG. 11 A with first hemi-enclosure 1130 removed, first back pressure regulator 1135 removed and first pipe 1140 removed.
• Fig. 1 IB further illustrates headspace barrier 1145 and diaphragm electrode array 1150. The electrodes project beyond the apparatus and into the sealed leak tight electrical contact compartment formed by fastening first and second leak tight electric contact seals 1110 and 1115, respectively.
• FIG. 12A shows an embodiment of a top perspective view of an electrolyzer apparatus comprising first hemi-enclosure 1210 that is submerged in water 1205.
• FIG. 12B is a detailed view of FIG. 12 A.
• FIG. 13 A shows an embodiment of a top perspective view of an electrolyzer apparatus with a first hemi-enclosure removed that is submerged in water 1305 and includes first gas removal pipe 1310 that communicates with first back pressure regulator 1315.
• FIG. 13B is a detailed view of the lower part of FIG. 13 A including headspace barrier 1320, diaphragm electrode array 1325, first leak tight electrode contact cover plate 1330 and second leak tight electrode contact cover plate 1335.
• FIG. 14A shows an embodiment of a view of an electrolyzer apparatus that is submerged in water with the following elements removed: a first hemi-enclosure, a first gas removal pipe, a first top cover plate and a first half of a water column above a fill region.
• FIG. 14A shows an embodiment of a view of an electrolyzer apparatus that is submerged in water with the following elements removed: a first hemi-enclosure, a first gas removal pipe, a first top cover plate and a first half of a water column above a
• FIG. 14A further shows a second half of water column 1405 above fill region 1410, headspace barrier 1415, diaphragm electrode array 1425 and leak tight electric contact seal 1430.
• FIG. 14B is the same view as 14A with further removal of headspace barrier 1415 thereby providing a view of a second compartment containing gas 1420 of second hemi-enclosure 1440 with top plate 1435.
• FIG. 15A shows a detailed perspective view of an embodiment of second gas removal pipe 1505, second back pressure regulator 1510 and second electrical contact wire 1515 emerging from the surface of water.
• FIG. 15B is a detailed perspective view of an
• FIG. 16A shows a perspective view and FIG. 16B shows a front elevation view of embodiments of a method for pressurizing a compartment of an electrolysis apparatus that is surrounded by water.
• FIG. 16 comprises gas in a second compartment 1605, of a second hemi-enclosure, back pressure regulator 1610 that communicates via pipe 1615 with the gas 1605 in the second compartment.
• FiG. 16 further shows pressure P 1620 that is the difference between water level 1625 and water level 1630. Gas in a first compartment of a first hemi- enclosure is present but not illustrated in FiG. 16.
• FIG. 17A shows an exploded view of an embodiment of leak tight electric contact seals for an electrolysis apparatus.
• FIG. 17B is a detailed view of FIG. 17A showing first leak tight electric contact seal 1705, second leak tight electric contact seal 1710, first electric contact lead 1715, second electric contact lead 1720, first leak tight electric feed-through 1725, second leak tight electric feed-through 1730, support surface 1735 for one or more electrodes 1740.
• the support surface may be an extension of the diaphragm material or a fastened material that is impermeable to ions, gas and water.
• Electrically conductive material 1745 may line, occupy or fill the interior of second seal 1710. A similar material, not visible in FIG. 17 may occupy or fill the first seal 1705.
• FIG. 18 is an assembled view of FIG. 17 that shows views of an embodiment of leak tight electric contact seals for an electrolysis apparatus including first seal 1805, second seal 1810, leak tight seam 1815, formed by fastening first seal 1805 and second seal 1810, first electric contact lead 1820, and second electric contact lead 1825.
• FIGS. 19A and 19B show opposing exploded views of mating edges 1905 and 1915 of embodiments of first leak tight electrical contact seal 1910 and second leak tight electric contact seal 1920 for an electrolysis apparatus. Electrically conductive materials 1925 and 1930 may fill the contact compartments and may make electrical contact with the electrode contacts of the diaphragm electrode array.
• FIG. 20A shows a detailed perspective view of an embodiment of leak tight electric contact seals.
• FIG. 20B shows an embodiment of removal of a first electric contact seal cover plate and a first electric contact lead.
• Fig. 20A comprises first leak tight seal 2005 and first electric lead 2010.
• Fig. 20B comprises one or more electrode contacts 2015 that are inserted in second seal 2020.
• the electric seals may include electrically conductive materials 2025 that fill and make electrical contact with the one or more electrode contacts 2015.
• FIG. 21 A shows an embodiment of an overall top perspective view of a diaphragm electrode array, headspace barrier, electric contact leads and water tight electric seal assembly 2105.
• FIG. 2 IB is a detailed top perspective view of an embodiment of the leak tight electric contact leads and feedthroughs.
• FIG. 21C is a detailed bottom perspective view of an embodiment of leak tight electric contact seals for the electrolysis apparatus.
• FIG. 22A is a partially exploded view showing a top perspective view of an electrolysis apparatus without a headspace barrier comprising first hemi-enclosure 2205, first gas removal pipe 2210, first back pressure regulator 2215, diaphragm 2220, second gas removal pipe 2225, second back pressure regulator 2230 and a water level 2235 in second gas removal pipe 2225.
• FIG. 22B is a detailed top view of FIG. 22A showing diaphragm 2220, second gas removal pipe 2225, second back pressure regulator 2230 and water level 2235 in second gas removal pipe 2225.
• FIG. 22C is a detailed view of the water level 2235 in second gas removal pipe 2225.
• FIG. 22D shows a detailed front elevation view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus submerged in water and a method for applying pressure to gas above water level 2235 in second gas removal pipe 2225.
• FIG. 22D further shows pressure P 2245 that is the difference in water height between water level 2235 and water level 2240.
• the first gas removal pipe 2210 has its own water level which is not illustrated in FIG. 22.
• FIG. 23 A shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus 2315 above a water level 2310 of water in vessel 2305.
• FIG. 23B shows a movement arrow 2320 and a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus 2315 partially submerged in water-containing vessel 2305.
• FIG. 23C is a detailed top view of FIG. 23B.
• FIG. 24A shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus submerged in a water-containing vessel 2405 comprising water level 2410 and top cover plate 2415 above the vessel.
• FIG. 24B is a detailed top view of FIG. 24A.
• FIG. 25A shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus submerged in a sealed water-containing vessel 2505 with a top cover plate attached.
• FIG. 25B is a top detailed view of FIG. 25 A comprising water-containing vessel 2505, top cover plate 2510 that is leak-tight fastened to the water-containing vessel 2505, first gas removal pipe 2515, first leak tight feedthrough 2520 for the first gas removal pipe 2515, second gas removal pipe 2525, second leak tight feedthrough 2530 for the second gas removal pipe 2525, first electric lead wire 2535, second electric lead wire 2540, leak tight feedthroughs 2545 for first electrical lead wire 2535 and second electrical lead wire 2540.
• FIG. 26 shows several bottom perspective views of an embodiment of electrical contact with electrodes of an electrolysis apparatus in a water-containing vessel.
• FIG. 26A shows an embodiment of electrical contact leads 2620 and 2625 leak tight piercing a bottom plate 2615 of the water-containing vessel 2605 at location 2630.
• FIG. 26B shows an embodiment of a detailed view of FIG. 26A with the bottom plate 2615 removed and showing water 2610 that is contained in vessel 2605, first electric contact lead wire 2620 and second electric contact lead wire 2625.
• the electrolysis apparatus contained within the water- containing vessel 2605 is not visible in FIG. 26A or FIG. 26B.
• FIG. 26A shows an embodiment of electrical contact leads 2620 and 2625 leak tight piercing a bottom plate 2615 of the water-containing vessel 2605 at location 2630.
• FIG. 26B shows an embodiment of a detailed view of FIG. 26A with the bottom plate 2615 removed and showing water 2610 that is contained in vessel 2605, first electric contact lead wire 2620 and second electric contact lead wire 26
• FIG. 26C shows an embodiment of a detailed bottom perspective view of the electrolysis apparatus that is in the water- containing vessel 2605 including first electric contact lead wire 2620, second electric contact lead wire 2625, first hemi-enclosure 2635, second hemi-enclosure 2640, first leak tight seal 2645, second leak tight seal 2650 and a strip 2655 that is impermeable to gas, water and ions that is fastened to diaphragm 2660.
• FIG. 26D further shows one or more electric contacts 2665 for one or more electrodes of a diaphragm electrode array and exposed wire 2670 that is prepared from insulated electric lead wire 2620 that makes electric contact with the one or more electric contacts 2665. [0103] FIG.
• FIG. 27A shows a bottom perspective view of an embodiment of a compressor system 2715 that is attached via a pipe to a water-containing vessel 2705 that contains a submerged electrolysis apparatus.
• FIG. 27B shows a detailed bottom view of FIG. 27 A including vessel 2705, bottom plate 2710, compressor system 2715, and pressure transmitting pipe 2720.
• FIG. 28 shows perspective views of the FIG. 27 embodiment with the water-containing vessel removed including water 2805 in the water containing vessel 2705, electrolysis apparatus 2810 that is submerged in water 2805 and compressor system 2815 that transmits pressure to water 2805 via pipe 2820.
• FIG. 29 shows bottom perspective views of an embodiment of a compressor system communicating with the interior of an electrolysis apparatus 2905 including compressor system 2910 and pressure-transmitting pipe 2915 that connects the compressor system to the water in the electrolysis apparatus whereby the interior of the electrolysis apparatus is pressurized.
• FIGS. 30A and 30B show top perspective views of an embodiment of compression of the interior of a water-containing vessel 3005 containing an electrolysis apparatus using force 3015 applied to piston 3010 in cylinder 3020 for pressure generation.
• Cylinder 3020 is configured to receive piston 3010.
• Cylinder 3020 is hydraulically coupled to the interior of the water containing vessel 3005 via tube 3025 whereby the water in the interior of vessel 3005 is pressurized which causes the interior of the electrolysis apparatus to be pressurized via one or more water permeable locations on the electrolysis apparatus.
• FIG. 31 A shows a partially exploded bottom perspective view of an embodiment of an electrolysis apparatus in a water-containing vessel 3105 including one or more electrical contacts 3120, for one or more electrodes in a diaphragm electrode array of the electrolysis apparatus, that emerges from the water containing vessel 3105, first electric lead wire 3110, second electric lead wire 3115, exposed electric wire 3125 prepared by removing insulation from electric lead wire 3110 whereby electric contact with one or more electric contacts 3120 is made, water 3130 in the water-containing vessel and bottom plate 3135.
• FIG. 3 IB is similar to FIG. 31 A except a first hemi-enclosure of the submerged apparatus is removed revealing electrodes 3140.
• 3 lC is a bottom perspective view with the bottom plate 3135 of the water-containing vessel removed showing water tight seals 3145 that seal the electrode contacts 3120 from the water in vessel 3105.
• FIG. 3 ID is a detailed view of the one or more electrode contacts 3120 that extend beyond the water containing vessel 3105.
• FIG. 32 shows an embodiment of an impeller and electric generator that are in line with one or more gas removal pipes of an electrolysis apparatus for converting kinetic energy of gas flow into electrical energy.
• FIG. 32A shows an embodiment of a gas removal pipe 3205 that sends the removed gas through impeller 3210 causing it to rotate.
• FIG. 32B includes arrow 3215 that represents the kinetic energy and momentum of the flowing gas in the gas removal pipe 3205 that is converted into electric energy by the rotating impeller-generator system and electrical outputs 3220 and 3225 of the generator
• an electrolysis apparatus may include at least one back pressure regulator (120, Fig. 1 and 205, Fig. 2 ) connected to a first compartment and at least one back pressure regulator (125, Fig. 1 and 210, Fig. 2) connected to a second compartment. Both back pressure regulators may be set to cause the back pressures of gases in the first and the second compartments to be substantially equal.
• the back pressure regulators may be normally-closed valves that provide an obstruction to flow, but open when an upstream set pressure is reached. If the upstream set pressures are set to equal value, the pressures in the first and second compartments may be maintained at substantially equal values.
• the set pressures of the regulators can be controlled manually or electronically.
• Maintaining the pressures of the first and second compartments at equal values may improve the purity of the hydrogen and oxygen gases that are produced. This may be accomplished by minimizing gas crossover through the diaphragm. In some embodiments, the pressure of the first and second compartments may not be equal, for example, venting the oxygen to atmosphere while pressurizing the hydrogen stream. Unequal pressure between the first and second compartments, while still maintaining product purity, can be achieved by using PEM membranes in the electrolysis apparatus, for example.
• an electrolysis apparatus may include a first variable orifice valve 330 connected to a first compartment; a second variable orifice valve 335 connected to a second compartment; and a differential pressure gauge 305 that detects a difference between the pressure of gas in the first compartment and the pressure of gas in the second compartment and controls the first and the second variable orifices so as to
• This embodiment of the apparatus may provide a second approach to improving the purity of the hydrogen and oxygen gases that are produced by the electrolysis apparatus by maintaining substantially equal pressures in the first and second compartments.
• only one variable orifice valve may be needed to maintain equal pressure in the
• communication between the differential pressure gauge and the variable orifice values may be performed electronically. In some embodiments, communication may be performed wirelessly. In some embodiments, the pressure of the first and second compartments may not be equal, for example venting the oxygen to atmosphere while pressurizing the hydrogen stream.
• an electrolysis apparatus may include a back pressure regulator 405 that receives gas pressure data from a first compartment and uses the data to maintain the gas pressure in a second compartment equal to the gas pressure in the first compartment.
• the gas pressure in the first compartment may be set using a back pressure regulator 410.
• the gas pressure data from the first compartment may be obtained by running a tube between the first compartment and the data input port 435 of back pressure regulator 405.
• the gas pressure data from the first compartment may be obtained wirelessly.
• the pressure of the first and second compartments may not be equal, for example venting the oxygen to atmosphere while pressurizing the hydrogen stream.
• an electrolysis apparatus may include at least one location in the apparatus wherein external ions in fluid surrounding the apparatus can pass from the exterior of the apparatus into first and second compartments of the apparatus.
• the at least one location may be between a first hemi-enclosure and a second hemi-enclosure.
• the at least one location may be on a diaphragm.
• an electrolysis apparatus may include a one-way valve 505 at the at least one location.
• a one-way valve may be a normally-closed valve that provides an obstruction to flow but opens when a pressure of the correct magnitude and direction 510 is reached.
• the presence of at least one location on the electrolysis apparatus wherein external ions in fluid surrounding the apparatus can pass from the exterior of the apparatus into the first and second compartments may provide an automatic water fill feature for the apparatus.
• an electrolysis apparatus may include substantially rectangular hemi-enclosures 605 and 610.
• this embodiment of the electrolysis apparatus may have advantages with respect sealing and manufacturing technologies.
• Each hemi-enclosure may be machined from a single block whereby a hemi- enclosure that is comprised of continuous zone components may be fabricated.
• Fastening and sealing of the hemi-enclosures may be achieved using bolts, nuts, gaskets and clearance holes 620 wherein the clearance holes are drilled into the perimeter of the hemi-enclosures.
• an electrolysis apparatus may include a headspace barrier 705 that is fastened to a top edge 725 of a diaphragm electrode array 715.
• the headspace barrier 705 may contain a fill region 710 comprising a level of water in the electrolysis apparatus and a headspace above the water level.
• the pressure of gas in the headspace above the water level may be increased. For example, if back pressure regulators in first and second compartments are set to 100 psi, applying electrical energy to one or more cathodes and anodes may produce hydrogen and oxygen in the cathode and anode compartments. The pressure in the respective compartments may rise until the set pressure is reached wherein the back pressure regulator opens and a stream of hydrogen gas and a stream of oxygen gas may vent from the electrolysis apparatus via respective hydrogen and oxygen gas removal tubes.
• a diaphragm 830 may have a perimeter edge and at least a portion of this perimeter edge may be fastened to a strip 805 that is impermeable to gas, water and ions.
• this embodiment may provide advantages with respect to fluid-tight sealing of the electrode electrical contacts with the source of electrical power.
• the impermeable strip may prevent water from entering the sealed compartment.
• the sealed compartment may contain fluid tight feedthroughs whereby electrical power is provided to the electrodes in a dry fluid tight environment.
• an electrolysis apparatus may be partially or completely surrounded by water.
• the water may be seawater.
• Water that is consumed during the electrolysis process may be replaced by the seawater by entering the apparatus through one or more locations on the apparatus that is permeable to water.
• hydrogen and oxygen gases may be pressurized by submersion in deep water.
• Figs. 16A and 16B if the apparatus is submerged to a depth of about 330 feet, the difference between levels 1625 and 1630, and electrical power is applied to cathode and anode electrodes, bubbles of gas may rise in and displace some of the overhead water.
• back pressure regulators are set to about 150 psi, the gases in the headspace and gas removal tubes may be contained until the pressure, driven by the electrolysis reactions, exceeds the set pressure of the back pressure regulators, at which point streams of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas may vent from the apparatus via gas removal tubes.
• an electrolysis apparatus may generate high pressure hydrogen and oxygen gases by placing an electrolysis apparatus comprising at least one location that is permeable to water in a sealed water-containing leak tight vessel and applying voltage to cathode and anode electrodes that are in cathode and anode compartments as shown in FIGS. 23 - 26, for example.
• Back pressure regulators may be included in gas removal pipes that receive gas from the cathode and anode compartments and may regulate the pressure of the gases in the compartments as shown in FIGS. 23 - 26, for example.
• the interior of the vessel and the electrolysis apparatus may be pressurized by external compression systems that include supplying replacement water for water that is consumed by electrolysis shown in FIGS. 28, 29 and 30, for example.
• external compressions systems include electrically powered compressors.
• Some embodiments of external compressions systems may include mechanical compression such as application of force to a piston in a cylinder.
• the external compressions systems may include water in tubes and reservoirs that supply replacement water to the apparatus for water that is consumed by electrolysis.
• Some embodiments of the apparatus may include electrical and mechanical feedback comprising communication pathways between the electrical and mechanical systems whereby
• Some embodiments of the apparatus may include temperature and liquid level sensors that comprise communication pathways between the electrical and mechanical systems for regulating temperature, fluid and pressure levels in the apparatus, for example.
• the interior of the electrolysis apparatus may be pressurized by the height of water above the electrolysis apparatus in the vessel. In some embodiments, the interior of the electrolysis apparatus may be pressurized by the height of the water above the apparatus in the vessel plus the application of additional pressure by external devices such as compressor systems, hydraulic jacks or cylinder and piston systems in a manner roughly analogous to the operation of hyperbaric chambers. In some embodiments the interior of the electrolysis may pressurized substantially only by mechanical devices such as compressor systems, hydraulic jacks or cylinder and piston systems. Some embodiments the electrolysis apparatus comprise one or more fluid communication channels. Water consumed by electrolysis may be replaced by one or more pump systems and supply lines that penetrate the vessel and electrolysis apparatus. Several advantages may be realized among these embodiments.
• the electrolytically produced hydrogen and oxygen may be generated at high pressure in relatively small vessels.
• the electrolysis apparatus may be comprised of relatively thin walls and readily available construction materials, since the pressure on both sides of the electrolysis apparatus may be substantially equal. These embodiments may shift the high pressure containment burden away from the electrolysis apparatus to the fluid tight vessel which can be made from standard high strength plastic or metal materials.
• electrode contacts 3120 emerge from a water containing compartment of a fluid tight vessel 3105 and are external to the vessel 3105.
• This embodiment may have the advantage of making electrical contact with the electrodes in a dry air environment.
• the electrode contacts may emerge from water 3130 in a compartment of the fluid tight vessel 3105 and terminate in the wall of the vessel.
• channels in the walls of the fluid tight vessel may carry the electric leads that are used to make contact with the electrodes and power the electrolysis apparatus.
• the electric leads may include superconducting material.
• an electrolysis apparatus may include at least one impeller 3210 in at least one pipe 3205 that rotates when gas 3215 flows within the at least one pipe; and at least one electric generator that converts rotation of the impeller into electrical power with outputs at 3220 and 3225.
• This embodiment may have the advantage of improving the efficiency of the electrolysis by recovering some of the expended energy from the kinetic energy and momentum of the hydrogen and oxygen gases that are flowing in the gas removal pipes. For example, for equal volumetric flow velocities at equal pressure, approximately 80% of the kinetic energy and momentum of the flowing gases may be contained in an oxygen stream. If the oxygen is not needed as a byproduct of electrolysis, it can be vented to atmosphere through the impeller-generator system and a portion of the kinetic energy in the oxygen stream can be converted to electricity where it can be used for electrolysis.
• Relational terms such as “first” and “second” and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another, without necessarily requiring or implying any actual relationship or order between them.
• the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” and any other variation thereof when used in connection with a list of elements in the specification or claims are intended to indicate that the list is not exclusive and that other elements may be included.
• an element preceded by an “a” or an “an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional elements of the identical type.

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• 2016
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