Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
  • A61F2/16—Intraocular lenses
  • A61F2/1613—Intraocular lenses having special lens configurations, e.g. multipart lenses; having particular optical properties, e.g. pseudo-accommodative lenses, lenses having aberration corrections, diffractive lenses, lenses for variably absorbing electromagnetic radiation, lenses having variable focus
  • A61F2/1654—Diffractive lenses
  • A61F2/1656—Fresnel lenses, prisms or plates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
  • A61F2/16—Intraocular lenses
  • A61F2/1602—Corrective lenses for use in addition to the natural lenses of the eyes or for pseudo-phakic eyes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/0025—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for optical correction, e.g. distorsion, aberration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
  • A61F2/16—Intraocular lenses
  • A61F2/1613—Intraocular lenses having special lens configurations, e.g. multipart lenses; having particular optical properties, e.g. pseudo-accommodative lenses, lenses having aberration corrections, diffractive lenses, lenses for variably absorbing electromagnetic radiation, lenses having variable focus
  • A61F2/1637—Correcting aberrations caused by inhomogeneities; correcting intrinsic aberrations, e.g. of the cornea, of the surface of the natural lens, aspheric, cylindrical, toric lenses
  • A61F2/1645—Toric lenses
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
  • G02C2202/00—Generic optical aspects applicable to one or more of the subgroups of G02C7/00
  • G02C2202/10—Optical elements and systems for visual disorders other than refractive errors, low vision
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
  • G02C2202/00—Generic optical aspects applicable to one or more of the subgroups of G02C7/00
  • G02C2202/22—Correction of higher order and chromatic aberrations, wave front measurement and calculation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
  • G02C7/00—Optical parts
  • G02C7/02—Lenses; Lens systems ; Methods of designing lenses
  • G02C7/04—Contact lenses for the eyes

Definitions

• AMOLNS.055A3P1 /281 10U8L PATENT FRES1NEL PIGGYBACK INTRAOCULAR LENS THAT IMPROVES OVERALL VISION WHERE THERE IS A LOCAL LOSS OF RETINAL FUNCTION
• This disclosure generally relates to using an intraocular lens to improve overall vision where there is a local loss of retinal function (e.g., loss of central vision due to a central scotoma), and more particularly to using an intraocular lens to focus light incident at oblique angles on the patient's eye onto a location of the peripheral retina.
• a local loss of retinal function e.g., loss of central vision due to a central scotoma
• AMD age-related macular degeneration
• Other retinal disorders affect younger patients. Examples of such diseases include Stargardt disease and Best disease.
• retinitis pigmentosa produces an initial degradation of central vision.
• a patient with AMD suffers from, a loss of vision in the central visual field due to damage to the retina.
• Patients with AMD rely on their peripheral vision for accomplishing daily activities.
• a major cause of AMD is retinal detachment which can occur due to accumulation of cellular debris between the retina and the vascular layer of the eye (also referred to as "choroid") or due to growth of blood vessels from the choroid behind the retina.
• damage to the macula can be arrested with the use of medicine and/or laser treatment if detected early. If the degradation of the retina can be halted a sustained vision benefit can be obtained with an IOL. For patients with continued degradation in the retina a vision benefit is provided at least for a time.
• Ophthalmic devices that magnify images on the retina can be used to improve vision in patients suffering from AMD.
• Such ophthalmic devices can include a high optical power loupe or a telescope, intraocular lenses (lOLs) that magnify images on the retina can also be implanted to improve vision in patients suffering from AMD.
• lOLs intraocular lenses
• Such lOLs are based on a telescopic effect and can magnify images between about 1.3 times and about 2.5 times, which will improve resolution at the cost of a reduced visual field.
• lOLs may not provide increased contrast sensitivity
• Various embodiments disclosed herein include ophthalmic devices (such as, for example, lOLs, contact lenses, etc.) that take into consideration the retinal structure and image processing capabilities of the peripheral retina to improve vision in patients suffering from AMD.
• the ophthalmic devices described herein can be lightweight and compact.
• Various embodiments of the ophthalmic devices described herein can focus incident light in a region around the fovea, such that a patient can move the eye and choose a direction that provides the best vision.
• the embodiments of the ophthalmic devices described herein can focus image at the preferred area of the peripheral retina as well as correct for optical errors occurring in the image formed in the area of the peripheral retina due to optical effects such as oblique astigmatism and coma.
• the improvement in the peripheral vision brought about from correcting the optical errors in the image formed at a location of the peripheral retina can help in development of a preferred area of the peripheral retina.
• the embodiments described herein are directed to ophthalmic lenses, such as an lOL, and a system and method relating to providing ophthalmic lenses that can improve visual acuity and/or contrast sensitivity when there is a loss of central vision by focusing incident light onto an area on the peripheral retina around the fovea or at a region of the peripheral retina where vision is best.
• ophthalmic lenses can include spheric/aspheric refractive surfaces, refractive structures such as prisms and diffractive structures such as gratings to focus incident light onto a region of the peripheral retina around the fo ea.
• the lens includes an optic with a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface.
• the optic together with a cornea and an existing lens in the patient's eye is configured to improve image quality of an image produced by light incident on the patient's eye in an angular range between about 1 degree and about 50 degrees with respect to the optical axis and focused at a peripheral retinal location disposed at a distance from the fovea.
• One or both of the first or the second surface can be faceted.
• a curvature of the first surface and a curvature of the second surface can be configured such that the optic has an optical power that is substantially 0 Diopter.
• a difference in the curvatures between the first and the second surface can be less than 10,0 mm "1 , such that the optical power of the optic is substantially 0 Diopter,
• the curvatures of the first and the second surface can be configured such that the optical power of the optic is less than 0.25 Diopter (e.g., less than 0.2 Diopter, less than 0.1 Diopter or values there between).
• the optic can be configured to improve the image quality by reducing coma and/or oblique astigmatism at the peripheral retinal location.
• the optic can be configured to improve image quality of an image produced by light incident on the patient's eye in an angular range between about 5 degrees and about 30 degrees with respect to the optical axis.
• One or both of the first or the second surface of the optic can be a toric surface, an aspheric, a higher order aspheric surface, an aspheric Zernike surface or a Biconic Zernike.
• a thickness of the optic can vary about a periphery of the optic.
• the image produced by the combination of the optic, the cornea and the existing lens can have a modulation transfer function (MTF) of at, least, 0.3 for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about, 550 nanometers for both the tangential and the sagittal foci at, the peripheral retinal location.
• the image produced by the optic has a modulation transfer function (MTF) of at, least, 0.5 for a spatial frequency of 100 cycles/mm at, a wavelength of about 550 nanometers for both the tangential and the sagittal foci at, the fovea.
• a thickness of the optic along an optica! axis that intersects the first and the second surface can be between about 0.1 mm and about 0.9 mm.
• the optic can be symmetric or asymmetric about the optical axis.
• the optic can be configured as a Fresnel lens.
• the optic can be configured to be implanted between the iris and the existing lens.
• the optic can be configured to be implanted in the sulcus.
• the existing lens can be configured to provide foveal vision.
• the optic can include diffractive features or prismatic features.
• Another aspect of the subject matter disclosed in this disclosure can be implemented in a method of selecting an intraocular lens (IOL) configured to be implanted in a patient's eye.
• the method comprises obtaining at least one characteristic of the patient's eye using a diagnostic instrument; and selecting an IOL having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, wherein one or both of the first and the second surface have an asphericity that reduces optical errors in an image produced at a peripheral retinal location of the patient's eye disposed at a distance from the fovea.
• the image is produced by focusing light incident on the patient's eye in an angular range between about 1 degree and about 50 degrees with respect to an optical axis intersecting the patient's eye by a combination of the optic, an existing lens and the patient's cornea.
• At least one of the first or the second surface is faceted, and a. curvature of the first surface and a curvature of the second surface are configured such that the IOL has an optical power that is substantially 0 Diopter.
• the curvatures of the first and the second surface can be configured such that the optical power of the IOL is less than 0.25 Diopter (e.g., less than 0.2 Diopter, less than 0.1 Diopter or values there between),
• the obtained characteristic can include axial length along the optical axis of the patient's eye and corneal power.
• the obtained characteristic can be selected from the group consisting of axial length along the optical axis of the patient's eye, corneal power based at least in part on measurements of topography of the cornea, an axial length along an axis which deviates from the optical axis and intersects the retina at the peripheral retinal location, a shape of the retina, and a measurement of optical errors at the peripheral retinal location.
• the intraocular lens comprises a first zone having an optical axis which intersects the retina of the eye at a location external to the fovea; and a second zone having an optical axis which intersects the retina of the eye at the fovea, wherein the first zone has a power that is greater than the second zone.
• an intraocular lens configured to improve vision where there is a loss of retinal function (e.g., a loss of foveal vision), the intraocular lens comprising: a redirection element configured to redirect incident light along a deflected optical axis which intersects a retina of a user at a preferred retinal locus.
• the redirection element comprises a surface with a slope profile that is tailored such that, in use, the intraocular lens: redirects incident light along the deflected optical axis; focuses the incident light at the preferred retinal locus; and reduces optical wavefront errors, wherein the slope profile is tailored to redirect and focus the incoming rays on the preferred retinal locus.
• the slope profile can be tailored based at least in part on a. solution to an analytical equation that is a function of a distance from the IOL vertex to the original focus ( ), an index of refraction of the IOL ( «;), an index of refraction of the aqueous environment (n aq ), an angle inside the eye to the preferred retinal locus relative to a back vertex of the SOL (a p ), a radial position of the 10L (x), and/or the posterior radius of curvature of the IOL (r), the analytical equation given by the following: wherein
• the slope profile can be tailored based at least in part on an analytical solution to an equation describing an eye of a patient. In some implementations, the slope profile can be tailored based at least in part on simulations performed using ray tracing techniques. In some implementations, the slope profile can be determined analytically using an equation that incorporates an axial length to the preferred retinal locus, an angle of the deflected optical axis relative to an undeflected optical axis, and a radial position of the preferred retinal locus. In various implementations, the slope profile can be tailored using an iterative procedure that adjusts a portion of the slope profile to account for a thickness of the redirection element.
• the redirection element can comprise a plurality of zones. Each zone can have a slope profile that is tailored based at least in part on the solution to an equation (e.g., the analytical equation given above).
• a thickness of the redirection element can be less than or equal to 0.5 mm.
• a curvature of a posterior surface of the intraocular lens is configured to provide a focused image at the fovea of the retina of the patient.
• the redirection element can be a separate, additional surface on the intraocular lens.
• the redirection element can be a ring structure.
• the redirection element can cover a central portion of the intraocular lens.
• the central portion can have a diameter that is greater than or equal to 1.5 mm and less than or equal to 4,5 mm.
• a posterior surface of the intraocular lens can include the redirection element, and an anterior surface of the intraocular lens can include a second redirection element comprising a plurality of zones, each zone having a slope.
• a posterior surface and/or an anterior surface of the intraocular lens can be toric, aspheric, higher order aspheric, a Zernilve surface or some other complex surface.
• the posterior surface and/or the anterior surface of the IOL can be configured to reduce astigmatism and coma in the focused image produced at the preferred retinal locus.
• a portion of the IOL can include the redirection element and another portion of the IOL can be devoid of the redirection element.
• the portion of the IOL including the redirection element can have an optical power that is different from the portion of the IOL that is devoid of the redirection element.
• Another aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for improving vision where there is no or reduced fovea! vision using an intraocular lens and a redirection element having a tailored slope profile.
• the method comprising: determining a deflected optical axis which intersects a retina of a user at a preferred retinal locus; calculating a tailored slope profile for the redirection element, the tailored slope profile comprising a plurality of slope values calculated at a corresponding plurality of points on a surface of the intraocular lens; determining optical aberrations at the preferred retinal locus based at least in part on redirecting light using the redirection element with the tailored slope profile; adjusting the slope profile to account, for a thickness of the redirection element; and determining whether a quality of an image produced by the redirection element with the adjusted tailored slope profile is within a targeted range.
• One aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method of using an intraocular lens to improve optical quality at a preferred retinal locus, the method comprising: obtaining an axial length along an optical axis from a cornea to a retina; obtaining an axial length along an axis which deviates from the optical axis and intersects the retina at the preferred retinal locus.
• the method further comprises determining a corneal power based at least in part on measurements of topography of the cornea; estimating an axial position of the intraocular lens wherein the intraocular lens with initial optical properties at the estimated axial position is configured to provide a focused image at a fovea.
• the method further comprises adjusting the initial optical properties of the intraocular lens to provide adjusted optical properties, the adjusted optical properties based at least in part on the axial length along the optical axis, the axial length along the deviated axis to the preferred retinal locus, and the corneal power, wherein the adjusted optical properties are configured to reduce peripheral errors at the preferred retinal location in relation to the intraocular lens with the initial optical properties.
• an ophthalmic device configured to deflect incident light away from the fovea to a desired location of the peripheral retina.
• the device comprises an optical lens including an anterior optical surface configured to receive the incident light, a posterior optical surface through which incident light exits the optical lens and an axis intersecting the anterior surface and posterior surface, the optical lens being rotationallv symmetric about the axis.
• the device further comprises an optical component disposed adjacent the anterior or the posterior surface of the optical lens, the optical component having a surface with a refractive index profile that is asymmetric about the axis.
• an ophthalmic device comprising an optical lens including an anterior optical surface configured to receive the incident light, a posterior optical surface through which incident light exits the optical lens and an optical axis intersecting the anterior surface and posterior surface.
• the device further comprises an optical component disposed adjacent the anterior or the posterior surface of the optical lens, the optical component including a diffracti ve element, wherein the optical component is configured to deflect incident light away from the fovea to a desired location of the peripheral retina.
• One aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an ophthalmic lens configured to improve vision for a patient's eye.
• the lens comprises an optic with a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface.
• the optic together with a cornea and an existing lens in the patient's eye is configured to improve image quality of an image produced by light incident on the patient's eye at an oblique angle with respect to the optical axis and focused at a peripheral retinal location disposed at a distance from the fovea.
• the image quality is improved by reducing oblique astigmatism at the peripheral retinal location.
• the image quality can also be improved by reducing coma at the peripheral retinal location.
• the oblique angle can be between about 1 degree and about 25 degrees.
• the peripheral retinal location can be disposed at an eccentricity of about 1 degree to about 25 degrees with respect to the fovea, in the horizontal or the vertical plane.
• the peripheral retinal location can he disposed at an eccentricity between about 7 degrees and about 13 degrees in the horizontal plane.
• the peripheral retinal location can be disposed at an eccentricity between about 1 degree and about 10 degrees in the vertical plane.
• At least one of the surfaces of the optic can be aspheric.
• At least one of the surfaces of the optic can be a toric surface, a higher order aspheric surface, an aspheric Zernike surface or a Biconic Zernike surface.
• the lenses can be configured as Fresnel lenses that include a plurality of grooves.
• one or more surfaces of the lenses can be faceted in discrete steps.
• An image formed by the combination of the optic, an existing lens in the patient's eye and the cornea at, the peripheral retinal location can have a modulation transfer function (MTF) of at least 0.2 (e.g., at least 0.3, at least, 0.4, at least 0.5.
• MTF modulation transfer function
• An image formed by the combination of the optic, an existing lens in the patient's eye and the cornea at the fovea can have a MTF of at least 0.2 (e.g., at least 0.3, at least, 0.4, at least 0.5. at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9 or values there between) for a spatial frequency of 100 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nanometer for both the tangential and the sagittal foci.
• the optic has an optical axis that intersects the first and the second surface.
• a thickness of the optic along the optical axis can be between about 0.1 mm and about 0.9 mm. In various implementations, a thickness of the optic along its periphery (or edge thickness) can vary and is not constant.
• the optic can be symmetric or asymmetric about the optical axis.
• the optic can be configured to be implanted between the iris and the existing lens.
• the existing lens can be configured to provide good image quality at the fovea.
• both the surfaces of the optic can be concave or convex.
• one surface can be convex and the other can be concave.
• one surface can be convex or concave and the other can be planar.
• the optic can include diffractive features, prismatic features, echelletes, etc.
• Another aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method of designing an optic configured to be implanted in a patient's eye.
• the method comprises determining a surface profile of a first surface of the optic and determining a surface profile of a second surface of the optic.
• the first and second surfaces of the optic can be configured such that the optic has an optical power that reduces optical errors in an image produced at a peripheral retinal location disposed at a distance from the fovea.
• the image can be produced by focusing light incident on the patient's eye at an oblique angle with respect to an optical axis intersecting the patient's eye at the peripheral retinal location by a combination of the optic, an existing lens and a patient's cornea,
• the optical power of the optic that reduces optical errors at the peripheral retinal location can be obtained from a measurement of an axial length along an axis which deviates from, the optical axis and intersects the retina at the peripheral retinal location.
• the optical power of the optic that reduces optical errors at the peripheral retinal location can be obtained from an estimate of an axial length along an axis which deviates from the optical axis and intersects the retina at the peripheral retinal location, the estimate based on measured ocular characteristics of the patient obtained using a diagnostic instrument.
• the measured ocular characteristics can include axial length along the optical axis, corneal power based at least in pari, on measurements of topography of the cornea, pre-operative refractive power and other parameters.
• the image produced at the peripheral retina] location can have reduced peripheral astigmatism and/or coma.
• Another aspect of the subject matter disclosed herein can be implemented in a method of selecting an intraocular lens (IOL).
• the method comprises obtaining at least one characteristic of the patient's eye using a diagnostic instrument; and selecting an IOL having an optical power that reduces optical errors in an image produced at a peripheral retinal location of the patient's eye disposed at a distance from the fovea.
• the image is produced by focusing light incident on the patient's eye at an oblique angle with respect to an optical axis intersecting the patient's eye at the peripheral retinal location by a combination of the optic, an existing lens and the patient's cornea.
• the optical power of the K)L is calculated and/or optimized based on the obtained characteristic.
• the image can have reduced coma and/or astigmatism.
• the oblique angle can be between about 1 degree and about 25 degrees.
• the IOL can be configured such that the image has a modulation transfer function (MTF) of at least 0.2 for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for both tangential and sagittal foci.
• MTF modulation transfer function
• the obtained characteristic can include at least one of axial length along the optical axis of the patient's eye, corneal power based at least in part on measurements of topography of the cornea, an axial length along an axis which deviates from the optical axis and intersects the retina at the peripheral retinal location, a shape of the retina or a measurement of optical errors at the peripheral retinal location.
• the optical power can be obtained from an estimate of an axial length along an axis which deviates from the optical axis and intersects the retina at the peripheral retinal location.
• the estimate can be based on the axial length along the optical axis of the patient's eye and corneal power.
• At least one of the surfaces of the first, viewing element or the second viewing element can be a toric surface, an aspheric surface, a higher order aspheric surface, an aspheric Zernike surface, or a Biconie Zernike surface.
• the first viewing element of the second viewing element can be configured as a Fresnel lens.
• one or both surfaces of the first or the second viewing element can be linear, spherical, toric, aspheric or a Zernike surface and can include a plurality of grooves to form a faceted surface.
• the spacing and the depth of the plurality of grooves can be configured such that that either (i) the height of the facets does not exceed a threshold and the height of the facets is reset to zero if the height exceeds the threshold, or b) the height of the facets is reset to zero at certain intervals.
• At least one of the surfaces of the first viewing element or the second viewing element can include a redirecting element.
• the redirecting element can have a tailored slope profile as discussed herein.
• the redirecting element can include a diffractive feature and/or a prismatic feature.
• an intraocular device e.g, an intraocular lens, an ophthalmic solution, a laser ablation pattern, etc.
• the device can be configured to improve visual acuity and contrast sensitivity for patients with AMD through correction of the optical errors for the still healthy retina that the patient uses for viewing.
• the device can be configured to correct peripheral errors of the retina with or without providing added magnification.
• the device can be configured to correct peripheral errors of the retina either without field loss or in combination with magnification.
• the device can be configured to include a near vision zone.
• the device can be configured to include multiple optical zones with add power.
• the device is configured to focus light incident in a large patch including a plurality of angles of incidence is focused in a relatively small area of the retina such that the image has sufficient contrast sensitivity.
• light incident from a plurality of angles of incidence are focused by the device as an extended horizontal reading zone above or below the fovea.
• light incident from a plurality of angles of incidence are focused by the device in an area surrounding the fovea and extending upto the full extent of the peripheral visual field.
• the device is configured to provide sufficient contrast sensitivity for light focused at the fovea for patients with early stages of macular degeneration.
• Various implementations of the device can include a redirection element, that is configured to redirect incident light towards a peripheral retinal location.
• Various implementations of the device can include symmetric lenses surfaces with aspheric surfaces.
• Various implementations of the device can include asymmetric lenses surfaces with aspheric surfaces.
• Various implementations of the device can include asymmetric/symmetric lenses surfaces with aspheric surfaces having curvatures such that when implanted in the eye a distance between the anterior surface of the lens and the pupil is between 2 mm and about 4 mm and the image formed at a peripheral retinal location at an eccentricity between 7 - 13 degrees has an average MTF greater than 0.2 for a spatial frequency of about 30 cycles/mm.
• the device can include higher order aspheric terms
• the device can include a symmetric optical element with a first surface and a second surface intersected by an optical axis.
• the thickness of the device along the optical axis can vary between 0.5 mm and about 2.0 mm.
• the first and the second surfaces can be aspheric.
• the aspheric surfaces can include higher order aspheric terms.
• the device can be configured as a piggyback lens that can be provided in addition to an existing lens that is configured to provide good foveal vision.
• the piggyback lens can be symmetric or asymmetric.
• the piggyback lens can be configured to be implanted in the sulcus or in the capsular bag in front of the existing lens.
• the piggyback lens can be configured as a Fresnel lens having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface.
• At least one of the first or the second surface can include a plurality of grooves, in implementations of a piggyback lens configured as a Fresnel lens, the first and/or the second surface can be linear, spherical, aspheric, higher order aspheric, toric or a Zernike surface.
• Piggyback lenses configured as Fresnel lenses as described herein can advantageously provide the benefits of lenses with higher curvature in a lens which has a. thickness less than 1.5 mm.
• a thickness of piggyback lenses configured as Fresnel lenses can be between about 0.2 mm and about 1.0 mm, between about 0.3 mm and about 0.9 mm, between about 0.4 mm and about 0,8 mm, between about 0.5 mm and about 0.7 mm or values there between.
• the piggyback lens can be configured to correct optical errors (e.g., optical errors resulting from oblique incidence of light) at a peripheral retinal location and provide no refractive power correction.
• substantially all the refractive power correction is provided by the existing lens (e.g., natural lens or the intraocular lens) in the eye.
• the piggyback lens can have zero (0) refractive optical power and be configured to correct optical errors (e.g., higher order optical errors such as, for example, coma, astigmatism, defocus, etc.) at the peripheral retinal location.
• piggyback lenses described herein can be different from conventional piggyback lenses that are configured to provide refractive power correction.
• Various implementations of the piggyback lenses described herein e.g., asymmetric piggyback lens, symmetric piggyback lens, symmetric Fresnel piggyback lens, etc.
• asymmetric piggyback lens, symmetric piggyback lens, symmetric Fresnel piggyback lens, etc. that are configured to provide little to no refractive optical power can have surfaces with radius of curvature that is zero (0) or close to zero (0).
• implementations of the piggyback lenses described herein e.g., asymmetric piggyback lens, symmetric piggyback lens, symmetric Fresnel piggyback lens, etc.
• that are configured to provide little to no refractive optical power can have surfaces whose curvatures are configured to provide substantially no optical power.
• the curvatures of the first and/or the second surface can be configured such that the optical power of the piggyback lens is less than 0.25 Diopters (e.g., less than 0.2 Diopters, less than 0.1 Diopters or values there between).
• a piggyback lens having a first surface with a first curvature and a second surface with a second curvature can provide zero (0) or substantially zero (0) optical power if the first and the second curvature are identical or if a difference between the first and the second curvature is small.
• various implementations of piggyback lenses discussed herein can be configured such that a difference between the curvature of the first surface and the curvature of the second surface is less than 10.0 mm “1 (e.g., less than 5.0 mm “ 1 , less than 1 ,0 mm “1 , less than 0.5 mm “1 , less than 0.2 mm “ ', less than 0, 1 mm “1 , less than 0.01 nim " ! , less than 0,001 mm “ 'or values there between) such that the piggyback lens has substantially no optical power (e.g., less than 0.25 Diopter, less than 0.2 Diopter, less than 0.1 Diopter or values there between).
• the first, and the second surface can have high asphericity to correct optical errors at the peripheral retinal location,
• the device can be configured as a dual optic intraocular lens having a first lens and a second lens.
• One or both surfaces of the first and the second lens can be aspheric.
• one or both surfaces of the first and the second lens can include higher order aspheric terms.
• the optic proximal to the closer to the cornea can have a high positive power and can be configured to be moved either axially in response to ocular forces to provide accommodation.
• the refractive power provided by optic can be changed in response to ocular forces. The change in the refractive power can be brought about through axial movement or change in the shape of the optic.
• Various implementations of the device described herein can include a gradient index lens.
• One or more surfaces of the optics included in various implementations of the device described herein can be diffractive to provide near vision.
• the optical zones of various implementations of the device described herein can be split for different retinal eccentricities.
• FIG. 1 Another aspect of the subject matter disclosed herein includes a power calculation diagnostic procedure that measures corneal topography, eye length, retinal curvature, peripheral eye length, pupil position, capsular position, or any combination thereof in order to determine characteristic of the intraocular lens device that improves visual acuity and contrast sensitivity for patients with central visual field loss.
• implementations of intraocular devices described herein can include one or more optics with a large optical zone. The implementations of intraocular devices described herein are configured to focus obliquely incident light in a location of the peripheral retina at an eccentricity between about 5 - 25 degrees (e.g., eccentricity of 10 degrees, eccentricity of 15 degrees, eccentricity of 20 degrees, etc.).
• various implementations of the intraocular device can be configured to focus incident light at the PRL.
• the implementations of intraocular device described herein can help in the formation of the PRL.
• This disclosure also contemplates the use of diagnostic devices to determine a region of the peripheral retina which provides the best vision, determining the power of the intraocular device at various locations within the region of the peripheral retina and determining an intraocular device that would correct optical errors including defocus, astigmatism, coma, spherical aberration, chromatic aberration (longitudinal and transverse) at, the region of the peripheral retina.
• diagnostic devices to determine a region of the peripheral retina which provides the best vision
• different figures of merit can be used to characterize the optical performance of different configurations of the intraocular device and the intraocular device that provides the best performance can be selected.
• the different figures of merit can include MTF at spatial
• the methods and systems disclosed herein can also be used to customize K)Ls based on the geometry of a patient's retina, the extent of retinal degeneration and the geometry and condition of other structures in the patient's eye.
• Various embodiments described herein can also treat other conditions of the eye such as cataract and correct for presbyopia, myopia and/or astigmatism in addition to improving visual acuity and/or contrast sensitivity of peripheral vision.
• the methods and systems described herein to focus incident light at a region of the peripheral retina around the fovea can also be applied to spectacle lenses, contact lenses, or ablation patterns for laser surgeries (e.g., LASIK procedures).
• FIG. I is a diagram illustrating the relevant structures and distances of the human eye.
• FIG. 2 illustrates different regions of the retina around the fovea
• FIG. 3A - 3D illustrate simulated vision with a central scotoma along with ophthalmic device embodiments.
• a ray diagram lies to the right of each simulation.
• FIG. 4A is a diagram of an eye implanted with an intraocular lens that deflects incident light to a preferred retinal location (PRL).
• FIG. 4B illustrates an image obtained by a PRL diagnostic device.
• FIG. 5 A illustrates an implementation of a symmetric piggyback lens that can be placed in addition to an existing lens in the eye of a patient suffering from AMD.
• FIG. 5B illustrates an implementation of an asymmetric piggyback lens that can be placed in addition to an existing lens in the eye of a patient suffering from AMD.
• FIG. 5C-1 illustrates the surface profile of an implementation of the piggyback lens having a first surface sag.
• FIG. 5C-2 illustrates the surface profile of an implementation of the piggyback lens having a second surface sag.
• FIG. 5D shows a cross-section view of an eye with a central scotoma at the fovea and implanted with an implementation of an optic.
• FIG. 5D-1 and FIG. 5D-2 illustrate regions of peripheral retina where the optic can improve image quality.
• FIG. 5E graphically illustrates the variation in image quality versus eccentricity for an implementation of an optic configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retinal location and an optic configured to improve image quality at the fovea.
• FIG. 6A illustrates a computer simulation model of an asymmetric optic that is configured as a piggyback lens that is optically coupled with an existing lens in the eye of a patient.
• FIG. 6B-1 shows the modulation transfer function for an IOL that provides good foveal vision at an eccentricity of 10 degrees.
• FIG. 6B-2 shows the modulation transfer function provided by the asymmetric optic in conjunction with the existing lens and cornea at an eccentricity of 10 degrees.
• FIGS. 7A-1 - 7A-6 illustrate implementations of a surface having the same curvature and different height difference between a center of the surface and the edges of the surface.
• FIG. 7B-1 illustrates a computer simulation model of a Fresnel piggyback lens that is optically coupled with an existing lens in the eye of a patient.
• FIG. 7B-2 illustrates an implementation of the Fresnel piggyback lens.
• FIG. 7C-1 shows the modulation transfer function provided by the Fresnel piggyback lens in conjunction with an existing lens and cornea at an eccentricity of 10 degrees.
• FIG. 7C-2 shows the modulation transfer function provided by a piggyback lens including a symmetric non-Fresnel optic in conjunction with an existing lens and cornea at an eccentricity of 10 degrees.
• FIG. 7D shows the modulation transfer function at an eccentricity of 10 degrees provided by a symmetric Fresnel piggyback lens in conjunction with cornea and an existing lens that is pushed back toward the retina by about 2.0 mm during the implantation of the piggyback lens.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example IOL design system for determining properties of an intraocular lens configured to improve overall vision where there is a loss of central vision.
• FIG. 9 illustrates parameters used to determine an optical power of an IOL based at least in part on a location of a PRL in a patient.
• FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B illustrate implementations of a method for determining an optical power of an IOL tailored to improve peripheral vision.
• optical power or “optical power” are used herein to indicate the ability of a lens, an optic, an optical surface, or at least a portion of an optical surface, to focus incident light for the purpose of forming a real or virtual focal point.
• Optical power may result from reflection, refraction, diffraction, or some combination thereof and is generally expressed in units of Diopters,
• the optical power of a surface, lens, or optic is generally equal to the retractive index of the medium (n) of the medium that surrounds the surface, lens, or optic divided by the focal length of the surface, lens, or optic, when the focal length is expressed in units of meters.
• the angular ranges that are provided for eccentricity of the peripheral retinal location in this disclosure refer to the visual field angle in object space between an object with a corresponding retinal image on the fovea and an object with a corresponding retinal image on a peripheral retinal location.
• FIG. I is a schematic drawing of a human eye 200.
• Light enters the eye from the left of FIG. 1 , and passes through the cornea 250, the anterior chamber 220, a pupil defined by the iris 230, and enters lens 240. After passing through the lens 240, light passes through the vitreous chamber 250, and strikes the retina, which detects the light and converts it to a signal transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain (not shown).
• the eye 200 is intersected by an optical axis 280.
• the optical axis 280 can correspond to an imaginary line passing through the midpoint of the visual field to the fovea 260.
• the visual field can refer to the area that is visible to the eye in a given position.
• the cornea 210 has corneal thickness (CT), which is the distance between the anterior and posterior surfaces of the center of the cornea 210.
• the corneal center of curvature 275 can coincide with geometric center of the eye 200.
• the anterior chamber 220 has an anterior chamber depth (ACD), which is the distance between the posterior surface of the cornea 210 and the anterior surface of the lens 240.
• the lens 240 has lens thickness (LT) which is the distance between the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens 240.
• the eye has an axial length (AXL) which is the distance between the center of the anterior surface of the cornea 210 and the fovea 260 of the retina. where the image is focused.
• the LT and AXL vary in eyes with normal accommodation depending on whether the eye is focused on near or far objects.
• the anterior chamber 220 is filled with aqueous humor, and optically communicates through the lens 240 with the vitreous chamber 250.
• the vitreous chamber 250 is filled with vitreous humor and occupies the largest volume in the eye.
• the average adult eye has an ACD of about 3.15 mm, although the ACD typically shallows by about 0.01 mm per year. Further, the ACD is dependent on the accommodative state of the lens, i.e., whether the lens 240 is focusing on an object that is near or far.
• FIG. 2 illustrates different regions of the retina around the fovea 260.
• the retina includes a macular region 207.
• the macular region 207 has two areas: central and peripheral. Light focused on the central area contributes to central vision and light focused on the peripheral area contributes to peripheral vision.
• the central region is used to view objects with higher visual acuity, and the peripheral region is used for viewing large objects and for capturing information about objects and activities in the periphery, which are useful for activities involving motion and detection.
• the macular region 207 is approximately 5.5 mm in diameter.
• the center of the macular region 207 is approximately 3.5 mm lateral to the edge of the optic disc 205 and approximately 1 mm inferior to the center of the optic disc 205.
• the shallow depression in the center of the macula region 207 is the fovea 260,
• the fovea 260 has a horizontal dimension (diameter) of approximately 1 .5 mm.
• the curved wall of the depression gradually slopes to the floor which is referred to as the foveola 262.
• the diameter of the foveola 262 is approximately 0.35 mm.
• the annular zone surrounding the fovea 260 can be divided into an inner parafoveal area 264 and an outer perifoveal area 266.
• the width of the parafoveal area 264 is 0.5 mm and of the perifoveal area 266 is 1.5 mm.
• the visual outcome for patients suffering from AMD can be improved if optical errors resulting from oblique incidence of light or coma are corrected.
• a portion of the peripheral retina around the fovea may have has greater visual acuity and contrast sensitivity compared to other portions of the peripheral retina. This portion is referred to as the preferred retinal location (PRL).
• PRL preferred retinal location
• the visual outcome for such patients may be improved if incident light were focused at the PRL and the ophthalmic solutions corrected for optical errors at the PRL. This is explained in detail below.
• FIG. 3A illustrates the simulated view of a smart phone viewed with the aid of a magnifying glass by a patient with a central scotoma.
• the effect of the magnifying glass is to reduce the object distance and enlarge the size of the image formed on the retina such that it, overlaps with a portion of the peripheral retina around the fovea.
• FIG. 3C shows the simulated view of a smart phone viewed by a patient implanted with a standard IOL and who also suffers from AMD.
• FIG. 3B and 3C illustrates that the smart phone screen appears more blurry when viewed by a patient implanted with a standard IOL due to the increase in peripheral errors.
• FIG. 3D illustrates a simulated view of a smart phone viewed using eccentric fixation to focus light from the smart phone screen to a position on the peripheral retina located about 12.5 degrees away from the fovea. Since, the image formed at the position on the peripheral retina is formed by light that is obliquely incident on the eye, optical errors arising from the oblique incidence of light may degrade the visual quality. Accordingly, ophthalmic solutions that can correct optical errors arising from oblique incidence of light may benefit AMD patients who rely on eccentric fixation to view objects.
• FIG. 4A is a diagram of the eye 200 implanted with an IOL 295 that deflects incident light away from the fovea 260 to the PRL 290.
• the PRL 290 is at a distance less than or equal to about 3.0 mm from the fovea 260.
• the IOL 295 can be configured to deflect incident light by an angle between about 3.0 degrees and up to about 30 degrees such that it is focused at a preferred location within a region at a distance of about 3.0 mm around the fovea 260.
• the IOL 295 can be customized for a patient by determining the PRL for each patient and then configuring the IOL 295 to deflect incident light such that it is focused at, the PRL.
• the method to find the PRL of any patient is based on Perimetry.
• One perimetry method to locate the PRL is Goldmann Perimetry.
• the perimetry method to locate the PRL includes measuring the visual field of a patient. For example, the patient can be asked to fixate on a cross and flashes of lights are presented at various parts in the field and the responses are recorded. From the recorded responses, a map of how sensitive the peripheral retina is can be created. The patient can be trained to consistently use the healthy and more sensitive portions of the retina.
• the perimetry method can be further enhanced by microperirnetry, as used by e.g. the Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA) device, where the retina is tracked in order to place the stimuli consistently and eye movement are accounted for.
• MAIA Macular Integrity Assessment
• the PRL can also be located subjectively, by asking the patient to fixate as they want into an OCT-SLO instrument.
• the instrument can obtain one or more images of the retina and determine which portions of retina are used more than the other.
• One method of determining the portions of retina that are used more includes imposing the parts of fixation onto an image of the retina.
• the OCT-SILO instrument can also be used to obtain normal images of the retina.
• FIG. 4B illustrates an image obtained using the perimetry method and the fixation method.
• FIG. 4B shows a photograph of the retina with a central scotoma 415.
• the red-yellow-orange dots in the region marked 405 are the results of the perimetry.
• Perimetry results indicate that spots closer to the scotoma 415 perform worse that spots farther away from the scotoma 415.
• the many small teal dots in the region marked 410 are the fixation points, and the lighter teal point 420 is the average of the dots in the region 410.
• the PRL can be located at either point 420 or one some of the yellow points 425a - 425d. Accordingly, an IOL 295 can be configured to focus an image at one of the points 420 or 425a - 425d.
• the determination of the PRL for a patient having both cataract and AMD can be made by methods other than the methods described above,
• Optical pow r er calculation for an IOL configured for fovea! vision is based on measuring eye length and corneal power.
• power calculation for an IOL that focuses objects in an area around a peripheral retinal location offset from the fovea can depend on the curvature of the retina as well as the oblique astigmatism and coma that is associated with the oblique incidence of light in addition to the eye length and the corneal power.
• Optical power calculation for an IOL that, focuses objects in an area around a peripheral retinal location can also depend on the position of the IOL with respect to the iris and an axial length along an axis which deviates from the optical axis and intersects the retina at the peripheral retinal location
• 77 sensors illuminate a small patch of the PRL using lasers and evaluate how the light reflected and coming out of the eye is shaped through an array of micro-lenses. For example, if the light coming out of the eye is converging, the patient is myopic at the PRL,.
• the natural lens 240 can be removed and replaced with the IOL 295, or implanted in the eye 200 in addition to another IOL placed previously or at the same time as the IOL 295.
• the IOL 295 can be implanted in the eye 200 in addition to the natural lens 240.
• the IOL 295 is implanted in the capsular bag.
• the IOL 295 is placed as close to the retina as possible.
• the IOL 295 can be implanted within the capsular bag in front of another IOL or in front, of the capsular bag.
• the IOL 295 can be configured as an iris, sulcus or anterior chamber implant or a corneal implant.
• the visual outcome at a peripheral retinal location is poor as compared to the fovea] visual due to a decreased density of ganglion cells at the peripheral retinal location and/or optical errors and artifacts that arise due to oblique incidence of light, (e.g., oblique astigmatism and coma).
• Patients with AMD can receive substantial improvement in their vision when optical errors at the peripheral retinal location are corrected.
• Many of the existing embodiments of lOLs that are configured to improve foveal visual outcome for a patient are not configured to correct for optical aberrations (e.g., coma, oblique astigmatism, etc.) in the image generated at the peripheral retinal location.
• the solutions described herein can be applied to any eccentricity.
• a location that is disposed at a small angle from the fovea can be used as the PRL while in some other patients, a location that is disposed at an angle of about 30 degrees from the fovea can be used as the PRL.
• Various embodiments of the lOLs disclosed herein are configured to focus light at a location on the peripheral retina to produce good quality images, for example, images produced at the location on the peripheral retina can have a qualify that is substantially similar to the quality of images produced at the fovea.
• the images produced at the location on the peripheral retina by the lOLs disclosed herein can have reduced artifacts from optical effects such as oblique astigmatism, coma, or other higher order aberrations.
• Other embodiments are based on the fact that the location on the peripheral retina is not used in the same way as the fovea.
• the retinal area of interest can cover areas where the refraction differs substantially due to differences e.g. in retinal curvature and oblique astigmatism.
• Various embodiments of lOLs described herein can be used to direct and/or focus light entering the eye along different directions at different locations of the retina. Simulation results and ray diagrams are used to describe the image forming capabilities of the embodiments described herein.
• an IOL refers to an optical component that is implanted into the eye of a patient.
• the IOL comprises an optic, or clear portion, for focusing light, and may also include one or more haptics that are attached to the optic and serve to position the optic in the eye between the pupil and the retina along an optical axis.
• the hap tic can couple the optic to zonular fibers of the eye.
• the optic has an anterior surface and a posterior surface, each of which can have a particular shape that contributes to the refractive properties of the IOL.
• the optic can be characterized by a shape factor that depends on the radius of curvature of the anterior and posterior surfaces and the refractive index of the material of the optic.
• the optic can include cylindrical, aspheric, toric, or surfaces with a slope profile configured to redirect light away from the optical axis and/or a tight focus.
• a piggyback solution in which a piggyback IOL is placed in addition to an existing lens.
• Some reasons for considering a piggyback solution are as follows: (i) for some patients with AMD, a cataract surgery using a standard IOL can itself bring substantial benefits. It is therefore possible that an eye care professional (e.g., a surgeon) would want to first try a standard IOL that provides good foveal correction for a patient with AMD, and then consider providing additional correction with a piggyback lens if the visual outcome provided by the standard IOL of the is not satisfactory; (ii) while comorbidity of AMD and cataract is relatively common, a large group of patients can develop AMD long after cataract surgery.
• a standard IOL that provides good foveal vision may be already implanted in such patient's eye. Such patients may benefit from being implanted with an additional piggyback lens that improves the visual outcome at one or more locations of the peripheral retina; (iii) the number of stock keeping units of piggyback lenses can be smaller since the power range provided by piggyback lenses is smaller than for primary IOL implantation.
• piggyback lenses have optical power between about -5 Diopters to about 5 Diopter while a primary IOL can have optical power between 5 - 34 Diopters,
• the quality of an image generated by light that is incident obliquely on the eye of the patient and focused at a peripheral location on the retina can be improved by providing a piggyback lens in addition to an existing lens in the eye.
• the existing lens can be an IOL (e.g., standard IOL) that, provides good foveal vision and/or the natural lens.
• the piggyback lens can be placed between the pupil and the existing lens.
• the piggyback lens can be fitted onto an existing IOL, inserted into the capsular bag of the eye of the patient in front of an existing IOL and'or the natural lens, or inserted between the iris and the capsular bag into the sulcus.
• the piggyback lens can be configured as a multifocal lens with different optical zones providing different add power.
• the piggyback lens can include filters and/or coatings to absorb short wavelengths that can damage the retina further.
• the implementations of piggyback lenses described in this disclosure include an optic that can correct either lower order errors (e.g. sphere and cylinder), higher order aberrations (e.g., coma, trefoil) or both resulting from the oblique incidence of light in the image formed at a location of the peripheral retina.
• the implementations of piggyback lenses described in this disclosure can also configured to correct for peripheral astigmatism arising from the o blique incidence of light in the image formed at a location of the peripheral retina.
• the optic included in the implementations of piggyback lens described herein has a first surface facing the cornea and a second surface opposite the first surface and facing the retina.
• the optic is associated with an optical axis that passes through the geometrical center of the optic and joins the centers of curvature of the first and second surfaces.
• Various implementations of the piggyback lenses described herein can include optics that are symmetric about the optical axis such that the image quality in a region around the optical axis is uniform.
• optics that are asymmetric about the optical axis such that the image quality in a particular location with respect to the optical axis is better than the image quality at a different location
• the first and/or the second surface can be spheric, aspheric, biconic, conic, toric, etc.
• the first and/or the second surface can be described mathematically by a polynomial function in either Cartesian or polar coordinates.
• the first and/or the second surface can be mathematically described by a. polynomial function represented by equation (1) below:
• z is the sag of the surface
• c is the curvature of the surface
• r the radial distance from the optical axis 515
• k the conic constant
• a the aspheric coefficients
• Z are the Zernike polynomials.
• the fifth and sixth Zernike coefficient A$ and At correspond to the astigmatic terms and the seventh and eighth Zernike coefficients A- and A order correspond to the coma term.
• the first and/or second surface can be described by aspheric coefficients including upto eighth order aspheric coefficients, in some implementations, the first and/or second surface can be described by aspheric coefficients including aspheric coefficients with order less than eight (e.g., 2, 4, or 6), In some implementations, the first and/or second surface can be described by aspheric coefficients including aspheric coefficients with order greater than eight (e.g., 10, 12 or 14). Alternatively, the first and/or second surface can be described by up to 34 Zernike polynomial coefficients. In some implementations, the first and/or second surface can be described by less than 34 Zernike coefficients.
• the first and/or second surface can be described by more than 34 Zernike coefficients. Additionally, the first, and or second surface can be described as a combination of these aspheric and Zeraike coefficients.
• Lenses including aspheric surfaces and other complex surfaces are also described in U.S. Application No. 14/644,082, filed on March 10, 2015, titled "INTRAOCULAR LENS THAT IMPROVES OVERALL VISION WHERE THERE IS A. LOCAL LOSS OF RETINAL FUNCTION," Attorney Docket No. AMOLNS.055 A4, which is incorporated, by reference herein in its entirety. Additional implementations of dual optic lenses are also described in U.S. Application No.
• the first and the second surface of the piggyback lens can be configured such that the piggyback lens is a meniscus shaped lens with edges bent towards the existing lens (e.g., standard IOL or the natural lens).
• the first and the second surface of can be configured such that the surface of the piggyback lens adjacent the existing lens (e.g., standard IOL or the natural lens) is convex.
• the surface of the optic of the piggyback lens adjacent the existing lens e.g., standard IOL or the natural lens
• the thickness along the optical axis for various implementations of the optic of the piggyback lenses disclosed herein can be less than 1 .0 mm.
• the thickness of the optic along the optical axis can vary between about 0.25 mm and about 0.4 mm, about 0.3 mm and about 0.5 mm, about 0.4 mm and about 0.6 mm, about, 0.5 mm and about 0.7 mm, about, 0.6 mm and about, 0.8 mm, about, 0.7 mm and about 0.9 mm, about 0.9 mm and about, 1.0 mm, or values therebetween.
• the thickness along the periphery or the edge of the optic can be nonuniform,
• the characteristic of the first and second surface of the optic, the thickness of the optic, etc. can be designed such that the piggyback lens in conjunction with the cornea and the existing lens (e.g., natural lens or standard IOL) can focus light incident on the eye (e.g., at the cornea) at oblique angles (e.g., between about -25 degree and about +25 degrees with respect to the optical axis of the eye) at a location on the peripheral retina around the fovea.
• the piggyback lens in conjunction with the cornea and the existing lens can be configured to focus obliquely incident light of a large patch around a location on the peripheral retina.
• a large patch configuration refers to configuration when the isoplantic patch is large.
• piggyback lenses can be configured such that in conjunction with an existing lens and the cornea, obliquely incident light is focused in an area that is disposed
• the piggyback lens can be configured to provide optical refractive power between about -5.0 Diopter and +5.0 Diopter.
• the piggyback lens can be configured as a multifocus lens capable of providing add power in the range of 0.5 - 3.0 Diopter.
• the piggyback lens in combination with the existing lens can be configured to correct for corneal astigmatism.
• the piggyback lens can be configured to provide astigmatic power between 0.5 Diopter and about 6,0 Dipoters.
• FIGS. 5 A and 5B illustrate different implementations of an optic that is included in a piggyback lens.
• the implementation of optic 500a illustrated in FIG. 5A is symmetric about the optical axis 515, while the implementation of the optic 500b illustrated in FIG. 5B is asymmetric about the optical axis 515.
• the thickness of the optic 500a illustrated in FIG. 5A along the periphery can be uniform or constant.
• the thickness of the optic 500b illustrated in FIG. 5B along the periphery can be non-uniform or not constant.
• piggyback lenses including optics 500a and 500b are configured to be inserted between the pupil/iris of the patient and an existing lens (e.g., a natural lens or a standard IOL).
• the piggyback lenses can be implanted in the capsular bag or the sulcus of the patient's eye.
• the thickness of the optics 500a and 500b is less than 1.0 mm and preferably between about 0.25 mm and about 0.5 mm (e.g., 0.3 mm, 0.35 mm, 0,4 mm, etc.).
• the piggyback lenses can be implanted in the patient's eye such that the optical axis 515 of the optic 500a or 500b is coincident with the optical axis 280 of the patient's eye.
• the piggyback lenses 500a and 500b can be implanted in the patient's eye such that the optical axis 515 of the optic 500a or 500b is offset and/or tilted with respect to the optical axis 280 of the patient's eye.
• the optic 500a and 500b have a first convex surface 505 and a second convex surface 510 opposite the first surface 505. Accordingly, the implementations of the piggyback lenses including optics 500a or 500b can be referred to as a meniscus lens. Although in the illustrated implementations, the first surface 505 and the second surface 510 are convex, in other implementations, the first and/or second surface 505 and 510 can be planar or concave. In various implementations, the optics 500a/500b can be configured as a reversed meniscus, a biconvex lens or a biconcave lens. The shape and curvature of the first and/or second surface 505 and 510 can be selected based on the patient's visual requirements as well the patient's ocular characteristics and the optical and physical characteristics of the existing lens.
• the optics 500a and 500b can be configured such that the refractive properties of optics 500a and 500b can be changed in response to the eye's natural process of accommodation.
• the optics 500a and 500b can comprise a deformable material that can compress or expand in response to ocular forces applied by the capsular bag and'or the ciliary muscles.
• the optics 500a and 500b can be configured to change their shape in response to ocular forces in the range between about 1 gram to about 10 grams, 5 to 10 grams, 1 to 5 grams, about 1 to 3 grams or values therebetween.
• the optics 500a and 500b can comprise materials such as acrylic, silicone, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), block copolymers of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (C-FLEX) or other styrene-base copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polystyrenes, polyurethanes, hydrogels, etc.
• PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
• C-FLEX block copolymers of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene
• PVA polyvinyl alcohol
• polystyrenes polyurethanes
• hydrogels etc.
• the optics 500a and 500b can comprise structures and materials that are described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0013060 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• the piggyback lenses 500a and 500b can be provided with a haptic that holds the piggyback lens in place when implanted in the eye.
• the haptic can comprise a biocompatible material that is suitable to engage the capsular bag of the eye, the iris 230, the sulcus and/or the ciliary muscl es of the eye.
• the haptic can comprise materials such as acrylic, silicone, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), block copolymers of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (C-FLEX) or other styrene-base copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polystyrene, polyurethanes, hydrogels, etc.
• the haptic can include a one or more arms that are coupled to the optics 500a/500b.
• the haptic can be configured to have a structure similar to the structure of the biasing elements disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0013060 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• the haptic can include one or more arms that protrude into the optic 500a/500b.
• the haptic can be configured to move the optic 500a/500b along the optical axis of the eye in response to ocular forces applied by the capsular bag and'or the ciliary muscles.
• the haptic can include one or more hinges to facilitate axial movement of the optic.
• the haptic can include springs or be configured to be spring-like to effect movement of the optic 500a/500b. In this manner, the distance between the piggyback lens and the existing lens (e.g., natural lens or a standard lOL) can be varied in response to ocular forces to provide vision over a wide range of distances.
• a piggyback lens that is configured to change the axial position of the optic and/or shape and size of the optic in response to ocular forces applied by the capsular bag and/or ciliary muscles can be referred to as an accommodating lens.
• FIGS. 5C-1 and 5C-2 illustrate the surface profiles in one of the meridians of the asymmetric optic 500b that can be included in an implementation of a piggyback lens.
• the first surface 505 of the optic 500b illustrated in FIG. 5B can have a profile as shown in FIG. 5C-1 and the second surface 510 can have a profile as shown in FIG. 5C-2.
• the first and the second surfaces 505 and 510 can be mathematically described by a polynomial equation similar to equation (1) above.
• the surface sag of the first surface 505 and the second surface 510 can be varied by selecting different values of the curvature, conic constant, and other parameters.
• the surfaces can be described by other polynomial equations different from equation (1).
• the optic 500a/500b is configured such that when optically coupled with the cornea and an existing lens in the patient's eye (e.g., a natural lens or a standard IOL) light incident on the eye (e.g., at the cornea) at oblique angles to the optical axis 280 of the eye is focused on a location of the peripheral retina away from the fovea.
• the light can be incident in the vertical field of view or the horizontal field of view.
• the piggyback lens in conjunction with the cornea and an existing lens can be configured to focus light incident at oblique angles between about 5 degrees and about 30 degrees with respect to the optical axis 280 of the eye, between about 10 degrees and about 25 degrees with respect to the optical axis 280 of the eye, between about 15 degrees and about 20 degrees with respect to the optical axis 280 of the eye, or there between at a location on the peripheral retina away from the fovea.
• the optic 500a/500b can also be configured such that when optically coupled with the cornea, and an existing lens in the patient's eye (e.g., a natural lens or a standard IOL) light incident on the eye (e.g., at the cornea) along a direction parallel to the optical axis is focused on the fovea for those patients with early AMD who still have some foveal vision.
• an existing lens in the patient's eye e.g., a natural lens or a standard IOL
• light incident on the eye e.g., at the cornea
• a scotoma instead of a central scotoma.
• Such patients may have some residual foveal vision and can benefit from incident light being focused at the fovea by the combination of the piggyback lens and the exiting lens.
• the piggyback lens and'or the existing lens in the patient's eye can also be configured to accommodate to focus objects located at different distances on to the retina, (e.g., at a location on the periphery of the retina and'or the fovea.) in response to ocular forces exerted by the capsular bag and/or ciliary muscles.
• the implementations of the optic 500a/500b described herein can be configured to correct lower order errors (e.g. sphere and cylinder), higher order aberrations (e.g., coma, trefoil) or both resulting from the oblique incidence of light in the image formed at a location of the peripheral retina.
• the optic 500a/500b can also configured to correct for peripheral astigmatism, arising from the oblique incidence of light in the image formed at a location of the peripheral retina.
• the characteristic of the surfaces 505 and/or 510 of the optic 500a/500b, the thickness of the optic 500a/500b, the distance between the optic 500a/500b and the cornea, the distance between the optic 500a/500b and the existing lens, etc. can be designed such that the piggyback lens including the optic 500a/500b in combination with the cornea and the existing lens can focus light incident on the eye at a plurality of oblique angles (e.g., between about -25 degree and about +25 degrees with respect to the optical axis 280 of the eye) in an area around a location on the peripheral retina spaced away from the fovea with sufficient visual contrast. This is explained in further detail below with respect to FIG. 5D.
• FIG. 5D shows a cross-section view of an eye with a central scotoma at the fovea 260 and implanted with a piggyback lens including an optic 500 similar to optic 500a illustrated in FIG. 5A or optic 500b illustrated in FIG. 5B.
• the existing lens and the cornea are not illustrated.
• Light from an object is incident in a range of oblique angles between ⁇ and ⁇ ? with respect to the optical axis 280 and is focused by the combination of the optic 500, the existing lens and the cornea in an area 525 disposed around a location 520 on the peripheral retina disposed away from the fovea 260.
• ⁇ can be between I degree and 5 degrees
• ⁇ 2 can be between 10 degrees and 35 degrees.
• the location 520 can be located at a distance r from the fovea 260 along a direction that makes an angle ⁇ 3 with respect to a tangential line 530 intersecting the retina at the fovea 260 and lying in the vertical plane. Although, not shown in FIG. 5D, the location 520 can be located at a distance r from the fovea 260 along a direction that makes an angle ⁇ 4 with respect to a tangential line (not shown) intersecting the retina at the fovea 260 and lying in the horizontal plane.
• the angles ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 can have a value greater than or equal to 0 degrees and less than 30 degrees.
• the distance r can have a value between about, 0.5 mm and about 4 mm.
• the area 525 can be described as the region between a first region which is the base of a cone having a semi angle of ⁇ degrees with respect to the optical axis 280 and a. second region which is the base of a cone having a semi angle of about ⁇ 2 degrees with respect to the optical axis 280. Accordingly, the angular width of the area 525 is given by ( ⁇ 2 - ⁇ ). For most patients, the angular width of the area 525 can be between about 5 degrees and about 30 degrees. Without any loss of generality, the area. 525 can include locations that are within about 2 - 5 mm from the fovea 260.
• the area 525 can have an angular extent ⁇ in the horizontal plane and an angular extent ⁇ 1 ⁇ in the vertical plane.
• the angular extent ⁇ ⁇ can be zero or substantially small such that the area 525 is a horizontal line above or below the fovea 260.
• the angular extent ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ can be zero or substantially small such that the area 525 is a vertical line to the left or the right of the fovea 260.
• the angular extent ⁇ 1 ⁇ and the angular extent ⁇ 11 can be equal such that the area 525 is circular.
• the angular extent, ⁇ and the angular extent ⁇ 1 ⁇ can be unequal such that the area 525 is elliptical.
• the angular extent ⁇ 1 ⁇ and the angular extent ⁇ have values such that the area 525 includes the fovea 260.
• ⁇ and the angular extent ⁇ can have values such that the area 525 does not include the fovea. 260.
• the piggyback lens can be symmetric such that the image quality in an annular region around the fovea is uniform.
• a lens system can be used by patients who do not have a well -developed PRL and who can orient their eyes and/or heads to select the position that, affords the best visual quality.
• the annular region can be between a first region and a second region.
• the first region can be the base of a cone having a semi angle of ⁇ ] degrees with respect to the optical axis 280 and the second region can be the base of a cone having a semi angle of about ⁇ 2 degrees with respect to the optical axis 280.
• the angular width of the annular region is given by ( ⁇ 2 - ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4) ⁇
• ⁇ can be between 3 degrees and 5 degrees and ⁇ 2 can be between 20 degrees and 35 degrees.
• the angular width of the annular region can be between about 10 degrees and about 30 degrees.
• the annular region can include locations that, are within about 3 - 5 mm from the fovea.
• the piggyback lens can be asymmetric such that, the image quality is optimized for a certain location of the peripheral retina (e.g., the PRL).
• the PRL peripheral retina
• Such an IOL system can be used by patients who do have a well-developed PRL.
• the PRL can be located within an annular region around the fovea having an angular width between about 10 - 30 degrees.
• the PRL can be located at a distance between about 3 - 5 mm from the fovea.
• the PRL can be determined using the methods discussed above with reference to Figure 4B.
• the piggyback lens is configured such that the refractive errors due to relative peripheral clefocus, oblique astigmatism and coma in an image produced at a location of the peripheral retina by the combination of the piggyback lens and the existing lens are reduced. Additionally, the piggyback lens can also be configured to provide good visual quality at the fovea in conjunction with the existing lens for those patients who have early stage AMD.
• the piggyback lens including the optic 500a/500b in combination with the existing lens and the cornea is configured to improve image quality in a region of the peripheral retina that is offset from the fovea.
• the piggyback lens including the optic 500a' ' 500b in combination with the existing lens and the cornea can be configured to improve image quality in an annular zone surrounding the fovea 260 as shown in FIG. 5D-1.
• the annular zone can include an area 545 between an inner periphery 535 surrounding the fovea and an outer periphery 540 surrounding the fovea 260.
• the inner periphery 535 can include retinal locations at an eccentricity between about 1 degree and about 10 degrees.
• eccentricity refers to the angle between a normal to the retina at the location of interest and the optical axis of the eye which intersects the retina at, the fovea. Accordingly, the fovea is considered to have an eccentricity of about 0 degrees.
• the outer periphery 540 can include retinal locations at an eccentricity between about 3 degrees and about 25 degrees.
• the piggyback lens including the optic 500a' ' 500b in combination with the existing lens and the cornea is not configured to improve image quality in the foveal region
• the area 545 in which the piggyback lens including the optic 500a' ' 500b in combination with the existing lens and the cornea is configured to improve image quality can extend to the foveal region and include the fovea 260 for patient who have residual foveal vision.
• the piggyback lens including the optic 500a/500b in combination with the existing lens and the cornea can be configured to provide good image quality at the fovea as well as at peripheral retinal locations at an eccentricity between about, 1 degree and about 25 degrees.
• the region 545 can be symmetric about the fovea 260.
• a projection of the region 545 on a plane tangential to the retina at, the fovea 260 can be circular, oval or any other shape.
• the piggyback lens including the optic 500a/5G0b in combination with the existing lens and the cornea can be configured to improve image quality in a region 548 surrounding a preferred retinal location (e.g., location 520 as shown in FIG. 5D) offset from the fovea as shown in FIG. 5D-2.
• the preferred retinal location can be located at an eccentricity between about 1 degree and about 25 degrees.
• the region 548 surrounding the preferred retinal location 520 can include retinal locations at an eccentricity between about 1 degree and about 25 degrees.
• the image quality at the region of the peripheral retina can be improved by optimizing the image quality produced by the piggyback lens including the optic 500a/500b in combination with the existing lens and the cornea such that optical errors (e.g., peripheral astigmatism, coma, trefoil, etc.) are reduced at the peripheral retinal region.
• optical errors e.g., peripheral astigmatism, coma, trefoil, etc.
• the image quality at the peripheral retinal region can be increased by correcting optical errors at the peripheral retinal region, correcting for corneal astigmatism at the peripheral retinal region, reducing optical errors resulting from oblique astigmatism at the peripheral retinal region, reducing coma at the peripheral retinal region and/or reducing other higher order aberrations at the peripheral retinal region.
• the improvement in the image quality at the peripheral retinal region provided by the system including the optic 500a/500b, the existing lens in the patient's eye and the patient's cornea can be measured using different figures of merit discussed below.
• One figure of merit that can be used to measured image quality is the modulus of optical transfer function (MTF) at one or more spatial frequencies at one or more wavelengths which provides a. measure of contrast sensitivity or sharpness.
• the MTF for the system including the optic 500a/500b, the existing lens in the patient's eye and the patient's cornea is calculated for both sagittal rays and tangential rays originating from an object disposed with respect to the intersection of the optic and the optical axis of the eye.
• the MTF for both the tangential rays and the sagittal rays should be above a threshold.
• the MTF is calculated for various off-axis positions of the object represented by coordinates along the x-direction and the y-direction in a Cartesian coordinate system in which the point of intersection of the optic and the optical axis of the eye is disposed at the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system and the optical axis is along the z ⁇ direction.
• the point of intersection of the optic and the optical axis of the eye can coincide with the geometric of the optic and/or the geometric center of a surface of the optic.
• the MTF of the system including the optic 500a/500b, the existing lens in the patient's eye and the patient's cornea refers to how much of the contrast ratio in the object is preserved when the object is imaged by the optic.
• a MTF of 1 .0 indicates that the optic does not degrade the contrast ratio of the object and MTF of 0 indicates that the contrast ratio is degraded such that adjacent lines in the object cannot be resolved when the object is imaged by the optic.
• the MTF is a measure of contrast sensitivit or sharpness.
• Another figure of merit can include average MTF for a range of retinal locations and eccentricities, either close to a single PRL or for multiple P Ls for the patient, and with spatial frequencies chosen to match the retinal sampling.
• Other figures of merit can include area under the MTF curve for different spatial frequencies, average MTF for a range of spatial frequencies or combinations of the figures of merit listed here.
• An optic e.g., the optic 500a/500b that is configured to improve image quality in the peripheral retinal region can provide a. MTF greater than a threshold value (MTF THR ) at one or more spatial frequencies for an image produced at the desired peripheral retinal region.
• an optic that is configured to improve image quality in the foveal region can provide a MTF greater than a threshold value (MTF THR ) at one or more spatial frequencies for an image produced at the foveal region.
• the threshold value (MTF THR ) can be subjective and be determined based on the patient's needs and ophthalmic condition. For example, some patients may be satisfied with an image quality having a. MTF greater than 0,1 for spatial frequencies between 10 cycles/mm and 50 cycles/mm.
• the threshold MTF value can vary depending on the lens design and the patient's needs.
• the increase in MTF value can be correlated with an improvement in the patient's ability to read various lines in an eye chart. For example, without any loss of generality, an increase in MTF from 0.7 to 0.8 can correspond to about, 15% contrast sensitivity improvement, or 1 line of visual acuity (VA). Similarly, an increase in MTF from 0.7 to 0.9 can correspond to about 30% increase in contrast sensitivity or 2 lines VA.
• FIG. 5E which shows the variation in image quality versus eccentricity for an implementation of an optic configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retinal region and an optic configured to improve image quality at the fovea region.
• Curve 550 shows the variation of MTF versus eccentricity for an optic configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retinal region while curve 555 shows the variation of MTF versus eccentricity for an optic coniigured to improve image quality at the foveal region.
• the optic configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retina shows the variation in image quality at a peripheral retina!
• the optic may be configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retinal region at the expense of fovea! vision.
• the optic configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retinal region may provide a MTF less than the threshold value (MTF THR ) in the foveal region (e.g., at an eccentricity between -1 degree and 1 degree).
• an optic configured to improve foveal vision will provide an MTF greater than the threshold value (MTF THR ) for an image produced in the foveal region.
• the optic configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retinal region may also be configured to provide a MTF value greater than the threshold value (MTF THR ) at the fovea! region as shown by curve 560.
• One way to configure the piggyback lens including an optic similar to optic 500a/500b to reduce optical errors at a peripheral retinal region when combined with the cornea and an existing lens is to determine the surface profiles of the first surface 505 and the second surface 510 that reduce optical errors due to oblique astigmatism and coma, at the peripheral retinal region when light incident on the eye obliquely with respect to the optical axis 280 is focused by the combination of the cornea, piggyback lens and the existing lens at the peripheral retinal region.
• various surface characteristics of the first and/or second surface 505 and 510 of the optic 500a/500b can be determined that, reduce refractive errors at a peripheral location of the retina.
• the various surface characteristics can include curvatures, surface sags, radius of curvatures, conic constant, axial thickness, area of the optical zone, diffraetive features, echelletes and/or prismatic features provided with the optic, etc.
• a portion of the first surface 505 and/or the second surface 510 can include redirecting elements similar to the prismatic features and/or diffraetive features described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/950,757, filed on March 50, 2014, titled "INTRAOCULAR LENS THAT IMPROVES OVERALL VISION WHERE THERE IS A LOSS OF CENTRAL VISION,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• the redirecting elements can be configured to redirect light incident on the eye along the optical axis and/or at an angle to the optical axis to one or more locations on the retina.
• the surface characteristics can be determined using an eye model that is based on average population statistics. Alternately, the surface characteristics can be determined by using an eye model that is specific to each patient and constructed using a patient's individual ocular characteristics. Some of the ocular characteristics that can be taken into consideration when determining the characteristics of the surfaces of the optics 500a/500b can include corneal radius of curvature and asphericity, axial length, retinal curvatures, anterior chamber depth, expected lens position, location of image on the peripheral retina, size of the scotoma, optical and physical characteristics of the existing lens, peripheral aberrations, etc.
• the first and/or the second surface 505, 510 of the optic 500a/500b can be symmetric or asymmetric and/or include higher (e.g., second, fourth, sixth, eighth) order aspheric terms.
• the first and/or the second surface 505, 510 of the optic 500a/500b can be described by a Zernike polynomial having eighth order Zernike coefficient.
• the first and/or second surface 505, 510 of the optic 500a/500b can be parabolic, elliptical, a Zernike surface, an aspheric Zernike surface, a toric surface, a biconic Zernike surface, etc.
• FIG. 6A illustrates a computer simulation model of an asymmetric optic 605 that is included in a piggyback lens optically coupled with an existing lens 610 in the eye of a patient.
• the optic 605 can be an asymmetric optic similar to the optic 500b illustrated in FIG. 5B.
• the optic 605 has two complex surface 605a and 605b.
• the surfaces 605a and 605b can be compound Zernike surfaces, higher order aspheric surfaces, toric surfaces, etc.
• the surfaces 605a and 605b can have a surface profile in one of the meridians similar to the surface profile shown in FIGS. 5C-1 and 5C-2.
• the existing lens 610 is considered to be a standard 20.0 Diopter Tecnis IOL.
• the existing lens 610 is considered to provide full fovea! vision.
• the patient is considered to have developed AMD after the existing lens 610 was implanted and has developed a preferred retinal locus (PRL) at an eccentricity of 50 degrees from the fovea.
• PRL retinal locus
• FIG. 6B-1 illustrates the modulus of the optical transfer function (MTF) at an eccentricity of 10 degrees for different spatial frequencies between 0 cycles/mm and 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nm.
• the MTF is calculated (or simulated) for light incident in the tangential plane as well as the sagittal plane.
• the MTF can be calculated (or simulated) using an optical simulation program such as, for example, OSLO, ZEMAX, CODE V, etc.
• the MTF at the PRL is less than 0.4 for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for tangential focus, while the modulus of the OTF is less than 0.9 for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for sagittal focus.
• FIG. 6B-2 illustrates the MTF at the PRL for different spatial frequencies between 0 cycles/mm and 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nm when the additional asymmetric optic 605 is provided. From FIG. 6B-2, it is noted that the MTF for both tangential and sagittal foci is greater than 0,9 for spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm. Accordingly, addition of the optic 605 can improve the image quality (e.g., contrast ratio of the image) at the PRL, In various implementations, piggyback lenses can be configured to provide a MTF at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm of at least 0.5.
• piggyback lenses can be configured to provide a MTF greater than 0.5, greater than 0.6, greater than 0.7, greater than 0,8 and greater than 0.9at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at one or more wavelengths in the visible spectral region for eccentricities between about 7 degrees and 13 degrees from the fovea.
• the piggyback lens can be configured to provide one of distance vision, near vision, or intermediate distance vision, distance vision and near vision, distance vision and intermediate distance vision, near vision and intermediate distance vision or all.
• the piggyback lens in the above discussion was configured to increase the modulus of the optical transfer function at a particular spatial frequency
• the piggyback lens can be configured to increase other figures of merit, such as, for example, area under the MTF curve for different spatial frequencies, average MTF for a range of spatial frequencies, average MTF for a range of retinal locations and eccentricities, either close to a single PRL or for multiple PRLs for the patient, and with spatial frequencies chosen to match the retinal sampling, or combinations of figures of merit, listed here.
• an implementation of a piggyback lens configured for reading can be configured to increase the average MTF for a range of spatial frequencies and locations from 0.41 to 0.81.
• the implementations of piggyback lenses that are configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retinal location in combination with an existing lens by correcting optical errors arising from oblique incidence of light can improve the MTF by at least 5% (e.g., at least 10% improvement, at least 15% improvement, at least 20% improvement, at least 30% improvement, etc.) at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at one or more wavelengths in the visible spectral region for both tangential and sagittal foci at a peripheral retinal location at an eccentricity between about 1 degree and about 25 degrees with respect to the fovea as compared to the MTF at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm provided by an SOL that is configured to improve image quality at the fovea at the same peripheral retinal location.
• oblique astigmatism and coma can improve the MTF by at least 5% (e.g., at least 10% improvement, at least 15% improvement, at least 20% improvement, at least 30% improvement, etc.) at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at one or more wavelengths
• the implementations of piggyback lenses that are configured to improve image quality at a peripheral retinal location in combination with an existing lens by correcting optical errors arising from oblique incidence of light (e.g., oblique astigmatism and coma) can provide a MTF greater than 0.2 at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for both tangential and sagittal foci, greater than 0.3 at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for both tangential and sagittal foci, greater than 0.4 at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for both tangential and sagittal foci, greater than 0.5 at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for both tangential and sagittal foci, greater than 0.6 at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for both tangential and sagittal foci, greater than 0.7 at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for both tangential and sagittal foci, greater than 0.8 at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm for both
• the optic 500a/500b can have a clear aperture.
• the term "clear aperture” means the opening of a lens or optic that restricts the extent of a bundle of light rays from a distant source that can imaged or focused by the lens or optic.
• the clear aperture can be circular and specified by its diameter.
• the clear aperture represents the Ml extent of the lens or optic usable for forming the conjugate image of an object or for focusing light from a distant point source to a single focus or to a plurality of predetermined foci, in the case of a multifocal optic or lens.
• the term clear aperture does not limit the transmittance of the lens or optic to be at or near 1 00%, but also includes lenses or optics having a lower transmittance at particular wavelengths or bands of wavelengths at or near the visible range of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
• the clear aperture has the same or substantially the same diameter as the first or second viewing element.
• the diameter of the clear aperture may be smaller than the diameter of the first or second viewing element.
• the clear aperture of the optic 500a/500b can have a dimension between about 3.0 mm and about 7.0 mm.
• the clear aperture of the optic 500a/5()0b can be circular having a diameter of about 5.0 mm in various implementations of the piggyback lenses.
• the optic 500a/ ' 500b can include prismatic, diffractive elements, echelletes or optical elements with a gradient refractive index (GRIN) profile to provide a larger depth of field or near vision capability.
• the optic 500a/500b can include one or more apertures in addition to the clear aperture to further enhance peripheral image quality.
• the piggyback lens can be configured as a Fresnel piggyback lens in which one or both of the surfaces (e.g., an anterior surface of the optic 500a/50Qb) include a plurality of grooves to form a faceted surface.
• the implementations of a Fresnel piggyback lens described herein can be configured as a symmetric piggyback lens that can increase visual quality for light incident at any angle within the field of view.
• implementations of a Fresnel piggyback lens described herein can be configured to increase visual quality for light incident at any angle between 5 degrees and 30 degrees with respect to the optical axis 280. This can be attributed to the mechanisms for correcting peripheral aberrations which are discussed below.
• Symmetric optics and lOLs rely on the interaction between shape factor, spherical aberration and pupil shift distance (corresponding to the distance from the verte of the optic to the pupil) to correct for optical errors.
• the maximum curvature and shape factor of non-Fresnel piggyback lenses that are configured to correct optical errors are restricted by the available space between the pupil and the existing IOL. If the available space between the pupil and the existing IOL is small, then the curvature and the shape factor of the non- Fresnel piggyback lens cannot exceed beyond a certain threshold without increasing the thickness. However, increasing the thickness can increase the risk of causing damage to the existing IOL or other structures in the eye.
• a Fresnel piggyback lens can advantageously achieve high curvatures and shape factors that are useful to correct optical errors for light incident in a wide range of angles at small thicknesses. This is explained in further detail by the examples below.
• a meniscus shaped lens with high spherical aberration (and accompanying higher order asphericity terms that can compensate on-axis spherical aberration) that is placed far from the pupil.
• Such a lens can provide peripheral optical error correction while maintaining visual quality at the fovea.
• this meniscus lens is configured as a symmetric piggyback lens and is placed in the sulcus to correct peripheral optical errors, the distance from the pupil to the symmetric piggyback lens can be small.
• the symmetric piggyback lens is configured to be an add-on to an existing IOL or the natural lens, the curvature and the thickness of the lens is limited to the space available between the pupil and the existing IOL or the natural lens.
• a distance between the pupil and the edges of the existing K)L or the natural lens can be less than 1.0 mm (e.g., around 0.7 mm).
• the amount of optical error correction provided by the symmetric piggyback lOLs can also be limited.
• a symmetric Fresnel piggyback lens having a certain thickness can have a higher curvature as compared to the non-Fresnel piggyback lens with the same thickness.
• Figures 7A-1 through 7 A- 6 which illustrate a surface (e.g., an anterior surface) of an optic having the same curvature.
• the surface illustrated in Figure 7A- 1 is smooth and does not include any facets or discontinuities. It is observed from Figure 7A-1 that the height difference between the edge of the surface and the center (corresponding to the vertex of the lens) is 1.5 mm. It may not be practical to dispose an optic having an anterior surface similar to the surface shown in Figure 7A-1 in the sulcus.
• modulating the surface as shown in Figure 7A-2 through 7A-6 By modulating the surface as shown in Figure 7A-2 through 7A-6, the same curvature can be achieved while restricting the height difference between the edge of the surface and the center. As shown in Figure 7A-2 through 7A-6, modulating the surface includes restricting the height by discrete drops.
• the surface illustrated in Figures 7A-2 through 7A-6 includes a plurality of facets or grooves which are configured to provide similar optical effects as the surface illustrated in Figure 7A-1 while reducing the height difference between the edges and the center of the surface.
• the distance between the center and the edges of the lens can be reduced increasing the number of facets.
• the number of facets provided in the surface illustrated in figure 7A-2 reduces the height difference between the edges and the center of the surface from 1.5 mm to about 0.5 mm.
• the height difference between the edges and the center of the surface can be progressively reduced.
• a height difference between the edges and the center of the surface progressively decreases from 0.5 mm as the number of facets increase in Figures 7A-3 through 7A-6.
• a Fresnel piggyback lens having a faceted surface as shown in Figures 7A-2 through 7A-6 can provide the benefits of a lens with high curvature while having a reduced thickness between the center of the lens and the edges thereby being practical for implantation in the sulcus.
• the grooves can have a height less than about 0.5 mm.
• the groove height (or depth) can be between about 0.01 mm and about 0.4 mm, between about 0.03 mm and 0.3 mm, between about 0.05 mm and about 0.2 mm, between about 0.1 mm and about 0.25 mm or have values therebetween.
• all the facets or grooves can have a constant height.
• the width of the facets or grooves can vary.
• all the facets or grooves can have a varying height with constant width.
• the transition zones between the different facets or grooves can be coated to avoid unwanted reflections or refractions,
• FIG. 7B-1 illustrates a computer simulation model of a symmetric Fresnel piggyback lens 705 having a faceted surface that is optically coupled with an existing lens 610 in the eye of a patient.
• the Fresnel piggyback lens 705 can be an asymmetric lens.
• the lens 705 has two surfaces 705a and 705b.
• One of the surfaces e.g., anterior surface 705a
• the curvature of the faceted surface can be configured to have high asphericity.
• the other surface e.g., posterior surface 705b
• the other surface can be a compound Zernike surface, higher order aspheric surface, toric surface, etc. In some implementations, the other surface can also be faceted.
• the curvatures of the surfaces 705a and 705b can be configured such that the Fresnel piggyback lens 705 provides substantially no optica! power (e.g., less than 0.25 Diopters, less than 0.2 Diopters, less than 0.1 Diopters, or values there between).
• the curvature of the surface 705a and the surface 705b can be zero (0) or close to zero (0) such that the Fresnel piggyback lens 705 provides substantially no optical power (e.g., less than 0.25 Diopters, less than 0.2 Diopters, less than 0.1 Diopters, or values there between), in some implementations, the curvature of the surface 705a and the surface 705b can be identical such that the Fresnel piggyback lens 705 provides substantially no optical power (e.g., less than 0.25 Diopters, less than 0.2 Diopters, less than 0.1 Diopters, or values there between).
• a difference between the curvatures of the surfaces 705a and 705b can be zero (0) or close to zero (0) such that the Fresnel piggyback lens 705 provides substantially no optical power (e.g., less than 0.25 Diopters, less than 0.2 Diopters, less than 0.1 Diopters, or values there between).
• a difference between the curvatures of the surfaces 705a and 705b can be less than 10.0 mm “ ' (e.g., less than 5.0 mm “1 , less than 1.0 mm “ ', less than 0.5 mm “1 , less than 0.2 mm “ ', less than 0.1 mm “ ', less than 0.01 mm “ ', less than 0.001 mm “ ' or values there between) such that the Fresnel piggyback lens 705 provides substantially no optical power (e.g., less than 0.25 Diopters, less than 0.2 Diopters, less than 0.1 Diopters, or values there between).
• the surfaces 705a and 705b can be configured to have high asphericity to correct optical errors at the peripheral retinal location.
• the existing lens 610 can provide the entire refractive correction required by the patient for near, intermediate or distant vision.
• some patients may require residual power correction.
• the curvatures of the Fresnel piggyback lens can be configured to provide upto ⁇ 5,0 Diopters of optical power.
• Figure 7B-2 illustrates an implementation of the Fresnel piggyback lens 705 that is implanted in front of an existing lens 610 in the eye of a patient.
• the anterior surface 705a is faceted and the posterior surface is planar.
• the existing lens 610 is considered to be a standard 20.0 Diopter Tecnis IOL.
• the existing lens 610 is considered to provide full fovea! vision.
• the patient is considered to have developed AMD after the existing lens 610 was implanted and has developed a preferred retinal locus (PRL) at an eccentricity of 50 degrees from the fovea.
• PRL retinal locus
• the vertex spacing between pupil and IOL 610 is 0.9 mm.
• the thickness of the Fresnel piggyback lens 705 is considered to be 0.3 mm which is inserted in the 0.9 mm spacing between the pupil and the IOL 610.
• the faceted surface of the piggyback lens 705 can be considered to have an underlying shape that is mathematically represented by equation (2) below on which a lurality of grooves are provided to form the facets.
• FIG . 7C-1 illustrates the modulus of the optical transfer function (MTF) at an eccentricity of 10 degrees for different spatial frequencies between 0 cycles/mm and 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nm provided by the piggyback lens 705 in conjunction with the existing lens 610 and the cornea 601.
• the MTF is calculated (or simulated) for light incident in the tangential plane as well as the sagittal plane.
• the MTF can be calculated (or simulated) using an optical simulation program such as, for example, OSLO, ZEMAX, CODE V, etc. As observed from FIG.
• the MTF at the PRL is greater than 0.7 for both tangential and sagittal focus for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nni.
• the MTF at the PRL is less than 0,4 for tangential focus for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nni. Accordingly, the patient can benefit from implanting the Fresnel piggyback lens.
• FIG. 7C-2 illustrates the MTF at the PRL for different spatial frequencies between 0 cycles/mm and 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nm for both tangential and sagittal focus when a symmetric non-Fresnel piggyback lens is included between the pupil and the existing lens 610. It is observed from Figure 7C-2 that the MTF at the PRL is about 0.5 for tangential focus for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nm and about 0.7 for sagittal focus for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nm.
• Fresnel piggyback lenses can provide greater improvement in the image quality (e.g., contrast ratio of the image) at the PRL than the improvement provided by a symmetric non-Fresnel piggyback lens.
• Various implementations of Fresnel piggyback lenses can be configured to provide a MTF at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm and a wavelength of about 550 nm of at least 0.5.
• piggyback lenses can be configured to provide a MTF greater than 0.5, greater than 0.6, greater than 0.7, greater than 0.8 and greater than 0.9at a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at one or more wavelengths in the visible spectral region for eccentricities between about 7 degrees and 13 degrees from the fovea.
• Various implementations of Fresnel piggyback lenses can be configured to improve other figures of merit such as a geometric average of MTF values obtained for a range of spatial frequencies.
• Implementations of a Fresnel piggyback lens can provide benefits that are similar to implementations of non-Fresnel piggyback lenses that are described herein.
• implementations of a Fresnel piggyback lens can be configured to provide one of distance vision, near vision, or intermediate distance vision, distance vision and near vision, distance vision and intermediate distance vision, near vision and intermediate distance vision or all.
• Implementations of Fresnel piggyback lenses can be configured to increase other figures of merit, such as, for example, area under the MTF curve for different spatial frequencies, average MTF for a range of spatial frequencies, average MTF for a range of retinal locations and eccentricities, either close to a single PRL or for multiple P Ls for the patient, and with spatial frequencies chosen to match the retinal sampling, or combinations of figures of merit listed here.
• an implementation of a Fresnel piggyback lens can be configured to increase the geometric average of MTF values obtained for a range of spatial frequencies and locations from 0.7 to 0.81.
• Fresnel piggyback lenses can be configured such that they do not provide any optical power correction and only correct peripheral optical errors (e.g., optical errors that can result from oblique incidence of light).
• the piggyback lens is configured to have 0 Diopters of refractive optical power.
• Some implementations of Fresnel piggyback lenses can be combined with Fresnel capsule lenses to produce combinations of high optical power and high asphericity to correct optical errors at a peripheral retinal location. Such combinations can be used to make telescope intraocular lenses that, do not degrade or reduce peripheral image quality.
• a magnifying telescope intraocular lens including a Fresnel lens can provide a magnification of 15% or higher without degrading image quality in the periphery.
• a magnifying telescope intraocular lens that includes optics with only standard aspheric terms would degrade image quality outside the central vision zone at a magnification of 15% or higher.
• the existing lens e.g., lens 610
• the existing lens can be pushed further back in the eye, to create a new stop shift.
• the existing lens can be pushed back using mechanical or optical methods.
• the piggyback lens can be configured to compensate for the power difference of the disposed existing IOL.
• Figure 7D illustrates the MTF at the PRL located at an eccentricity of about 10 degrees for different spatial frequencies between 0 cycles/mm and 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nm for both tangential and sagittal focus when the existing lens 610 is pushed further back by about 2.0 mm during implantation of a symmetric Fresnel piggyback lens.
• the MTF at the PRL is greater than 0.7 for both tangential and sagittal focus for a spatial frequency of 30 cycles/mm at a wavelength of about 550 nm which shows an improvement over the performance illustrated in Figure 6B-1 or 7C-2.[0125 ' j
• the piggyback lenses e.g., asymmetric piggyback lens or a symmetric Fresnei piggyback lens
• the optic 500a/500b can include diffractive features (e.g., optical elements with a GRIN profile, echelletes, etc.) to increase depth of focus.
• a refractive power and/or base curvature profile(s) of an intraocular lens surface(s) may contain additional asplieric terms or an additional conic constant, which may generate a deliberate amount of spherical aberration, rather than correct for spherical aberration.
• additional asplieric terms or an additional conic constant may generate a deliberate amount of spherical aberration, rather than correct for spherical aberration.
• light from an object that passes through the cornea and the lens may ha ve a non-zero spherical aberration.
• spherical aberration and defoeus are related aberrations, having fourth-order and second-order dependence on radial pupil coordinate, respectively, introduction of one may be used to affect the other.
• a refractive lens may include one or more surfaces having a pattern of surface deviations that are superimposed on a base curvature (either spherical or aspheric).
• the piggyback lens e.g., asymmetric piggyback lens or a symmetric Fresnei piggyback lens
• the piggyback lens can be implanted at the same time as an SOL configured to provide good fovea! vision is being implanted.
• an IOL configured to provide good foveal vision can be implanted first and the peripheral error resulting from the IOL can be measured using a diagnostic instrument.
• An appropriate piggyback lens that reduces the peripheral error can be selected and implanted during the same surgical procedure.
• Various implementations of standard !OLs that are configured to provide foveal correction can be designed to be expandable so that implantation of piggyback lenses when required becomes easy and convenient.
• piggyback lenses can be used to provide lower order and/or higher order corrections.
• one or both surfaces of a piggyback lens configured to provide lower order aberrations correction can be a toric.
• Piggyback lenses can also be used for patients with unacceptable refractive outcomes. This is an attractive solution if the source of the unacceptable refractive outcome is suspected to be an uncertainty in effective lens position. Replacing the existing IOL would introduce new uncertainties as to where the new lens would be, whereas if it is determined that the existing IOL introduces an error of 1.5 Diopter, for example, a piggyback with 1 .5 Diopter correction can be applied to increase image quality .
• FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example IOL design system 27000 for determining properties of an intraocular lens configured to improve vision at a peripheral retinal location.
• the IOL design system. 27000 includes a controller 27050 and a computer readable memory 27100 coupled to the controller 27050.
• the computer readable memory 27100 can include stored sequences of instructions which, when executed by the controller 27050, cause the IOL design system 27000 to perform certain functions or execute certain modules.
• a PRL location module 27150 can be executed that is configured to determine a location of one or more PRLs for a particular patient.
• a deflection module 27200 can be executed that is configured to determine a deflected optical axis which intersects the determined PRL location at the retina.
• an IOL modification module 27250 can be executed that is configured to determine properties of the IOL which would deflect at least a portion of incident light along the determined deflected optical axis to the determined PRL.
• an IOL selection module 27270 can be executed that is configured to select an appropriate or candidate IOL provided one or more selection parameters including, for example and without limitation, PRL location and a patient's biometric data.
• the PRL location module 27150 can be configured to determine one or more candidate PRL locations using analytical systems and methods designed to assess retinal sensitivity and/or retinal areas for fixation.
• the PRL location module 27150 can provide or interface with a system configured to provide a patient with stimuli and to image the patient's retina to assess topographic retinal sensitivity and locations of preferred retinal loci.
• a system configured to provide a patient with stimuli and to image the patient's retina to assess topographic retinal sensitivity and locations of preferred retinal loci.
• An example of such a system is a microperimeter which can be used to determine a patient's PRL by presenting a dynamic stimulus on a screen and imaging the retina with an infrared camera.
• a. laser ophthalmoscope can be used to assess a retinal area used for fixation (e.g., using an infrared eye tracker) which can be used to determine discrete retinal areas for fixation for various positions of gaze.
• the PRL location module 27150 can be configured to bypass the optics of the patient.
• optical errors induced by a patient's optics can cause the patient to select a non-optimal PRL or a PRL which does not exhibit benefits of another PRL, e.g., where a patient selects an optically superior but, neurally inferior region for the PRL.
• the PRL location module 27150 can advantageously allow the identification of a PRL which, after application of corrective optics (e.g. the lOLs described herein), would provide superior performance compared to a PRL selected utilizing a method which includes using the patient's optics. This may arise where the corrective optics reduce or eliminate the optical errors which are at least a partial cause for a patient selecting a sub-optimal PRL.
• the PRL location module 27150 can be configured to determine multiple candidate locations for the PRL.
• the preferred or optimal PRL can be based at least upon several factors including, for example and without limitation, a patient's ability to fixate a point target, distinguish detail, and/or read; aberrations arising from redirecting images to the candidate PRL; proximity to the damaged portion of the retina; retinal sensitivity at the candidate location; and the like.
• the preferred or optimal PRL can depend on the visual task being performed. For example, a patient can have a first PRL. for reading, a second PRL when navigating, and a third PRL when talking and doing facial recognition, etc.
• an IOL can be configured to redirect incident light to the appropriate PRLs using multiple zones and/or multiple redirection elements, as described herein.
• an IOL can be provided with two or more zones, with one or more zones redirecting light to a designated PRL, where the zone can be configured to have additional optical power or no additional optical power.
• the deflection module 27200 can be configured to assess the properties of the eye and to determine a deflected optical axis which intersects the patient's retina at a PRL,
• the deflection module 27200 can be configured to account for the removal of the natural lens, the optical properties of the cornea, the shape of the retina, the location of the PRL, axial distance from the cornea to the PRL and the like to determine the angle of deflection from the eye's natural optical axis (e.g., the optical axis of the natural lens, the optical axis of the eye without an IOL, etc.).
• the deflection module 27200 can be configured to determine aberrations arising from deflecting incident light along the deflected optical axis.
• the aberrations can include astigmatism, coma, field curvature, etc.
• the determined aberrations can be used in the process of refining or tailoring the design of the IOL, where the IOL is configured to at least partially correct or reduce the determined aberrations.
• the IOL modification module 27250 can be configured to determine adjustments, modifications, or additions to the IOL to deflect light along the deflected optical axis and focus images on the PRL. Examples of adjustments, modifications, or additions to the IOL include, without limitation, the optical systems and methods described herein.
• the IOL can be modified through the introduction of a physical and/or optical discontinuity to deflect and focus light onto the PRL
• one or more redirection elements can be added to one or more surfaces of the IOL to redirect at least a portion of the light incident on the eye to the PRL
• the redirection elements can include, for example and without limitation, a simple prism, a Fresnel prism, a redirection element with a tailored slope profile, redirection element with a tailored slope profile tuned to reduce optical aberrations, a diffraction grating, a diffraction grating with an achromatic coating, a decentered GRIN lens, etc.
• multiple redirection elements and/or multiple modifications can be made to the IOL, as determined by the IOL modification module 27250, such that the combination of modifications and/or additions to the IOL can be configured to redirect incident light to different PRLs, to direct incident light to different portions of the retina, to provide an optical power which magnifies an image at the retina, or any combination of these functions.
• the IOL selection module 27270 can be configured to select the IOL design, power, deflection, orientation, and the like that would provide acceptable or optimal results for a particular patient.
• the IOL selection can be based at least in part on the patient's biometric inputs.
• the IOL selection can incorporate multiple considerations. For example, typical IOL power calculation procedures can be used to select the spherical IOL power which can be modified to consider the axial distance from the cornea to the PRL. As another example, customized or additional constants can be developed for AMD patients which provide better results for the patients. The deflection and orientation of the IOL during implantation would be given by the PRL location.
• the IOL selection can be based at least in part on ray tracing which can enable a computational eye model of the patient to be generated where the inputs can be the patient's own biometric data.
• the optical quality can be evaluated considering different, IOL deigns and powers, being selected that which optimizes the optical quality of the patient.
• the optical quality can be evaluated at, the PRL or at the PRL, and on-axis, for example.
• the IOL selection module 27270 can also comprise a refractive planner which shows patients the expected outcome with different IOL designs and options. This can enable the patient to aid in the decision as to the appropriate IOL design and to come to a quick and satisfactory solution.
• the IOL design system 27000 can include a communication bus 27300 configured to allow the various components and modules of the IOL design system 27000 to communicate with one another and exchange information.
• the communication bus 27300 can include wired and wireless communication within a computing system or across computing systems, as in a distributed computing environment.
• the communication bus 27300 can at least partially use the Internet to communicate with the various modules, such as where a module (e.g., any one of modules 27150, 27200, or 27250) incorporated into an external computing device and the IOL design system 27000 are communicablv coupled to one another through the communication bus 27300 which includes a local area network or the Internet.
• the IOL design system 27000 may be a tablet, a general purpose desktop or laptop computer or may comprise hardware specifically configured for performing the programmed calculations.
• the IOL design system 27000 is configured to be electronically coupled to another device such as a phacoemulsification console or one or more instruments for obtaining measurements of an eye or a plurality of eyes.
• the IOL design system 27000 is a handheld device that may be adapted to be electronically coupled to one of the devices just listed.
• the IOL design system 27000 is, or is part of, a refractive planner configured to provide one or more suitable intraocular lenses for implantation based on physical, structural, and/or geometric characteristics of an eye, and based on other characteristics of a. patient or patient history, such as the age of a patient, medical history, history of ocular procedures, life preferences, and the like.
• the instructions stored on the IOL design system 27000 will include elements of the methods 2900, and/or parameters and routines for solving the analytical equations discussed herein as well as iteratively refining optical properties of redirection elements.
• the IOL design system 27000 includes or is a pari, of a phacoemulsification system, laser treatment system, optical diagnostic instrument (e.g, autorefractor, aberrometer, and/or corneal topographer, or the like).
• the computer readable memory 27100 may additionally contain instructions for controlling the handpiece of a phacoemulsification system or similar surgical system. Additionally or alternatively, the computer readable memory 27100 may contain instructions for controlling or exchanging data with one or more of an autorefractor, aberrometer, tomographer, microperimeter, laser ophthalmoscope, topographer, or the like.
• the IOL design system 27000 includes or is part of a refractive planner.
• the refractive planner may be a system for determining one or more treatment options for a subject based on such parameters as patient age, family history, vision preferences (e.g., near, intermediate, distant vision), activity type/level, past surgical procedures.
• the solution can be combined with a diagnostics system that identifies the best potential PRL after correction of optical errors. Normally, optical errors can restrict the patient from employing the best PRL, making them prefer neurallv worse but optically better region. Since this solution would correct the optical errors, it is important to find the best PRL, of the patient with a. method that is not degraded by optical errors (e.g. adaptive optics). Finally, the solution can be utilized to take advantage of the symmetries that exists with regards to peripheral optical errors in many patients. [0141] Prior to replacing a natural crystalline lens with an IOL, an optical power of the IOL is typically determined.
• the on-axis axial length, corneal power of the eye, and/or additional parameters can be used to determine the optical power of the IOL to achieve a targeted refraction with a goal of providing good or optimal optical quality for central/foveal vision.
• an IOL configured to provide good or optimal optical quality for central vision may result in relatively high peripheral refraction and reduced or unacceptable optical quality at a peripheral location on the retina.
• systems and methods provided herein can be used to tailor the optical power of an IOL to provide good or optimal optical quality at a targeted peripheral location such as a patient's PRL.
• the improvement in optical quality at the peripheral retinal location may reduce the optical quality at the fovea, but this may be acceptable where the patient is suffering from a loss in central vision.
• FIG. 9 illustrates parameters used to determine an optical power of an IOL based at least in part at a peripheral retinal location in an eye 2800.
• the eye 2800 is illustrated with a PRL location at 20 degrees with respect to the optical axis OA. This can represent an intended post-operative PRL location, where the PRL location is determined as described elsewhere herein.
• the on-axis axial length e.g., axial length along optical axis OA
• PRL-axis axial length e.g., axial length along a deflected optical axis intersecting the retina at the PR_L
• the axial length in the direction of the PRL can be estimated from the measured on-axis axial length and population averages of ocular characteristics measured using a diagnostic instrument.
• the ocular characteristics measured using the diagnostic instrument can include pre-operative refraction, corneal power or other parameters.
• the corneal topography can also be measured (e.g., measurements of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea, thickness of the cornea, etc.) and these measurements can be used, at least in part, to determine the corneal power.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate implementations of a method 2900 for determining an optical power of an IOL tailored to improve peripheral vision.
• FIG. 9 provides an illustration of an eye 2800 for which the method 2900 can be applied.
• FIG. 8 provides a block diagram of the IOL design system 27000 which can perform one or more operations of the method 2900.
• the method 2900 can be used to determine the optical power of the IOL which improves or optimizes optical quality at a PRL location.
• the method 2900 can be used to determine the optical power of an IOL to be used in any suitable procedure, such as where there is a loss of central vision, where the PRL is outside the fovea, where the PRL is within the fovea, where there are multiple PRLs, where the PRL, is at a. relatively large or small eccentricity, or the like,
• the on-axis axial length is measured.
• the on-axis axial length can be measured, for example, from the anterior surface of the cornea to the retina.
• the length can be determined using any number of standard techniques for making measurements of the eye.
• it is estimated based on computer models of eyes, statistical data (e.g., average on-axis distance for eyes with similar characteristics), or a combination of these.
• the on-axis axial length is determined using a combination of measurement techniques and estimation techniques.
• the PRL-axis axial length is measured.
• the PRL-axis axial length can be taken as the length along a deflected optical axis to the PRL location at the retina.
• the length can be measured from the anterior surface of the cornea, from the point of deflection from the optical axis, or any other suitable location.
• the PRL-axis axial length can be estimated based on a combination of the eccentricity of the PRL, the PRL location, the retinal shape, the on-axis axial length, the distance from a proposed IOL location to the PRL, or any combination of these.
• the PRL-axis axial length instead of measuring the PRL-axis axial length, it is estimated based on computer models of eyes, statistical data (e.g., average PRL-axis axial length for eyes with similar PRL locations and characteristics), or a combination of these.
• the PRL-axis axial length is determined using a combination of measurement techniques and estimation techniques.
• the PRL-axis axial length can be estimated based on population averages of ocular characteristics measured using a diagnostic instrument, as shown in block 2907 and 2912 of FIG. 10B.
• the measured ocular characteristics can include on-axis axial length, pre-operative refraction power, corneal power or other measured parameters.
• the corneal shape is determined.
• the anterior and/or posterior surfaces of the cornea can be determined using measurements, estimations, simulations, or any combination of these.
• the corneal power can be derived or determined based at least in part on the corneal shape, that can be measured with tomography or topographic techniques. In some embodiments, the corneal power is determined based on measurements of optical properties of the cornea.
• the position of the IOL is estimated.
• the position of the IOL can be estimated based at least in part on an estimation of a location which would provide good optical quality at the fovea.
• the location can be one that takes into account the corneal power or topography and the on-axis axial length.
• Some other inputs that can be taken into consideration to predict the postoperative IOL position are the axial position of the crystalline lens from the anterior cornea, which is defined as anterior chamber depth, crystalline lens thickness, vitreous length on axis combinations of thereof.
• the estimated position of the IOL can be refined by taking into account the PRL-axis axial length and/or eccentricity of the PRL.
• the estimated IOL location can take into account data from, previous procedures, with or without including the same IOL design. For example, historic data from cataract, surgeries can be used as that data may indicate a good estimate of the IOL position.
• the estimated position can be configured to provide good optical quality for peripheral vision. Similar procedures as described for determining the IOL position that provides with good optical quality on axis can be applied in this case. Therefore, the location of the IOL can be predicted from biometric measurements, including corneal shape or power, axial length, either on axis or to the PRL, anterior chamber depth, crystalline lens thickens and/or vitreous length, either defined on axis or to the PRL.
• Retrospective data from previous cataract procedures aimed to restore vision on axis or at the PRL can also been taken into consideration to optimize the prediction of the IOL position that provide with good optical quality at the PRL.
• the estimated position can be based at least in part on procedures, for example, where the patient was suffering from central vision loss (e.g., due to AMD).
• data can be used where the positions of !OLs have been tabulated and recorded as a function of the properties of the lOLs (e.g., sphere power, cylinder power, cylinder axis, redirection angle, etc.) and such properties were tailored using the systems and methods described herein.
• Data from such procedures can be subjected to further selection criteria based on the location of the PRLs of the patients, where the locations were, for example and without limitation, outside a determined angular range of the fovea, at an eccentric angle greater and/or less than a threshold eccentricity, at an eccentricity within a provided range of the PRL of the patient, or any combination of these.
• the data can be selected based on these criteria or other similar criteria which may improve the estimated IOL position for patients suffering from a loss of central vision.
• the sphere and cylinder power of the IOL is determined using an IOL power calculation.
• the IOL power calculation can be configured to provide a spherical power for the IOL, a cylinder power for the IOL, and/or the cylinder axis, wherein the combination of one or more of these parameters is configured to provide good or optimal optical quality at the PRL location when the IOL is implanted at the estimated location.
• the IOL power calculation ca use as input data, for example and without limitation, on-axis axial length (e.g., the measurement or value provided in block 2905), corneal power (e.g., the value determined from, measurements acquired in block 2915), fixation angle(s) (e.g., horizontal and vertical angles of fixation), intended post-operative refraction, eccentricity of the PRL, eccentric axial length (e.g., from the anterior cornea to the location of the PRL on the retina, such as the measurement or value provided in block 2910), predicted future movement of the PRL (e.g., due to progression of a disease such as AMD), a partial or full map of the retinal shape, a partial or full map of the retinal health, corneal topography, or the like.
• on-axis axial length e.g., the measurement or value provided in block 2905
• corneal power e.g., the value determined from, measurements acquired in block 2915
• fixation angle(s) e.g., horizontal and vertical angles
• the IOL power calculation is a regression formula, a theoretical formula (e.g., based on paraxial optical equations, ray tracing, etc.), or a combination of both of these.
• current IOL power calculation procedures can be used while considering the eccentric axial length together with the corneal power.
• a constants for either lenses to restore vision on axis after cataract surgery can be used.
• specific A constants can be determined depending on the design and/or eccentricity.
• ray tracing can be used to determine properties of the IOL which improve or reduce peripheral errors at the PRL based at least in part on the estimated IOL position.
• the ray tracing can incorporate relevant measurements and data including, for example and without limitation, the measurements of the eye (e.g., the measurements or values determined in blocks 2905, 2910, and 2915), the position of the PRL, the estimated position of the IOL (e.g., as provided in block 2920), and the like.
• This information can be used as input in a computer executable module or program stored in non- transitory computer memory, the module or program configured to cause a computer processor to execute instructions configured to perform ray tracing which can be accomplished, for example, by the IOL design system 27000 described herein with reference to FIG. 8.
• the ray tracing system can be used to find the sphere power, cylinder power, and/or cylinder axis of the IOL to be implanted in the eye 2800, wherein these parameters are tailored to improve or optimize for peripheral aberrations at the PRL location. Any standard ray tracing system or scheme can be used to accomplish the goal of tailoring the sphere power, cylinder power, and/or cylinder axis.
• the output of the IOL power calculation can be used for selecting an appropriate or suitable IOL where the output of the IOL power calculation includes, for example and without limitation, dioptric power, cylinder power, cylinder axis, deflection angle, and the like. These output values can be used in the selection of the IOL wherein the selected IOL has one or more properties within an acceptable range of the output values.
• the IOL power calculation can be used to define or select IOL design parameters that improve or optimize optical quality as a function of retinal location(s) or retinal area(s).
• the IOL power calculation can be similar or equivalent to a power calculation configured to provide good or optimal on-axis optical quality (e.g., for central/foveal vision) where the axial length used is the PRL-axis axial length rather than the on-axis axial length.
• the PRL-axis axial length can be determined based at least in part on the eccentricity of the PRL, the PRL location, the retinal shape, the length from the IOL to the PRL, or any combination of these. These and other input values can be determined based on measurements of a particular patient (e.g., the patient to receive the IOL), a group of patients, from computer models or simulations, or a combination of these sources.
• both, the axial length on axis and to the PRL can be considered, so that the IOL selected is that which maximizes the optical quality at the PRL and at, to some extended, at the fovea.
• the axial length to several PRL can be considered, so that the IOL selected is that which has the characteristics that optimize the optical quality at each PRL..
• the IOL power calculation can be used for multifocal lOLs for patients suffering from a. loss of central vision.
• the IOL power calculation can be configured to provide valid and acceptable results where the PRL lies within the fovea.
• the add power of the multifocal IOL can be selected as that which maximizes the optical quality either at the PRL and/or the fovea.
• the IOL power calculation can be used in conjunction with the other systems and methods described herein configured to redirect and focus images to the PRL.
• the power calculations can be used to tailor the properties of the IOL, the IOL being used in combination with one or more redirection elements to reduce peripheral aberrations and/or improve peripheral image quality for patients suffering from a loss of central vision.
• IOL power is typically selected based primarily on axial length and corneal power, and any tone parts mostly depend on the toricity of the cornea. However, any spherical surface for which the light is obliquely incident will exhibit a large degree of astigmatism.
• the embodiments below detail additional ways to properly select sphere and cylinder of the IOL for the AMD patient.
• sphere selection is based on population data.
• no new biometry readings are needed. Instead, the patients are classified depending on foveal refraction, from which the average peripheral spherical profile for that refractive group is selected. From the profile, spherical refraction at the PRL can be determined.
• sphere selection may also be based on individual data.
• the peripheral sphere can be determined through an axial length measurement to the PRL. This requires the modification of current axial length methods, since the oblique incidence on the crystalline lens will mean a longer than average passage through the lens, which has a higher index of refraction, increasing the difference between the optical path length and the physical length. The increased contribution can be predicted based on PRL location.
• astigmatism determination is based on population data.
• the inter-subject variation in astigmatism for a given angle is relatively modest. Therefore, the contribution of the oblique incidence at any given eccentricity can be predicted based on PRL location.
• PRL location should be determined based on the optical axis, which is on average between about 1 - 10 degrees horizontally and between about 1 - 5 degrees vertically from the fovea.
• the axis of the astigmatism can also be determined from the location, e.g. for a horizontal PRL the axis is 180 and for a vertical PRL the axis is 90, for a negative cylinder convention.
• the astigmatism contribution of the IOL selected can be incorporated, in an iterative selection procedure. To this astigmatism, the corneal astigmatism from the cornea can also be added.
• astigmatism determination is based on individual data. Even for persons that are foveally emmetropic, the oblique astigmatism at e.g. 20 degrees can vary between 0.75 D and 2 D. There are several possible reasons for this: 1) The individual differences in angle between fovea and optical axis; 2) Individual differences in corneal power means the oblique astigmatism has different values; 3) Pupil position relative lens and cornea can be different leading to variation in the IOL position for different, individuals. Biometry reading for any or all of these parameters can then be incorporated into an individual eye model, to select the best, IOL cylinder power for the patient.
• controller refers broadly to any suitable device, logical block, module, circuit, or combination of elements for executing instructions.
• the controller 27050 can include any conventional general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor such as a Pentium® processor, a MIPS® processor, a Power PC® processor, AMD® processor, ARM processor, or an ALPHA® processor.
• the controller 27050 can include any conventional special purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor.
• Controller 27050 can be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
• Computer readable memory 27100 can refer to electronic circuitry that allows information, typically computer or digital data, to be stored and retrieved.
• Computer readable memory 27100 can refer to external devices or systems, for example, disk drives or solid state drives.
• Computer readable memory 27100 can also refer to fast semiconductor storage (chips), for example, Random Access Memory (RAM) or various forms of Read Only Memory (ROM), which are directly connected to the communication bus or the controller 27050.
• RAM Random Access Memory
• ROM Read Only Memory
• Other types of memory include bubble memory and core memory.
• Computer readable memory 27100 can be physical hardware configured to store information in a non-transitory medium.
• modules can refer to logic embodied in hardware and/or firmware, or to a collection of software instructions, possibly having entry and exit points, written in a programming language, such as, for example, C or C++.
• a software module may be compiled and linked into an executable program, installed in a dynamically linked library, or may be written in an interpreted programming language such as, for example, BASIC, Perl, or Python, It will be appreciated that software modules may be callable from other modules or from themselves, and/or may be invoked in response to detected events or interrupts.
• firmware such as an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM).
• hardware modules may comprise connected logic units, such as gates and flip-flops, and/or may comprised programmable units, such as programmable gate arrays, application specific integrated circuits, and/or processors.
• the modules described herein can be implemented as software modules, but also may be represented in hardware and/or firmware.
• a module may be separately compiled, in other embodiments a module may represent, a subset of instructions of a separately compiled program, and may not have an interface available to other logical program units.
• code modules may be implemented and/or stored in any type of computer-readable medium or other computer storage device.
• data (and/or metadata) input to the system, data generated by the system, and/or data used by the system can be stored in any type of computer data repository, such as a relational database and/or flat file system.
• Any of the systems, methods, and processes described herein may include an interface configured to permit interaction with users, operators, other systems, components, programs, and so forth.

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• 2015
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